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CraciunVol. IV, p. 473 CRACIUN. – Name for Christmas in Romanian, undoubtedly of Romance origin, although this has not yet been established (Cristo+ajun, “fast” or “vigil”?). The…
Cracow, Archdiocese of(CRACOVIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 473 CRACOVIA, ARCIDIOCESI of. In Poland (Kraków), founded in 1000, a metropolitan see since 1925. Suffragan dioceses: Częstochowa, Katowice, Kielce, Tarnów. First…
Craftsmanship(ARTIGIANATO)Vol. II, p. 59 CRAFTSMANSHIP. – Small-scale industry carried on by the owner with the assistance of a few employees. I. DEFINITION. — Repeated attempts have been made to…
Cramer, WilhelmVol. IV, p. 474 CRAMER, WILHELM. — Author of books on popular education and pastoral theology, born in Oelde (Westphalia) on 3 March 1815, died in Münster on 15 March 1903;…
Crampon, Joseph-Théodore-AugustinVol. IV, p. 474 CRAMPON, JOSEPH-THÉODORE-AUGUSTIN. - French exegete, b. at Franvillers (diocese of Amiens) on 4 Feb. 1826, d. in Paris on 16 Aug. 1894. At the seminary of S.…
Cranach, Lukas Il VecchioVol. IV, p. 475 LUCAS CRANACH the Elder. — German painter, woodcut artist, and draftsman, born in Kronach (Franconia) in 1472, died in Weimar on 16 Oct. 1553, son of a painter…
Cranganore(CRANGANOR)Vol. IV, p. 475 CRANGANOR: v. GOA.
Cranium(CRANIO)Vol. IV, p. 475 CRANIUM. – The bony head consists of two distinct portions: the cerebral cranium, which contains the encephalon (v. CERVELLO), and the facial cranium, which…
Cranmer, ThomasVol. IV, p. 480 CRANMER, THOMAS. — First Anglican archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Aslacton (Nottingham) on 2 July 1489; d. at the stake in Oxford on 21 March 1556. A student…
Crashaw, RichardVol. IV, p. 480 CRASHAW, RICHARD. - English poet, born in London in 1612, died at Loreto on 21 Aug. 1649. The son of an anti-papal preacher, after the victory of the Puritans…
Crasset, JeanVol. IV, p. 480 CRASSET, JEAN. - Jesuit, born at Dieppe on 3 Jan. 1618, died at Paris on 4 Jan. 1692. He was a professor of letters and philosophy, a preacher, and a…
Crato, Diocese of(CRATO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 481 CRATO, DIOCESE of. - It occupies the southern part of the State of Ceará in Brazil, a hot and highly fertile region, but one sometimes struck by terrible…
Cratylus(CRATILO)Vol. IV, p. 481 CRATILO: v. CINICI.
Craven, Pauline-MarieVol. IV, p. 481 CRAVEN, PAULINE-MARIE. - French writer, born in London on 12 April 1808, of the noble de La Ferronays family, died in Paris on 1 April 1891. She converted her…
Creation(CREAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 481 CREATION. - Production of a being from absolute nothingness. CONTENTS: I. The Catholic dogma of creation. - II. Christian iconography of creation. I. THE…
Creationism(CREAZIONISMO)Vol. IV, p. 488 CREATIONISM. — This may indicate the philosophical system that holds that the universe originated through creation (v.); or, in opposition to “evolutionism,”…
Creator Alme siderumVol. IV, p. 481 « CREATOR ALME SIDERUM ». – Hymn of Vespers for the season of Advent, attributed, with little foundation, to s. Ambrogio; its author was nevertheless inspired…
Creator of Human Salvation(SALUTIS HUMANAE SATOR)Vol. X, p. 1013 « SALUTIS HUMANAE SATOR ». – Hymn of Vespers and Lauds in the Office of the Ascension. Originally « Jesu, nostra redemptio », by an unknown author, it appears…
Credentials, Letters of(CREDENZIALI, LETTERE)Vol. IV, p. 489 CREDENTIALS, LETTERS OF. - This is the proper designation of the formal act by which one State appoints its own diplomatic agent (v.) to another. Letters of…
CredenzaVol. IV, p. 488 CREDENZA. — In its general and broader meaning, to believe is to accept a proposition, a fact, or a doctrine, not on account of its intrinsic evidence, but…
Credi, Lorenzo DiVol. IV, p. 489 CREDI, LORENZO di: v. LORENZO di CREDI.
