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Space(SPAZIO)Vol. XI, p. 658 SPACE. – In the common sense, it is the place in which bodies and movements are imagined. It entails certain fundamental distinctions. Real space is space in…
Spada and Cappa, Chamberlain of(SPADA E CAPPA, CAMERIERE DI)Vol. XI, p. 612 SPADA E CAPPA, CAMERIERE di: v. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA.
Spada, GiuseppeVol. XI, p. 611 SPADA, GIUSEPPE. — Historian, b. in Rome on 21 July 1793, d. there on 3 November 1867. In 1811 he entered the Torlonia bank, of which he soon became attorney…
Spada, MarianoVol. XI, p. 611 SPADA, MARIANO. - Dominican theologian, b. at Acireale on 1 Jan. 1796, d. at Rome on 15 Nov. 1873. A religious at Taormina, he was regent of studies at the…
Spada, VirgilioVol. XI, p. 611 SPADA, VIRGILIO. - Oratorian, architect, b. at Brisighella (Faenza) on 17 July 1596, d. at Rome on 11 Dec. 1662. A close relative of the cardinals Bernardino…
Spadafora, Domenico, Blessed(SPADAFORA, DOMENICO, BEATO)Vol. XI, p. 612 SPADAFORA, DOMENICO, blessed. – Dominican preacher, born in Messina in 1450, died at Montecerignone on 21 December 1521. For 8 years he preached in Sicily. He…
Spagnoletto, Jusepe de Ribera, detto LoVol. XI, p. 653 SPAGNOLETTO, JUSEPE DE RIBERA, known as lo. — Painter, born in Jativa (Spain) on 12 January 1588, died at Posillipo (Naples) on 2 September 1652. As an…
Spagnuolo (Spagnoli), Battista (Baptista Mantuanus), Blessed(SPAGNUOLO (SPAGNOLI), BATTISTA (BAPTISTA MANTUANUS), BEATO)Vol. XI, p. 653 SPAGNUOLO (SPAGNOLI), BATTISTA (Baptista Mantuanus), blessed. - B. at Mantova on 17 Apr. 1448, d. there in 1516. After pursuing his studies at Padova and…
Spahn, PeterVol. XI, p. 653 SPAHN, PETER. - German politician, b. 22 May 1846 at Winkel in the Rheingau, d. 31 Aug. 1925 at Bad Wildungen. He entered the judiciary in 1874 as a judge at…
Spain(SPAGNA)Vol. XI, p. 612 SPAIN. - The Spanish State encompasses a little over eight-tenths of the territory and a little under eight-tenths of the population of the Iberian Peninsula.…
Spalato (Split), Diocese of(SPALATO (SPLIT), DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 653 SPALATO (SPLIT), DIOCESI of. — City and diocese of Croatia (Yugoslavia). The diocese has an area of 3,668 sq. km., with a population of 306,340, of whom…
Spalding, Martin JohnVol. XI, p. 655 SPALDING, MARTIN JOHN. — Apologist and archbishop, b. at Bardstown (Kentucky, United States) on 23 May 1810, d. at Baltimore on 7 Feb. 1872. Having entered St.…
Spallanzani, LazzaroVol. XI, p. 655 SPALLANZANI, LAZZARO. — Born on 12 September 1729 at Scandiano (Reggio Emilia), died on 12 February 1799 at Pavia. After studying grammar at Scandiano, he…
Spanish Institute of Saint Francis Xavier for Foreign Missions(ISTITUTO SPAGNOLO DI SAN FRANCESCO SAVERIO PER LE MISSIONI ESTERE)Vol. VII, p. 229 SPANISH INSTITUTE OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS. - In 1899 Fr Gerardo Villota founded in Burgos the « Colejo de Ultramar » with the purpose of…
Sparagana, LudovicoVol. XI, p. 656 SPARAGANA, LUDOVICO. - Papal officer, b. at Monte S. Giovanni (Frosinone) on 30 March 1813, d. at Roma on 21 Aug. 1885. A volunteer in the papal infantry on 25…
