History & Biography
Storia, Storici E Biografie Varie · 108 articles · Principal contributors · All subjectsOther
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Achaemenids (Old Persian Hakhāmanishiya, Greek *Achaemenidae*) (ACHEMENIDI (ANTICO PERSIANO HAKHAMANĪLĪJA, GR. 'AẒĀṬEVIḌA))
ACHAEMENIDS (Old Persian Hakhāmanishiya, Greek Achaemenidae). - Persian dynasty (founded by Achaimenes) of the tribe of the Pasargadae,… -
Action Française
ACTION FRANÇAISE. - A political-social movement, which arose in France in 1899, on the initiative of Henry Vaugeois. Charles Maurras became… -
Adhemar (Ademar) Of Le Puy, Family (ADHÉMAR (ADEMARO) DE MONTEIL, FAMIGLIA)
ADHEMAR (Ademar) Of Le Puy, Family. - Originating in the Dauphiné and dating back to the 8th century, it was made illustrious by many… -
Amenophis III And IV (Amen-Hotep Or Amen-Hothe, Rendered By The Greeks As Amenothès And Amenophis: «Peace Of Ammon») (AMENOPHIS III E IV (AMEN-HOTEP O AMEN-HOTHE, RESO DAI GRECI AMENOTHÈS E AMENOPHIS: « PACE DI AMMONE »))
AMENOPHIS III and IV (Amen-hotep or Amen-hothe, rendered by the Greeks as Amenothès and Amenophis: "peace of Amun"). - Pharaohs (7th and… -
Andronikos I Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium (ANDRONICO I CONNENO, IMPERATORE DI BISANZIO)
ANDRONIKOS I KOMNENOS, EMPEROR OF BYZANTIUM. - He belonged to a cadet branch of the Comnenian dynasty, being the son of Isaac, the… -
Anguillara
ANGUILLARA. - A comital family that takes its name from the locality of the same name situated on the southern shore of Lake Bracciano, 33… -
Anjou, House of Naples (ANGIÒ, DINASTIA DI NAPOLI)
ANJOU, House of Naples. - The House of Anjou, a branch of the family reigning in France, already powerful through its domains beyond the… -
Argentré, Charles du Plessis d' (ARGENTRE, CHARLES DU PLESSIS D')
ARGENTRÉ, CHARLES DU PLESSIS D'. - French theologian, b. at the castle of Plessis, near Vitré, on 16 May 1673, d. at Tulle on 27 Oct. 1740.… -
Arnulf, King of Germany (ARNOLFO, RE DI GERMANIA)
ARNULF, KING OF GERMANY. - Natural son of Carloman, he was elected duke of Carinthia in 887, and the following year, having been at the… -
Asan (Asen)
ASAN (ASEN). - Name of a Bulgarian dynasty (1186-1258) begun by the three brothers A.: John, Peter and John, who founded the second… -
Ashurbanipal (Aššur-bāni-aplu "Assur Creates an Heir") (ASSURBANIPAL (AŠŠUR-BĀN-APLU « ASSUR CREA UN EREDE »))
ASHURBANIPAL (Aššur-bāni-aplu "Assur Creates an Heir"). - Assyrian king from 669 to 626 B.C., son and successor of Esarhaddon (v.). He… -
Augustus, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus) (AUGUSTO, GAIO GIULIO CESARE OTTAVIANO (GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS))
AUGUSTUS, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus). - Son of Gaius Octavius and of Atia (daughter of Julia,… -
Bartolomeo di Bruges
BARTOLOMEO di BRUGES. - Philosopher and physician, b. at Bruges ca. 1285, d. probably in 1356. From 1307 to 1309 magister artium at Paris,… -
Bartolomeo di Saliceto
BARTOLOMEO di SALICETO. - Famous jurist, b. in Bologna around 1330, he first taught in his native city, then at the Universities of Padua… -
Blemmydes, Nicephoros (BLEMMYDES, NICEFORO)
BLEMMYDES, NICEPHOROS. - Byzantine philosopher and theologian, b. in Constantinople in 1197, d. in 1272. At first an opponent of the… -
Boncompagni, Family (BONCOMPAGNI, FAMIGLIA)
BONCOMPAGNI, FAMILY. - According to a tradition it would be originally from Umbria, but we find it in Bologna, where it belonged to the… -
Borromeo, Family (BORROMEO, FAMIGLIA)
