1,513 articles
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Phacee (Heb. Pēqāh)(PHACEE (EBR. PÉQÁH))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHACEE (Hebr. Péqáh). — King of Israel (736–732 B.C.), the 18th after the division of the Kingdom, persistently called “son of Romelia” (II Reg. 15, 27. 30;…
Phaceia (Heb. Pēqāhyāh)(PHACEIA (EBR. PÉQÁHJÁH))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHACEIA (Hebr. Péqáhjáh). – King of Israel, 17th after the division of the Kingdom. He succeeded Manahem (v.) his father, and reigned for about two years…
Phaleg (Heb. Pēlegh)(PHALEG (EBR. PÉLEGH))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHALEG (Hebr. Pélegh). - A descendant of Sem and son of Heber; brother of Iectan and father of Reu, one of the ancestors of Abramo. He was called P. “because…
Phanar (Φανάρεσιον)(FANAR (ΦΑΝΆΡΕΣΙΟΝ))Vol. V, p. 615 FANAR (φανάρεσιον). - A district of Constantinople, on the Golden Horn. Here, after the Turkish conquest (1453), were established the Greek patriarch and many…
Phanuel (Heb. Pēnî'ēl, "Face [Appearance] of God")(PHANUEL (EBR. PÊNI'ËL, « FACCIA [APPARIZIONE] DI DIO »))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHANUEL (Hebr. Pêni'ël, “face [appearance] of God”). - The name given to the place where Jacob wrestled with the angel (Gen. 32, 30). P. was located, most…
PharanVol. IX, p. 791 PHARAN. - A desert of Arabia Petraea, today called Badjet et-Tih. It consists of a broad plain bounded on the east by the valley of the 'Arabah, extending from…
Pharaoh(FARAONE)Vol. V, p. 630 FARAONE: V. MAR ROSSO, PASSAGGIO del.
PharesVol. IX, p. 791 PHARES. - One of the twins born to the Canaanite Thamar by her father-in-law Giuda, son of Giacobbe. He was to have been the second-born, but he was the first.…
Pharisees(FARISEI)Vol. V, p. 635 FARISEI. — In Greek Φαρισαῖοι, from the Aramaic רְשִׁיעַי, a plural adjective meaning “divided,” “separated.” It seems that by this name the f. were designated…
Pharmacist(FARMACISTA)Vol. V, p. 636 PHARMACIST. – The pharmacist, the natural collaborator of the physician (v.), shares with him, although in a subordinate position, the nobility and importance…
Pharmacology(FARMACOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 636 FARMACOLOGIA. — The word, introduced into the medical vocabulary in 1600, in its etymology means the study of drugs (medicaments and poisons), and at first was…
Phasga (Heb. Pisgâh)(PHASGA (EBR. PISGÂH))Vol. IX, p. 791 PHASGA (Heb. Pisgâh). — Western spur of Mount Nebo (v.), today Sijâgâh (Aramaic: “monastery”), consecrated to the memory of Moses’ vision. In the possession of…
Phat-Diem, Apostolic Vicariate of(PHAT-DIEM, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. IX, p. 791 PHAT-DIEM, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — On the southern coast of Tonkin, Viet-Nam. On 24 July 1678, the apostolic vicariate of Tonkin was divided into those of…
Phenomenism(FENOMENISMO)Vol. V, p. 698 FENOMENISM. — In its most rigorous expression, it is the philosophical system that denies the reality of being or of the thing in itself beyond the pure…
Phenomenology(FENOMENOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 699 PHENOMENOLOGY. – A term apparently first used by J. H. Lambert (1764) and subsequently by Kant to designate that particular philosophical science whose task…
Phenomenon(FENOMENO)Vol. V, p. 699 FENOMENO. — From the Greek φαίνομα, “to show, to bring to light” (root φα, “to shine,” “light”), it signifies appearance, presentation: everything that appears…
Philadelphia(FILADELFIA)Vol. V, p. 773 PHILADELPHIA. - City of Lydia in Asia Minor, northwest of Mount Tmolus (today Bosdağ) in the Cogamia valley. Founded by Attalus II Philadelphus, king of…
Philadelphia (City of the Decapolis)(FILADELFIA (CITTÀ DELLA DECAPOLI))Vol. V, p. 774 FILADELFIA (city of the Decapolis): v. RABHA, RABBATH AMMON. FILADELFIA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — City in the State of Pennsylvania and see of a metropolitan…
Philadelphia, Archdiocese of(FILADELFIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. V, p. 774 FILADELFIA, ARCIDIOCESI di - The liberty bell that was rung for the declaration of independence in 1776. Filadelfia. Independence Hall. It was also called…
Philanthropism(FILANTROPISMO)Vol. V, p. 775 FILANTROPISMO: v. BASEDOW, JOHANN BERNHARD.
