C
2,386 articles · 122 under Cr · English index · Indice italiano-
Craciun
The name for Christmas in Romanian, of undoubtedly Romance origin, although not yet established (Cristo+ajun, "fast" or "vigil"?). The term penetrated more or… -
Cracow [Kraków], Archdiocese of (CRACOVIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In Poland (Kraków), founded in 1000, a metropolis since 1925. Suffragan dioceses: Częstochowa, Katowice, Kielce, Tarnów. First bishop: Poppon. Since 1484 the… -
Craftsmanship (ARTIGIANATO)
Small industry carried on by the owner with the help of a few employees. I. DEFINITION. - Several attempts have been made to give a definition of the artisan… -
Cramer, Wilhelm
Popular ascetical writer, b. at Gescke (Westphalia) on 25 Sept. 1845, ordained priest in 1869, parish priest at Hohenwepel and then at S. Vit (near… -
Cramer, Wilhelm
Author of books on popular education and pastoral theology, b. at Oelde (Westphalia) on 3 March 1815, d. at Münster on 15 March 1903; priest in 1838, parish… -
Crampon, Joseph-Théodore-Augustin
French exegete, b. at Franvillers (diocese of Amiens) on 4 Feb. 1826, d. at Paris on 16 Aug. 1894. At the seminary of St. Sulpice in Paris he had the… -
Cranach, Lucas the Elder (CRANACH, LUKAS IL VECCHIO)
German painter, woodcut artist and draughtsman, b. at Kronach (Franconia) in 1472, d. at Weimar on 16 Oct. 1553, son of a painter Hans C. His artistic training… -
Cranganore (CRANGANOR)
CRANGANOR: v. GOA. -
Cranium (CRANIO)
The bony head is made up of two distinct portions: the cerebral cranium, which contains the brain (v. BRAIN), and the facial cranium, which contains various… -
Cranmer, Thomas
First Anglican archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Aslacton (Nottingham) on 2 July 1489; d. at the stake at Oxford on 21 March 1556. A student at Jesus College… -
Crashaw, Richard
English poet, b. in London in 1612, d. at Loreto on 21 Aug. 1649. Son of an anti-papist preacher, after the victory of the Puritans he converted to the… -
Crasset, Jean
Jesuit, b. at Dieppe on 3 Jan. 1618, d. at Paris on 4 Jan. 1692. He was a professor of letters and philosophy, a preacher and a sought-after spiritual… -
Crato, Diocese of (CRATO, DIOCESI DI)
It occupies the southern part of the State of Ceará in Brazil, a hot and very fertile region, but sometimes struck by terrible droughts. A suffragan of the… -
Cratylus (CRATILO)
CRATILO: v. CINICI. -
Craven, Pauline-Marie
French writer, b. in London on 12 Apr. 1808, from the noble de La Ferronays family, d. in Paris on 1 Apr. 1891. She converted her husband Augustus C., an… -
Creation (CREAZIONE)
Production of a being from absolute nothingness. SUMMARY: I. The Catholic dogma of c. - II. Christian iconography of c. I. THE CATHOLIC DOGMA OF CREATION.… -
Creationism (CREAZIONISMO)
It may indicate the philosophical system that affirms that the universe had its origin through creation (v.); or, in opposition to "evolutionism," the doctrine… -
Creator Alme siderum
Hymn of Vespers for the season of Advent, attributed, with little foundation, to St. Ambrose; its author was, however, inspired by him. It is a threefold… -
Creator of Human Salvation (SALUTIS HUMANAE SATOR)
Hymn of Vespers and Lauds in the Office of the Ascension. Originally « Jesu, nostra redemptio », by an unknown author, it appears in manuscripts of the first… -
Credentials, Letters of (CREDENZIALI, LETTERE)
This is the proper name of the formal act by which a State establishes its own diplomatic agent (v.) with another. Letters of credence are addressed from head… -
Credenza