BORROMEO, FAMILY. - The family originates from Vitaliano Vitaliani of Padua, who took the surname of his wife Margherita, a native of S.… -
Carafa, Family (CARAFA, FAMIGLIA)
CARAFA, FAMILY. - The Carafa family of Naples is a branch of the Caracciolo, and its progenitor was GREGORIO Caracciolo, who lived in the… -
Cesi
CESI. - An Umbrian-Sabine family originating from the place of the same name, which began to rise in the 15th century and during the 16th… -
Challant
CHALLANT. - A powerful and illustrious feudal family of the Aosta Valley, which probably traces its origin to the marquises of Montferrat… -
Charles VII, King of France, called The Victorious (CARLO VII, RE DI FRANCIA, DETTO IL VITTORIOSO)
CHARLES VII, King of France, called The Victorious. - Son of the preceding and of Isabella of Bavaria, b. in Paris on 2 February 1403, d.… -
Chinea, Question of the (CHINEA, QUESTIONE DELLA)
CHINEA, Question of the. - The chinea was the name used to designate the horse specially trained to the ambling gait. Charles of Anjou… -
Chivalry (CAVALLERIA)
CHIVALRY. - I. HISTORY. - The origin of this characteristic institution, which permeated so much of medieval life, is not clear. It is… -
Cibo, Family (CIBO, FAMIGLIA)
CIBO, FAMILY. - Noble Genoese family. It began to attract notice in the first half of the 15th century with ARANO C., who was in the… -
Constantine (Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus), Roman Emperor, Known as the Great (COSTANTINO (IMP. CAESAR FLAVIUS VALERIUS CONSTANTINUS AUGUSTUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO, DETTO IL GRANDE)
CONSTANTINE (Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus), ROMAN EMPEROR, called the GREAT. - SUMMARY. - I. Life. - II. Personality.… -
Constantius I Chlorus (COSTANZO I, CLORO)
COSTANZO I, CHLORUS - Bronze head (3rd-4th century). Munich, Glyptothek. s. v. in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, coll. 1044-94; id., Regesten der… -
Crescenzi, Family (CRESCENZI, FAMIGLIA)
CRESCENZI, FAMILY. - A distinguished Roman house that was preeminent in the affairs of the city between the middle of the 10th century and… -
Cyrus the Great (Cuneiform Inscriptions Kuruš; Heb. Kôreš) (CIRO IL GRANDE (ISCRIZIONI CUNEIFORMI KURUŠ; EBR. KÔREŠ))
CYRUS THE GREAT (Cuneiform Inscriptions Kuruš; Heb. Kôreš). - First king of Persia, raised by his conquests to a power dominating anterior… -
Edward IV, King of England (EDOARDO IV, RE D'INGHILTERRA)
EDWARD IV, King of England. - B. at Rouen on 25 Apr. 1442, d. in Apr. 1483. Founder of the dynasty of the House of York, as the most (by… -
Elizabeth (ELISABETTA)
ELIZABETH. - Name of two biblical women. The etymology from the Hebrew Elíšéba is "God of the oath," "My oath is God." 1. E., wife of Aaron… -
Flagellants (FLAGELLANTI)
FLAGELLANTS. - The Rule of St. Benedict contemplates the case of having to resort to flagellation to punish unruly and guilty monks (Reg.,… -
Frangipani, Family (FRANGIPANI, FAMIGLIA)
FRANGIPANI, FAMILY. - A noble and powerful Roman family, which in the 11th and 12th centuries exercised extensive power in the city and in… -
Friuli
FRIULI. - Name derived from Forum Iulii (later Patria del F.), by which is designated the territory that extends to the Isonzo and the… -
Gabriel (GABRIELE)
GABRIEL. - Archangel who announced the mystery of the Incarnation. The name means "man of God" or "man in whom God confides." He is named 4… -
Geuzen (GUEUX)
GEUZEN. - Name by which the rebels against the Spanish government in the Netherlands were called, who, having later united into a party of… -
