Society & Politics
Sociologia E Politica · 193 articles · Principal contributors · All subjectsParticular Questions (Questioni particolari)
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Absolutism (ASSOLUTISMO)
ABSOLUTISM. - With this term, in a historical sense, one usually designates the monarchical period that extends from the 16th century to… -
Administrative Unions (UNIONI AMMINISTRATIVE)
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIONS. - This designation covers those unions of States for specific purposes of international cooperation that are… -
Advertising (PUBBLICITÀ)
ADVERTISING. - The word p. is used in two different senses: 1) as an instrument of public control over governmental activities or the… -
Anarchy (ANARCHIA)
ANARCHY. - Etymologically it means "absence of government" and therefore, by extension, "disorder, confusion." This etymological concept,… -
Apprenticeship, Contract of (TIROCINIO, CONTRATTO DI)
APPRENTICESHIP, CONTRACT OF. - The apprenticeship contract (or tirocinio) is for the most part found in manual and technical work, but it… -
Aristocracy (ARISTOCRAZIA)
ARISTOCRACY. - In Plato and Aristotle it means a form of government: one constituted by men who stand out for their intellectual and moral… -
Armistice (ARMISTIZIO)
ARMISTICE. - An armistice is the mutual agreement of belligerents, whose effect is the suspension of hostilities, total or partial, for a… -
Association (ASSOCIAZIONE)
ASSOCIATION. - The association may be defined as a group of men freely constituted within the State for the attainment of a common purpose… -
Autarchy (AUTARCHIA)
AUTARCHY. - Depending on whether it derives from αὐτάρχια or αὐτάρχια, the term takes on the sense of self-government or of… -
Autocracy (AUTOCRAZIA)
AUTOCRACY. - The nominal definition defines the concept of a., which, deriving from αὐτός and κράτος, includes the idea of a force free… -
Autodecision (AUTODECISIONE)
AUTODECISION. - The faculty or right of peoples to dispose freely of themselves is designated by the term self-determination or… -
Bank (BANCA)
BANK. - By bank, generally, are meant those organizations which, although without directly producing material goods or services suited to… -
Beggary (MENDICITÀ)
BEGGARY. - It is begging as a trade, one of the consequences of the phenomenon of pauperism. Generally accompanied by vagabondage, by the… -
Bourgeoisie (BORGHESIA)
BOURGEOISIE. - According to a broadly generic meaning, the term b. designates the intermediate class between the class that holds wealth,… -
Boycott (BOICOTTAGGIO)
BOYCOTT. - A boycott consists in the agreement that several persons make to break off economic relations with a third person, as well as in… -
Bracciantato (Agricolo)
BRACCIANTATO (Agricolo). - A bracciante is the peasant laborer, without particular specialization, who finds temporary employment on the… -
Capital (CAPITALE)
CAPITAL. - It is defined as a saved (not consumed) good allocated to further production. For the firm, every good, whether material or… -
Capitalism (CAPITALISMO)
CAPITALISM. - A word commonly used to indicate the structure of the economy of the modern and contemporary periods and understood in two… -
Cartel (CARTELLO)
CARTEL. - The cartel (or consortium) is an agreement among industrial firms in the same branch of production for the purpose of regulating… -
Casuistry (INFORTUNISTICA)
CASUISTRY. - The study of infortunistica examines accidents from the medico-legal and social point of view. The term "infortunio" derives… -
Chartism (CARTISMO)
CHARTISM. - An English political movement, predominantly working-class, of the first half of the 19th century. The force sustaining it was… -
Civilization (CIVILTÀ)
CIVILIZATION. - The idea of civilization refers to an object so complex, in whose composition so many disparate elements of different… -
Classes (CLASSI)
CLASSES. - The identity of social positions, professions and activities carried out within the community, when compared with the diversity… -
Colonization (COLONIZZAZIONE)
COLONIZATION. - The history of modern c. begins with the discovery of the lands beyond the ocean, in search of which the Portuguese and… -
Cominform (KOMINFORM)
COMINFORM. - The dissolution of the Comintern (May 1943) led to a new policy of the communist parties: in the international field to a… -
Commerce (COMMERCIO)
COMMERCE. - By commerce is meant human activity directed toward the exchange of consumer goods and factors of production. The economic… -
