David falleth into the crime of adultery with Bethsabee: and not finding other means to conceal it, causeth her husband Urias to be slain. Then marrieth her, who beareth him a son.
Dauid ouercome with concupiscence committeth adulterie with Bethsabee: 6. not finding other meanes to hide the crime, causeth her husband Vrias to be slaine. 27. Then marieth her, she beareth a sonne, and God is offended.
1And it came to pass at the return of the year, at the time when kings go forth to war, that David sent Joab and his servants with him, and all Israel, and they spoiled the children of Ammon, and besieged Rabba: but David remained in Jerusalem.Or avvenne un anno dopo che nel tempo, in cui sogliono i re andare alla guerra, David mandò Gioab, e i suoi uffiziali con lui, e tutto l'esercito d'Israele a saccheggiare il paese di Ammon, e assediarono Rabba. Ma David si restò in Gerusalemme.AND it came to passe the yeare turning about, at such time when kinges are wont to procede to battels, Dauid sent Ioab, and his seruantes with him, and al Israel, and they spoyled the children of Ammon, and besieged Rabba: but Dauid remayned in Ierusalem.Factum est autem, vertente anno, eo tempore quo solent reges ad bella procedere, misit David Joab, et servos suos cum eo, et universum Israël, et vastaverunt filios Ammon, et obsederunt Rabba: David autem remansit in Jerusalem. 2In the mean time it happened that David arose from his bed after noon, and walked upon the roof of the king’s house: And he saw from the roof of his house a woman washing herself, over against him: and the woman was very beautiful.E mentre tali cose facevansi, avvenne che Davidde alzatosi dal suo letto dopo il mezzodì si mise a passeggiare sul solajo della casa reale: e vide una donna che si bagnava dirimpetto sul suo solajo: e la donna era bella assai.Whiles these thinges were in doing, it chanced that Dauid arose from his bed after noone, and walked in the toppe of the kinges house: and he saw a woman washing her self, ouer against the roofe of his house: and the woman was very beautiful.Dum hæc agerentur, accidit ut surgeret David de strato suo post meridiem, et deambularet in solario domus regiæ: viditque mulierem se lavantem ex adverso super solarium suum: erat autem mulier pulchra valde. 3And the king sent, and inquired who the woman was. And it was told him, that she was Bethsabee the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Urias the Hethite.Il re adunque mandò ad informarsi chi fosse la donna. E fugli detto come ella era Bethsabea figliuola di Eliam, moglie di Uria Hetheo.The king therefore sent, and inquired what woman it was. And it was told him, that she was Bethsabee the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Vrias the Hetheite.Misit ergo rex, et requisivit quæ esset mulier. Nuntiatumque est ei quod ipsa esset Bethsabee filia Eliam, uxor Uriæ Hethæi. 4And David sent messengers, and took her, and she came in to him, and he slept with her: and presently she was purified from her uncleanness:Davidde pertanto, mandati de' torcimanni la fece venire: e venuta che fu, dormì con essa: e tostò ella si purificò dalla sua immondezza.Dauid therefore sending messengers, tooke her, who when she was entered in to him, he slept with her: and forth with she was sanctified from her vnclennes:Missis itaque David nuntiis, tulit eam: quæ cum ingressa esset ad illum, dormivit cum ea: statimque sanctificata est ab immunditia sua,
5And she returned to her house having conceived. And she sent and told David, and said: I have conceived.E se ne tornò a casa sua, che già era gravida. E mandò a dire a' David: Ho concepito.and she returned into her house hauing conceiued a childe. And sending she told Dauid, and sayd: I haue conceiued.et reversa est domum suam concepto fœtu. Mittensque nuntiavit David, et ait: Concepi. 6And David sent to Joab, saying: Send me Urias the Hethite. And Joab sent Urias to David.E David fece dire a Gioab: Mandami Uria di Heth. E Gioab mandò Uria a David.And Dauid sent to Ioab, saying: Send me Vrias the Herheite. And Ioab sent Vrias to Dauid.Misit autem David ad Joab, dicens: Mitte ad me Uriam Hethæum. Misitque Joab Uriam ad David. 7And Urias came to David. And David asked how Joab did, and the people, and how the war was carried on.E giunto Uria dinanzi a David, questi gli domandò, come se la passasse bene Gioab, e il popolo, e come fossero amministrate le cose della guerra.And Vrias came to Dauid. And Dauid asked how wel Ioab did, & the people, and how the warre was ordered.Et venit Urias ad David. Quæsivitque David quam recte ageret Joab et populus, et quomodo administraretur bellum. 8And David said to Urias: Go into thy house, and wash thy feet. And Urias went out from the king’s house, and there went out after him a mess of meat from the king.Indi disse David ad Uria: Va a casa tua, e lavati i piedi. E Uria uscì dalla casa reale, e gli furon portate appresso delle vivande del re.And Dauid sayd to Vrias: Goe into thy house, and wash thy feete. And Vrias went forth out of the kinges house, and the kinges meate folowed him.Et dixit David ad Uriam: Vade in domum tuam, et lava pedes tuos. Et egressus est Urias de domo regis, secutusque est eum cibus regius. 9But Urias slept before the gate of the king’s house, with the other servants of his lord, and went not down to his own house.Ma Uria dormì davanti alla porta della casa reale con altri ministri del suo signore: e non si portò a casa sua.But Vrias slept before the gate of the kinges house, with the other seruantes of his lord, and went not downe to his owne house.Dormivit autem Urias ante portam domus regiæ cum aliis servis domini sui, et non descendit ad domum suam. 10And it was told David by some that said: Urias went not to his house. And David said to Urias: Didst thou not come from thy journey? why didst thou not go down to thy house?E fu riferito ciò a David, e fugli detto: Uria non è andato a casa sua. E David disse ad Uria: Non hai tu fatto viaggio? Per qual motivo non sei andato a casa tua?And it was told Dauid of them that sayd: Vrias went not into his house. And Dauid sayd to Vrias: didst thou not come from thy iourney? Why didst thou not goe downe into thy house?Nuntiatumque est David a dicentibus: Non ivit Urias in domum suam. Et ait David ad Uriam: Numquid non de via venisti ? quare non descendisti in domum tuam ?
