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Prades, Jean Martin deVol. IX, p. 1119 PRADES, JEAN MARTIN de. — Anti-Catholic writer, b. at Castelsarrazini (diocese of Montauban) in 1720, d. at Glogau in 1782. Having gone to Paris to obtain a…
Pradt, Dominique Dufour de(PRADT, DOMINIQUE DUPOUR DE)Vol. IX, p. 1120 PRADT, DOMINIQUE DUPOUR de. – French prelate, born on 23 April 1759 at Allanches, died on 18 March 1837 in Paris. Deputy of the clergy to the States-General in…
Praeclara Custos VirginumVol. IX, p. 1120 «PRAECLARA CUSTOS VIRGINUM». — Hymn of Matins for the feast of the Immaculate Conception, composed in the seventeenth century and introduced into the Breviary…
PraedestinatusVol. IX, p. 1120 PRAEDESTINATUS. - An anonymous and untitled work, to which the first editor, J. Sirmond, gave this title. Book I attacks 90 heresies; the penultimate is…
Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius (Vettius Agorius Praetextatus)(PRETESTATO, VETTIO AGORIO (VETTIUS AGORIUS PRAETEXTATUS))Vol. IX, p. 1183 PRETESTATO, VETTIO AGORIO (Vettius Agorius Praetextatus). - A characteristic representative of the religious syncretism of the educated classes in the 4th…
Praetorium(PRETORIO)Vol. IX, p. 1185 PRETORIO. - Etymologically, it is the place where the Roman praetor established his office as a judge. Originally, in mobile camps, it was the tent of the…
Praetorius, MichaelVol. IX, p. 1120 PRAETORIUS, MICHAEL. - Composer and music theorist, b. 15 February 1571 at Kreuzburg (Thuringia), d. 15 February 1621 at Wolfenbüttel (Brunswick). He was…
Pragmatic Sanction(PRAMMATICA SANZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1127 PRAMMATICA SANZIONE. - I. Pragmatica sanctio is the name applied in the late Roman Empire to a type of imperial constitution whose nature is controversial and…
Pragmatism(PRAGMATISMO)Vol. IX, p. 1122 PRAGMATISM. — A school of contemporary philosophy, among the most successful and widespread, which has had broad and at times profound repercussions not only…
Prague, Archdiocese of(PRAGA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1120 PRAGA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — Capital city of Czechoslovakia and an archdiocese situated in the center of Bohemia on the banks of the Moldava, built on seven hills.…
Prassede, Saint(PRASSEDE, SANTA)Vol. IX, p. 1127 PRASSEDE, saint. - She is commemorated in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum on July 21; the 7th-century itineraries record her as buried in the cemetery of…
Prat, FerdinandVol. IX, p. 1128 PRAT, FERDINAND. — Exegete, born at La Préterie (Aveyron, France) on 10 February 1857, died at Toulouse on 4 August 1938. He entered the Society of Jesus in…
Prati, GiovanniVol. IX, p. 1128 PRATI, GIOVANNI. — Poet, b. on 27 January 1814 at Campomaggiore near Dasindo (Trento), d. in Rome on 9 May 1884. His poetic activity may be divided into three…
Prato (a Prato), GiovanniVol. IX, p. 1131 PRATO (a Prato), GIOVANNI. — Priest and journalist, born in Rovereto on 29 October 1812, died there on 13 June 1883. Ordained a priest in 1835, in 1842 he…
Prato, Diocese of(PRATO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1129 PRATO, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in Tuscany, united with Pistoia (v.). The diocese, established in 1653 through the detachment of part of the territory of…
Prayer(ORAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 148 ORAZIONE – Bishop raising his soul to God. Miniature (late 14th century) from the Missal and Pontifical of Etienne Loypeau, bishop of Luçon – Paris, National…
Prayer(PREGHIERA)Vol. IX, p. 1146 PRAYER. – Language of praise, invocation, or petition addressed by man to God. CONTENTS: I. Nature and definition. – II. Psychology. – III. Forms and degrees.…
Prayer (Ascetic)(ORAZIONE (ASCETICA))Vol. IX, p. 148 ORATION (ASCETICAL). — I. DEFINITION. — Communion of the soul with God and the saints, or pious elevation of the mind to God (St. John Damascene, De Fide, III,…
Prayer (Liturgy)(ORAZIONE (LITURGIA))Vol. IX, p. 150 ORATION (LITURGY). — Here the term o. is taken in the precise sense that, in the liturgy, it assumes as the prayer recited by the officiant (bishop or priest),…
Prayer BookVol. IX, p. 1131 PRAYER BOOK: v. BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER.
Pre-Adamism(PREADAMISMO)Vol. IX, p. 1131 PREADAMISMO: v. POLIGENISMO.
Pre-Caroline Minuscule, Script and Illumination(MINUSCOLA PRECAROLINA, SCRITTURA E MINIATURA)Vol. VIII, p. 642 MINUSCOLA PRECAROLINA, SCRITTURA e MINIATURA: v. CAROLINA SCRITTURA e MINIATURA.
Pre-established Harmony(ARMONIA PRESTABILITÀ)Vol. I, p. 1171 PRE-ESTABLISHED HARMONY. — This is a doctrine—or hypothesis—central to Leibniz, which, although it has various historical roots (Pythagorean harmony, Platonic…
Pre-Raphaelites and Pre-Raphaelism(PRERAFFAELLITI E PRERAFFAELLISMO)Vol. IX, p. 1165 PRERAFFAELLITI and PRERAFFAELLISMO. - These are the terms by which the followers of a particular aesthetic doctrine and the doctrine itself are designated,…
Preaching(PREDICAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1142 PREDICAZIONE: v. ORATORIA SACRA.