Common Good (BENE COMUNE)
COMMON GOOD. - The concept of the common good has a fundamental importance in Catholic sociology, which recognizes in it the essential and… -
Communism (COMUNISMO)
COMMUNISM. - A name given to several doctrinal currents, not always in agreement with one another, except in their aspiration to make the… -
Competition (CONCORRENZA)
COMPETITION. - It is, substantially, the convergence upon the same market and at the same moment of individual plans (drawn up by natural… -
Consumption (CONSUMO)
CONSUMPTION. - I. GENERAL NOTION. - C. (actus consummandi) is the concluding act of the entire economic process, the end and object of all… -
Corporation (CORPORAZIONE)
CORPORATION. - It can be defined as the voluntary and organized union of those who practice the same profession, for the purpose of… -
Corporativism (CORPORATIVISMO)
CORPORATIVISM. - By corporativism one may understand every theoretical tendency and every legislative and practical implementation aimed at… -
Cosmopolitanism (COSMOPOLITISMO)
COSMOPOLITANISM. - The etymological derivation of the term (from cósmos and pólis) also expresses its concept. C. is that conception which… -
Cost of Living Index (SCALA MOBILE)
COST OF LIVING INDEX. - It is the technical-legal instrument for preserving intact over time the purchasing power of the working and… -
Craftsmanship (ARTIGIANATO)
CRAFTSMANSHIP. - Small industry carried on by the owner with the help of a few employees. I. DEFINITION. - Several attempts have been made… -
Credit (CREDITO)
CREDIT. - It is an exchange of wealth by means of which wealth available at the present moment is transferred in return for a promise of… -
Credit Instruments (TITOLI DI CREDITO)
CREDIT INSTRUMENTS. - These are the legal symbols of capital lent by contract of loan (bills of exchange, IOUs, bonds, interest-bearing… -
Cultivating Property (PROPRIETÀ COLTIVATRICE)
CULTIVATING PROPERTY. - The land system based on small peasant property makes it possible to unite in the same hands all the factors of… -
Deflation (DEFLAZIONE)
DEFLATION. - A phenomenon whereby the volume of means of payment comes, for various causes, to diminish relative to the mass of goods that… -
Delation (DELAZIONE)
DELATION. - The disclosure of a person's actions, made to another, for the purpose of arousing or nourishing in the latter's mind feelings… -
Demagoguery (DEMAGOGIA)
DEMAGOGUERY. - Demagogy, according to its etymological sense the art of leading the people, has not always had the pejorative meaning that… -
Democracy (DEMOCRAZIA)
DEMOCRACY. - According to its etymological sense, government of the people, or, according to the definition of St. Thomas, potestas populi.… -
Demography (DEMOGRAFIA)
DEMOGRAPHY. - In a broad sense, it is the application of statistical, that is, quantitative, methods to the phenomena of population: it… -
Despotism (DESPOTISMO)
DESPOTISM. - In contemporary political science the term has a pejorative sense and serves to signify an absolute authority that governs… -
Dialectical Materialism (MATERIALISMO DIALETTICO)
DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM. - D. m. is a form of materialism which asserts, in contrast to mechanistic m., the specific difference of the… -
Disarmament (DISARMO)
DISARMAMENT. - The common good, the essential end of the State, imposes on public authority the duty of providing for internal order and of… -
Economic Systems (SISTEMI ECONOMICI)
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. - The totality of the economic activities of individuals and the action of political authority, which tends to coordinate… -
Economic Value (VALORE ECONOMICO)
ECONOMIC VALUE. - Economic value, in its most general meaning, is the importance of things insofar as they answer to the needs of men. It… -
Emigrant, Emigration (EMIGRANTE, EMIGRAZIONE)
EMIGRANT, EMIGRATION. - In its proper meaning it is the abandonment of the national territory by one or more members of the community, who… -
Exchange (SCAMBIO)
EXCHANGE. - A basic phenomenon of associated life and the specific object of economic science, which could even be defined as "the science… -
Exchange Rate (CAMBIO)
EXCHANGE RATE. - By foreign exchange rate, or simply by exchange rate, is meant the price in national currency at which a certain quantity… -
Fabianism (FABIANISMO)
FABIANISM. - A movement of English theorists belonging to the middle class, whose leading exponents are Bernard Shaw and Sidney Webb, who… -