11And Urias said to David: The ark of God and Israel and Juda dwell in tents, and my lord Joab and the servants of my lord abide upon the face of the earth: and shall I go into my house, to eat and to drink, and to sleep with my wife? By thy welfare and by the welfare of thy soul I will not do this thing.Ma Uria disse a David: L'arca di Dio e Israele, e Giuda abitano sotto le tende, e il signor mio Gioab, e i servi del mio signore dormono in piana terra, e io andrò a casa mia per mangiare, e bere, e dormir con mia moglie? per la vita, e per la salute del mio re non farò io tal cosa.And Vrias sayd to Dauid: The Arke of God and Israel and Iuda dwel in pauilions, & my lord Ioab and the seruantes of my lord abide vpon the face of the earth: and shal I enter into my house, to eate and to drinke, and sleepe with my wife? by thy health, and by the health of thy soule I wil not do this thing.Et ait Urias ad David: Arca Dei et Israël et Juda habitant in papilionibus, et dominus meus Joab et servi domini mei super faciem terræ manent: et ego ingrediar domum meam, ut comedam et bibam, et dormiam cum uxore mea ? Per salutem tuam, et per salutem animæ tuæ, non faciam rem hanc. 12Then David said to Urias: Tarry here to day, and to morrow I will send thee away. Urias tarried in Jerusalem that day and the next.Disse adunque David a Uria: Fermati qui ancora per oggi, e domani ti licenzierò. Si trattenne Uria in Gerusalemme quel dì, e il seguente.Dauid therefore sayd to Vrias: Tarie here also this day, and tomorow I wil dismisse thee. Vrias taried in Ierusalem that day and the next:Ait ergo David ad Uriam: Mane hic etiam hodie, et cras dimittam te. Mansit Urias in Jerusalem in die illa et altera: 13And David called him to eat and to drink before him, and he made him drunk: and he went out in the evening, and slept on his couch with the servants of his lord, and went not down into his house.E invitollo Davidde, a bere con sé, e lo ubbriacò: ed egli andatosene la sera dormì nel suo letto cogli uffiziali del suo signore: ma non andò a casa sua.and Dauid called him to eate before him and to drinke, and he made him. drunke: who going out at euen, slept on his couche with the seruantes of his lord, and went not downe into his house.et vocavit eum David ut comederet coram se et biberet, et inebriavit eum: qui egressus vespere, dormivit in strato suo cum servis domini sui, et in domum suam non descendit. 14And when the morning was come, David wrote a letter to Joab: and sent it by the hand of Urias,Ma venuto il mattino, Davidde scrisse una lettera a Gioab: e mandolla per le mani di Uria.The morning therefore was come, and Dauid wrote a letter to Ioab: and sent it by the hand of Vrias,Factum est ergo mane, et scripsit David epistolam ad Joab: misitque per manum Uriæ, 15Writing in the letter: Set ye Urias in the front of the battle, where the fight is strongest: and leave ye him, that he may be wounded and die.E avea scritto nella lettera: Mettete Uria in faccia alla battaglia, dove la zuffa è più cruda: e ivi lasciatelo, affinchè sia messo a morte.writing in the letter: Sette ye Vrias in the front of the battel, where the fight is strongest: and leaue him, that being striken he may die.scribens in epistola: Ponite Uriam ex adverso belli, ubi fortissimum est prælium: et derelinquite eum, ut percussus intereat.