Credit(CREDITO)Vol. IV, p. 493 CREDITO. — This is an exchange of wealth whereby wealth available at the present moment is ceded in return for a promise to repay the value lent in the future.…
Credit Instruments(TITOLI DI CREDITO)Vol. XII, p. 119 CREDIT INSTRUMENTS. - These are the legal tokens of capital lent under a loan contract (bills of exchange, promissory notes, bonds, interest-bearing…
Creed(CREDO)Vol. IV, p. 494 CREDO: V. SIMBOLO APOSTOLICO.
Crellier, Henry-Joseph(CRELIER, HENRY-JOSEPH)Vol. IV, p. 494 CRELIER, HENRY-JOSEPH. – Exegete, born at Bure near Porrentruy (diocese of Basel) on 16 November 1816, died as parish priest at Bressancourt on 22 April 1889.…
CremaVol. IV, p. 495 CREMA — Sanctuary of S. Maria delle Grazie, by G. Battagio da Lodi (15th century). the outrage committed against the corpses of their brethren, and the…
Crema, Diocese of(CREMA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 494 CREMA, DIOCESE of. — In Lombardy, province of Cremona; before 1580 the territory of Cremasco was divided among three dioceses: Cremona, Lodi, and Piacenza. The…
Cremation(CREMAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 495 CREMATION. — The term c. (from Lat. crematio = burning) has been reserved by usage for the act of burning the human corpse. As this act is practised today in…
Cremisini, AntonioVol. IV, p. 497 CREMISINI, ANTONIO. – Ascetical writer, born at Poggio Nativo (Rieti) on 13 June 1792, died in Rome on 27 October 1875. He entered the Congregation of the…
Cremona, Diocese of(CREMONA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 498 CREMONA, DIOCESE of. – In Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po, a suffragan diocese of Milan, and the provincial capital (area 943.8 sq. km.). Formerly a Roman…
Cremonini, CesareVol. IV, p. 499 CREMONINI, CESARE. – Philosopher, b. at Cento in 1550 or 1552, d. in 1631. After teaching at Ferrara, he became Galileo’s colleague at the University of Padua,…
CrepitacoloVol. IV, p. 499 CREPITACOLO. — From the Latin crepitaculum, crepitaculum: a wooden toy which, when shaken, produces a noise. It is also called battola, tabella, or raganella.…
Crepuscular, Poetry(CREPUSCOLARE, POESIA)Vol. IV, p. 500 CREPUSCOLARE, POESIA. – The movement of the “crepuscular” poets (the term was first used by G. A. Borgese), besides immediate motives of an extrinsic and…
Crescas, Ḥasdai(CRESCAS, ḤASDAJ)Vol. IV, p. 500 CRESCAS, ḤASDAJ. – Jewish anti-Aristotelian philosopher, b. in Barcelona in 1340; d. in Saragossa in 1412. He enjoyed the favor of the court of Aragon,…
CrescenteVol. IV, p. 500 CRESCENTE. — A disciple of St Paul, mentioned in II Tim. 4:10. The Latin name Crescens (Tacitus, Hist., I, 76, the name of a freedman of Nero; Annal., XV, 11,…
Crescentia, Saint, Martyr(CRESCENZIA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. IV, p. 502 CRESCENZIA, saint, martyr: v. VITO, MODESTO e CRESCENZIA, santi, martiri.