Philemon of Theraide, Saint(FILEMONE DI TERAIDE, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 778 FILEMONE of TERAIDE, saint. – Martyr, died under Diocletian. According to his legendary Passio, F. was a theatrical actor. Having converted to Christianity, he…
Philemon, Epistle to(FILEMONE, EPISTOLA N)Vol. V, p. 777 FILEMONE, EPISTOLA n. — Letter addressed by s. Paul to the disciple and friend F., on behalf of the runaway slave Onesimus. This writing, often called a…
Philip Augustus(FILIPPO AUGUSTO)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO AUGUSTO - Seal (1286), Paris, National Archives. upon the death of Agnese, the sovereign restored Ingeborg to her rights. It was the hoped-for invasion…
Philip Benizi, Saint(FILIPPO BENIZI, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 795 FILIPPO BENIZI, saint. — Born in Florence on 15 August 1233, he pursued his higher studies at the Universities of Paris and Padua, where he took a degree in…
Philip Herod(FILIPPO ERODE)Vol. V, p. 796 PHILIP HEROD. — Son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, husband of Herodias. He is called only F. in Mk. 6:17, whereas Flavius Josephus (Antiq. Iud., XVIII, 5,…
Philip II Augustus, King of France(FILIPPO II, AUGUSTO, RE DI FRANCIA)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO II, Augustus, king of FRANCIA. — Having succeeded his father, Luigi VII, in 1180, at a very young age (he had been born in Paris on 21 August 1165),…
Philip II, King of Spain(FILIPPO II, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO II, king of SPAGNA. — Born in Valladolid on 21 May 1527 to Carlo V and Elisabetta di Portogallo. In addition to his own mother, his teachers were d.…
Philip III, King of Spain(FILIPPO III, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 794 FILIPPO III, king of SPAGNA. — Born in Madrid on 14 April 1578, died on 31 March 1621. He married Margherita d'Austria. He ascended the throne in 1598, and…
Philip IV of France, the Fair(FILIPPO IV, RE DI FRANCIA, IL BELLO)Vol. V, p. 791 PHILIPPE IV, king of FRANCE, the Fair. — Born in 1268 at Fontainebleau, died there on 29 Nov. 1314. Son of Philippe III and Isabella of Aragon, he was…
Philip IV, King of Spain(FILIPPO IV, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 794 FILIPPO IV, king of SPAIN. - B. in Madrid on 8 April 1605, d. 17 September 1665. He married Isabella of Bourbon and then Marianna of Austria. He ascended the…
Philip Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan(FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI, DUCA DI MILANO)Vol. V, p. 796 FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI, duke of MILANO: V. VISCONTI, FAMIGLIA.
Philip Neri, Saint(FILIPPO NERI, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 796 FILIPPO NERI, saint. - Born in Florence on July 21, 1515, in the parish of S. Pier Gattolini, to ser Francesco and Lucrezia da Mosciano. FILIPPO NERI, saint -…
Philip Of Bagnacavallo(FILIPPO DA BAGNACAVALLO)Vol. V, p. 789 FILIPPO da BAGNACAVALLO: V. PORCACCI, FILIPPO.