Preambles Of The Faith (Prawambula Fidei)(PREAMBOLI DELLA FEDE (PRAWAMBULA FIDEI))Vol. IX, p. 1131 PREAMBLES OF FAITH (prawambula fidei). — This expression designates the truths that must and can be known by reason before, through infused faith and actual…
Preanimism(PREANIMISMO)Vol. IX, p. 1131 PREANIMISM: v. PRIMITIVI, RELIGIONE dei.
Prebend(PREBENDA)Vol. IX, p. 1131 PREBENDA. — From the Latin praebere (to furnish), it is the income of an ecclesiastical benefice. The term belongs properly to ecclesiastical literature and…
PrecariaVol. IX, p. 1131 PRECARIA. — Name of an agricultural contract that enjoyed wide diffusion especially between the 6th and 12th centuries. As a rule, its object was the granting…
Precedence(PRECEDENZA)Vol. IX, p. 1132 PRECEDENCE. — It is the right to precede other persons and thus to have the noblest place at public gatherings and events. Its foundation lies in the deference…
Precept(PRECETTO)Vol. IX, p. 1132 PRECEPT. — I. NOTION. — It is a command issued by the competent authority for a determinate period of time, or even in perpetuity, to individual persons, even…
Precepts On Lost Deeds(PRAECEPTA DE CHARTIS PERDITIS)Vol. IX, p. 1120 PRAECEPTA DE CHARTIS PERDITIS: v. APPENNES.
PrechtlVol. IX, p. 1135 PRECHTL. MAXIMILIAN. - German Benedictine controversialist, born at Hahnbach (Palatinate) on 20 Aug. 1757, died at Amberg on 12 June 1832. Ordained priest in…
Preconio, OttavianoVol. IX, p. 1135 PRECONIO, OTTAVIANO. - Conventual Franciscan theologian, born at Castroreale (Messina) around the end of the 15th century, died at Palermo on 18 July 1568. A…
Preconization(PRECONIZZAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1135 PRECONIZATION. - It is the proclamation of the elevation of an ecclesiastic to episcopal or cardinalatial dignity. It is carried out after an informative…
PredellaVol. IX, p. 1136 PREDELLA. – In wood and marble, this is the panel or marble slab in the form of a very elongated rectangle, often divided into various compartments, which…
Predelli, RiccardoVol. IX, p. 1136 PREDELLI, RICCARDO. - Scholar, born at Rovereto on 19 May 1840, died at Venice on 1 March 1909. Forced to leave his native Trentino because of his Italian…
Predestinarianism(PREDESTINAZIONISMO)Vol. IX, p. 1138 PREDESTINAZIONISM. – Heresy that attributes both the salvation of the elect and the damnation of the reprobate solely to an eternal and unconditional decree of…
Predestination(PREDESTINAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1136 PREDESTINATION. — It is the design conceived by God to lead the rational creature to the supernatural end, which is eternal life. I. THE TEACHING OF…
Predetermination(PREDETERMINAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1140 PREDETERMINAZIONE: V. PREMOZIONE FISICA.
Predicables(PREDICABILI)Vol. IX, p. 1140 PREDICABLES. — The term (Gr. κατηγορούμενα, whence also, in Italian, “categoremes”) means “that which can be predicated” of something else. In its technical…
Predicament(PREDICAMENTO)Vol. IX, p. 1142 PREDICAMENTO: v. CATEGORIA.
Preface(PREFAZIO)Vol. IX, p. 1142 PREFACE. — It is the solemn prayer of praise and thanksgiving, sung or recited, after the Offertory, at the beginning of the action of the Sacrifice. The word…
Prefect of Pontifical Ceremonies(PREFETTO DELLE CERIMONIE PONTIFICIE)Vol. IX, p. 1145 PREFETTO DELLE CERIMONIE PONTIFICIE: V. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA.
Prefecture Apostolic of Misurata(MISURATA, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VIII, p. 689 MISURATA, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. - It is situated in the eastern coastal part of Tripolitania. It was erected on 22 June 1939 from part of the territory of…
Prefecture Apostolic of Miyazaki(MIYAZAKI, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VIII, p. 699 MIYAZAKI, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. – Situated in the eastern part of the island of Kyushu (southern Japan), it comprises the two civil provinces of M. and…
Prefecture of Sikasso(SIKASSO, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. XI, p. 356 SIKASSO, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. — It is situated in French West Africa, specifically in the Sudan. It was erected on 27 October 1947 with the two…
Prefecture of Sikkim(SIKKIM, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. XI, p. 356 SIKKIM, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE. — It is situated in northeastern India. On 3 July 1883 and 20 March 1912, respectively, British Bhutan, constituting the civil…
Pregnancy(GRAVIDANZA)Vol. VI, p. 614 GRAVIDANZA.—This is the state of a woman who carries within herself one or more fertilized ova that develop, through the stages of embryo and fetus, to that…
Pregnancy Toxicoses (Gestosis, Pregnancy Toxemias, Pregnancy Toxicoses)(INTOSSICAZIONI GRAVIDICHE (GESTOSI, TOSSIEMIE GRAVIDICHE, TOSSICOSI GRAVIDICHE))Vol. VII, p. 92 PREGNANCY INTOXICATIONS (GESTOSIS, PREGNANCY TOXAEMIAS, PREGNANCY TOXICOSES). – This designation is intended to group together all those morbid conditions…