Family (FAMIGLIA)
FAMILY. - It is the institution that brings together the spouses and the children born of their union or assimilated to them. SUMMARY: I.… -
Family Allowances (ASSEGNI FAMILIARI)
FAMILY ALLOWANCES. - In Italy this name has been given to the indemnities paid to employees of private firms, in addition to the… -
Family Pact (PATTO DI FAMIGLIA)
FAMILY PACT. - It is the political alliance concluded between the dynasties belonging to the House of Bourbon, reigning in the 18th century… -
Fascism (FASCISMO)
FASCISM. - Political movement founded by Benito Mussolini (v.). The origins of fascism go back to the period immediately preceding the… -
Fashion (MODA)
FASHION. - From the Latin modus (form, manner, measure), it differs from usage, custom, costume, because it changes almost daily, it… -
Federalist Idea (IDEA FEDERALISTA)
FEDERALIST IDEA. - Under the name of federalist idea, or more properly of federalism (from Latin foedus, alliance), are comprised the… -
Feminism (from Fr. Féminisme) (FEMMINISMO (DAL FRANC. FÉMINISME))
FEMINISM (from Fr. Féminisme). - It is the complex of theories, issues and struggles agitated and conducted on the feminist front for the… -
Firm (AZIENDA)
FIRM. - An organic combination of the factors of production carried out for the purpose of producing goods or rendering services in the… -
Foreigners (In Italy) (STRANIERI (IN ITALIA))
FOREIGNERS (IN ITALY). - Foreigners are admitted to enjoy in Italy the civil rights attributed to citizens on condition of reciprocity; the… -
Foundling Hospital (BREFOTROFIO)
FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. - From βρέφος "newborn" and τρέφω "I nourish." An institution devoted to the care of illegitimate children who have not… -
Free Zone and Free Port (ZONA FRANCA E PORTO FRANCO)
FREE ZONE AND FREE PORT. - This is the term for those privileged centers which enjoy customs exemption for all goods coming from abroad… -
German Catholic Center (CENTRO CATTOLICO TEDESCO)
GERMAN CATHOLIC CENTER. - In German parliamentary and political history the name of the G. C. C. appeared for the first time in 1859, when… -
Government (GOVERNO)
GOVERNMENT. - The term does not have a univocal meaning, covering different, though connected, concepts, of which it will be appropriate to… -
Guilds (MAESTRANZE)
GUILDS. - Term used in Sicily to designate the guilds of arts and crafts, which, numerous though under different names and with special… -
Historical Materialism (MATERIALISMO STORICO)
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM. - The term h. m. habitually designates the materialistic conception of history, founded by C. Marx and F. Engels,… -
Humanitarianism (UMANITARISMO)
HUMANITARIANISM. - H. is a concept with an indefinable content, not to be confused with the sentiment of humanity and with humanism. The… -
Human Rights (DIRITTI DELL'UOMO)
HUMAN RIGHTS. - The declaration of human rights, which has exercised great influence on later orientations of social and juridical thought,… -
Imperialism (IMPERIALISMO)
IMPERIALISM. - The name imperialism should be given to a specific mode of action inspired by a precise theory: to speak of imperialism for… -
Income (REDDITO)
INCOME. - It is the increase of wealth, referred to the period of one year, deriving from the productive employment of labor or capital,… -
Industrialism (INDUSTRIALISMO)
INDUSTRIALISM. - It can be defined as that complex of phenomena which characterize the formation of modern large-scale industry. I. is… -
Inflation (INFLAZIONE)
INFLATION. - By monetary i[nflation] is meant the increase in the quantity of money in circulation beyond what is the market's need for… -
Intellectual Professions (PROFESSIONI INTELLETTUALI)
INTELLECTUAL PROFESSIONS. - The contract whose object is the performance of intellectual work is a species of the genus of the contract of… -
Interest (INTERESSE)
INTEREST. - From the Latin interesse, "to be included, to matter," it is the price of a service: that of the lending of capital. Measured… -
International (INTERNAZIONALE)
INTERNATIONAL. - An association made up of intellectuals and workers with the aim of coordinating the anti-capitalist struggle… -
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) (ORGANIZZAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE DEL LAVORO (INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION; SIGLA: I.L.O.))