Philip of Campello(FILIPPO DI CAMPELLO)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO di CAMPELLO. — Franciscan of the thirteenth century, born at Campello sul Clitunno, near Spoleto. A tradition based on a brief of Innocent IV dated 10…
Philip of Harveng (of Bonne-Espérance)(FILIPPO DI HARVENG (DI BONNE-ESPÉRANCE))Vol. V, p. 791 FILIPPO di HARVENG (di BONNE-ESPÉRANCE). — Premonstratensian theologian, born at Harveng (Belgium) around 1100 and died at Bonne-Espérance on 11 April 1183.…
Philip of Heinsberg(FILIPPO DI HEINSBERG)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO di HEINSBERG. - Archbishop of Cologne. Having become, while still young, provost of the Chapter of Liège in Cologne, he administered the archdiocese of…
Philip of Side(FILIPPO DI SIDE)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO di SIDE. - Christian historian of the fifth century, born at Side, in Pamphylia. There he was a disciple of Rodone, and later succeeded Didimo il Cicco…
Philip of Swabia(FILIPPO DI SVEVIA)Vol. V, p. 795 FILIPPO di SVEVIA. — Born on 26 July 1178 to Federico Barbarossa and Beatrice di Borgogna, the fourth child of their union, he was appointed bishop of Würzburg…
Philip Of The Most Holy Trinity(FILIPPO DELLA S.MA TRINITÀ)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO della S.MA TRINITÀ. – Philosopher, theologian, and mystic of the Discalced Carmelites, in the world Julien Esprit, born in Malaucène (Vaucluse) on 19…
Philip the Arab (M. Julius Philippus)(FILIPPO L'ARABO (M. IULIUS PHILIPPUS))Vol. V, p. 786 FILIPPO L'ARABO (M. Iulius Philippus). - Roman emperor, born about 204 at Šuhbah in Trachonitis, died at Verona in October 249. Son of Julius Marinus, an Arab…
Philip the Chancellor(FILIPPO IL CANCELLIERE)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO il CANCELLIERE. — Theologian, born in Paris ca. 1760–85, died there on 25 December 1236. He is not to be identified, as was long assumed, with the poet…
Philip The Deacon(FILIPPO DIACONO)Vol. V, p. 795 FILIPPO DIACONO. — The second of the seven deacons ordained by the Apostles (Act. 6:9), also called F. the evangelist (Act. 21:8) to distinguish him from the…
Philip The Good, Duke Of Burgundy(FILIPPO IL BUONO, DUCA DI BORGOGNA)Vol. V, p. 789 FILIPPO the Good, duke of BORGOGNA. - Born at Digione on 30 June 1396, of Giovanni Senzapauca and Margherita di Baviera; died at Bruges on 15 June 1467.…
Philip the Magnanimous(FILIPPO IL MAGNANIMO)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO il MAGNANIMO. — Landgrave of Hesse, born on 13 November 1504, died on 31 March 1567. He succeeded his father Guglielmo II in 1509 and, after several…
Philip V, King of Spain(FILIPPO V, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 794 FILIPPO V, king of SPAGNA. — Born at Versailles to Luigi, Dauphin of France, and Maria Anna di Baviera on 19 December 1683; died on 9 July 1746. The king of…