In its general and broadest meaning, to believe is to accept a proposition, a fact, a doctrine, not on account of their intrinsic evidence, but on account of… -
Credi, Lorenzo di
CREDI, LORENZO di: v. LORENZO di CREDI. -
Credit (CREDITO)
It is an exchange of wealth by means of which wealth available at the present moment is transferred in return for a promise of future repayment of the value… -
Credit Instruments (TITOLI DI CREDITO)
These are the legal symbols of capital lent by contract of loan (bills of exchange, IOUs, bonds, interest-bearing certificates, annuities) or of companies… -
Creed (CREDO)
CREED: V. SIMBOLO APOSTOLICO. -
Crelier, Henry-Joseph
Exegete, b. at Bure near Porrentruy (diocese of Basel) on 16 Nov. 1816, d. parish priest at Bressancourt on 22 Apr. 1889. He taught letters and philosophy at… -
Crema, Diocese of (CREMA, DIOCESI DI)
In Lombardy, province of Cremona; before 1580 the territory of Crema was divided among three dioceses: Cremona, Lodi, Piacenza. The church of Crema has bound… -
Cremation (CREMAZIONE)
The term c. (from Lat. crematio = burning) has been reserved by usage for the act of burning the human corpse. This act, as it is practiced today in our… -
Cremisini, Antonio
Ascetical writer, b. at Poggio Nativo (Rieti) on 13 June 1792, d. at Rome on 27 Oct. 1875. He entered the Congregation of the Mission in Rome in 1809. He was a… -
Cremona, Diocese of (CREMONA, DIOCESI DI)
In Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po, a suffragan of Milan, and the capital of a province (area 943.8 sq. km.). Already a Roman colony founded in 218 B.C.… -
Cremonini, Cesare
Philosopher, b. at Cento in 1550 or 1552, d. in 1631. After having taught at Ferrara, he was a colleague of Galileo at the University of Padua, where he… -
Crepitacolo
From the Latin crepitaculum, crepitaculum: a wooden toy that makes a noise when shaken. It is also called battola, tabella or raganella. The most common types… -
Crepuscular, Poetry (CREPUSCOLARE, POESIA)
The movement of the "crepuscolari" poets (the label was used for the first time by G. A. Borgese), besides immediate motives of an extrinsic and bookish… -
Crescas, Ḥasdai (CRESCAS, ḤASDAJ)
Anti-Aristotelian Jewish philosopher, b. in Barcelona in 1340; d. in Zaragoza in 1412. He enjoyed the favors of the court of Aragon, especially of Juan I and… -
Crescens (CRESCENTE)
Disciple of St. Paul, mentioned in II Tim. 4:10. The Latin name Crescens (Tacitus, Hist., I, 76, the name of a freedman of Nero; Annal., XV, 11, of a… -
Crescens (CRESCENTE)
A Roman Cynic philosopher of the 2nd century. A windbag, immoral and greedy for money, fonder of popular applause than of the truth, he was a bitter enemy of… -
Crescentia, Saint, Martyr (CRESCENZIA, SANTA, MARTIRE)
CRESCENZIA, santa, martire: v. VITO, MODESTO e CRESCENZIA, saints, martyrs. -
Crescenzi, Family (CRESCENZI, FAMIGLIA)
A distinguished Roman house that was preeminent in the affairs of the city between the middle of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th, subsequently… -
Crescenzio di Anagni
Cardinal, lived between the 11th and 12th centuries. Together with Sasso, also of Anagni, and with a group of clerics from the Campagna, he owed his… -
Crescimbeni, Gian Mario
Man of letters and scholar, b. at Macerata on 9 Oct. 1663, d. at Rome on 8 March 1728. A canon and archpriest of S. Maria in Cosmedin, he lived devoted to his… -
Cresci, Pietro da Foligno, Blessed (CRESCI, PIETRO DA FOLIGNO, BEATO)
Austere ascetic, b. ca. the year 1243, d. July 18, 1323. He was a Franciscan tertiary, an intimate of the b. Angela of Foligno. At the age of thirty he… -