Prehistory (Religious Manifestations)(PREISTORIA (MANIFESTAZIONI RELIGIOSE))Vol. IX, p. 1153 PREHISTORY (RELIGIOUS MANIFESTATIONS). — By prehistory are meant the extremely ancient phases of human civilizations about which written testimonies are…
Prelate (Prae-Latus, Antistes, Praesul)(PRELATO (PRAE-LATUS, ANTISTES, PRAESUL))Vol. IX, p. 1155 PRELATO (Prae-latus, antistes, praesul). — A person superior to others in dignity. In current canon law, in the strict sense, it designates members of the…
Prelature Nullius(PRELATURA NULLIUS)Vol. IX, p. 1156 PRELATURA NULLIUS. – P. nullius (that is, nullius dioeceseos) in the general sense indicates a church which is removed from the jurisdiction of the bishop. In…
Preliminary Investigation(ISTRUTTORIA)Vol. VII, p. 235 ISTRUTTORIA. — This is the activity intended to submit, from the evidentiary standpoint, to the judge’s examination the body of knowledge necessary for the…
Preliminary Questions(PREGIUDIZIALI, QUESTIONI)Vol. IX, p. 1152 PREJUDICIAL QUESTIONS. — These are questions which, in a given judicial proceeding, must be resolved preliminarily, since the decision on them necessarily…
Premarital Examination(PREMATRIMONIALE, VISITA)Vol. IX, p. 1156 PREMATRIMONIAL, VISIT. — A medical examination imposed or recommended, according to the various nations, upon those intending to marry, involving the issue of…
Premoli, OrazioVol. IX, p. 1158 PREMOLI, ORAZIO. – Barnabite, born in Crema on 20 May 1864, died in Segni (Rome) on 22 Aug. 1928. First rector of the «Zaccaria» Institute in Milan, later…
Premoli, Paolo FilippoVol. IX, p. 1158 PREMOLI, PAOLO FILIPPO. — Barnabite, born at Crema in 1692, died there on 21 March 1771. Penitentiary and commentator on Sacred Scripture at the metropolitan…
Premonstratensians(PREMOSTRATENSI)Vol. IX, p. 1158 PREMONSTRATENSIANS. – Regular canons who took their name from Prémontré (diocese of Soissons), where in 1120 they were founded by St Norbert of Xanten (v.)…
PrepositiVol. IX, p. 1165 PREPOSITI. - They were responsible for administration in the cemetery basilicas of S. Pietro, S. Paolo, S. Lorenzo, and S. Pancrazio, and for their lighting,…
Prepositus of Cremona(PREPOSITINO DI CREMONA)Vol. IX, p. 1165 PREPOSITINO of CREMONA. - Theologian and liturgist, b. c. 1150, d. in Paris c. 1210. He studied law, perhaps at Bologna, and theology in Paris, at the school…
Presbyterianism(PRESBITERIANESIMO)Vol. IX, p. 1166 PRESBITERIANISM. – I. THE PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM. – Presbyterianism is above all a conception of the Church which, unlike episcopalism and congregationalism,…
Presbytery(PRESBITERIO)Vol. IX, p. 1168 PRESBITERIO — P. of the basilica of S. Clemente with the cathedra commissioned by Cardinal Anastasio, titular of the Basilica (1108). Rome. A general…
PrescitiVol. IX, p. 1170 PRESCITI: v. PREDESTINAZIONE.
Prescription(PRESCRIZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1170 PRESCRIPTION. – It is a means by which, through the passage of time and the concurrence of certain conditions and circumstances, a person acquires or loses a…
Presentation Brothers(FRATELLI DELLA PRESENTAZIONE)Vol. V, p. 1014 BROTHERS OF THE PRESENTATION. — In 1802, at Waterford, Edmund Ignatius Rice founded the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools of Ireland (v.) for…
Presentation of Mary, Saint, Feast of the(PRESENTAZIONE DI MARIA S.MA, FESTA DELLA)Vol. IX, p. 1171 PRESENTAZIONE DI MARIA S.MA, FESTA of.—The feast of the P. is one of the minor Marian feasts of the universal Church and is celebrated with the rite of a…
President of the Tribunal(PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNALE)Vol. IX, p. 1178 PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNALE. — He is the magistrate placed at the head of a collegiate tribunal; he is responsible for directing the proceedings and, in general,…
Preston, Thomas ScottVol. IX, p. 1179 PRESTON, THOMAS SCOTT. - Priest, b. 23 July 1824 at Hartford, in the State of Connecticut (U.S.A.), d. 4 Nov. 1891 at New York. Of strong character and great…
Presumed Right(DIRITTO QUESITO)Vol. IV, p. 996 ACQUIRED RIGHT. — Can. 10 of the CIC, in conformity with what Roman law established, namely, that a law cannot have effect with regard to facts occurring…
Presumption(PRESUNZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1180 PRESUNZIONE. — The term p. may be understood in several senses: in the realm of feeling, it denotes an exaggerated confidence in one’s own qualities and is…
Preternatural Gifts(DONI PRETERNATURALI)Vol. IV, p. 1081 DONI PRETERNATURALI. - I. NOTION. - This expression is ordinarily used to designate the privileges that Adam and Eve received at the beginning, in the state of…
Preti, Mattia, called Il Cavalier Calabrese(PRETI, MATTIA, DETTO IL CAVALIER CALABRESE)Vol. IX, p. 1183 PRETI, MATTIA, known as the CAVALIER CALABRESE. - Painter, born at Taverna (Catanzaro) on 24 February 1613, died at Malta on 3 January 1699. When little more…