Ghetto
GHETTO. - A quarter in which Jews were obliged to live, as distinct from the quarters in which Jews in certain cities concentrated of their… -
Giacomo
GIACOMO. - It has the same etymology as Jacob (v.). From the Greek Ἰάσοβος comes Iacobus, Jacopo, J. In the New Testament two Apostles are… -
Giovine Italia (GIOVANE ITALIA)
GIOVINE ITALIA. - The founding of Y. I., carried out by Mazzini in July 1831 in Marseille, was determined on the one hand by distrust of… -
Girondins (GIRONDINI)
GIRONDINS. - The name Girondins is given to the politicians who during the French Revolution, in the Legislative Assembly and the… -
Goti
GOTHS. - Certainly of Scandinavian origin (G., from Gotland, the largest island of Sweden, or from Götaland, southern Sweden), known to the… -
Grangia
GRANGIA. - It is a Benedictine and especially Cistercian organization of persons and of economic goods, exhibiting the characteristics of a… -
Guelphs and Ghibellines (GUELFI E GHIBELLINI)
GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES. - These are the two great parties that dominated Italian political life in the 13th-14th centuries and that still… -
Guise, Family (GUISA, FAMIGLIA)
GUISE, FAMILY. - A French ducal house that took its name from the castle and town of G. in northern France (department of the Aisne). It… -
Haiti
HAITI. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - A mountainous, very fertile island, lying between Cuba and Puerto Rico; it has an area of 76,420 sq km and is the… -
Henry VI, King of England (ENRICO VI, RE D'INGHILTERRA)
HENRY VI, King of England. - Born on 6 Dec. 1421 at Windsor, died on 21 May 1471 in the Tower of London. The only son of Henry V and… -
Historical Societies and Deputations (SOCIETÀ E DEPUTAZIONI DI STORIA PATRIA)
SOCIETIES AND DEPUTATIONS OF PATRIOTIC HISTORY. - Cultural institutions whose purpose is above all research into and publication of… -
Historiography (STORIOGRAFIA)
HISTORIOGRAPHY. - The exposition of the complex of human events in their concrete configuration within spatio-temporal coordinates. I.… -
Historisches Jahrbuch
HISTORISCHES JAHRBUCH. - A periodical of historical culture, published in Münster by the historical section of the Görresgesellschaft since… -
Hohenstaufen, Dynasty of the (HOHENSTAUFER, DINASTIA DEGLI)
HOHENSTAUFEN, Dynasty of the. - It took its name from the Hohenstaufen, a height of the Swabian Jura, near Göppingen, on which FREDERICK,… -
Hohenzollern, Dynasty of the (HOHENZOLLERN, DINASTIA DEGLI)
HOHENZOLLERN, Dynasty of the. - The cradle of the dynasty that rose to great power in Prussia is found in the Swabian Jura: on a ridge at… -
House of Orléans (ORLÉANS, CASA DI)
HOUSE OF ORLÉANS. - In French history there are four different groups of people successively invested with the crown of the Duchy of O. The… -
Hyksos
HYKSOS. - With this term (Yakāc) Manetho designates the chieftains of Asiatic tribes who invaded Egypt at the end of the Middle Kingdom,… -
Ildibad, King Of The Goths Of Italy (ILDIBADO, RE GOTO D'ITALIA)
ILDIBAD, King Of The Goths Of Italy. - After Ravenna fell into the hands of the Byzantines through the action of Belisarius in May 540, the… -
Imam
IMAM. - An Arabic term, from the root 'mm ("to direct oneself toward a place," "to march at the head"), meaning "guide," antistes. In… -
Jacobins (GIACOBINI)
JACOBINS. - The Jacobin club was, among the societies and political groups that arose during the French Revolution, one of the most… -
James of Ascoli (GIACOMO D'ASCOLI)