Crescenzi, Family(CRESCENZI, FAMIGLIA)Vol. IV, p. 501 CRESCENZI, FAMIGLIA. – An eminent Roman family that held the leading position from the middle of the tenth century to the beginning of the eleventh in the…
Crescenzio Di AnagniVol. IV, p. 502 CRESCENZIO di ANAGNI. — Cardinal, who lived between the 11th and 12th centuries. Together with Sasso, also from Anagni, and with a group of clerics from the…
Cresci, Pietro Da Foligno, Blessed(CRESCI, PIETRO DA FOLIGNO, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 502 CRESCI, PIETRO da FOLIGNO, blessed. – Austere ascetic, born circa 1243, died on 18 July 1323. He was a Franciscan tertiary and an intimate of blessed Angela da…
Crescimbeni, Gian MarioVol. IV, p. 502 CRESCIMBENI, GIAN MARIO. — Man of letters and scholar, born at Macerata on 9 October 1663, died at Rome on 8 March 1728. Canon and archpriest of S. Maria in…
Crescitelli, Alberico, Venerable(CRESCITELLI, ALBERICO, VENERABILE)Vol. IV, p. 502 CRESCITELLI, ALBERICO, venerable. – Missionary, killed for the faith in the Apostolic Vicariate of Hanchung (China). Born at Altavilla Irpina (Avellino) on 30…
CresconioVol. IV, p. 502 CRESCONIO. — A Donatist African teacher who undertook to defend the Donatist bishop Petilianus against St. Augustine, in a long letter addressed to the latter…
Crespi, DanieleVol. IV, p. 511 CRESPI, DANIELE. — Painter, born in Busto Arsizio around 1600, died in Milan in 1630. Educated through the examples of Giovan Battista Crespi, Procaccini, and…
Crespi, Giovanni Battista, Known as Il Cerano(CRESPI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, DETTO IL CERANO)Vol. IV, p. 511 CRESPI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, known as CERANO. - Painter, architect, and sculptor, born at Cerano in 1557, died at Milano in 1633. Besides Milano, he also worked…
Crespieul (Crépieul), FrançoisVol. IV, p. 513 CRESPIEUL (CRÉPIEUL), FRANÇOIS. — Missionary in Canada, born at Arras on 17 March 1638, entered the Society of Jesus at Tournai on 29 October 1658, and went on…
Crespin, FrançoisVol. IV, p. 513 CRESPIN, FRANÇOIS: V. FRANCESCO BONAE SPEI.
Crespí De Valdaura Y Borja, Lluís(CRESPÍ DE VALDAURA Y BORJA, LUÍS)Vol. IV, p. 512 CRESPÍ DE VALDAURA Y BORJA, Luís. - Spanish theologian and bishop, born at Valenza on 2 May 1607, died there on 19 Apr. 1663. Ordained priest in 1631, he…
Crespí, Giuseppe Maria, Called Lo Spagnolo(CRESPÍ, GIUSEPPE MARIA, DETTO LO SPAGNOLO)Vol. IV, p. 512 CRESPÍ, GIUSEPPE MARIA, known as lo SPAGNOLO. — Painter, born in Bologna on 16 March 1665, died there on 16 July 1747. He studied in his native city, first…
Cressy, Hugh (Paulinus Serenus)Vol. IV, p. 513 CRESSY, HUGH (PAULINUS SERENUS). – English Benedictine theologian, b. at Thorpe-Salvin (Yorkshire) around 1605; d. at East Grinstead (Sussex) on 10 August…
Crete(CRETA)Vol. IV, p. 513 CRETA. – Island of the Mediterranean south-east of Greece, also called Candia after the name of its principal city. 250 km long from east to west, on average…
Creti, DonatoVol. IV, p. 514 CRETI, DONATO. - Painter and engraver, b. at Cremona on 24 Feb. 1677, d. at Bologna on 29 Jan. 1749. He worked chiefly in the latter city, where he learned the…
Creuzer, FriedrichVol. IV, p. 514 CREUZER, FRIEDRICH. — Philologist, born in Marburg on 10 March 1771, died on 16 February 1858 in Heidelberg, where for more than 40 years he taught philology…
Crime(DELITTO)Vol. IV, p. 797 DELITTO. — I. GENERAL NOTIONS. — In canon law, a delict is defined by the CIC as: “an external and morally imputable violation of a law, for which at least an…
Crime, Impediment of(CRIMINE, IMPEDIMENTO DEL)Vol. IV, p. 514 CRIMINE, IMPEDIMENTO del. — I. Adultery and homicide committed against the person of a spouse, contemplated by the CIC respectively in can. 2317 § 2 and can.…
Criminal(CRIMINALE)Vol. IV, p. 514 CRIMINALE: v. DELINQUENTE.