16Wherefore as Joab was besieging the city, he put Urias in the place where he knew the bravest men were.Gioab adunque assediando la città, postò Uria in quella parte, dove sapeva che era il forte de' nemici.Therefore when Ioab besieged the citie, he put Vrias in the place where he knew the strongest men were.Igitur cum Joab obsideret urbem, posuit Uriam in loco ubi sciebat viros esse fortissimos. 17And the men coming out of the city, fought against Joab, and there fell some of the people of the servants of David, and Urias the Hethite was killed also.E usciti quelli della città assaliron Gioab, e vi morirono alcuni della gente di David, e perì anche Uria di Heth.And the men issuing out of the citie, fought against Ioab, and there fel of the people of the seruantes of Dauid, and Vrias also the Hetheite died.Egressique viri de civitate, bellabant adversum Joab, et ceciderunt de populo servorum David, et mortuus est etiam Urias Hethæus. 18Then Joab sent, and told David all things concerning the battle.Gioab mandò avviso a David di tutte le cose avvenute nella battaglia:Ioab therefore sent, and told Dauid al the story of the battel:Misit itaque Joab, et nuntiavit David omnia verba prælii: 19And he charged the messenger, saying: When thou hast told all the words of the battle to the king,E ordinò al messo, e disse: Quando avrai fatta al re tutta la relazione delle cose della guerra,and he commanded the messanger, saying: When thou hast told al the story of the battel to the king,præcepitque nuntio, dicens: Cum compleveris universos sermones belli ad regem, 20If thou see him to be angry, and he shall say: Why did you approach so near to the wall to fight? knew you not that many darts are thrown from above off the wall?Se vedrai ch'egli vada in collera, e dica: per qual motivo vi siete appressati alle mura per combattere? non sapevate voi, come di sopra le mura si scagliano i dardi a furia?if thou see him to be angrie, and he say: Why approched you to the wal, to fight? Knew you not that manie weapons are throwen from aboue of the wal?si eum videris indignari, et dixerit: Quare accessistis ad murum, ut præliaremini ? an ignorabatis quod multa desuper ex muro tela mittantur ? 21Who killed Abimelech the son of Jerobaal? did not a woman cast a piece of a millstone upon him from the wall and slew him in Thebes? Why did you go near the wall? Thou shalt say: Thy servant Urias the Hethite is also slain.Chi fu, che uccise Abimelech figliuolo di Jerobaal? Non fu ella una donna, la quale gettogli addosso un pezzo di macina dalla muraglia, e Io uccise in Thebes? Per qual motivo vi siete voi appressati alla muraglia? Tu dirai: È morto anche il tuo servo Uria di Heth.Who stroke Abimelec the sonne of Ierobaal? did not a woman cast vpon him a peece of a milstone from the wal, and slew him in Thebes? Why approched you nere the wal? Thou shalt say: Also thy seruant Vrias the Hetheite is slayne.Quis percussit Abimelech filium Jerobaal ? nonne mulier misit super eum fragmen molæ de muro, et interfecit eum in Thebes ? quare juxta murum accessistis ? dices: Etiam servus tuus Urias Hethæus occubuit.
22So the messenger departed, and came and told David all that Joab had commanded him.Il messo adunque partì, e giunse, e raccontò a David tutto quello che gli avea comandato Gioab.The messenger therefore departed, and came, and told Dauid al thinges that Ioab had commanded him.Abiit ergo nuntius, et venit, et narravit David omnia quæ ei præceperat Joab. 23And the messenger said to David: The men prevailed against us, and they came out to us into the field: and we vigorously charged and pursued them even to the gate of the city.E disse il messo a David: Coloro hanno avuto del vantaggio sopra di noi, e sono usciti fuori contro di noi alla campagna: ma noi abbiam fatto forza, e gli abbiam rispinti sino alla porta della città.And the messenger sayd to Dauid: The men haue preuailed against vs, and they issued forth to vs into the field: and we violently pursewed them euen to the gate of the citie.Et dixit nuntius ad David: Prævaluerunt adversum nos viri, et egressi sunt ad nos in agrum: nos autem facto impetu persecuti eos sumus usque ad portam civitatis. 24And the archers shot their arrows at thy servants from off the wall above: and some of the king’s servants are slain, and thy servant Urias the Hethite is also dead.E gli arcieri hanno lanciati i loro dardi dalle mura sopra la tua gente, e son morti alcuni de' servi del re: anzi anche il tuo servo Uria di Heth è morto.And the archers shot arrowes at thy seruantes from of the wal aboue: and there died of the kinges seruantes, yea and thy seruant Vrias the Hetheite is dead.Et direxerunt jacula sagittarii ad servos tuos ex muro desuper, mortuique sunt de servis regis: quin etiam servus tuus Urias Hethæus mortuus est. 25And David said to the messenger: Thus shalt thou say to Joab: Let not this thing discourage thee: for various is the event of war: and sometimes one, sometimes another is consumed by the sword: encourage thy warriors against the city, and exhort them that thou mayest overthrow it.E David disse al messo: Tu dirai a Gioab: Non perderti d'animo per simil cosa: perocché varii sono gli eventi della guerra: e ora questo, ora quello, è divorato dalla spada: fa coraggio a' tuoi guerrieri, e aizzali contro la città per distruggerla.And Dauid sayd to the messenger: Thus shalt thou say to Ioab: Let not this thing discomfort thee: for the euent of warre is diuerse: now this man, and now that man the sword consumeth: encourage thy warryers against the citie, that thou inayst destroy it, and exhort them.Et dixit David ad nuntium: Hæc dices Joab: Non te frangat ista res: varius enim eventus est belli, nunc hunc, et nunc illum consumit gladius: conforta bellatores tuos adversus urbem ut destruas eam, et exhortare eos.