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (International Labour Organisation; abbreviation: I.L.O.). - It is a tripartite institution in which… -
International Treaties (TRATTATI INTERNAZIONALI)
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. - In a broad sense, a treaty is any juridical act stipulated between two or more States or other subjects of… -
Irredentism (IRREDENTISMO)
IRREDENTISM. - Irredentism, an almost exclusively Italian phenomenon, was, more than a doctrine, a political movement animated… -
Italian People’s Party (PARTITO POPOLARE ITALIANO)
ITALIAN PEOPLE’S PARTY. - Political party, arisen after the First World War, with a strong democratic content, inspired by the doctrines of… -
Judicial Order (ORDINE GIUDIZIARIO)
JUDICIAL ORDER. - The question, more formal than substantive, whether the judiciary constitutes > ORDER OF THE MOST HOLY SAVIOR AND OF ST.… -
Labourism (LABURISMO)
LABOURISM. — The latter can be considered as the beginning and subsequent development of that phase of the English workers' movement which… -
Land Reclamation (BONIFICA)
LAND RECLAMATION. - In its etymological meaning (bonum facere) it sums up the work accomplished by man to "make good" an environment that… -
Latifundium (LATIFONDO)
LATIFUNDIUM. - Property of great extent, belonging to a single owner. From the technical-economic aspect, the latifondo can be more exactly… -
Liberalism (LIBERALISMO)
LIBERALISM. - A movement inspired by the principle of liberty in every field, spiritual and political, which prevailed in Europe after the… -
Liberism (LIBERISMO)
LIBERISM. - Liberism is an economic liberalism and designates at one and the same time a doctrine and an economic policy: the economic… -
Lockout (SERRATA)
LOCKOUT. - Suspension of work in factories, workshops, and industries, decided by the owners in order to combat strikes or to oppose… -
Los von Rom (Via da Roma)
LOS VON ROM (Via da Roma). - The L. v. R. was an anti-Roman political, cultural and religious movement, which arose in Vienna in 1897 under… -
Management Councils (CONSIGLI DI GESTIONE)
MANAGEMENT COUNCILS. - Also called factory councils, they are the technical bodies through which the participation of workers in the… -
Matriarchy (MATRIARCATO)
MATRIARCHY. - A social institution in which, for membership in the tribe, the name, and property, matrilineal descent is followed. SUMMARY:… -
Mayor (SINDACO)
MAYOR. - In Italian public law the mayor is the head of the local administration, both autonomous and governmental, given that he holds the… -
Mercantilism (MERCANTILISMO)
MERCANTILISM. - M. is the theory that subjects the entire economic activity of a nation to state intervention, so that through the active… -
Militarism (MILITARISMO)
MILITARY- SMO. - Militarism can be defined as: the stable, actual disposition of a State toward war, together with the simultaneous… -
Moderati
MODERATI. - Those who, in the era of the Risorgimento, opposed on the political-social plane both total change and total preservation.… -
Monarchomachs (MONARCOMACHI)
MONARCHOMACHS. - With this term (from μοναρχία and μάχημαι: those who fight monarchy), are designated those political writers, mostly… -
Monarchy (MONARCHIA)
MONARCHY. - In the classification of forms of government, monarchy (under this or an analogous name, such as empire, principality, etc.)… -
Monetary Devaluation (SVALUTAZIONE MONETARIA)
MONETARY DEVALUATION. - A truthful and innocent index of an evolution, which would not be harmful in itself if it occurred uniformly for… -
Mutuality (MUTUALITÀ)
MUTUALITY. - The concept of mutuality is closely connected to those of social insurance and insurance. In a technical sense, mutuality… -
Narodniki
NARODNIKI. - A kind of pre-Marxist socialism in Russia; it was especially widespread between 1870 and 1880. The N. believed they could… -
Nation (NAZIONE)
NATION. - In the field of sociology and public law there is no concept more confused than that of the nation, nor any word more difficult… -
National Entity for the Distribution of Aid in Italy (E.N.D.S.I.) (ENTE NAZIONALE PER LA DISTRIBUZIONE DEI SOCCORSI IN ITALIA (E.N.D.S.I.))