Pretoria, Archdiocese of(PRETORIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1185 PRETORIA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In the Union of South Africa. The city of P. is the seat of the civil government and capital of the province of Transvaal. In 1869,…
Prevention (Economic Problem)(PREVENZIONE (PROBLEMA ECONOMICO))Vol. IX, p. 1186 PREVENTION (economic problem). — In economics, this is the operation by which sums are set aside which, although withdrawn from ordinary consumption, do not…
Prevention (of Jurisdiction)(PREVENZIONE (DI GIURISDIZIONE))Vol. IX, p. 1185 PREVENZIONE (of jurisdiction). — It is the legal effect attached to the exercise of priority, whereby a judge, by forestalling the exercise of jurisdiction by…
Preventive Pedagogy(PEDAGOGIA PREVENTIVA)Vol. IX, p. 656 PREVENTIVE PEDAGOGY. — This is that aspect of educational method which consists in making the pupil acquainted with his duties and with the prescriptions…
Previati, GaetanoVol. IX, p. 1187 PREVIATI, GAETANO. — Painter, born in Ferrara on 31 August 1852, died at Lavagna on 21 June 1920. As a young man he attended the studio of Amos Cassioli in…
Previtali, Andrea, Also Known As Cordegliacchi(PREVITALI, ANDREA, DETTO ANCHE CORDEGLIACHI)Vol. IX, p. 1187 PREVITALI, ANDREA, also known as CORDEGLIACHI. — Painter, born c. 1470, died in Bergamo in 1528. (photo by Autor)
Previtali, Andrea, Also Known As Cordegliaghi(PREVITALI, ANDREA, DETTO ANCHE CORDEGLIAGHI)Vol. IX, p. 1188 PREVITALI, ANDREA, also called CORDEGLIAGHI — The Virgin with the Child; at the sides, portraits of the spouses Casotti — Bergamo, Galleria Carrara. In…
Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine-François(PRÉVÔST D'EXILES, ANTOINE-FRANÇOIS)Vol. IX, p. 1188 PRÉVÔST D'EXILES, ANTOINE-FRANÇOIS. — French writer, born in Hesdin in Artois on 1 April 1697, died at St-Firmin near Chantilly on 29 November 1763. The son of…
Prevost, Eugène(PREVÔST, EUGÈNE)Vol. IX, p. 1188 PREVÔST, EUGÈNE. – In religion Eugène de la Croix, founder of the Congregations of the Priestly Fraternity and of the Oblates of Bethany, b. 24 Aug. 1860 at…
Preysing, Konrad vonVol. IX, p. 1188 PREYSING, KONRAD von. — Cardinal, born on 30 August 1880 at Kronwinkel (archdiocese of Monaco and Frisinga), died on 21 December 1950 in Berlin. He studied law…
Prešov Of The Ruthenians (Lat. Fragopolis, Ukr. Prjašiv, Hung. Eperjes), Diocese of(PRESOV DEI RUTENI (LAT. FRAGOPOLIS, UCR. PRJAŠIO, UNGH. EPERJES), DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1179 PRESOV of the RUTENIANS (Lat. Fragopolis, Ukr. Prjašio, Hung. Eperjes), DIOCESE of. — Diocese (eparchy) in Slovakia, of the Byzantine-Slavonic rite. It was…
Price(PREZZO)Vol. IX, p. 1189 PREZZO. – I. NOTION. – P. is the value of a unit of merchandise or service, expressed in money. In free and voluntary exchanges, the p. generally increases as…
Pride(SUPERBIA)Vol. XI, p. 951 SUPERBIA. – It is the disordered love of one’s own excellence (Sum. theol., 2a-2ae, q. 84, a. 2). By excellence is to be understood everything that elevates…
Prie, René deVol. X, p. 27 PRIE, RENÉ de. - Cardinal, b. in Touraine in 1451, d. on 9 Sept. 1519 in the abbey of Notre-Dame de Lyre (Evreux). A cousin of Cardinal Giorgio d'Amboise,…
Priest Gianni (Prete Janni)(PRETE GIANNI (PRETE JANNI))Vol. IX, p. 1181 PRETE GIANNI (PRETE JANNI). - Throughout the Middle Ages, particularly after the thirteenth century, the legend of the existence of the mysterious kingdom of…
Priest, Presbyterate(PRESBITERO, PRESBITERATO)Vol. IX, p. 1169 PRESBITERO, PRESBITERATO. – A Greek term (πρεσβύτερος: elder) denoting the second degree (priest) of the hierarchy of Order (v.). I. ORIGIN. — In the New…
Priesthood(SACERDOZIO)Vol. X, p. 908 SACERDOZIO. - From sacra dare, "to provide, to perform the sacred action," it is the religious-social office and function that an individual holds as an…
Priesthood of Christ(SACERDOZIO DI CRISTO)Vol. X, p. 914 SACERDOZIO DI CRISTO. - I. DOCU- MENTS OF REVELATION. - The religious relationship between creatures and Creator is not exhausted by internal, external, and…
Priesthood of the Faithful(SACERDOZIO DEI FEDELI)Vol. X, p. 916 PRIESTHOOD of the FAITHFUL. — It is the power to participate in acts of Christian worship conferred upon the faithful in Baptism. I. THE PRIESTHOOD OF THE…
Priestly Fraternity(FRATERNITÀ SACERDOTALE)Vol. V, p. 1024 PRIESTLY FRATERNITY. – An institution founded in Paris in 1901 on the initiative of Fr. M. E. Prevost (born in 1860, died in 1946), to provide priests with…
Priestly Friendship(AMICIZIA SACERDOTALE)Vol. I, p. 657 PRIESTLY FRIENDSHIP. — Secret society for the formation of the young clergy. In the documents it is designated by the initials A. S. It was founded in Turin by…
Priestly Society of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei(SOCIETÀ SACERDOTALE DELLA SANTA CROCE ED «OPUS DEI»)Vol. XI, p. 525 SOCIETÀ SACERDOTALE della SANTA CROCE ed «OPUS DEI». - It is the first secular institute of pontifical right, approved according to the norms of the apostolic…