Spartans(SPARTANI)Vol. XI, p. 656 SPARTANI. – In the books of the Maccabees one reads with surprise that Jews and S. considered themselves “brothers.” In II Mach. 5:9 there is only a brief…
Spaur, Carlo VonVol. XI, p. 657 SPAUR, CARLO VON. — Bavarian diplomat, born on 4 January 1794, died on 26 October 1854 in Florence. Count of Winckel and Laudeck, he began his diplomatic…
Spaur, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 657 SPAUR, FRANCESCO. — Superior general of the Somaschi, of a noble family from Tridentum, formerly a secular priest; after entering the Somaschi Order, he…
Spaventa, BertrandoVol. XI, p. 657 SPAVENTA, BERTRANDO - RETRAT. BIBL.: T. Spaur, Relaz. del viaggio di Pio IX a Gaeta, Fi- renze 1851; A. Reumont, Therese Gräfin S., in Biograph. Denk- blätter,…
Spaventa, SilvioVol. XI, p. 658 SPAVENTA, SILVIO. – Patriot and jurist, born at Bomba (Chieti) on 10 May 1822, died in Rome on 21 June 1893, brother of the idealist philosopher Ber- trando,…
Special Administration of the Holy See(AMMINISTRAZIONE SPECIALE DELLA S)Vol. I, p. 666 SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE HOLY SEE. – This is an office, based in Vatican City, established by the Supreme Pontiff Pius XI by motu proprio of 7 June 1929,…
Speciano, CesareVol. XI, p. 661 SPECIANO, CESARE. - Bishop and nuncio, b. at Cremona in 1539, d. there on 20 Aug. 1607. First canon of the Milanese Metropolitan church with s. Carlo Borromeo,…
Species(SPECIE)Vol. XI, p. 661 SPECIES. – A biological entity whose physiological isolation enables it, on the one hand, to transmit to its descendants the complex of characters inherited…
Species Consecrated (Crime Against)(SPECIE CONSACRATE (DELITTO CONTRO LE))Vol. XI, p. 663 SPECIE CONSACRATE (DELITTO CONTRO LE). - The profanation of the Eucharist is a sacrilege, a real injury against God. Already in ancient times it constituted a…
Spectacle(SPETTACOLO)Vol. XI, p. 671 SPETTACOLO: v. CINEMATOGRAFO; DIVERTIMENTO; SPORT; TEATRO.
Speculation(SPECULAZIONE)Vol. XI, p. 663 SPECULATION. – A financial operation in which the profit, generally far greater than normal in relation to the capital employed and the duration of the…
Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation")(SPECULUM HUMANAE SALVATIONIS (« SPECCHIO DELL'UMANA SALVEZZA »))Vol. XI, p. 664 SPECULUM HUMANAE SALVATIONIS («Mirror of Human Salvation»). - An exposition of the history of human Redemption in 45 chapters of rhymed verses, embellished…
Speculum PerfectionisVol. XI, p. 664 SPECULUM PERFECTIONIS. - A little work due to a Friar Minor of the Spiritual tendency, written at the beginning of the 14th century, regarded as one of the…
Spedalieri, NicolaVol. XI, p. 664 SPEDALIERI, NICOLA. — Apologist and publicist, b. at Bronte (Catania) on 6 December 1740, d. at Rome on 26 November 1795. He completed his early studies at the…
Spee Von Langenfeld, FriedrichVol. XI, p. 665 SPEE von LANGENFELD, FRIEDRICH. - Jesuit, poet, and ascetical spiritual writer, b. 25 Feb. 1591 at Kaiserwerth, d. at Treviri on 7 Aug. 1635. Having entered…
Spencer, HerbertVol. XI, p. 665 SPENCER, HERBERT. — English philosopher, born in Derby on 27 April 1820, died in Brighton on 8 December 1903. Belonging to a cultivated family, he received his…
Spener, PhilippVol. XI, p. 666 SPENER, PHILIPP: v. PIETISMO.