NATIONAL BODY FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF IN ITALY (E.N.D.S.I.). - It arose through the concordant impulse of the Italian Government,… -
Nationalism (NAZIONALISMO)
NATIONALISM. - It is that sentiment of attachment to the national nucleus which arises spontaneously in the souls of its members. Its… -
Nationality, Principle of (NAZIONALITÀ, PRINCIPIO DI)
NATIONALITY, PRINCIPLE OF. - The origin of the p. of n. is linked to that of contemporary nationalism. Sprouting from the trunk of agnostic… -
National Minorities (MINORANZE NAZIONALI)
NATIONAL MINORITIES. - All the uncertainties in which juridical speculation finds itself entangled with respect to the concept of nation… -
Naturalization (NATURALIZZAZIONE)
NATURALIZATION. - It can be considered as the effect of a prior abandonment of the political organism of which a subject was originally a… -
Pacifism (PACIFISMO)
PACIFISM. - Pacifism is both a doctrine and a movement. Under the first aspect it presents itself as the most open antithesis of… -
Pact of Proof (PROVA, PATTO DI)
PACT OF PROOF. - The employment contract presupposes in the worker the existence of the technical capacity necessary for the duties he must… -
Pan-Americanism (PANAMERICANISMO)
PAN-AMERICANISM. - A term coined toward the end of the last century, on the occasion of the first International Conference of American… -
Panslavism (PANSLAVISMO)
PANSLAVISM. - The term "P.", in its common acceptation, has always signified a plurality of currents and tendencies which, more precisely,… -
Parents (GENITORI)
GENITORI. - I. DEFINITION. - Parents, from the Latin genitor, are those who generated us into life. St. Thomas calls them: "the particular… -
Parliament (PARLAMENTO)
PARLIAMENT. - I. HISTORY. - The term parlamentum was used in the Middle Ages to indicate institutions that differed from one another,… -
Parliamentary Privileges (PREROGATIVE PARLAMENTARI)
PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES. - Traditionally, certain "prerogatives" (with consequent immunities) are recognized for parliamentarians (v. an… -
Participation (COMPARTECIPAZIONE)
PARTICIPATION. - I. NATURE. - An agrarian contract by which the individual worker provides his labor for given crops, in return for… -
Paternity, Research on (PATERNITÀ, RICERCA DELLA)
PATERNITY, Research on. - While from the ethical point of view the search for paternity may be considered in itself and by itself lawful,… -
Patronage (PATRONATO)
PATRONAGE. - The concept of p. is the typical expression of a Catholic social position of the late nineteenth century that reflects a… -
Pauperism (PAUPERISMO)
PAUPERISM. - A phenomenon of a social nature whereby, in a given historical period and in a given territory, a part of the population comes… -
Penitentiary (PENITENZIARIO)
PENITENTIARY. - In the technical sense it is the place where an individual, sentenced by a final judgment, must expiate the penalty imposed… -
People's Houses (CASE POPOLARI)
PEOPLE'S HOUSES. - Popular houses are civil buildings, urban or rural, intended for the housing of families of modest condition, who live… -
Planning And Planism (PIANIFICAZIONE E PIANISMO)
PLANNING AND PLANISM. - There is economic planning when, in a nation, the functions of economic life are, for particular needs, programmed… -
Plebiscite (PLEBISCITO)
PLEBISCITE. - In Roman public law "p." indicated a resolution adopted by the concilia plebis on the proposal of the tribunes, and was… -
Plutocracy (PLUTOCRAZIA)
PLUTOCRACY. - In the etymological sense, p. (from πλοῦτος = "wealth" and κράτος = "power") means the dominion of wealth or of the men who… -
Political Economy (ECONOMIA POLITICA)
POLITICAL ECONOMY. - As many definitions of political economy have been given as there have been phases in its doctrinal development;… -
Political Elections (ELEZIONI POLITICHE)
POLITICAL ELECTIONS. - In a regime of representative democracy every citizen who has the requirements established by law is called to take… -