Criminal Anthropology(ANTROPOLOGIA CRIMINALE)Vol. I, p. 946 CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. – This is that branch of anthropology which, using the same naturalistic methods as that science, studies the delinquent man in all his…
Criminali, AntonioVol. IV, p. 514 CRIMINALI, ANTONIO. – Protomartyr of the Society of Jesus, born at Sissa, near Parma, on 7 February 1520, he was received into the Order by St Ignatius himself…
Criobolium(CRIOBOLIO)Vol. IV, p. 516 CRIOBOLIO : V. TAUROBOLIO.
Criophoro(CRIOFORO)Vol. IV, p. 517 CRIOFORO : v. PASTORE (buono).
Crisio, Diocese of(CRISIO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 523 CRISIO, DIOCESI di: v. KRIŽEVCI, DIOCESI di.
Crisogonus, Saint(CRISOGONO, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 523 CRISOGONO, saint. — Martyr, commemorated on 24 November. His history, according to the Passio, is linked with that of St. Anastasia. C. was neither Roman nor…
Crisologo, Peter, Saint(CRISOLOGO, PIETRO, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 524 CRISOLOGUS, PETER, saint: v. PIETRO CRISOLOGO, saint.
Crisolora, Manuel(CRISOLÓRA, MANUELE)Vol. IV, p. 524 CRISOLÓRA, MANUELE. — Greek humanist of the 14th–15th century, born in Constantinople around 1350, died at Constance during the Council on 15 April 1415. He…
Crisopoli, Filippo(CRISPOLTI, FILIPPO)Vol. IV, p. 526 CRISPOLTI, FILIPPO. — Born in Rieti on 25 April 1857, died in Rome on 3 March 1942. Journalist, man of letters, senator of the Kingdom. After graduating in…
Crispi, FrancescoVol. IV, p. 524 CRISPI, FRANCESCO. — Statesman, born at Ribera (Girgenti) on 4 October 1818, died at Naples on 11 August 1901. A doctor of law and magistrate, he practised law…
Crispin and Crispinian, Saints, Martyrs(CRISPINO E CRISPINIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. IV, p. 526 CRISPINO and CRISPINIANO, saints, martyrs. - The information concerning them is uncertain and obscure. In the Auxerre recension of the Martyrologium…
Crispin Of Viterbo, Blessed(CRISPINO DA VITERBO, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 525 CRISPINO da VITERBO, blessed. — Capuchin lay brother of the Roman province, in the world Pietro Fioretti, born at Viterbo on 13 November 1668, died at Rome on…
Crispin, Giuseppe(CRISPINO, GIUSEPPE)Vol. IV, p. 525 CRISPINO, GIUSEPPE. — Canonist and bishop, b. at Roccaguglielma (diocese of Aquino) ca. 1635, d. in 1721. He studied the Filippo Neri school of spirituality in…
Crispina, Saint, Martyr(CRISPINA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. IV, p. 525 CRISPINA, saint, martyr. — Born at Tagora, she suffered martyrdom by beheading on 5 December 304 at Tebessa (Africa), where the ruins of the ancient basilica…
Crispus(CRISPO)Vol. IV, p. 526 CRISPO. - Archisynagogue (v.) of Corinth, converted by St. Paul (Latin names were not infrequently borne by Jews). C. was head of the synagogue or of one of…
Cristaldi, BelisarioVol. IV, p. 527 CRISTALDI, BELISARIO. - Cardinal, b. in Rome on 11 July 1764, d. there on 25 February 1831. Descended from a noble baronial family, he first studied letters…
Cristiana of Santa Croce (of Lucca), Blessed(CRISTIANA DA SANTA CROCE (DA LUCCA), BEATA)Vol. IV, p. 529 CRISTIANA da SANTA CROCE (da LUCCA), blessed. — Born to poor parents at S. Croce sull'Arno in 1240, she died there on 4 January 1310. At Baptism she was given…