Priests of Mercy(PRETI DELLA MISERICORDIA)Vol. IX, p. 1184 PRETI DELLA MISERICORDIA. - A congregation of missionary priests, initially called the “Society of the Missions of France,” founded by Fr. G. B. Rauzan…
Priests of Saint Mary of Tinchbray(SACERDOTI DI SANTA MARIA DI TINCHEBRAY)Vol. X, p. 908 PRIESTS OF SANTA MARIA OF TINCHEBRAY. – They were founded in 1851 by Fr. Carlo Duguey, then assistant parish priest of Tinchebray, in the diocese of Séez,…
Priests of the Most Holy Sacrament(SACERDOTI DEL S.MO SACRAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 908 SACERDOTI DEL S.mo SACRAMENTO. – A religious congregation commonly called the Congregation of the Sacramentine Fathers (S.S.S.), founded in Paris on 13 May…
Priests Of The Sacred Heart Of Jesus Of Bétharram(PRETI DEL SACRO CUORE DI GESÙ DI BÉTHARRAM)Vol. IX, p. 1184 PRIESTS OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS OF BÉTHARRAM. - A religious congregation founded by St. Michele Garicoits in 1832 at Bétharram for the education of youth…
Priests of the Schools of Charity(SACERDOTI DELLE SCUOLE DI CARITÀ)Vol. X, p. 908 SACERDOTI DELLE SCUOLE DI CARITÀ. - Religious congregation, also known as the Istituto Cavanis, founded in Venice by the servants of God Antonangelo and…
Priests of the Stigmata of N(PRETI DELLE STIMMATE DI N)Vol. IX, p. 1184 PRIESTS OF THE STIGMATA OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. — They began in Verona on 4 Nov. 1816 as a private association of secular priests for the free operation of a…
PrimaVol. X, p. 28 PRIMA. — The canonical Hour recited at the beginning of the day. It consists of two distinct parts: P. properly so called (the Choir office) and the Chapter…
Primacy of Jesus Christ(PRIMATO DI GESÙ CRISTO)Vol. X, p. 29 PRIMACY OF JESUS CHRIST. — The primacy of Jesus Christ in the history of humanity is a fact attested by chronology. His appearance in the world marked the…
Primacy of Saint Peter and of the Roman Pontiff(PRIMATO DI SAN PIETRO E DEL ROMANO PONTEFICE)Vol. X, p. 29 PRIMATO DI SAN PIETRO E DEL ROMANO PONTEFICE. — The primacy that the Catholic Church recognizes in St Pietro within the college of the Apostles, and in every…
Primary Qualities(PRIMARIE, QUALITÀ)Vol. X, p. 28 PRIMARY QUALITIES. - According to the common meaning after Locke (v.), these are the qualities (v.) of bodies without which the body itself would be…
Primasius(PRIMASIO)Vol. X, p. 28 PRIMASIO. — Bishop of Hadrumetum (Byzacena), who lived in the sixth century and died shortly after 552. In the “Three Chapters controversy,” he followed the…
Primatial See(PRIMAZIALE, SEDE)Vol. X, p. 36 PRIMAZIALE, SEDE. – This is the cathedral church presided over by a bishop bearing the title of primate over a given region. As such, the primate takes…
Primato of S.(PRIMATO DI S)Vol. X, p. 30 PRIMACY OF ST. PETER AND OF THE ROMAN PONTIFF direct and universal over all the faithful. As Vicar of Christ and supreme arbiter of Christendom, the Roman…
Primicerius and Secundicerius(PRIMICERIO E SECUNDICERIO)Vol. X, p. 36 PRIMICERIUS AND SECUNDICERIUS. — P. (qui primus cerae seu matriculae erat inscriptus), originally denoted one who occupied the highest office in a given order…
Primitives(PRIMITIVI)Vol. X, p. 37 PRIMITIVES — Stone knives (on the right and on the left), finely chipped and with serrated edges, used for subincision, employed by the Boorungoo indigenous…
Primo and Feliciano, Saints, Martyrs(PRIMO E FELICIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. X, p. 41 PRIMO E FELICIANO, saints, martyrs. — They are commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 19 June as buried in a sand-pit at the fifteenth milestone of the…
Primo Die Quo TrinitasVol. X, p. 41 «PRIMO DIE QUO TRINITAS». – Hymn of Matins of the ordinary Sunday Office; by an unknown author; it is found in manuscripts of the ninth century (C. Dreves – C.…
Prince Albert, Diocese of(PRINCE ALBERT, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 42 PRINCE ALBERT, DIOCESE of. — In the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The Catholic population numbers 32,475 souls, gathered in 44 parishes and 78 secondary…
Prince-Rupert, Apostolic Vicariate of(PRINCE-RUPERT, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 42 PRINCE-RUPERT, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - Situated in the extreme north-west of Canada; it is entrusted to the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. Hunters and forest…
Principle(PRINCIPIO)Vol. X, p. 42 PRINCIPIO. — From primum-capere (caput), it is that which comes first, the origin, the beginning (initium, exordium, origo); it corresponds to the Greek ἀρχή:…
Prisca, Saint(PRISCA, SANTA)Vol. X, p. 44 PRISCA, saint. - In Rome, in the 7th century, a martyr P. was commemorated on 18 January, also mentioned in the Gregorian Sacramentary. The Itineraries of the…
PriscillaVol. X, p. 48 PRISCILLA (PRISCA): v. AQUILA E PRISCILLA (PRISCA).