26And the wife of Urias heard that Urias her husband was dead, and she mourned for him.E la moglie di Uria seppe, come Uria suo marito era morto, e lo pianse.Also the wife of Vrias heard, that Vrias her husband was dead, & she mourned for him.Audivit autem uxor Uriæ quod mortuus esset Urias vir suus, et planxit eum. 27And the mourning being over, David sent and brought her into his house, and she became his wife, and she bore him a son: and this thing which David had done, was displeasing to the Lord.E finito che ella ebbe il suo lutto, David la fece venire in sua casa: ed ella divenne sua moglie, e partorì a lui un figliuolo. Ma quello che avea fatto Davidde, dispiacque al Signore.And the mourning being past Dauid sent, and brought her in into his house, and she became his wife, and she bare him a sonne: and this thing which Dauid had done, was displeasant before our Lord.Transacto autem luctu, misit David, et introduxit eam in domum suam, et facta est ei uxor, peperitque ei filium: et displicuit verbum hoc quod fecerat David, coram Domino.
11:1
Year of the World 2969, Year before Christ 1035.
Menochius
Year. Hebrew, "at the end of the year," (Chaldean; Syriac) which may be explained either of the year after the preceding engagement, or at the end of the civil year, in the autumnal equinox, (Calmet) or of the sacred year, which begins in the spring, (Haydock) when kings more commonly go to battle, about the month of March. (Menochius)
In hot countries they make a campaign also in autumn.
Calmet
Ammon. They had not been sufficiently chastised, as they had saved themselves within their strong cities. They had added to their other crimes, that of stirring up the Syrians against David. (Calmet)
Haydock
Rabba, the capital of Ammon, which Polybius calls "Rabatamana." See 2 Kings 5:8. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Noon. He had been reposing, according to custom, 2 Kings 4:7. (Calmet)
Haydock
But the devil was not idle. He was meditating a temptation and crime, which involved a great part of the remainder of David's life in misery. (Haydock)
Salien
He had reigned 18 years, and lived 48, almost without blame. (Salien, the year of the world 2998.)
Calmet
His house, as the Hebrew explains it. The Vulgate might insinuate that the woman was upon "the roof of her house." But she was probably in her garden, as the Jews have their baths in the open air. They are frequently obliged to purify themselves. (Calmet)
Salien
The house must have been very near David's palace. (Salien)
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Calmet
Eliam. By a transposition of letters, he is called Ammiel, in 1 Paralipomenon 3:5. Both words signify "my people is God's." This son of Achitophel (chap. 23:34,) was one of David's valiant men, as well as Urias, who is styled the Hethite, being born at Eth; (St. Jerome; Salien) or on account of his extraction, or because he or his ancestors (Haydock) had performed some great exploit against that nation; as Germanicus, Africanus, etc., received those titles among the Romans, for conquering the Germans, etc. (Calmet)
Menochius
Eth was a place near Hebron. (Adrichomius 128.) (Menochius)
Kennicott
The name of Bethsabee is also different in Paralipomenon; the last b in Hebrew being changed into V. Both-shua, both-al-i-ám; instead of Both-shobá, both-ám-i-al. (Haydock) (Kennicott)
St. Augustine
The grandfather of Bethsabee is supposed to have revolted against David, to revenge the wrong done to her. (Tirinus; Cornelius a Lapide) "Let the weak tremble at the fall of the strong." (St. Augustine, in Psalm l.)
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Haydock
Purified. Literally, "sanctified." Hebrew and Septuagint, "for she was, " etc. (Haydock)
Women were obliged to bathe after such actions, Leviticus 15:18.
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Calmet
Feet. As they did not wear stockings, this practice was very common after a journey. David thus insinuated that Urias might take his rest, and go to his wife, that so he might suppose that the child was his own, and the crime of Bethsabee might be concealed. (Calmet)
Menochius
King, as a mark of honour, but in reality that he might be more excited to indulge his pleasures. (Abulensis) (Menochius)
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House, in the court, for the guards. See Athen. 5:2., etc.