Philip, Apostle, Saint(FILIPPO, APOSTOLO, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 786 PHILIP, APOSTLE, saint. — One of the “twelve,” from Bethsaida (v.), fifth in the lists (Mt. 10:3; Mk. 3:18; Lk. 6:14; Acts 1:13). In the Gospels, only John…
Philip, Bishop Of Bracla, Saint(FILIPPO, VESCOVO DI BRACLEA, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO, bishop of BRACLEA, saint. – Martyr, died under Diocletian in 304. His truthful Latin Passion, which goes back to a Greek original, recounts in…
Philip, Bishop of Gortyna(FILIPPO, VESCOVO DI GORTINA)Vol. V, p. 791 FILIPPO, bishop of GORTINA. — Little is known about him; the only source on which the information available depends is Eusebius of Caesarea. He was bishop…
Philippines(FILIPPINE)Vol. V, p. 784 FILIPPINE. - An archipelago of 7,083 islands, closing the South China Sea to the S. It has an area of 396,285 sq. km. (slightly less than Italy), with 19.5…
Philistines(FILISTEI)Vol. V, p. 798 PHILISTINES. – A people known almost exclusively from the books of the Old Testament. In the time of the Judges and of the first kings, Saul and David, the P.…
Phillips, GeorgeVol. IX, p. 791 PHILLIPS, GEORGE. - Jurist, b. 6 Jan. 1804 at Königsberg, d. 6 Sept. 1872 at Aigen near Salzburg. Extraordinary professor of German law at the University of…
Philo(FILONE)Vol. V, p. 805 PHILO. — The greatest writer among the Jews of Alexandria, b. ca. 30 B.C., d. ca. 50 A.D. Of distinguished family (Fl. Josephus, Antiq. Jud., XVIII, S. 1), he…
Philo Of Carpasia(FILONE DI CARPASIA)Vol. V, p. 806 FILONE di CARPASIA. - Of Carpasium, in Cyprus, or of Carpatino, an island between Crete and Rhodes, he lived in the first half of the fifth century. He was a…
Philo Of Larissa(FILONE DI LARISSA)Vol. V, p. 807 PHILO of LARISSA: v. ACADEMIES (I. Greek Philosophy).
Philokalia (Φιλοκαλία)(FILOCALIA (ΦΙΛΟΚΑΛΊΑ))Vol. V, p. 800 FILOCALIA (Φιλοκαλία). — 1. Name designating a collection of fragments, largely scriptural, by Origen, compiled by St. Basil and St. Gregory of Nazianzus…
Philology(FILOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 801 PHILOLOGY. — Philology is a discipline that seeks historically to restore the spiritual unity of a people through the manifestations of its being—poetry,…
Philomena(FILOMENA)Vol. V, p. 804 FILOMENA, santa – Tiles bearing the inscription Lumena Pax Tecum Fi. (copy) – Rome, Lateran Museum. content with the independent attitude that it aroused among…
Philomena, Saint(FILOMENA, SANTA)Vol. V, p. 804 FILOMENA, saint. — In 1802, a body was removed from the cemetery of Priscilla, whose tomb bore an inscription in minium, on three tiles, the last of which had…
Philoponus, John(FILOPONO, GIOVANNI)Vol. V, p. 807 FILOPONO, GIOVANNI. — Monophysite philosopher and theologian of the 6th century, also known as John the Grammarian, born in Alexandria toward the end of the…
Philoromus, Saint, Martyr(FILOROMO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. V, p. 807 FILOROMO, saint, martyr: v. FILEA e FILOROMO, santi, martiri.