CRISTIANO, ARCHBISHOP OF MAINZ(CRISTIANO, ARCHIV. DI MAGONZA)Vol. IV, p. 541 CRISTIANO, archbishop of MAINZ — The monk Frederick offers a book to Archbishop C. Pontifical of Mainz (1167–83). Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. lat. 946,…
Cristofano, Guidini da Gano (Galgano)Vol. IV, p. 545 CRISTOFANO, GUIDINI da GANO (GALGANO). - Sienese notary and writer, disciple of s. Caterina da Siena. He was among the defenders of his Commune. A widower, on…
Cristoforo RomanoVol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOFORO ROMANO: v. GIAN CRISTOFORO ROMANO.
CristolitiVol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOLITI. - (From the Greek χριστός = “Christ” and λύω = “I separate”). Name of an obscure sect of heretics who lived between 650 and 750, whose existence is…
Criteriology(CRITERIOLOGIA)Vol. IV, p. 548 CRITERIOLOGIA: v. CONOSCENZA.
Criterion(CRITERIO)Vol. IV, p. 548 CRITERION. – From Greek κρίτριον, it is generally a norm or rule for recognizing and discerning (κρίνω = “I judge, I discern”) a thing, a fact, or a judgment.…
Criticism(CRITICISMO)Vol. IV, p. 556 CRITICISM. - In the general sense, every philosophical system or tendency that, before constructing a metaphysics of objects of knowledge (v.), raises the…
Critique Bulletin(BULLETIN CRITIQUE)Vol. III, p. 146 BULLETIN CRITIQUE. – The first issue appeared in Paris on 15 May 1880, following the Echo. Its purpose was to publish, from the Catholic point of view, rather…
Critography(CRITOGRAFIA)Vol. IV, p. 557 CRYPTOGRAPHY. - It is the study of secret or conventional and concealed writings, employed by two or more correspondents to conceal, wholly or in part, the…
Crivelli, Carlo And Vittore(CRIVELLI, CARLO E VITTORE)Vol. IV, p. 558 CRIVELLI, CARLO and VITTORE. — Painters: CARLO born in Venice between 1430–35 and died there between 1493–95. He was trained in the Paduan school and was…
Crivelli, TaddeoVol. IV, p. 563 CRIVELLI, TADDEO. - Illuminator and painter, also known as Taddeo da Ferrara, born between 1420 and 1430 (whether in Mantua or Milan is uncertain), died…
Crivellucci, AmedeoVol. IV, p. 563 CRIVELLUCCI, AMEDEO. — Historian, born in Acquaviva Picena on 20 April 1850, died in Rome on 11 November 1914. He was professor of Modern History at the…
Croatia(CROAZIA)Vol. IV, p. 564 CROAZIA. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - A region of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, occupying approximately the same boundaries as the kingdom of that name, which had a…
Croiset, JeanVol. IV, p. 594 CROISET, JEAN. – Jesuit, writer on asceticism, born in Marseille on 28 August 1656; died at Avignon on 31 January 1738. Professor of theology, rector of…
Croke, Thomas WilliamVol. IV, p. 594 CROKE, THOMAS WILLIAM. – Archbishop of Cashel (Ireland), b. at Mallow (diocese of Cloyne) on 19 May 1824, d. at Thurles on 22 July 1902. C. was one of the…
Crombruggh, Camille Van(CROMBRUGGHE, CAMILLE VAN)Vol. IV, p. 595 CROMBRUGGHE, CAMILLE van. - Theologian, born at Smeereble-Vlaersegem (Grammont) on 2 May 1876, died at Ghent on 14 Jan. 1940. Ordained a priest, he completed…
CromlechVol. IV, p. 595 CROMLECH: v. PREHISTORY, RELIGION of the.