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Adrichomius
Journey, of thirty hours' length. (Adrichomius)
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Calmet
Ark. Most people suppose that the ark and the priests were before Rabba, as they seem to have been present in all expeditions of consequence. (Menochius) (Calmet)
Haydock
But, at any rate, the ark was covered with skins or veils, even in the tabernacle at Gabaon, or at Sion. (Haydock)
Salien
Thing. He binds himself by an oath not to gratify his natural inclinations, that the king might desist from pressing him any farther. (Salien)
Haydock
But David resolves to endeavour to make him forget his oath, during the moments of intoxication. The valour and temperance of Urias, and divine Providence, render all his craft useless; and a concatenation of crimes cannot hide the original offence. (Haydock)
11:13
Couch. It seems he was one of the guards. Josephus says he was Joab's armour-bearer, (Antiquities 7:7.) and one of David's heroes, 2 Kings 23:39.
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Salien
Morning of the fourth day, as Urias staid three nights at Jerusalem. It is not clear that he was intoxicated the last of them. On that night David permitted him to act as he should think proper; and finding that he obstinately persisted in the resolution of not going to sleep with his wife, he had recourse to the last and most barbarous expedient of making way for his own marriage with the woman, as he saw this was the only method left for him to save her honour. The utmost expedition was requisition, as many days must have elapsed before she perceived her situation; (Haydock) and if many more should pass over, it would be manifest to the world that she had been guilty of adultery, and must either be stoned, or, if David spared her, he must bear the blame. (Salien)
Plaut. Bacchide
Urias. The fable of Bellerophon being sent by Proetus to Jobates, king of Syria, with a letter, desiring the king to put the bearer to death, seems to have been copied from this history. Their letters have become proverbial. (St. Chrysostom) Aha Bellerophontem jam tuus me fecit filius, Egomet tabellas detuli ut vincirer. (Plaut. Bacchide.)
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Tacitus
Die. We no longer behold the genius of that David who would not hurt his persecutor. What a change does a shameful passion introduce in the whole conduct of a man! and how does one false step conduct from one abyss to another! Proprium humani ingenii est odisse quem laeseris. (Tacitus)
Calmet
David could no longer bear the sight of a man whom he had injured so grievously. (Calmet)
11:17
Cajetan
Also. Hence David prays with reason; Deliver me from blood (sanguinibus) of many slain. He was answerable for all (Cajetan)
11:21
Jerobaal? Hebrews write Jeroboseth, to avoid the mention of Baal, as they also do with respect to the name of Isboseth, who was probably called Isbaal. (Calmet) See Judges, 9:57.
Haydock
Joab supposed that David might probably adduce this instance, to shew the danger of approaching too near the wall, as it had proved destructive to part of his army, and had been fatal to Abimelech. But it seems the messenger did not allow him time to express any resentment, before he told him the agreeable news, which he desired so much to hear [in] ver. 24. (Haydock)
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Tacitus
For him. We may apply to her tears those words of Lucan: -----Lachrymas non spontè cadentes p style="margin-left: 40px"p>Effudit, gemitusque expressit pectore laeto. "None affected more sorrow for the death of Germanicus, than those who rejoiced the most at that event." (Tacitus, An. ii.)
Abulensis
The mourning for the dead usually lasted seven days; (Ecclesiasticus 22:13.) and after that period, David seems to have married Bethsabee. (Abulensis, q. 21.)
11:27
Menochius
Lord; not that David had married the woman, but on account of his former conduct towards her and her husband. (Menochius)
Haydock
The canon law forbids the marriages of those who have been accomplices in the death of their former partner; and some have thought that this marriage of David was null. But this is inaccurate; and the fruits of it were (Calmet) all deeded legitimate. See 1 Paralipomenon 3:5. (Haydock)
Grotius
The Rabbins even pretend that David was guilty of no sin in marrying Bethsabee during the life-time of Urias; as the latter, they say, must have given her a bill of divorce when he went to war. (Grotius)
Calmet
But why should we excuse an action which was so severely condemned and punished by God? (Chap. 12:1., etc., and Psalm l.) (Calmet)
Haydock
In David's conduct, we here behold a complication of the basest passions of lust and cruelty; which make David neglect the sanctity of an oath, (ver. 11) and attempt to ruin, by drunkenness, the soul of one to whom he was much indebted; and, afterwards, to expose him to an untimely death, perhaps without repentance; if indeed Urias exceeded the bounds of moderation. This however is not certain; as the word drunk is often used to denote a degree of blameless conviviality, Genesis 43:34. Yet the design of David was equally criminal. How soon may the man according to God's own heart, fall from his elevated station into the depth of the abyss! Wherefore let him that thinketh himself to stand, take heed lest he fall, 1 Corinthians 10:12. (Haydock)
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Then do sius the E••rerour pretending to be excused from punishment for his sinnes, because king Dauid also was an adulter • and a manslaver, S. Ambrose replied, saying: Thou that hast solovveding Dauid evving, folovv him repenting. After which admonition the Emperour most humbly did publique penance inioyned him by the Bishop. in v••a. Theod•sij.