Spengler, OswaldVol. XI, p. 666 SPENGLER, OSWALD. - Philosopher, b. 29 May 1880 at Blankenburg, d. 8 May 1936 at Munich. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Munich and Berlin. He taught…
Spenser, EdmundVol. XI, p. 667 SPENSER, EDMUND. - English poet, born in London in 1552, died there on 16 Jan. 1599, after having spent much of his life in Ireland as a colonizer and…
Sperandio Di MantovaVol. XI, p. 667 SPERANDIO di MANTOVA. - Sculptor and engraver, son of the Roman goldsmith Bartolomeo di S. Savelli, born in Mantua in 1431, died there in 1504. Having moved…
SperanzaVol. XI, p. 667 HOPE. – The original meaning of the term Ἀπίς is desire; to hope is to tend toward an object that appears to us as a good. Hope, considered on the natural…
SpergiuroVol. XI, p. 669 SPERGIURO. – 1. Concept and morality. – In the specific sense, s. is only the sinful oath defective in truth in its object, that is, an oath concerning what is…
Speroni, UgoVol. XI, p. 669 SPERONI, UGO. - A civil lawyer and heretic from Piacenza of the 12th century. He studied Roman law in Bologna before 1145; he was a teacher and legal expert in…
Speyer (Spira), Diocese of(SPIRA (SPEYER), DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 681 SPIRA (SPEYER), DIOCESE of — Copper basin for holy water with reliefs (1st half of the 11th century) — Speyer. on the fourth centenary of his birth (special…
Speyer, Giovanni e Windelino da (Johann und Windelin von Speyer)(SPIRA, GIOVANNI E VINDELINO DA (JOHANN UND WINDELIN VON SPEYER))Vol. XI, p. 682 SPIRA, GIOVANNI and VINDELINO da (JOHANN und WINDELIN von SPEYER). - The names of two German printer brothers, who emigrated to Venice and worked there from…
Spezi, PioVol. XI, p. 671 SPEZI, PIO. — A Romanist and, in particular, a scholar of the history and study of the churches of Rome, born in Rome on 1 October 1861, died there on 2…
Spiegel, Ferdinand AugustVol. XI, p. 672 SPIEGEL, FERDINAND AUGUST. — Bishop, born on 25 December 1764 in Canstein Castle (Westphalia), died on 2 August 1835 in Cologne. The younger son of a baronial…
SpielbergVol. XI, p. 672 SPIELBERG. — Castle of the city of Bruna (Brünn, Brno) in Moravia (Czechoslovakia), famous in the history of the Risorgimento for having served as a prison for…
Spiera, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 675 SPIERA, FRANCESCO. – Italian Protestant who returned to Catholicism, born at Cittadella in 1502, died there in 1548. An advocate in his city, denounced to the…
Spillmann, JosephVol. XI, p. 675 SPILLMANN, JOSEPH. - Jesuit, historian, and popular storyteller, born in Zug (Switzerland) on April 22, 1842, died in Luxembourg on February 23, 1905. He…
Spina, Alfonso López de(SPINA, ALFONSO LOPEZ DE)Vol. XI, p. 675 SPINA, ALFONSO LOPEZ de. – Friar Minor, formerly a Jew, learned theologian, illustrious for piety and doctrine, effective preacher, rector of the Minorite…
Spina, BartolomeoVol. XI, p. 675 SPINA, BARTOLOMEO. - Dominican theologian, born in Pisa in 1475, died in Rome in 1546. A lecturer in philosophy and theology, he taught for more than twenty…
Spina, GiuseppeVol. XI, p. 676 SPINA, GIUSEPPE. — Cardinal, born on 12 March 1756 at Sarzana, died on 13 November 1828 at Rome. He studied law at Pisa and Rome, where he became a member of…
Spinelli, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 676 SPINELLI, FRANCESCO. - Priest, founder of the Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament, born in Milan on 14 April 1853, died at Rivolta d'Adda (diocese of Cremona) on…
