DOTTore. — At first, in the school of Bologna, this was the designation of one who was qualified to teach, and in that sense the term doctor was used interchangeably with magister and dominus.
Subsequently, when the school was organized for the competition for professorships, the doctorate became an academic degree: the doctors then conferred the degree upon the candidate who had passed the tests of the examen (privata examinatio) and the conventus (publica examinatio). The first took place in the archdeacon’s chamber, where the doctor presentator discussed the thesis read by the candidate, and on the puncta assignata the other doctors could argue from the texts likewise indicated. From this examination the candidate emerged licentiatus. The second examination took place in the cathedral church, with the participation of the scholars. The candidate delivered a speech and read a thesis in law. The archdeacon or the appointed doctor in turn delivered a speech to proclaim the candidate doctor.
Afterward, the presenting doctors offered him the insignia: the book, the ring, and the doctoral booklet. Doctors of law were either in Roman law, in canon law, or in both (in utroque iure).
In the thirteenth century, sources mention doctors in the other disciplines: doctores medicinae or physicae, grammaticae, logicae, philosophiae and aliorum artium.
Those who taught without being doctors acquired the title of bachelor (bachalarius), which at the outset was not a degree formally conferred.
1. D. in Theology:
Abstractionum - Francesco Mayron (d. in 1325 or 1327).
Acutissimus - Sisto IV (d. in 1484).
Acutus - Gabriele Vasquez (d. in 1604).
Amoenus - Roberto Cowton (d. in 1340).
Authenticus - Gregorio di Rimini (d. in 1358).
Averroista et philosophiae parens - Urbano (d. in 1403).
Beatus et fundatissimus - Egidio romano (d. in 1316).
Bonus - Walter Brinkley (d. in 1310).
Christianus - Niccolò da Cusa (d. in 1464).
Clarus - Ludovico da Montesinos (d. in 1621).
Clarus ac subtilis - Dionigi di Cîteaux (d. in the 15th century).
Collectivus - Landolfo Caracciolo (d. in 1351).
Columna doctorum - Guglielmo di Champeaux (d. in 1121).
Contradictionum - Giovanni Wessel (d. in 1489).
Divinus, Ecstaticus - Giovanni Ruysbroeck (d. in 1381).
Doctor doctorum-Scholasticus - Anselmo di Laon (d. in 1117).
Dulcifluus - Antonio Andrea (d. in 1320).
Ecstaticus - Dionigi di Certosino (d. in 1471).
Eminens - S. Giovanni di Matha (d. in 1213).
Emporium theologiae - Lorenzo Gervais (d. in 1483).
Excellentissimus - Antonio Corsetti (d. in 1503).
Eximius - Francesco Suárez (d. in 1617).
Facundus - Pietro Aureoli (d. in 1322).
Famosissimus - Pietro Alberti (d. in 1426).
Famosus - Bertrando de Turre (d. in 1332).
Fertilis - Francesco di Candia (15th century).
Flos mundi - Maurizio O'Fiehely (d. in 1513).
Fundamentalis - Giovanni Faber di Bordeaux (d. in 1350).
Fundatus - Guglielmo di Ware (d. in 1270).
Illibatus - Alessandro Alamannico (15th century).
Illuminatus - Raimondo Lullo (d. in 1315).
Illuminatus et sublimis - Giovanni Tauler (d. in 1361).
Illustratus - Francesco Piceno (14th century).
Illustris - Adamo di Marisco (d. in 1308).
Incytus - Guglielmo di Mackelfield (d. in 1300).
Ingeniosissimus - Andrea di Newcastle (d. in 1300).
Inter Aristotelicos Aristotelicissimus - Aimone di Faversham (d. in 1244).
Invincibilis - Pietro Thomas (14th century).
Irrefragabilis - Alessandro di Hales (d. in 1245).
Magister Sententiarum or Scholasticus - Pietro Lombardo (d. in 1164).
Magnus - Alberto Magno (d. in 1280).