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Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 6.3
… Moses was sent to deliver the people from Egypt, and took with him the woman who advised him to shameful acts, and the Lord met with Moses, and desired to slay him, till he sent back his wife to Midian. David was victorious in all his battles, yet through means of a daughter of Eve
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 51.2
… Captivated with this woman’s beauty, the wife of another, the king and prophet David, from whose seed according to the flesh the Lord was to come, committed adultery with her. This thing in this Psalm is not read, but in the title thereof it appeareth; but in the book of Kings
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 51.3
… For they restrain their eyes from wantonness, not readily do they join themselves in company, they do not mingle with strange women, they raise not complying eyes to strange balconies, to strange terraces. For from afar David saw her with whom he was captivated.
11:4
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 82.5
… and better to charge the book of Kings [second book of Samuel] with false statements, than believe that so great a prophet, and one so signally chosen by the Lord God as David was, committed adultery in lusting after and taking away the wife of another, and committed such detestable homicide in procuring the death of her husband.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 22.5
… or how David, after having a number of wives, seduced the wife of his soldier Uriah, and caused Uriah himself to be killed in the battle;
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 51.9
9. “Against Thee alone have I sinned, and before Thee an evil thing have I done” ( ver. 4 ). What is this? For before men was not another’s wife debauched and husband slain? Did not all men know what David had done?
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Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.26
… xxiv. 18 ). For, when he was a servant, in his love of righteousness he feared to smite his adversary when taken; but, when he was a king, through the persuasion of lasciviousness, he put to death by a deceitful plan even a devoted soldier (
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 15
… The publican, when insulted by the Pharisee, insulted not in return, though, had he wished it, he might have done so: but he bore it like a philosopher, saying, “Be merciful to me a sinner.” ( Luke xviii. 13 .) Mephibosheth,
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St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 4.27.1
… But when his lust prompted him to take Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah, the Scripture said concerning him, “Now, the thing ( sermo ) which David had done appeared wicked in the eyes of the Lord ;”
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1. AND IT CAME TO PASS, AT THE RETURN OF THE YEAR, AT THAT TIME WHEN KINGS GO OUT TO WARS, namely, after winter had passed, in the following spring of the year, that is, in March, when Mars is wont to rule, and kings to go out to wars. DAVID SENT JOAB, etc. But David remained at home, and therefore he fell into adultery and murder; whence Theodoret, Quaest. XXV: "David," he says, "when he was in the field and exercised his mind in the care of war, administered his life according to the divine laws; but having obtained a small respite, he suffered a fall." See here how much war or business is preferable to idleness: business made David chaste, idleness made him an adulterer. THEY BESIEGED RABBAH. This was a powerful city, the royal capital and metropolis of the Ammonites, so called from its greatness: for "Rabbah" or "Rabbath," in Hebrew, is the same as many, that is, great. It was also called "Ammon" or "Amman," and "the city of waters," cap. XII, vers. 27, because the torrent Jabbok flows around it. Finally, it was subdued by Ptolemy Philadelphia, the second king of Egypt, who caused the Bible to be transferred from Hebrew into Greek by the seventy Interpreters; and was called Philadelphia, which name it retains to this day.
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2. AND IT CAME TO PASS THAT DAVID AROSE FROM HIS BED AFTER NOON, refreshed by sleep and food and distended, and therefore inclined to lust: for the stimuli of this are royal delights, idleness and sleep. Whoever therefore studies chastity should not sleep late into the morning, but should rise early, indeed should anticipate the dawn with the nightingales in praising God: and about to go to bed should seriously commend themselves to the Blessed Virgin and their Guardian Angel, that they may prevent nocturnal temptations of the flesh and illusions of the devil. AND HE SAW A WOMAN WASHING HERSELF OVER AGAINST HIM (for the house of Uriah was near, and over against the palace of David, as Adrichomius notes in the Geographical Tables). She was therefore washing either in the house, as Vatablus wishes, or in a garden at a fountain, which is still shown, says Adrichomius. This was a new cause of David's fall, namely, the sight of a woman half-naked: for the eyes are leaders in love; and therefore it is impossible to keep lascivious thoughts from the mind unless lascivious sight of a woman is kept from the eyes. Whence Job cap. XXXI, 1: "I made," he says, "a covenant with my eyes, that I would not so much as think upon a virgin." Hear Clement of Alexandria, lib. III Paed. cap. XI: "But lascivious looks, and with wandering and as it were winking eyes to gaze, is nothing else than to commit adultery with the eyes, when through them desire enters the preliminaries of the first struggle." St. Chrysostom in Psal. L: "He opened," he says, "his eyes in vain, and received the wound of an arrow; let the curious hear, who consider the beauty of others." And St. Augustine, homil. 21, among 50: "Let it be the fall of the greater, the trembling of the lesser. If incautious familiarity with women and pernicious blandishments overcame those so holy men; what do those think of themselves who not only dare to converse with strange women, but also to remain in the same house with them, neither fearing nor blushing?" St. Augustine adds that excessive prosperity and abundance was the cause of David's ruin: "Therefore against happiness one must watch more keenly."