JAMES OF ASCOLI. - Minorite theologian, b. in the last decades of the 13th century. He studied in Paris and in 1309 is remembered among the… -
Jansen, Cornelius (Kornelius) (GIANSENIO (JANSENS), CORNELIO (KORNELIUS))
JANSEN, Cornelius (Kornelius). - Flemish theologian and exegete b. at Hulst in 1510, d. at Ghent on 11 April 1576. Educated at the… -
John of Grado (da Gradi) (GIOVANNI DE GRADIBUS (DA GRADI))
JOHN OF GRADO (DA GRADI). - Italian jurist, d. at Lyon ca. 1525. He was a renowned professor of canon and civil law, but it is not certain… -
Josephinism (GIUSEPPINISMO)
JOSEPHINISM. - The ecclesiastical policy of Joseph II is summed up in the implementation of that jurisdictionalist system which took its… -
Justinian, Flavius Anicius Julianus (Flavius Anicius Iulianus Iustinianus), Emperor of the East (527-565) (GIUSTINIANO, FLAVIO ANICIO GIULIANO (FLAVIUS ANICIUS IULIANUS IUSTINIANUS), IMPERATORE D'ORIENTE (527-565))
JUSTINIAN I, FLAVIUS ANICIUS JULIANUS (Flavius Anicius Iulianus Iustinianus), EMPEROR OF THE EAST (527-565). - One of the sovereigns who… -
Levellers
LEVELLERS. - The L. constituted the extreme left wing of the English republicans in the civil war of 1642-51. The term L. ("leveller" and… -
Louis II, the Stammerer, King of France (LUIGI II, IL BALBO, RE DI FRANCIA)
LOUIS II, the Stammerer, King of France. - Son of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude, b. 1 Nov. 846, d. at Compiègne on 11 Apr. 879. He… -
Machiavellism (MACHIAVELLISMO)
MACHIAVELLISM. - The term "M.," which has now entered, after centuries of customary use, even into political lexicons, has stimulated… -
Magnentius (Flavius Magnus Magnentius), Roman Emperor (MAGNENZIO (FLAVIUS MAGNUS MAGNENTIUS) IMPERATORE ROMANO)
MAGNENTIUS (Flavius Magnus Magnentius), Roman Emperor. - Of barbarian origin, probably Germanic, having risen to high ranks in the… -
Malankaresi
MALANKARESI. - The word is in itself synonymous with Malabaresi, but it is used to mean the Catholics of the Syro-Western rite of the… -
Mamikonian
MAMIKONIAN. - An illustrious family of Armenian princes, to whom the protection of the crown was entrusted. It gave not only heroes to the… -
Maximus (Magnus Maximus), Roman Emperor (MASSIMO (MAGNUS MAXIMUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)
MAXIMUS (Magnus Maximus), Roman Emperor. - Born of a humble Spanish family, he enlisted in the army and was appointed by Gratian to the… -
Michael Scot (Scotto) (MICHELE SCOTO (SCOTTO))
MICHAEL SCOT (Scotto). - Philosopher and astrologer, Scottish by origin, d. ca. 1236. In 1217, with the help of Abuteus the Levite, he… -
Monumenta Germaniae Historica
MONUMENTA GERMANIAE HISTORICA. - It is the most important collection of sources for medieval history, particularly for Germany, but… -
Nabonidus (Babylonian: Nabū-Nā'id = «Nabū Is Exalted») (NABONEDO (BABIL. "NABŪ-NĀ'ID = «NABŪ È ECCELSO»))
NABONIDUS (Babylonian: Nabū-Nā'id = «Nabū Is Exalted»). - Last king of Babylon, whose reign (556-539) tragically closes the… -
Neapolitanus, Joannes De Regina De (John of Naples) (GIOVANNI DI NAPOLI (JOANNES DE REGINA DE NEAPOLI, NEAPOLITANUS))
NEAPOLITANUS, Joannes De Regina De (John of Naples). - Dominican scholastic of the 13th-14th century. He obtained the licentiate in… -
NEP
NEP. - Abbreviation for Novaja ekonomičeskaja politika ("New Economic Policy"). When, as a consequence of the civil war and of war… -
Nerva (M. Cocceius Nerva), Roman Emperor (NERVA (M. COCCEIUS NERVA), IMPERATORE ROMANO)
NERVA (M. Cocceius Nerva), Roman Emperor. - Born at Narni in 26 A.D., died at Rome in Jan. 98. Of an aristocratic family, he was consul in… -