Philosophy(FILOSOFIA)Vol. V, p. 807 PHILOSOPHY. — The term f. (“love of wisdom”), which according to Plutarch is traced back to Pythagoras (H. Diels, Doxographi Graeci, 2nd ed., Berlin and…
Philosophy of Action(AZIONE, FILOSOFIA DELL')Vol. II, p. 354 ACTION, PHILOSOPHY of. — Under the name of the philosophy of action, various and sometimes divergent orientations and systems are included (pragmatism, certain…
Philosophy Of Law(FILOSOFIA DEL DIRITTO)Vol. V, p. 813 PHILOSOPHY OF LAW. — This is the discipline that investigates the concept of law in its logical universality, the idea of justice as the principle and supreme…
Philosophy Of The Spirit(FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO)Vol. V, p. 814 PHILOSOPHY OF THE SPIRIT. — An expression disseminated and popularized by B. Croce (born in 1866), and hence, in current usage, equivalent to the system of…
Philostorgius(FILOSTORGIO)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOSTORGIO. — Christian historian, born ca. 386 at Berissus, in Cappadocia Secunda, to Arian parents. At the age of twenty he met Eunomius of Cyzicus, the…
Philostratus (Φιλόστρατος)(FILOSTRATO (ΦΙΛΆΣΤΑΣΤΟΣ))Vol. V, p. 816 FILOSTRATO (Φιλάσταστος). — Name of four sophists of the imperial age, natives of Lemnos. I. Son of Verus, F. of LEMNOS is said by the Suda to have taught…
Philotheos Kokkinos(FILOTEO KOKKINOS)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOTEO KOKKINOS. — A Palamite theologian of the 14th century, from Thessalonica. His fame is due to the fact that, while still a simple monk on Mount Athos,…
Philoxenian, Biblical Version(FILOSSENIANA, VERSIONE BIBLICA)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOSSENIANA, VERSIONE BIBLICA: V. SIRIACHE, VERSIONI, DELLA BIBBIA.
Philoxenus Of Mabbug(FILOSSENO DI MABBÙG)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOXENOS of MABBÙG. — A Syrian Monophysite theologian of the fifth-sixth centuries. Originally from Persia, he studied at the School of the Persians, then in…
Phineas(PHINEES)Vol. IX, p. 792 PHINEES. - Son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron, third high priest of Israel. His mother was a daughter of Phutiel, whom the Targun of Pseudo-Jonathan…
Phira, Diocese of(PHIRA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 792 PHIRA, DIOCESI DI: v. SANTORINO, DIOCESI di.
Phnom-Penh, Apostolic Vicariate of(PHNOM-PENH, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. IX, p. 792 PHNOM-PENH, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. – It comprises the entire kingdom of Cambodia and several provinces of Cochinchina. On 19 July 1649 this territory was…
Phobia(FOBIA)Vol. V, p. 869 FOBIA. — From the Greek φόβος = fear, a particular form of idea that, untimely and obstinately, against the subject’s will, inserts itself into the course of…
Phoca(FOCA)Vol. V, p. 869 FOCA. BYZANTINE EMPEROR — Column of F., erected by the Roman people in 608 — Rome, Roman Forum. The proofs of fortitude shown in his martyrdom are narrated in…
Phocas, Byzantine Emperor(FOCA, IMPERATORE BIZANTINO)Vol. V, p. 869 FOCA, BYZANTINE EMPEROR. — Having seized the throne in 602, he was killed in 610. S. Gregorio Magno addressed benevolent expressions of homage to him and…
Phoebe (Φώβη "Radiant")(PHOEBE (ΦΏΒΩΙ «RAGGIANTE»))Vol. IX, p. 792 PHOEBE (Φώβῳ, “radiant”). — A woman commended by St Paul to the Romans (Rom. 16:1–2) under three titles: 1) as “our sister,” that is, as a Christian converted…
Phoenicia and Phoenicians(FENICIA E FENICI)Vol. V, p. 696 FENICIA and FENICI. — Fenici (Φοίνιτζες) is the name given by the Greeks to the inhabitants of the coastal region west of Lebanon, who, for their part, called…
Phoenix(FENICE)Vol. V, p. 696 FENICE. – A symbolic bird originally from India, according to the Physiologus (J. Strzygowski, Der Bilderkreis des griechischen Physiologus, Leipzig 1890, p.…
Phoenix Islands(FENICE, ISOLE DELLA)Vol. V, p. 696 FENICE, ISOLE della: v. GILBERT, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO delle ISOLE.