Crescitelli, Alberico, Venerable (CRESCITELLI, ALBERICO, VENERABILE)
Missionary, killed for the faith in the apostolic vicariate of Hanchung (China). Born at Altavilla Irpina (Avellino) on 30 June 1863, he was a student of the… -
Cresconio
African Donatist teacher, who undertook to defend the Donatist bishop Petilian against St. Augustine, with a long letter addressed to the latter himself (ca.… -
Crespi, Daniele
Painter, b. at Busto Arsizio ca. 1600, d. at Milan in 1630. Trained on the examples of Giovan Battista Crespi, Procaccini and Morazzone, he was a strange and… -
Crespí de Valdaura y Borja, Lluís (CRESPÍ DE VALDAURA Y BORJA, LUÍS)
Spanish theologian and bishop, b. at Valencia on 2 May 1607, d. there on 19 April 1663. A priest in 1631, he taught theology at Valencia for 22 years. He… -
Crespieul (Crépieul), François
Missionary in Canada, b. at Arras on 17 March 1638, entered the Society of Jesus at Tournai on 29 Oct. 1658, and went to the mission in 1670. From Oct. 1671… -
Crespi, Giovanni Battista, Known as Il Cerano (CRESPI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, DETTO IL CERANO)
Painter, architect and sculptor, b. at Cerano in 1557, d. at Milan in 1633. He worked not only in Milan but also in Rome and Venice. His paintings are very… -
Crespí, Giuseppe Maria, called Lo Spagnolo (CRESPÍ, GIUSEPPE MARIA, DETTO LO SPAGNOLO)
Painter, b. in Bologna on 16 March 1665, d. there on 16 July 1747. He studied in his native city first with Domenico Maria Canuti, then with the unconventional… -
Crespin, François
CRESPIN, FRANÇOIS: V. FRANCESCO BONAE SPEI. -
Cressy, Hugh (Paulinus Serenus)
English Benedictine theologian, b. at Thorpe-Salvin (Yorkshire) ca. 1605; d. at East Grinstead (Sussex) on 10 Aug. 1674. Having come to Oxford in 1619, he was… -
Crete (CRETA)
Island in the Mediterranean south-east of Greece, also called Candia from the name of its principal city. 250 km long from east to west, on average 35 km wide… -
Crete (Candia) (CANDIA (CRETA))
A Greek island which, even among its many ancient Hellenic memories, also preserves many Christian historical records dating back to the time of the Apostle… -
Creti, Donato
Painter and engraver, b. in Cremona on 24 Feb. 1677, d. in Bologna on 29 Jan. 1749. He worked mostly in the latter city, where he learned the first elements of… -
Crétineau-Joly, Jacques
Catholic historian and publicist, b. 23 Sept. 1803 at Fontenay-le-Comte (Vendée), d. at Vincennes on 1 Jan. 1875. Founder of the Vendéen and contributor to… -
Crétin, Joseph
First bishop of St. Paul (Minnesota), b. at Montluel (Ain) on 19 Dec. 1799, d. at St. Paul on 22 Feb. 1857. In 1820 he entered the seminary of St. Sulpice in… -
Creuzer, Friedrich
Philologist, b. in Marburg on 10 March 1771, d. on 16 Feb. 1858 in Heidelberg, where for over 40 years he taught philology and ancient history. In his… -
Crime (DELITTO)
I. GENERAL NOTIONS. - In canon law, d. is defined by the CIC: "the external and morally imputable violation of a law for which a canonical sanction, at least… -
Crime, Impediment of (CRIMINE, IMPEDIMENTO DEL)
I. Adultery and homicide consummated against the person of a spouse, contemplated by the CIC respectively in cann. 2317 § 2 and 2354, constitute the basic… -
Criminal (CRIMINALE)
CRIMINALE: v. DELINQUENTE. -
Criminal Anthropology (ANTROPOLOGIA CRIMINALE)
It is that branch of anthropology which, with the same naturalistic methods of that science, studies the delinquent man in all his somatic and psychic… -
Criminali, Antonio
Protomartyr of the Society of Jesus, b. at Sissa, near Parma, on 7 Feb. 1520, he was received into the Order by St. Ignatius himself in Apr. 1542 and sent by… -