Bathsheba Daughter of Eliam BATHSHEBA DAUGHTER OF ELIAM. The Hebrews, according to St. Jerome, report that this Eliam was the son of Ahithophel, and therefore Ahithophel later conspired with Absalom against David to avenge the wrong done to his granddaughter by David. Hugo Salianus considers this probable. For Ahithophel could have been a grandfather of 60 years, Eliam a father of 40, Bathsheba a daughter of 18. Finally Bathsheba (which is corruptly called Bersabee by the Greeks and many Latins) is called in Hebrew Bath Sceba, that is, daughter of satiety, or Bat Scua, that is, daughter of riches or salvation, and such she became after, when, penitent, she became the wife of David and lived a holy life with him, indeed she became a prophetess, and educated her son Solomon in all piety.
Urias the Hittite WIFE OF URIAS THE HITTITE. Adrichomius in his Description of the tribe of Judah: Eth, he says, or Heth is a place in the region of Hebron, which the Ethites or Hittites, a people descended from Ethaeus or Heth the son of Canaan, inhabited: from whom Abraham bought the double cave. From this place also Urias, the husband of Bathsheba, was descended. Now Heth in Hebrew is the same as fear, terror, contraction: whence Hittite is the same as one who strikes fear, terrible, crushing, such as Urias was, a most mighty man. Thus think St. Jerome, Adrichomius, Salianus and others. Josephus: "Urias," he says, "was a citizen of Jerusalem of great glory, both with the king and with his fellow citizens, on account of his strength."
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4. HE LAY WITH HER. He committed adultery with her. Wonderful and profound was this fall of the holy king, the Psalmist and Prophet David, which teaches us to work out our salvation in fear and trembling. For St. Basil teaches that the cause of the fall and denial of St. Peter was presumption, by which he said: "And if I should be obliged to die with thee, I will not deny thee." So also the cause of David's fall into homicide and adultery was the same presumption, namely that, once visited with singular grace, he said that which is in Psalm XXIX, verse 7: "I said in my abundance: I shall not be moved for ever." Hence St. Francis gave this lesson to his followers: "When thou hast received grace from God, say: Lord, keep in me thy treasure, for I am a thief of it." AND IMMEDIATELY SHE WAS SANCTIFIED FROM HER UNCLEANNESS, that is to say, she washed her body with lustral water, according to the rite of the old law, and thus cleansed herself from legal irregularity; but the sin, or guilt of adultery, she did not wash away; for this must be washed away not with water, but with penance and tears.
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5. AND SENDING WORD TOLD DAVID, AND SAID: I AM WITH CHILD, that is to say, St. Chrysostom says in Psalm L: "O king, I am undone. And he says: What is the matter? I am with child, she says. The fruit of my sin sprouts forth, I have an accuser within, I bear a traitor in my womb." Whence Chrysostom morally infers: "See and marvel, Brethren, how great an evil it is to be subject to crimes and sins. The king fears a soldier, and dreads a subject."
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6. SEND ME URIAS THE HITTITE. The reason was, says Abulensis, that David might free himself from the infamy of adultery, and Bathsheba from death: he called Urias therefore, so that he might be thought to have had relations with Bathsheba his wife, and thus the child whom Bathsheba had secretly conceived from David might be thought to be the son of Urias her husband, not of David the adulterer. Thus Chrysostom in Psalm L.
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11. AND URIAS SAID TO DAVID: THE ARK OF GOD AND ISRAEL AND JUDA DWELL IN TENTS, AND MY LORD JOAB, AND THE SERVANTS OF MY LORD UPON THE FACE OF THE EARTH ABIDE; AND SHALL I GO INTO MY HOUSE TO EAT AND DRINK, AND TO SLEEP WITH MY WIFE? BY THY WELFARE AND BY THE WELFARE OF THY SOUL, I WILL NOT DO THIS THING. O strong and holy soldier, who nevertheless received an unworthy reward for his faith and strength from David, namely that he was destined to death by him. Thus the pious are oppressed here, so that in the future judgment of Christ they may be exalted, blessed and glorified before all Angels and men. Whence Urias in Hebrew is the same as, my light is God, or my fire is God.
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13. AND HE MADE HIM DRUNK, so that drunk he might return home and sleep with his wife. See here how one sin draws another. Behold David, to cover up his adultery, arranges to pass off his offspring as Urias'; which was a crime of injustice. Again David, to adorn this passing off of his offspring, intoxicates Urias, which was his third sin. For, as St. Augustine says, sermon 231 On the Seasons: "He who compels another to become drunk by drinking more than is necessary; it would be less evil for him if he wounded his flesh, than if he harmed his soul through drunkenness."