Spinelli, NiccolòVol. XI, p. 676 SPINELLI, NICCOLÒ. — Jurist, born perhaps at Giovinazzo between 1320 and 1325, died at Pavia (?) after 1396. He first taught at the University of Padua around…
Spinola y Maestre, Marcél(SPINOLA Y MAESTRE, MARCEL)Vol. XI, p. 678 SPINOLA y MAESTRE, MARCEL. - Cardinal, archbishop of Seville, b. at S. Fernando (diocese of Cadiz) on 14 Jan. 1835, d. at Seville on 22 Jan. 1906. Having…
Spinola, Family(SPINOLA, FAMIGLIA)Vol. XI, p. 677 SPINOLA, FAMIGLIA. — One of the four principal families of Genoa. In the city it held power in the name of the Obertenghi marquises, whom it gradually…
Spinoza, Baruch deVol. XI, p. 678 SPINOZA, BARUCH de. — Philosopher, born in Amsterdam on 24 November 1632 to a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, died at The Hague on 21 February 1677. He…
Spiridion, Saint(SPIRIDIONE, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 682 SPIRIDIONE, saint. — Bishop of Trimitunda (Cyprus), who lived in the 4th century. Before entering the ecclesiastical career, he was a shepherd of flocks and…
Spirit(SPIRITO)Vol. XI, p. 684 SPIRITO. — It corresponds to the Greek πνεῦμα and νοῦς, and to the Latin spiritus and mens. Etymologically it means “breath,” “breathing” (the expressions…
Spirit and Flesh(SPIRITO E CARNE)Vol. XI, p. 684 SPIRIT AND FLESH. – An antithesis of biblical anthropology between the perishable and the enduring in man, analogous to the antithesis between man and God…
Spiritism(SPIRITISMO)Vol. XI, p. 682 SPIRITISMO. — In the attempt to explain the phenomena investigated by metapsychics (v.), which had attracted considerable attention and a particularly strong…
Spiritual Childhood(INFANZIA SPIRITUALE)Vol. VI, p. 1117 INFANZIA SPIRITUALE. - A state of interior life in which, through ascetic effort, one possesses in relation to God and neighbor the virtues that children have…
Spiritual Combat(COMBATTIMENTO SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 47 SPIRITUAL COMBAT. – Ascetic repression of temptations and vicious inclinations, attainment of the moral ideal. The struggle for life and for improving and…
Spiritual Communion(COMUNIONE SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 103 SPIRITUAL COMMUNION. — I. Eucharistic practice consisting, as the Council of Trent says (sess. XIII, c. 8: Denz-U, n. 881), in voto Sacramenti: it is uniting…
Spiritual Dialogue(DIALOGO SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 898 DIALOGO SPIRITUALE. - A compositional technique of vocal music, in use from the Middle Ages to the sixteenth century and beyond. Toward the sixteenth century,…
Spiritual Direction(DIREZIONE SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 974 DIREZIONE SPIRITUALE. – Assistance habitually provided to an individual soul, usually in connection with sacramental Confession, in order “to lead it along the…
Spiritual Exercises(ESERCIZI SPIRITUALI)Vol. V, p. 360 SPIRITUAL EXERCISES. – An expression which, in a general sense, applies to the whole of those spiritual practices that tend toward personal sanctification,…
Spiritual Reading(LETTURA SPIRITUALE)Vol. VII, p. 738 SPIRITUAL READING. — By s. r. is meant the reading of those writings that contribute to the progress of the spiritual life, undertaken precisely with the…
Spiritual Retreat(RITIRO SPIRITUALE)Vol. X, p. 589 RITIRO SPIRITUALE: V. ESERCIZI SPIRITUALI.