Cromwell, OliverVol. IV, p. 597 CROMWELL, OLIVER. – English statesman, b. 25 Apr. 1599 at Huntingdon, d. 3 Sept. 1658 in London. Educated from childhood in the strictest Puritanism, he…
CronieVol. IV, p. 598 CRONIE. – Festivals in honor of Cronus at which social distinctions were abolished. We know of them in Attica and Thebes, where there was a musical contest,…
Crookston, Diocese of(CROOKSTON, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 604 CROOKSTON, DIOCESE of. - A city in Minnesota (U. S. A.) and the seat of a diocese suffragan to S. Paolo di Minnesota. Its territory, of approximately 44,500…
Cros, LéonardVol. IV, p. 605 CROS, LÉONARD. — Jesuit, born at Vabres (Aveyron) on 31 October 1831, died at Vitoria (Spain) on 17 January 1913. He devoted his entire life to the spiritual…
Cross(CROCE)Vol. IV, p. 566 CROCE. - Instrument of execution upon which Jesus Christ died (Io. 19, 17-31; Mt. 27, 32-42). SUMMARY: I. Instrument of execution. - II. Criminals subjected to…
Cross, Benedetto(CROCE, BENEDETTO)Vol. IV, p. 583 CROCE, BENEDETTO: V. FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO.
Cross, Giovanni(CROCE, GIOVANNI)Vol. IV, p. 583 CROCE, GIOVANNI. — Also called Ioannes a Cruce or “il Chiozzotto,” from Chioggia, where he was born in 1557 and died on 15 May 1609. He was an eminent…
Cross-Bearer(CROCIFERO)Vol. IV, p. 593 CROCIFERO. — According to an ancient Christian usage, the cross, as the standard of Christ, precedes all sacred processions of the faithful, and the office of…
Crosta, ClinoVol. IV, p. 605 CROSTA, CLINO. — Theologian, born at Consiglio Rumo (Como) in 1860, died at Como in 1936. A profound scholar, he became particularly well known as one of the…
Crostarosa, PietroVol. IV, p. 605 CROSTAROSA, PIETRO. – Born on 25 February 1836 in Rome, he died there on 26 February 1902. He was a Liberian canon, prefect of the Christian Museum of the…
Crotalum (Κρόταλον, Crotalum)(CROTALO (ΚΡΌΤΑΛΟΙ, CROTALUM))Vol. IV, p. 606 CROTALO (κρόταλοι, crotalum). — Percussion instrument corresponding to castanets, of Oriental origin, attested in Greece as early as before the 5th century…
CrotoneVol. IV, p. 609 CROTONE - Panorama. (phot. Enit) berti edited by Bastiano de' Rossi. The second edition (Venezia 1623) served as a model for other nations as well; in the…
Crotone, Diocese of(CROTONE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 606 CROTONE, DIOCESE of. — In the province of Catanzaro. It was a very powerful republic, founded by the Achaeans and Corinthians, and a rival of Sybaris, which it…
Crotti Di Costigliole, EdoardoVol. IV, p. 606 CROTTI di COSTIGLIOLE, EDOARDO. - Politician, b. 20 Oct. 1799 at Costigliole, d. at Aosta on 25 September 1870. Having devoted himself to a military career and…
Crotus (Rubianus), JohannVol. IV, p. 609 CROTUS (Rubianus), JOHANN. – German humanist, born at Dornheim (Arnstadt) in Thuringia in 1480; died at Halle in 1539. His real name was Jäger, which is often…
Crucifers of the Red Star(CROCIGERI DELLA STELLA ROSSA)Vol. IV, p. 593 CROCIGERI DELLA STELLA ROSSA. — A religious order of regular Canons that traces its origin to the Confraternity devoted to caring for the poor in the hospital…