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14. DAVID WROTE A LETTER TO JOAB, AND SENT IT BY THE HAND OF URIAS, because he wrote to Joab to take care that Urias be killed by the Ammonites. Whence the letters of Urias, equally as those of Bellerophon in Lucian, became a proverb, and are spoken of those who bear letters which are the cause of their own harm and death. This was the fourth and most grave sin of David, by which, to conceal adultery and enjoy the adulteress securely, he took care to have Urias, a most mighty soldier and most faithful to him, killed. Moreover David's homicide was greatly aggravated by this manner in which he killed him, which was fraudulent and treacherous: "Thus from one vice another is born," says Isidore, "as David did not avoid adultery, he perpetrated also homicide."
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16. HE PUT URIAH IN THE PLACE WHERE HE KNEW THE MIGHTIEST MEN WERE. Josephus adds that Joab commended to Uriah his faithfulness and valor, so that he would fight unto death for David and Israel, and secretly warned Uriah's companions to abandon him in battle and allow him to be surrounded and slain by the enemy. What could be said or imagined more treacherous or wicked than this deed? Furthermore, St. Jerome asserts that David was prohibited by God from building the temple on account of the murder of Uriah.
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17. AND URIAH ALSO DIED. Behold here the consummation of David's ungrateful murder. Moreover, God permitted David to fall so gravely: First, that He might humble him, namely so that he himself might know that, although by grace he was a holy Prophet and Psalmist, yet by nature he was a fragile man and prone to sins. Second, that in his fall and rising God might show forth both His justice and His mercy equally. Third, for the example of others, so that all might learn from David's fall to beware the occasions of falling, and especially to guard against the incautious sight of women. Fourth, so that if it should happen to us to fall, we might not despair, but rising with David through repentance. Whence St. Augustine: "Many wish to fall with David, and are unwilling to rise with David. Let those who have not fallen hear, lest they fall: let those who have fallen hear, that they may rise."
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26. SHE MOURNED HIM, her husband Uriah. This lamentation among the Hebrews was for seven days. The Romans, however, and later Christian Emperors, such as Gratian and Theodosius, decreed that a wife should mourn for a year the death of her husband. But neither David nor the Hebrews waited for a year, whence immediately after the death of Uriah he took Bathsheba.
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27. AND SHE BECAME HIS WIFE, AND BORE HIM A SON. This son therefore was conceived in adultery, but born in matrimony. In this matter David sinned, namely in that he immediately took her, with whom he had committed adultery, as his wife after her husband was slain, tacitly approving the prior adultery and murder. AND THIS WORD WHICH DAVID HAD DONE DISPLEASED THE LORD. This was therefore the fifth sin of David: for it was forbidden to the Jews to take her whom they had polluted by adultery. Nathan reproved David, not only because he had slain Uriah, but also because he had taken the wife of the slain man: for thus he says in verse 9: "Thou hast slain Uriah the Hethite with the sword, and hast taken his wife to be thy wife."
Mystical Interpretation Mystically (which is new and wonderful), most of the Fathers interpret David's adultery concerning Christ espousing to Himself the Church of the Gentiles. Whence St. Ambrose in book III on Luke: "A mystery," he says, "in the figure, a sin in the history; a fault through man, a Sacrament through the Word." St. Augustine, book XXII Against Faustus: "This David," he says, "sinned gravely and wickedly; yet nevertheless he who is desirable to all nations, loved the Church washing herself upon the roof, that is, cleansing herself from the filth of the world." But these allegories are not of the first and proper class, but of the second and improper, because they are looser. For what David did with sin, Christ did from holiness and mercy.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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… The example of David is a powerful lesson: "vidit mulierem... erat autem pulchra nimis... et tulit eam" (II Sam. 11, 2-4). 5) Corporal mortification, expressly recalled by Jesus Christ when chastity is at stake: "This kind of demon is cast out only by prayer and fasting" (Mk. 9, 28); to which the Church …
… In the Mosaic law very severe penalties are sanctioned against adulterers, particularly when the woman is guilty (cf. Gen. 39:7-20; Ex. 20:14, 17; Lev. 18:20; 20:10; Deut. 22:22; II Sam. 11:2 ff.; Jer. 5:8 ff.; Ex. 23:20; Hos. 4:2). It is the severity found in other Semitic legislations (cf. code of Hammurabi, § 129; Hittite and Middle Assyrian laws in G. Furlani, Leggi …
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Bethsabee (Hebrew Bath-Sheba'; Septuagint: Βηραθβέε and Βηθαθβέε)
BETHSABEE (Hebrew Bath-Sheba'; Septuagint: Βηραθβέε and Βηθαθβέε). - Wife of Uriah the Hittite (II Sam. 11, 3). She was sinfully loved by David, who seduced her, then had her husband Uriah put to death (v.). …
ELIAM. - Father of Bathsheba ('Elī'am in II Sam. 11:3; I Chron. 3:5 = by transposition 'amun'el': "my uncle or relative is 'El").
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SION (Heb. Şiyyôn). - Indigenous name of the Jebusite fortress, situated in the southern part of the eastern hill (v. OPHEL) of Jerusalem (v.), captured by King David and, in his honor, called "city of David" (II Sam. 5:7; 11:5).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.