Niccolò
NICCOLÒ. - Sculptor of the 12th century, who according to eighteenth-century Ferrarese literature is considered a native of Ficarolo in the… -
Nicola of Oresme (NICOLA DI ORESME)
NICOLA OF ORESME. - French philosopher, theologian, economist. He was studying theology in Paris in 1348. In 1356 he was a master of this… -
Order of Alcántara (ALCÁNTARA, ORDINE DI)
ORDER OF ALCÁNTARA. - A chivalric order founded at S. Juliao de Pereyro in 1156, on the initiative of certain knights of Salamanca, headed… -
Otto III, Emperor and King of Germany (OTTONE III, IMPERATORE E RE DI GERMANIA)
OTTO III, Emperor and King of Germany. - O. III was not yet 3 years old when he succeeded his father, Otto II; nevertheless he was crowned… -
Palaeologi, Dynasty of the (PALEOLOGI, DINASTIA DEI)
PALAEOLOGI, Dynasty of the. - They ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1259 until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453. The P.… -
Pallavicini (Pallavicino), Family (PALLAVICINI (PALLAVICINO), FAMIGLIA)
PALLAVICINI (PALLAVICINO), FAMILY. - The first reliable reports refer to OBERTO, a follower of Henry V, who in 1143 divided among his sons… -
Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus) (PAPINIANO (AEMILIUS PAPINIANUS))
PAPINIANO (Aemilius Papinianus). - Roman jurist, b. probably in Syria, d. in Rome in 212. He pursued a most brilliant career in the… -
Paulo (Iulius Paulus) (PAOLO (IULIUS PAULUS))
PAULO (Iulius Paulus). - Roman jurist of the 3rd century A.D., whose place of origin and dates of birth and death are unknown. Probably a… -
Peter of Poitiers (Petrus Pictaviensis) (PIETRO DI POITIERS (PETRUS PICTAVIENSIS))
PETER OF POITIERS (Petrus Pictaviensis). - Theologian, b. in the first half of the 12th century, d. in Paris in 1205. A disciple of Peter… -
Pio da Carpi, Family (PIO DA CARPI, FAMIGLIA)
PIO DA CARPI, Family. - A PIO who was podestà of Modena in 1177 can be considered its progenitor. One of his descendants, EGIDIO, was… -
Porcia (de Purlileis, di Porciglia)
PORCIA (de Purlileis, di PORCIGLIA). - A feudal family of the patriarchate of Aquileia, it had its possessions between the Tagliamento and… -
Powder Plot (POLVERI, CONGIURA DELLE)
POWDER PLOT. - A conspiracy to blow up, on Nov. 5, 1605, the English Parliament and with its members also King James I. Motive: the long… -
Ptolemy, Claudius (TOLOMEO, CLAUDIO)
TOLOMEO, CLAUDIO - Table of the Italian peninsula in cod. Urb. gr. 82, ff. 70v-71r (71v-72r) of the 12th century - Vatican Library. sgg. -… -
Ramses ("Râ' Has Generated Him") II (RAMSES (« RÂ' LO HA GENERATO ») II)
RAMSES ("Râ' Has Generated Him") II. - Pharaoh of the XIX dynasty, son of Seti I (Sethos) and Queen Tewe, he reigned for 67 years from 1299… -
Recueil des Historiens des Gaules
RECUEIL DES HISTORIENS DES GAULES. - From 1636 to 1649 André and François Duchesne had published a selection of sources relating to the… -
Review of Church History in Italy (RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA CHIESA IN ITALIA)
REVIEW OF CHURCH HISTORY IN ITALY. - It was begun in Jan. 1947; it has appeared regularly in four-monthly fascicles, with the aim of… -
Revue of Ecclesiastical History (REVUE D'HISTOIRE ECCLÉSIASTIQUE)
REVUE OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. - Journal published by the Catholic University of Louvain, founded in 1900 by A. Cauchie and P. Ladeuze,… -
Revue of Historical Questions (REVUE DES QUESTIONS HISTORIQUES)
REVUE OF HISTORICAL QUESTIONS. - Periodical founded in Paris in 1866 under the direction of the Marquis G. du Fresne de Beaucourt, with the… -