Priscilla, Cemetery of(PRISCILLA, CIMITERO DI)Vol. X, p. 44 PRISCILLA, CEMETERY of. — On the Via Salaria nuova (today, entrance at Via Salaria 430). It is mentioned in the Depositio martyrum and in the Leonine…
Priscillian and Priscillianism(PRISCILLIANO E PRISCILLIANISMO)Vol. X, p. 49 PRISCILLIANO and PRISCILLIANISM. – Heresiarch, intruder bishop of Avila (ca. 345–85), whose tragic history criticism is progressively clarifying. The…
Prisco, GiuseppeVol. X, p. 49 PRISCO, GIUSEPPE. – Cardinal, born at Boscotre-case (Naples) on 8 September 1833, died in Naples on 4 February 1923. He studied at the Seminary of Naples under…
Prison(CARCERE)Vol. III, p. 465 CARCERE. – The Romans called carcer the place of custody for those condemned to death or to corporal punishment; and, both among them and among nearly all…
Priuli, AlviseVol. X, p. 49 PRIULI, ALVISE. — Man of letters and prelate, born in Venice at the beginning of the sixteenth century, died in Padua on 15 July 1560. He belonged to the…
Privation(PRIVAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 50 PRIVAZIONE: V. PENA; PENE VENDICATIVE.
Priverno, Diocese of(PRIVERNO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 50 PRIVERNO, DIOCESI di: V. TERRACINA, DIOCESI di:
Privilege(PRIVILEGIO)Vol. X, p. 52 PRIVILEGIO. – A legal norm contained in a law or issued by a superior to the advantage of a category or a person. The sources of Roman law show that the…
Privileges of the Clergy(PRIVILEGI DEI CHIERICI)Vol. X, p. 50 PRIVILEGES OF CLERICS. — These are special immunities that constitute part of the broader category of ecclesiastical immunity (v.) and collectively represent…
Prizren, Diocese of(PRJASEV, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 56 PRJASEV, DIOCESE of: v. PREŠOV dei RUTHENI, DIOCESE of.
Pro Apostolic Prefects and Pro Apostolic Vicars(PRO PREFETTI APOSTOLICI E PRO VICARI APOSTOLICI)Vol. X, p. 101 PRO PREFETTI APOSTOLICI e PRO VICARI APOSTOLICI: v. PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA; VICARIATO APOSTOLICO.
Pro Ecclesia et PontificeVol. X, p. 73 PRO ECCLESIA ET PONTIFICE. - Decoration (cross) instituted by Leo XIII by the apostolic letter Quod singulari Dei concessi of 17 July 1888 (Acta Leonis XIII, 8…
Pro Juárez, Miguel AgustínVol. X, p. 85 PRO JUÁREZ, MIGUEL AGUSTÍN. - Jesuit, b. at Concepción del Oro (Zacatecas) on 18 Jan. 1891, d., executed by firing squad, in Messico on 23 Nov. 1927. Having…
ProbaVol. X, p. 56 PROBA. - A poetess, daughter of the consul Petronio Probiano (322) and wife of the praefectus urbi Adelio (351), she introduced into Christianity the fashion…
Probabiliorism(PROBABILIORISMO)Vol. X, p. 56 PROBABILIORISM. — From the Latin comparative probabilior (more probable); it denotes the moral system which, when there is doubt about the licitness of an…
Probabilism(PROBABILISMO)Vol. X, p. 57 PROBABILISM. — I. MORAL THEOLOGY. — The term is used in theology to designate the moral system that admits, as a legitimate norm of conduct in the face of…
Probability(PROBABILITÀ)Vol. X, p. 59 PROBABILITY. – In the sense commonly attributed to it today, a fact is probable when, although it does not present itself as absolutely certain, it may…
Probability, Calculus of(PROBABILITÀ, CALCOLO DELLE)Vol. X, p. 60 PROBABILITY, CALCULUS OF. — Science concerned, from both the theoretical and practical points of view, with the study of causal or random events, that is,…
ProbaticaVol. X, p. 63 PROBATICA. - The “sheep” gate (προβατική), in Jerusalem. An ancient tradition, Eastern and Western, has identified P., on the basis of certain Greek codices…
Probation(PROBANDATO)Vol. X, p. 62 PROBANDATO. – By p. is understood that period of time which the aspirant to religious life undergoes before postulancy (v.) or novitiate (v.), when postulancy…
Probinus, Roman Senator(PROBINO, SENATORE ROMANO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBINO, Roman senator. — Consul in 489, together with Festo (v.), he headed the opposition against Pope Simmaco. He received praise from Ennodio di Pavia…
Problematicism(PROBLEMATICISMO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBLEMATICISMO. — “Problematica” is generally used to designate every “critical philosophy,” that is, every method that intends to begin philosophizing with…
Probst, Ferdinando(PROBST, FERDINANO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBST, FERDINANO. - Liturgist, b. at Ehingen (Württemberg) on 29 March 1816, d. at Breslavia on 26 Dec. 1899. He pursued his first studies in his native town…
Probus, Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Probus), Roman Emperor(PROBO, MARCO AURELIO (M. AURELIUS PROBUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBO, MARCO AURELIO (M. Aurelius Probus), ROMAN EMPEROR. - B. at Sirmio on 19 Aug. 232, d. there in Sept. 282. He made a rapid and brilliant career in the…
ProcacciniVol. X, p. 63 PROCACCINI. — Family of Bolognese painters, later transferred to Milano. ERCOLE ILVECCHIO, the founder of the family, born in Bologna in 1515, died in Milano…
Procaccini, Giulio CesareVol. X, p. 64 PROCACCINI, GIULIO CESARE - Marriage of St. Catherine - Milan, Pinacoteca di Brera. CAMILLO, the eldest of his sons in age, born in Bologna between 1550 and…