Spiritualism(SPIRITUALISMO)Vol. XI, p. 693 SPIRITUALISMO. — An ambiguous philosophical term whose meaning is not easily definable, given the variety of its usages. Moreover, under this name it is…
Spirituals(SPIRITUALI)Vol. XI, p. 690 SPIRITUALI. – An extremist movement that arose within the Franciscan Order, organized and active from around 1274 until 1318. I. ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS. —…
Spiritus ParaclitusVol. XI, p. 697 « SPIRITUS PARACLITUS ». — Encyclical of Pope Benedetto XV, published on 15 September 1920 (AAS, 12 [1920], pp. 385–422 and Denz-U, nos. 2186–2188) to…
Spiš(SZEPES)Vol. XI, p. 1013 SZEPES : v. SCEPUSIO.
Splendor Paternae GloriaeVol. XI, p. 698 « SPLENDOR PATERNAE GLORIAE ». — Hymn of Lauds for Monday, composed by s. Ambrogio. The light of day dazzles the poet and transports him to the spiritual…
Spokane, Diocese of(SPOKANE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 698 SPOKANE, DIOCESI di. - City and diocese in the State of Washington (United States). The diocese of S. (Spokanensis) was erected by Pope Pius X on 17 Dec. 1913…
Spoleto, Archdiocese of(SPOLETO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 698 SPOLETO, ARCIDIOCESI di. – The archdiocese of S. comprises a vast territory situated in the provinces of Perugia, Terni, and Rieti; it borders the dioceses of…
Sponsa Christi, Constitution(SPONSA CHRISTI, COSTIT)Vol. XI, p. 700 SPONSA CHRISTI, CONSTITUTION OF PIO XII: v. MONASTERO. The discipline currently in force for enclosed women’s monasteries.
Spontaneous Generation(GENERAZIONE SPONTANEA)Vol. V, p. 1184 GENERAZIONE SPONTANEA: v. VITA, origine della.
Spontini, Gaspare, Luigi, PacificoVol. XI, p. 702 SPONTINI, GASPARE, LUIGI, PACIFICO. — Musician, born on 14 November 1774 at Majolati (Jesi) and died there on 24 January 1851. In Rome he made his début as an…
Sporer, PatritiusVol. XI, p. 702 SPORER, PATRITIUS. - Franciscan moral theologian, born at Passavia about the first decade of the 17th century, died there on 29 May 1683. Having entered the…
SportVol. XI, p. 702 SPORT. – An English term that has entered into the current usage of the language; it derives from the older disport, which in turn derives from the Old French…
Sportelli, Cesare, Venerable(SPORTELLI, CESARE, VENERABILE)Vol. XI, p. 705 SPORTELLI, CESARE, venerable. - Redemptorist preacher, b. at Mola di Bari on 19 June 1701, d. at Pagani on 19 Apr. 1730. Having become a lawyer at the…
Spotorno, Giovanni BattistaVol. XI, p. 705 SPOTORNO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. — Barnabite, born at Albisola superiore on 27 October 1788, died at Genoa in 1844. A Barnabite from 1806, he taught mathematics,…
Spouses, Rights and Duties of(CONIUGI, DIRITTI E DOVERI DEI)Vol. IV, p. 221 CONIUGI, RIGHTS AND DUTIES of. - I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. - Among the principal effects of marriage (v.) is that which theologians and canonists customarily call…
Sprenger, JacobVol. XI, p. 705 SPRENGER, JACOB. - Dominican theologian, zealous promoter of the Rosary, b. about 1436 at Rheinfelden, d. 6 Dec. 1495 at Strasbourg. From the observant convent…
Springfield-Illinois, Diocese of(SPRINGFIELD-ILLINOIS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 706 SPRINGFIELD-ILLINOIS, DIOCESI di. - Diocese and city in the State of Illinois (U.S.A.). The present diocese of S. was created by Pius IX on 29 July 1853 at…
Spáčil, Teofilo(SPÁCIL, TEOFILO)Vol. XI, p. 611 SPÁCIL, TEOFILO. - Professor of comparative Byzantine-Slavic theology at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome (1918–37). Born on 25 April 1875 at…