Criobolium (CRIOBOLIO)
CRIOBOLIO : V. TAUROBOLIO. -
Criophoro (CRIOFORO)
CRIOFORO : v. PASTORE (buono). -
Crisio, Diocese of (CRISIO, DIOCESI DI)
CRISIO, DIOCESI di: v. KRIŽEVCI, DIOCESI di. -
Crisogonus, Saint (CRISOGONO, SANTO)
Martyr, celebrated on November 24. His story, according to the Passio, is linked to that of St. Anastasia. C. is neither Roman nor from Sirmium, but from… -
Crisologo, Peter, Saint (CRISOLOGO, PIETRO, SANTO)
CRISOLOGO, PIETRO, santo: v. PIETRO CRISOLOGO, santo. -
Crisolora, Manuel (CRISOLÓRA, MANUELE)
Greek humanist of the 14th-15th century, b. at Constantinople around 1350, d. at Constance during the Council on 15 April 1415. He was the first Greek to hold… -
Crispi, Francesco
Statesman, b. at Ribera (Girgenti) on 4 Oct. 1818, d. at Naples on 11 Aug. 1901. A doctor of law and a magistrate, he practiced law at Naples and took part in… -
Crispin and Crispinian, Saints, Martyrs (CRISPINO E CRISPINIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)
The information concerning them is uncertain and obscure. In the Auxerre recension of the Jeronymian Martyrology they are commemorated on 25 October as martyrs… -
Crispina, Saint, Martyr (CRISPINA, SANTA, MARTIRE)
Born at Thagora, but she suffered martyrdom by decapitation on 5 December 304 at Tebessa (Africa), where it has been believed that the ruins of the ancient… -
Crispin of Viterbo, Blessed (CRISPINO DA VITERBO, BEATO)
Capuchin lay brother of the Roman province, in the world Pietro Fioretti, b. at Viterbo on 13 Nov. 1668, d. at Rome on 19 May 1750. Infirmarian, cook, gardener… -
Crispino, Giuseppe
Canonist and bishop, b. at Roccaguglielma (diocese of Aquino) ca. 1635, d. in 1721. He studied the Philippian spiritual doctrine in the valuable work: La… -
Crispolti, Filippo
Born in Rieti on 25 April 1857, died in Rome on 3 March 1942. Journalist, man of letters, senator of the Kingdom. Having graduated in Rome (1878), he practiced… -
Crispus (CRISPO)
Ruler of the synagogue (v.) at Corinth, converted by St. Paul (Latin names were not infrequently borne by Jews). C. was the head of the synagogue or of one of… -
Cristaldi, Belisario
Cardinal, b. in Rome on 11 July 1764, d. there on 25 Feb. 1831. A descendant of a noble baronial family, he first studied letters and philosophy at the Roman… -
Cristiana of Santa Croce (of Lucca), Blessed (CRISTIANA DA SANTA CROCE (DA LUCCA), BEATA)
Born of poor parents at S. Croce sull'Arno in 1240, died there on 4 January 1310. At Baptism she received the name Oringa: later the people called her C. She… -
Cristofano, Guidini da Gano (Galgano)
Sienese notary and writer, disciple of St. Catherine of Siena. He was among the defenders of his Commune. A widower, on 14 Aug. 1391 he took the habit of the… -
Cristoforo Romano
CRISTOFORO ROMANO: v. GIAN CRISTOFORO ROMANO. -
Cristoliti
(From the Greek χριστός = "Christ" and λύω = "I separate"). Name of an obscure sect of heretics who lived between 650 and 750, whose existence is attested for… -
Criteriology (CRITERIOLOGIA)
CRITERIOLOGIA: v. CONOSCENZA. -
Criterion (CRITERIO)
From the Greek κριτήριον, it is generally a norm or rule for recognizing, discerning (κρίνω = "I judge, I discern") a thing, a fact, a judgment. In philosophy… -
Criticism (CRITICISMO)
In a general sense, "criticism" denotes any philosophical system or tendency that, before constructing a metaphysics of the objects of knowledge (v.), poses… -
Critique Bulletin (BULLETIN CRITIQUE)
The first issue appeared in Paris on 15 May 1880, following upon the Echo. Its program was to publish, from the Catholic point of view rather than the… -