Process(PROCESSO)Vol. X, p. 65 PROCESSO. – By p. in the broad sense is understood a body of norms regulating and governing any procedure directed toward the ascertainment and determination,…
Procession(PROCESSIONE)Vol. X, p. 64 PROCESSIONE. – From pro, “forward,” and cedere, “to walk,” it is, in general, the ceremonial proceeding in public, with measured steps, of a group that…
Processus and Martinianus, Saints, Martyrs(PROCESSO E MARTINIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. X, p. 70 PROCESSO and MARTINIANO, saints, martyrs. — According to P. Franchi de' Cavalieri, their alleged status as jailers of the apostles Peter and Paul, indicated in…
Prochiro(PRÓCHIRO)Vol. X, p. 70 PRÓCHIRO. - An Eastern compilation, consisting of a proem and forty titles, probably promulgated in 879, during the reign of Basilio I, Costantino, and Leone.…
Prochorus (Prochorus, Πρόχορος)(PRÓCORO (PROCHORUS, ΠΡΌΓΟΡΕΣ))Vol. X, p. 71 PRÓCORO (Prochorus, Πρόγορες). — One of the seven deacons (Act. 6:5) ordained by the Apostles for the service of the community of Jerusalem (ibid. 6:1–6),…
Proclus, Saint(PRÓCLO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 70 PRÓCLO, saint. — Bishop of Constantinople, d. 446; in 426 he was appointed bishop of Cyzicus, but had to remain in Constantinople because of the refusal of his…
Procopius of Caesarea(PROCOPIO DI CESAREA)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO of CESAREA. — Byzantine historian, born around the end of the fifth century, died after 563. Little is known about his life: he studied jurisprudence…
Procopius of Gaza(PROCOPIO DI GAZA)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO of GAZA. - A notable representative of the Christian school of Gaza, d. ca. 530; author of extensive biblical commentaries in the form of “chains”…
Procopius of Sázava (Prokop), Saint(PROCOPIO DI SÁZAVA (PROKOP), SANTO)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO of SÁZAVA (PROKOP), saint. - B. at Chotouf in Bohemia, d. 25 March 1053. Educated at Vyšehrad in Hungary, in the Slavic rite, he returned to Bohemia…
Procopius the Great(PROCOPIO IL GRANDE)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO the GREAT. — Commander of the Hussites, born about 1380, died at Lipany on 30 May 1434. Ordained a priest, he sided with the most radical party of the…
Procopius, Saint, Martyr(PROCOPIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 70 PROCOPIO, saint, martyr. — He is commemorated by the Greeks and Latins on 8 July. According to Eusebius, he was the first martyr of Caesarea in Palestine…
Procula, ClaudiaVol. X, p. 71 PROCULA, CLAUDIA. — Name attributed to Pilate’s wife by an ancient tradition. She was probably of the gens Procula, belonging, according to Tacitus, to the…
Procuracy(PROCURA)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCURA: v. RAPPRESENTANZA.
Procurator(PROCURATORE (PROCURATOR))Vol. X, p. 71 PROCURATORE (procurator). — A term designating certain officials of the Roman imperial period. Their institution dates back to Augustus, who had appointed…
Procurator General(PROCURATORE GENERALE)Vol. X, p. 72 PROCURATORE GENERALE. – In canon law, this is the religious who ordinarily conducts the affairs of the religious society to which he belongs with the Roman…
Profession of Faith(PROFESSIONE DI FEDE)Vol. X, p. 73 PROFESSIONE DI FEDE. – In the broad sense, it is any external act of Christian virtue that presupposes faith; in the proper and formal sense, it is the…
Professional Orders and Colleges(ORDINI E COLLEGI PROFESSIONALI)Vol. IX, p. 174 ORDINI E COLLEGI PROFESSIONALI. – P. o. and p. c. (the former for professions requiring a doctoral degree for their practice, and the latter for those for…
Professional Representation(RAPPRESENTANZA PROFESSIONALE)Vol. X, p. 318 PROFESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. — Alongside the notion of political representation, that of professional representation, considerably different from it, has…
Professional Unions(UNIONI PROFESSIONALI)Vol. XII, p. 535 UNIONI PROFESSIONALI : V. ORDINI E COLLEGI PROFESSIONALI. UNITY OF THE CHURCH. – The Church is one, that is, undivided in itself and distinct from every other…
Profit(PROFITTO)Vol. X, p. 83 PROFITTO. — This term generally denotes the entrepreneur’s net income, corresponding to the interest accruing to the capitalist and the wage owed to the…
Profumo, AttilioVol. X, p. 84 PROFUMO, ATTILIO. - Archaeologist and historian, born in Genova in 1859, died in Roma in 1945. He first studied architecture in Napoli; then, having moved to…
Progeny(PROLE)Vol. X, p. 86 PROLE. – From proles, meaning offspring, that is, the group of children, the subjects of rights and duties within the family. The natural instinct that places…
Program I(PROGRAMMA I)Vol. X, p. 572 PROGRAMMA I. Negli indiani della religione, di cui è moderatore e committente il Pontefice di Roma. II. Negli indiani della civiltà, di cui è ancora una…
Progress(PROGRESSO)Vol. X, p. 84 PROGRESSO. — Without reference to particular activities (e.g. economic, spiritual, industrial, juridical, etc.), the word commonly summarizes two convergent…
Progressive Paralysis(PARALISI PROGRESSIVA)Vol. IX, p. 517 PARALISI PROGRESSIVA: V. DEMENZA.