Magnus - Gilberto di Citeaux (d. in 1280).
Mirabilis - Antonio Perez (d. in 1649).
Mirabilis - Ruggero Bacone (d. in 1294).
Moralis - Gerardo Eudo (d. in 1349).
Notabilis - Pietro d'Ile (14th century).
Ordinatissimus - Giovanni di Bassolo (d. ca. 1347).
Ornatissimus et sufficiens - Pietro di Aquila (d. in 1344).
Parisienis - Guido di Perpignan (d. in 1342).
Planus et utilis - Nicola di Lyre (d. in 1340).
Praeclarus - Pietro di Kaiserslautern (d. in 1330).
Praestantissimus - Tomaso Netter (di Walden; d. in 1431).
Profundissimus - Paolo di Venezia (d. in 1428).
Profundissimus - Gabriele Biel (d. in 1495).
Profundissimus - Giovanni Alfonso Curiel (d. in 1609).
Profundus - Tommaso Bradwardine (d. in 1349).
Refulgidus - Alessandro V (d. in 1410).
Resolutissimus - Durando di St-Pourquin (d. in 1334).
Resolutus - Giovanni Bacone (d. in 1346).
Scholasticus - Pietro Abelardo (d. in 1142).
Scholasticus - Gilberto de la Porrée (d. in 1154).
Scholasticus - Pietro di Poitiers (d. in 1205).
Scholasticus - Ugo di Newcastle (d. in 1322).
Singularis et invincibilis - Guglielmo d'Occam (d. in 1347 or 1359).
Solemnis - Enrico di Gand (d. in 1293).
Solidus-Copiosus - Riccardo di Middleton (d. in 1300).
Speculativus - Giacomo da Viterbo (d. in 1307).
Sublimis - Francesco Bacone (d. in 1372).
Sublimis - Giovanni Courte-Cuisse (d. in 1425).
Subtilis - Duns Scoto (d. in 1308).
Subtilissimus - Pietro di Mantova (14th century).
Succinctus - Francesco di Ascoli (d. ca. 1344).
Universalis - Alano di Lilia (d. in 1202).
Universalis - Gilberto (d. in 1134).
Venerabilis et Christianissimus - Giovanni Gerson (d. in 1429).
Venerandus - Goffredo delle Fonti (d. in 1240).
Vitae arbor - Giovanni Vallense (d. in 1300).
2. D. in Law:
Aristotelis anima - Giovanni Dondi (d. in 1380).
Doctor a doctoribus - Antonio Francesco (d. in 1520).
Fons canonum - Giovanni Andrea (d. in 1348).
Fons iuris utriusque - Enrico di Susa (Ostia; d. in 1267–81).
Lucerna iuris - Baldo degli Ubaldi (d. in 1400).
Lucerna iuris pontificii - Nicola de' Tudeschi (d. in 1455).
Lumen iuris - Clemente IV (d. in 1268).
Lumen legum - Irnerio (12th century).
Memoriosissimus - Ludovico Pontano (d. in 1439).
Monarchia iuris - Bartolomeo di Saliceto (d. in 1412).
Os aureum - Bulgaro (d. 1166).
Pacificus (Proficus) - Nicola Bonet (d. in 1360).
Pater Decretalium - Gregorio IX (d. in 1241).
Pater et organum veritatis - Innocenzo IV (d. in 1254).
Pater iuris - Innocenzo III (d. in 1216).
Pater peritorum - Pietro di Belleperche (d. in 1307).
Planus ac perspicuus - Walter Burleigh (d. in 1337).
Princeps subtilitatum - Francesco d'Accolti (d. in 1486).
Speculator - Guglielmo Durando (d. in 1296).
Speculum iuris - Bartolo di Sassoferrato (d. in 1359).
Subtilis - Benedetto Raymond (d. in 1440).
Subtilis - Filippo Corneo (d. in 1462).
Verus - Tomaso Dotto (d. in 1441).