Crudelis Herodes DeumVol. IV, p. 609 « CRUDELIS HERODES DEUM ». – Hymn of Vespers for the feast of the Epiphany, composed of stanzas 8, 9, 11, and 13 of the celebrated hymn by Sedulius, which…
Cruelty(CRUDELTA)Vol. IV, p. 609 CRUELTY. – “Cruelty is the atrocity of the soul in inflicting punishments” (Seneca, De Clem., 4). Cruel, from crudus, is one whose manners are savage. St.…
Crum, Walter EwingVol. IV, p. 609 CRUM, WALTER EWING. - Distinguished Coptologist, b. at Capebrig, near Glasgow, on 22 July 1865, d. on 18 May 1944. He contributed to all the principal…
Crusade, Bull of the(CROCIATA, BOLLA DELLA)Vol. IV, p. 583 CRUSADE BULL. — A pontifical document containing the favors, privileges, and indults granted to the kings of Spain for the faithful who took up arms or…
Crusades(CROCIATE)Vol. IV, p. 584 CROCIATE. — The movement of expansion of the Faith and of the new Roman-Germanic civilization reached its culmination, as the feudal regime was disintegrating…
Crusius (Krauss), MartinVol. IV, p. 610 CRUSIUS (KRAUSS), MARTIN. – German Protestant philologist and historiographer, born near Bamberg on 19 September 1526, died on 14 February 1607 in Tübingen,…
Crusius, Christian AugustVol. IV, p. 610 CRUSIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST. – Protestant philosopher and theologian, born in Lenau (Saxony) on 10 January 1715, died there on 18 October 1775. In philosophy, C.…
Cruz, Gaspar de(CRUZ, GASPARE DE)Vol. IV, p. 610 CRUZ, GASPARE de. — The first Dominican missionary to arrive in China. Born in Evora (date unknown), he was part of the first expedition of twelve Dominicans…
Crypt(CRIPTA)Vol. IV, p. 517 CRIPTA. — The Romans called crypta (from the Greek κρύπτο, “I conceal”) the covered, underground passageway; Christians used it to designate one or more…
Crypto-Calvinists (Philippists)(CRIPTO-CALVINISTI (FILIPPISTI))Vol. IV, p. 518 CRIPTO-CALVINISTS (PHILIPPISTS). - This is the name given to the followers of Filippo Melantone (1497-1560). Although closely united with Lutero, he…
Cryptorchidism(CRIPTORCHIDIA)Vol. IV, p. 518 CRYPTORCHIDISM. - Failure of one or both testicles to descend, so that they appear absent (χριστός=hidden, ὀργός=testicle); the defect is congenital, often…
Crystal(CRISTALLO)Vol. IV, p. 527 CRISTALLO. — Chemical elements and compounds, inorganic and organic, when they originate in the solid state, may assume the form of polyhedra: these natural…
Crystal in Art(CRISTALLO NELL'ARTE)Vol. IV, p. 529 CRISTALLO nell'ARTE. — Rock crystal (colorless transparent quartz) has been known since antiquity as a material for shaping small objects. Figurines or…
Créttin, Joseph(CRÉTIN, JOSEPH)Vol. IV, p. 514 CRÉTIN, JOSEPH. - First bishop of St. Paul (Minnesota), b. at Montluel (Ain) on 19 Dec. 1799, d. at St. Paul on 22 Feb. 1857. In 1820 he entered the seminary…
Créttineau-Joly, Jacques(CRÉTINEAU-JOLY, JACQUES)Vol. IV, p. 514 CRÉTINEAU-JOLY, JACQUES. — Catholic historian and publicist, born on 23 September 1803 at Fontenay-le-Comte (Vendée), died at Vincennes on 1 January 1875.…