Roger II, King of Sicily (RUGGERO II, RE DI SICILIA)
ROGER II, King of Sicily. - Son of Roger I and Adelaide of Montferrat, born in 1095; having lost his father in 1101, he remained under the… -
Roman Question (QUESTIONE ROMANA)
ROMAN QUESTION. - This is the name that has become established to indicate the intricate and bitter politico-religious dispute that opened,… -
Salviati, Family (SALVIATI, FAMIGLIA)
SALVIATI, FAMILY. - Of Florence. The first of the S. of whom there is certain record is CAMBIO di SALVI, gonfaloniere of justice in… -
Sapientia, Family of (SAPIENIA, FAMIGLIA)
SAPIENTIA, FAMILY OF. - A noble Polish house of Lithuanian origin. The S. (in old documents also SOPIEHA, SOPIHA, SOPIEŻYCZ) descend from… -
Savoy, House of (SAVOIA, CASA DI)
SAVOY, House of. - It appears in the history of western Italy at the beginning of the 11th century. Its first feudal domains are found in… -
Seven Years' War (GUERRA DEI SETTE ANNI)
SEVEN YEARS' WAR. - After the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle the continental Powers aimed to prepare a coalition against Prussia, which Austria… -
Studi E Testi
STUDI E TESTI. - A series of texts "published under the care of the writers of the Vatican Library" (in 1929 there was added "and of the… -
Taiping Rebellion (T'AI P'ING, RIVOLTA DEI)
TAIPING REBELLION. - Anti-Manchu revolutionary movement that arose and unfolded under the two emperors Xianfeng (1850-61) and Tongzhi… -
Theodoric I and II, Kings of the Visigoths (TEODORICO I E II, RE DEI VISIGOTI)
THEODORIC I AND II, Kings of the Visigoths. - The people of the Visigoths, who, following Alaric, proclaimed king, had sacked Rome and… -
Thomas of Palmerstown (Palmeranus or Palmerstonus, Thomas of Hibernia or Hibernicus) (TOMMASO DI PALMERSTOWN (PALMERANUS O PALMERSTONUS, TH. DE HIBERNIA O HIBERNICUS))
THOMAS OF PALMERSTOWN (Palmeranus or Palmerstonus, Thomas of Hibernia or Hibernicus). - Theologian, wrongly believed to be a Dominican or… -
Transjordan (TRANSGIORDANIA)
TRANSJORDAN. - So called (because it corresponded to the Oultrejordain of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem) until 1949; thereafter "Hashemite… -
Ulpian, Domitius (ULPIANO, DOMIZIO)
ULPIAN, DOMITIUS. - Roman jurist of the 3rd century AD, a native of Tyre in Phoenicia. Not much is known of his life: from 205 to 211 he… -
Valerian (P. Licinius Valerianus Augustus), Roman Emperor (VALERIANO (P. LICINIUS VALERIANUS AUGUSTUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)
VALERIAN (P. Licinius Valerianus Augustus), Roman Emperor. - B. c. 190, d. c. 260. The information, both about his private life and about… -
Vespasian (Flavius Vespasianus Augustus), Roman Emperor (VESPASIANO (FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)
VESPASIAN (Flavius Vespasianus Augustus), Roman Emperor. - Born on 17 November 9 A.D. at Falacrinae, near Rieti, died at Aquae Cutiliae on… -
Vitelo (Witilo, Vitellio)
VITELO (WITILO, VITELLIO). - Philosopher and mathematician, b. in Silesia, around 1230. He studied the "arts" in Paris, and later, perhaps… -
World War II (GUERRA MONDIALE, II)
WORLD WAR II - On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland: this is the start date of the Second World War. France and England immediately… -
Xerxes I (Persian Hašajāria; Heb. Ahašavēros; Greek Ξέρξης) (SERSE I (PERSIANO HAŠAJĀRIA; EBR. AHAŠAVĒRŌS; GRECO ΞΈΡΘΗΣ))
XERXES I (Persian Hašajāria; Heb. Ahašavēros; Greek Ξέρξης). - King of the Achaemenid dynasty (v.), son of Darius I and father of…