Political Freedoms (LIBERTÀ POLITICHE)
POLITICAL FREEDOMS. - They are the most immediate practical applications of the principle of liberty in a truly democratic State, that is,… -
Population (POPOLAZIONE)
POPULATION. - It is the aggregate of all the inhabitants of a country, of a region, of a city, etc. Its size and composition vary… -
Pornography (PORNOGRAFIA)
PORNOGRAPHY. - From the Greek πονύγραφος, painter or writer of prostitution. According to the etymological meaning of the word, it denotes… -
Prevention (Economic Problem) (PREVENZIONE (PROBLEMA ECONOMICO))
PREVENTION (Economic Problem). — In economics it is the operation by which provisions are set aside which, although subtracted from… -
Prison (CARCERE)
PRISON. - The Romans called carcer the place of custody for those condemned to the death penalty or to corporal punishments; and, both… -
Professional Representation (RAPPRESENTANZA PROFESSIONALE)
PROFESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. - Alongside the notion of political representation, the notably different notion of professional… -
Progress (PROGRESSO)
PROGRESS. - Without reference to particular activities (economic, spiritual, industrial, juridical, etc.), the word currently sums up two… -
Prohibitionism (PROIBIZIONISMO)
PROHIBITIONISM. - In its modern meaning, it designates legislation tending to prohibit the consumption of alcoholic beverages by means of… -
Proletariat (PROLETARIATO)
PROLETARIAT. - In ancient Rome, proletarians or capite censi were those who were registered in the census only for their person and not for… -
Promotion (PROMOZIONE)
PROMOTION. - An Italianized English word, frequently used to mean the advancement of workers both in the technical-professional sense (the… -
Propaganda
PROPAGANDA. - If certain truth (whether revealed, scientific or moral) conquers minds slowly and therefore requires dissemination and… -
Psychotechnics (PSICOTECNICA)
PSYCHOTECHNICS. - Psychotechnics is, as it were, the synthesis of everything that, with an eye to the human factor, has been done by… -
Public Finance (FINANZA PUBBLICA)
PUBLIC FINANCE. - The etymology of finance is customarily derived from the medieval term "finatio", "financia" (a corruption of "finire"),… -
Public Morality (MORALITÀ PUBBLICA)
PUBLIC MORALITY. - By morality is understood the manner of conducting oneself in relation to the laws that regulate custom, and it is taken… -
Racism (RAZZISMO)
RACISM. - A term that came into use in Italy (and in France: racisme) starting in 1935-'38, to designate a doctrine and a political… -
Radicalism (RADICALISMO)
RADICALISM. - Usually the term serves to indicate the attitude of those ideological and political movements which, reconnecting to the… -
Raw Materials (MATERIE PRIME)
RAW MATERIALS. - They are also improperly called greggie [crude stocks], as those obtained directly, by so-called first-hand labor, from… -
Reason of State (RAGIONE DI STATO)
REASON OF STATE. - Ratio is the principle, the rule that governs the life of the State. R. di S. is the translation of ratio reipublicae.… -
Red Cross Society (SOCIETÀ DELLA CROCE ROSSA)
RED CROSS SOCIETY. - The R.C. is an international body, universal in character, operating in all the states of the world, legally regulated… -
Redistribution (REDISTRIBUZIONE)
REDISTRIBUTION. - In the classic division of political economy that goes back to J. B. Say (1803), still in use today, after the production… -
Referendum
REFERENDUM. - The r. is one of the institutions of direct democracy. These have in common the personal participation, rather than… -
Reformism (RIFORMISMO)
REFORMISM. - Reformism is neither a theory nor does it rest on a particular ideology, but rather a practical attitude concerning the method… -
Regions (REGIONI)
REGIONS. - The new Italian constitutional Charter proclaims that the Republic is "one and indivisible," but "recognizes and promotes local… -
Reparations (RIPARAZIONI)
REPARATIONS. - Reparations consist of that complex of financial and economic burdens and various services that the victor customarily… -