Crivelli, Carlo and Vittore (CRIVELLI, CARLO E VITTORE)
Painters: CARLO b. in Venice between 1430-35 and d. there between 1493-95. He trained in the Paduan school and came under the influence of Rogier van der… -
Crivelli, Taddeo
Illuminator and painter, also called Taddeo da Ferrara, b. between 1420 and 1430 (it is uncertain whether at Mantua or Milan), d. between 1476 and 1485. In… -
Crivellucci, Amedeo
Historian, b. at Acquaviva Picena on 20 Apr. 1850, d. in Rome on 11 Nov. 1914. He was professor of Modern History at the University of Pisa and remained there… -
Croatia (CROAZIA)
I. GEOGRAPHY. - A region of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, occupying approximately the same borders as the kingdom of the same name, which had a brief… -
Croce, Benedetto
CROCE, BENEDETTO: V. FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO. -
Croce, Giovanni
Also called Ioannes a Cruce or "il Chiozzotto," from Chioggia, where he was born in 1557 and died on May 15, 1609. He was a distinguished composer, trained in… -
Croiset, Jean
Jesuit, writer on asceticism, b. at Marseille on 28 Aug. 1656; d. at Avignon on 31 Jan. 1738. A professor of theology, rector of various colleges, master of… -
Croke, Thomas William
Archbishop of Cashel (Ireland), b. at Mallow (diocese of Cloyne) on 19 May 1824, d. at Thurles on 22 July 1902. C. was one of the supporters of Irish… -
Crombrugghe, Camille van
Theologian, b. at Smeereble-Vlaersegem (Grammont) on 2 May 1876, d. at Ghent on 14 Jan. 1940. Ordained a priest, he crowned his theological studies at Louvain… -
Cromlech
CROMLECH: v. PREHISTORY, RELIGION of. -
Cromwell, Oliver
English statesman, b. 25 April 1599 at Huntingdon, d. 3 September 1658 in London. Educated from childhood in the strictest Puritanism, he felt from that time a… -
Cronaca, Simone del Pollaiolo, called Il (CRONACA, SIMONE DEL POLLAIOLO, DETTO IL)
Architect, b. in Florence in 1457, d. there in 1508. His art belongs to the moment of transition, from the fifteenth-century phase to the sixteenth-century… -
Cronie
Festivals in honor of Cronus in which social distinctions were abolished. We know of them in Attica, in Thebes, with a musical contest, and in Rhodes, where a… -
Crookston, Diocese of (CROOKSTON, DIOCESI DI)
A city in Minnesota (U.S.A.) and the seat of a diocese suffragan to St. Paul of Minnesota. Its territory of approximately 44,500 sq. km. comprises the counties… -
Cros, Léonard
Jesuit, b. at Vabres (Aveyron) on 31 Oct. 1831, d. at Vitoria (Spain) on 17 Jan. 1913. He devoted his whole life to the spiritual direction of young people, to… -
Cross (CROCE)
Instrument of torture, on which Jesus Christ died (Jn 19:17-31; Mt 27:32-42). SUMMARY: I. Instrument of torture. - II. Persons subject to the torture of the C.… -
Cross-Bearer (CROCIFERO)
According to an ancient Christian custom the cross, as the banner of Christ, precedes all the sacred processions of the faithful, and the office of carrying it… -
Crosta, Clino
Theologian, b. at Consiglio Rumo (Como) in 1860, d. at Como in 1936. A profound scholar, he became particularly known as one of the most strenuous supporters… -
Crostarosa, Pietro
Born on 25 February 1836 in Rome, died there on 26 February 1902; he was a canon of the Liberian Basilica, prefect of the Christian Museum of the Vatican… -
Crotalum (Κρόταλον, Crotalum) (CROTALO (ΚΡΌΤΑΛΟΙ, CROTALUM))
A percussion instrument, corresponding to castanets, of Eastern origin, attested for Greece already before the 5th century B.C., and for Egypt as far back as… -
Crotone, Diocese of (CROTONE, DIOCESI DI)