Prohibited Societies (Secret Societies)(SOCIETÀ PROIBITE (SÈTTE))Vol. XI, p. 524 PROHIBITED SOCIETIES (SECTS). — By their very nature, prohibited societies are those that pursue an illicit purpose, or that, while pursuing a good end, intend…
Prohibited Time(TEMPO PROIBITO)Vol. XI, p. 1148 FORBIDDEN TIME. — Can. 1108 § 1 of the CIC lays down the principle of freedom to contract marriage at any time, abolishing the local prohibitions still…
Prohibitionism(PROIBIZIONISMO)Vol. X, p. 85 PROIBITIONISM. – In its modern meaning, this term denotes legislation aimed at prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages through bans on their sale…
Prohászka, OttokarVol. X, p. 84 PROHÁSZKA, OTTOKAR. - One of the greatest Hungarian writers of the 20th century, b. at Niytra on 10 October 1858, d. at Budapest on 2 April 1927. He completed…
Prokopović, Feofan (Trofane)Vol. X, p. 85 PROKOPOVIĆ, FEOFAN (TROFANE). – Ecclesiastic and politician, adviser to Peter the Great, leading exponent of the Protestantizing tendency in the Russian Church…
Proletariat(PROLETARIATO)Vol. X, p. 88 PROLETARIAT. — Proletarians or capite censi were, in ancient Rome, those who were registered in the census only for their person and not for their possessions…
Promise(PROMESSA)Vol. X, p. 89 PROMESSA. – It is the cause of the obligatory relationship, unilateral or bilateral, produced by the will of one or more persons who freely and spontaneously…
Promoter of Justice(PROMOTORE DI GIUSTIZIA)Vol. X, p. 91 PROMOTORE DI GIUSTIZIA. – The promoter of justice is an official of the Tribunal who, under the direction of the Ordinary (or, in the tribunals of the Holy…
Promoter of the Faith(PROMOTORE DELLA FEDE)Vol. X, p. 90 PROMOTER OF THE FAITH. — The Promoter of the Faith (quaesitor de honoribus caelestium) is the priest whose office it is to safeguard the rights of the faith…
Promotion(PROMOZIONE)Vol. X, p. 93 PROMOTION. — An Italianized English word, frequently used to signify the advancement of workers both in the technical-professional sense (the scale of…
PropagandaVol. X, p. 93 PROPAGANDA. – If certain truth (whether revealed, scientific, or moral) gradually wins over minds and therefore requires dissemination and popularization,…
Propagation of Christianity(PROPAGAZIONE DEL CRISTIANESIMO)Vol. X, p. 93 PROPAGATION OF CHRISTIANITY. — I. THE APOSTOLIC WORK. — It is easy to trace the stages of the growing spread of the faith in the apostolic age: the first to be…
Proper of Saints(PROPRIUM SANCTORUM)Vol. X, p. 111 PROPRIUM SANCTORUM : v. SANTORALE.
Proper of Time(PROPRIUM DE TEMPORE)Vol. X, p. 111 PROPRIUM DE TEMPORE : v. TEMPORALE.
Property(PROPRIETÀ)Vol. X, p. 101 PROPERTY. - A legal term indicating the relationship of eminent sovereignty or dominion that a person (individual or collective, private or public) acquires,…
Prophet(PROFETA)Vol. X, p. 74 PROPHET. — I. IN HOLY SCRIPTURE. — (Hebr. nābhi; Lat. propheta from the Gr. προφήτης). One who, by divine vocation, speaks in the place and in the name of God…
Propitiatory (Heb. Happōreth, Septuagint Ἐναστήρων)(PROPIZIATORIO (EBR. HAPPŌRETH, SETTANTA ἘΝΑΣΤΉΡΩΝ))Vol. X, p. 99 PROPITIATORY (Hebr. happōreth, Septuagint ἐναστήρων).—A sheet of gold that covered the upper part of the ark of the covenant (v.). Of unspecified thickness, it…
Proposition(PROPOSIZIONE)Vol. X, p. 100 PROPOSITION. — From Lat. pro-ponere, “to place before.” The corresponding Greek term is πρότασις (προκτίθημι), referring for the most part to the proposition…
Proposition, Breads of the(PROPOSIZIONE, PANI DELLA)Vol. X, p. 101 PROPOSIZIONE, PANI della.—Twelve ritual loaves offered to God every Sabbath on a special table in the Holy Place, where they remained throughout the week. They…
Prosdocimo, Saint(PROSDOCIMO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 111 PROSDOCIMO, saint. — According to what is commonly related about him, he is said to have been a disciple of St. Peter and to have been sent by him to Padua as…
Proselyte(PROSELITO)Vol. X, p. 111 PROSELITO. — A believer of non-Israelite origin who had embraced the Mosaic religion (προσέλωτος “newly arrived, added”). Philo (v.) considers Jewish law…
ProserpinaVol. X, p. 112 PROSERPINA : v. ORFICI MISTERI.
Prosper of Aquitaine(PROSPERO DI AQUITANIA)Vol. X, p. 112 PROSPERO di AQUITANIA. – Gallo-Roman theologian, b. at the end of the 4th century, d. around 455. Around 426, he composed his Carmen de ingratis in 1002…
Prospero Antichi, called Il Bresciano(PROSPERO ANTICHI, DETTO IL BRESCIANO)Vol. X, p. 112 PROSPERO ANTICHI, known as il BRESCIANO. - Sculptor, born in Brescia, active in Rome from about 1580, died there in 1599. He belonged to the group of Lombard…
Prostitution(PROSTITUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 113 PROSTITUTION. — This is sexual activity carried out outside marriage, especially by women and usually for profit, with anyone who requests it. It is said…
Prostration (Προσκύνησις)(PROSTRAZIONE (ΠΡΟΣΚΎΝΗΣΙΣ))Vol. X, p. 116 PROSTRAZIONE (προσκύνησις). — It is the act of throwing oneself to the ground and touching it with the forehead, a sign of the deepest humiliation and…
Protagoras(PROTAGORA)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTAGORA: v. SOFISTI.
Protasius, Saint Martyr(PROTASIO, SANTO MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTASIO, holy martyr: v. GERVASIO E PROTASIO, santi, martiri.
Protection of Workers(PROTEZIONE DEI LAVORATORI)Vol. X, p. 127 PROTECTION OF WORKERS. — The protection or safeguarding of labor is a principle common to contemporary States, often proclaimed in constitutional charters or…