Reprisal (RAPPRESAGLIA)
REPRISAL. - Generally speaking, a reprisal is a coercive measure by which it is intended to settle a question of law that could not be… -
Republic (REPUBBLICA)
REPUBLIC. - The res publica originally, and in a generic sense, was understood as the complex of interests and activities or functions of… -
Revenue (RENDITA)
REVENUE. - In common language it is equivalent to income (v.), with the addition of a marked character of gratuitousness, of certainty, or… -
Revolution (RIVOLUZIONE)
REVOLUTION. - Great uncertainty still reigns over the exact definition of the term. The revolutionary event is so complex in its causes and… -
Risk (In Industrial Financing) (RISCHIO (NEI FINANZIAMENTI INDUSTRIALI))
RISK (In Industrial Financing). - It deserves particular mention insofar as it dominates the basic phenomenon of the economy, namely the… -
Rotary Club
ROTARY CLUB. - It is an association of businessmen and independent professionals founded on 23 February 1905 in Chicago by the American… -
Rural Banks (CASSE RURALI)
RURAL BANKS. - Credit institutions, with distinctive characteristics, both in the aims they set themselves and the means they employ, and… -
Rural Question (RURALE, QUESTIONE)
RURAL, QUESTION. - The term rural question is customarily used to designate that complex of social problems which arise from circumstances… -
Salaried Regime (SALARIALE, REGIME)
SALARIED REGIME. - It is the social regime characterized by the predominance, in the world of labor, of the wage form of remuneration over… -
Salary (SALARIO)
SALARY. - When a worker sells his labor at a fixed price, that is, for a fixed quantity of money, hourly, daily, weekly, fortnightly or… -
Savings (RISPARMIO)
SAVINGS. - I. NOTION. - It is the positive difference between income and expenses (in the case of a business it is identified with profit).… -
Savings Bank (CASSA DI RISPARMIO)
SAVINGS BANK. — It can still be defined, recalling the words of De Gerando (v. bibl.), as a public deposit, to which every individual may… -
School, Freedom of (SCUOLA, LIBERTÀ DELLA)
SCHOOL, Freedom of. - It is a natural consequence of freedom of teaching (v. TEACHING, FREEDOM of) and concerns the organization of the… -
Sharecropper (FITTO A COLTIVATORE DIRETTO)
SHARECROPPER. - This is a subspecies of the broader scheme of the leasing of agricultural lands, in which the lessee, as a small… -
Sharecropping (MEZZADRIA)
SHARECROPPING. - It is an agrarian contract of a typically associative nature, in which the grantor and the sharecropper associate for the… -
Social Assistance (ASSISTENZA SOCIALE)
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE. - It is difficult to find a satisfactory definition of s.a. or social service. The definition is either too broad and… -
Social Insurance (ASSICURAZIONI SOCIALI)
SOCIAL INSURANCE. - The complex activity through which the State exercises its function of protecting the interests of workers unfolds… -
Socialization (SOCIALIZZAZIONE)
SOCIALIZATION. - A generic term used to designate the aims and method proper to socialist and communist economic schools, directed toward… -
Social Justice (GIUSTIZIA SOCIALE)
SOCIAL JUSTICE. - A new and very frequent term, born of the vague unease that derives from something lacking in modern society and from the… -
Social Legislation (LEGISLAZIONE SOCIALE)
SOCIAL LEGISLATION. - Social legislation, in the conventional and narrow sense (since in the broad sense every legislation, by its very… -
Social Modernism (MODERNISMO SOCIALE)
SOCIAL MODERNISM. - Similar to dogmatic modernism, social modernism can be called that movement of ideas and activities which, with regard… -
Social Psychology (PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE)
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. - It is the branch of general psychology that studies predominantly two orders of phenomena: 1) the interferences and… -
Social Questions (QUESTIONI SOCIALI)