In the province of Catanzaro. It was a very powerful republic, founded by the Achaeans and Corinthians, rival of Sybaris, which it definitively destroyed in… -
Crotti di Costigliole, Edoardo
Politician, b. 20 Oct. 1799 at Costigliole, d. at Aosta on 25 September 1870. Having devoted himself to a military career and distinguished himself in… -
Crotus (Rubianus), Johann
German humanist, b. at Dornheim (Arnstadt) in Thuringia, in 1480; d. at Halle in 1539. His real name is Jäger, which is often found translated into Latin as… -
Crown (CORONA)
Very frequent in the attire of the members of the imperial family or of those who held imperial power, between the 5th and 7th centuries, the crowns were made… -
Crucifers of the Red Star (CROCIGERI DELLA STELLA ROSSA)
Religious order of Canons Regular that traces its origin to the Confraternity charged with the care of the poor in the hospital attached to the monastery of… -
Crudelis Herodes Deum
Hymn of Vespers on the feast of the Epiphany, composed of stanzas 8, 9, 11 and 13 of the celebrated hymn by Sedulius, which celebrate the three mysteries… -
Cruelty (CRUDELTA)
« La crudeltà è l'atrocità dell'animo nell'infliggere le pene » (Seneca, De Clem., 4). Crudele da crudus è colui che è di costumi feroci. S. Tommaso pure, fa… -
Crum, Walter Ewing
Distinguished Coptologist, b. at Capebrig, near Glasgow, on 22 July 1865, d. on 18 May 1944. He was a contributor to all the principal journals of Egyptology.… -
Crusade, Bull of the (CROCIATA, BOLLA DELLA)
A pontifical document containing the favors, privileges and indults granted to the kings of Spain for the faithful who took up arms or contributed with alms to… -
Crusades (CROCIATE)
The movement for the expansion of the Faith and of the new Romano-Germanic civilization culminates, while the feudal regime is disintegrating and the communal… -
Crusius, Christian August
Protestant philosopher and theologian, b. at Lenau (Saxony) on 10 Jan. 1715, d. there on 18 Oct. 1775. In philosophy C. is famous for his polemic against Wolff… -
Crusius (Krauss), Martin
German Protestant philologist and historian, b. near Bamberg on 19 Sept. 1526, d. 14 Feb. 1607 at Tübingen, where he was professor of moral philosophy and of… -
Cruz, Gaspar de (CRUZ, GASPARE DE)
The first Dominican missionary to arrive in China. Born in Evora (date unknown), he was part of the first expedition of the twelve Dominicans who set out for… -
Crypt (CRIPTA)
The Romans called crypta (from the Greek κρύπτο, "I hide") a covered and subterranean ambulatory; Christians employed it to designate one or more galleries of… -
Crypto-Calvinists (Philippists) (CRIPTO-CALVINISTI (FILIPPISTI))
This is the name given to the followers of Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). He, in fact, although so closely united with Luther, nevertheless did not agree with… -
Cryptography (CRITOGRAFIA)
It is the study of secret or conventional and concealed writings, employed by two or more correspondents to hide, wholly or in part, the content of dispatches… -
Cryptorchidism (CRIPTORCHIDIA)
Failure of one or both testicles to descend, so that they appear absent (χριστός = hidden, ὀργός = testicle); the defect is congenital, often familial and… -
Crystal (CRISTALLO)
The chemical elements and compounds, inorganic and organic, when they originate in the solid state, can assume the form of polyhedra: these natural polyhedra… -
Crystal in Art (CRISTALLO NELL'ARTE)
Rock crystal (colorless transparent quartz) has been known since antiquity as a material for fashioning small objects. Small figures or carvings in crystal…