Phogor (Heb. Pē'ōr)(PHOGOR (EBR. PĒ'ŌR))Vol. IX, p. 792 PHOGOR (Heb. Pē'ōr). — A mountain in Moab (Num. 23:28) north of Phasga (v.), which seems to be identifiable with the present-day range of el-Mušakkar, located…
Photinus(FOTINO)Vol. V, p. 923 FOTINO. — A fourth-century heretic. A compatriot, disciple, and deacon of Marcello of Ancira (the Eastern councils insist strongly on this dependence), F., who…
Photinus, Saint, Martyr(FOTINO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. V, p. 923 FOTINO, saint, martyr: v. PHOTINUS, saint, martyr.
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople(FOZIO, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. V, p. 927 FOZIO, patriarch of COSTANTINOPLE. — Without repeating what is said about the schism of F. under the heading Byzantium, a brief biography of F. is given here,…
Photomechanical Arts(FOTOMECCANICHE, ARTI)Vol. V, p. 923 FOTOMECHANICAL ARTS. — This name designates those processes that permit the printing of images by means of a plate which, instead of being worked by hand (v.…
Phrenology(FRENOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 1059 PHRENOLOGY. — From φρήν = mind and λόγος = discourse. A theory put forward by F. J. Gall and his pupil and collaborator J. K. Spurzheim (1808–1809), which…
PhulVol. IX, p. 792 PHUL. - King of Assyria (2 Kings 15, 19 and 1 Chron. 5, 26), to be identified "with absolute certainty" (O. Hellmann) with the great king Tiglath-Pileser III…
Phylacteries (Greek: ΦΙΛΑΚΤΗΡΙΑ « Smultei »)(FILATTERIE (GR. ΦΙΛΑΚΤΉΡΙΑ « SMULTEI »))Vol. V, p. 776 FILATTERIE (Gr. φιλακτήρια “amulets”). - Strips of parchment on which passages from the Mosaic law are written. This custom, attested among the Jews not only…
Phylogeny(FILOGENESI)Vol. V, p. 800 FILOGENESIS. – Within the framework of the theory of evolution, this denotes the historical order according to which the various groups of living beings are…
Physical Indeterminism(INDETERMINISMO FISICO)Vol. VI, p. 1043 PHYSICAL INDETERMINISM. – Physical indeterminism depends on the principle of indeterminacy, the foundation of atomic mechanics, due to W. Heisenberg. In…
Physical Laws and Statistical Laws(LEGGI FISICHE E LEGGI STATISTICHE)Vol. VII, p. 649 LEGGI FISICHE E LEGGI STATISTICHE. - Within the totality of natural phenomena, which constitute the object of scientific research, two groups may be…
Physical Premotion(PREMOZIONE FISICA)Vol. IX, p. 1159 PHYSICAL PREMOTION. – It is God’s prior and immediate concurrence or influence upon the activity of every creature, and especially upon free human action,…
Physical Theories(TEORIE FISICHE)Vol. XI, p. 1190 PHYSICAL THEORIES. – By p. t. is meant, in the broadest sense, a rational explanation of a physical phenomenon or set of physical phenomena, where explanation…
Physician(MEDICO)Vol. VIII, p. 362 MEDICO. – The medical profession occupies, by excellence and importance, first place after that of the priest. Ancient deontological texts such as, for…
Physics(FISICA)Vol. V, p. 852 PHYSICS. – From the Greek φύσις (nature). This is the name given to the science that studies the general properties of matter and of the elementary particles…
Physiocrats, Physiocracy(FISIOCRATI, FISIOCRAZIA)Vol. V, p. 853 FISIOCRATI, FISIOCRAZIA. — Economic doctrine formulated in France by Francesco Quesnay, the founder of political economy as a systematic science and, at the…
PhysiologusVol. IX, p. 793 PHYSIOLOGUS. — Name of a Christian work that gives an allegorical interpretation of the facts (or purported facts) of the life of animals and minerals. The…
Physiology(FISIOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 854 FISIOLOGIA. — From the Greek φύσις = nature and λογέω = I investigate, physiology is the science of the functioning of the living organism. Eminently…
Phytolatry(FITOLATRIA)Vol. V, p. 855 FITOLATRIA: v. PIANTA, CULTO della.