SOCIAL QUESTIONS. - "Social" is a term in common use, always employed to indicate what pertains to society. In the Middle Ages people spoke… -
Social Security (SICUREZZA SOCIALE)
SOCIAL SECURITY. - It is the establishment of a series of plans and measures aimed at maintaining social peace and the common welfare. The… -
Social Weeks (SETTIMANE SOCIALI)
SOCIAL WEEKS. - A characteristic type of conference for the study and diffusion of social Catholicism, first realized in 1903 in France,… -
Society (SOCIETÀ)
SOCIETY. - From the Latin socius, the term s. was initially used by Roman law to indicate the universitas personarum (also called ordines,… -
Solidarity (SOLIDARIETÀ)
SOLIDARITY. - A term deriving from Roman law, where a solidary obligation, or in solidum, denoted an obligation with a plurality of… -
Sovereignty (SOVRANITÀ)
SOVEREIGNTY. - Since the middle of the last century the concept of s. has become the keystone of the modern conception of the State.… -
Speculation (SPECULAZIONE)
SPECULATION. - A financial operation in which the gain, generally to a degree far above normal in relation to the capital employed and to… -
State (STATO)
STATE. - The term has not always been used in the sense that is presently customarily attributed to it. For a long time it served to… -
Statutes and Constitutions (STATUTI E COSTITUZIONI)
STATUTES AND CONSTITUTIONS. - The two terms are generally not regarded as equivalent, although the particular distinctive notes of the one… -
Television (TELEVISIONE)
TELEVISION. - It consists in the transmission and reproduction at a distance of moving images, by means of electromagnetic waves. I.… -
Terrorism (TERRORISMO)
TERRORISM. - The term denotes a method of political action founded on the unconditional use of violence, without regard for any moral law,… -
Theocracy (TEOCRAZIA)
THEOCRACY. - According to its etymology (from θεός and χρῆσθαι), it signifies a form of regime in which the supreme political dominion… -
Totalitarianism (TOTALITARISMO)
TOTALITARIANISM. - It is a neologism, coined from the adjective "total" (totus), to indicate that form of regime and that political… -
Trade Unionism and Trade Union (SINDACALISMO E SINDACATO)
TRADE UNIONISM AND TRADE UNION. - These are forms of professional organization which at present, in the various languages, are usually… -
Tyranny and Tyrannicide (TIRANNIA E TIRANNICIDIO)
TYRANNY AND TYRANNICIDE. - Tyrant (τύραννος) and tyranny are relative terms, of which the second indicates a form of regime and the first… -
Unemployment (DISOCCUPAZIONE)
UNEMPLOYMENT. - This means the condition of the worker who, against his will, finds himself without remunerative occupation. The phenomenon… -
Unification (UNIFICAZIONE)
UNIFICATION. — The spontaneous tendency and reasoned purpose of individuals and of society, aimed at balancing the growing complexity and… -
Union of Fribourg (UNIONE DI FRIBURGO)
UNION OF FRIBOURG. - An association of European Catholics who studied social problems, established at the end of the last century, which… -
Urbanism (URBANESIMO)
URBANISM. - Name commonly used to indicate the general phenomena of the formation of large urban agglomerations, especially when rapid and… -
Uses (USI)
USAGES. - It is the traditional opinion (though not without opposition) that uses (understood in a generic sense as equivalent to customs)… -
Wealth (RICCHEZZA)
WEALTH. - Things that are useful, limited and material are called w. The usefulness and the limitation of a thing are understood in a… -
Work (LAVORO)
WORK. - Labor is, in the historical order, the second factor of production: it is the first in dignity and importance. It can be defined as… -
Workers' Shareholding (AZIONARIATO DEL LAVORO)
LABOR SHAREHOLDING. - It is one of the correctives to the wage system, by which workers and employees obtain ordinary or special shares of… -
Zionism (SIONISMO)
ZIONISM. - A political movement aimed at procuring for the Jews an independent and recognized national State, it established itself at the…