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Chabot, Jean-BaptisteVol. III, p. 798 CHABOT, JEAN-BAPTISTE. – French priest and renowned Orientalist, born at Vouvray (Indre-et-Loire) on 16 February 1865, died in Paris on 7 January 1948. He…
Chachapoyas, Diocese of(CHACHAPOYAS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 798 CHACHAPOYAS, DIOCESE OF. – In the Republic of Peru, department of Amazonas, suffragan of Trujillo. Erected by Pius VII on 28 May 1805 under the name of Mynas,…
Chaco Paraguayan, Apostolic Vicariate of(CHACO PARAGUAYANO, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. III, p. 798 CHACO PARAGUAYANO, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. – It comprises the territory of the northern C. annexed to Paraguay by the Treaty of Buenos Aires of 1938. In the…
Chaco, Apostolic Vicariate of(CHACO, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. III, p. 798 CHACO, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - In Bolivia: the evangelization of the region was begun in the 16th century by the Carmelites, who in the 17th century were…
Chacón (Ciacconius), AlonsoVol. III, p. 798 CHACÓN (Ciacconius), ALONSO. - Born in Baeza (Granada) in 1540, died in Rome on February 15, 1599. He entered the Order of Preachers and was prior of the…
Chaignon, PierreVol. III, p. 799 CHAIGNON, PIERRE. - French Jesuit, b. 22 Oct. 1791; he entered the Society of Jesus in 1819 and d. at the age of 92 at Angers in 1883. He devoted almost his…
Chains of Saint(CATENE DI S)Vol. III, p. 660 CATENE DI S. PIETRO. – Those preserved in Rome in the basilica of S. Pietro in Vincoli as relics of the Apostle’s imprisonment. The church was completely…
Chair of Saint Peter, Feast of the(CATTEDRA DI SAN PIETRO, FESTA DELLA)Vol. III, p. 684 CHAIR OF SAINT PETER, FEAST of. - It is not a question of the material chair or seat, but of the magisterium of s. Pietro. Here c. is synonymous with sedes.…
Chaize, Francesco de laVol. III, p. 799 CHAIZE, FRANCESCO de la : v. LA CHAISE, FRANÇOIS d'AIX de.
Chalannēh (Hebrew Kalnēh)(CHALANNE (EBR. KALNÈH))Vol. III, p. 799 CHALANNE (Hebr. Kalnèh). — In Gen. 10:10 it is the fourth city of the southern tetrapolis of Mesopotamia, which constituted the kingdom of Shinar (Šinʿār),…
Chalcedon(CALCEDONIA)Vol. III, p. 211 II. THE SESSIONS. — The Council of Nicaea thus became that of C. It was the most important Ecumenical Council of the patristic period, both because of the…
Chalcis(CALCIDE)Vol. III, p. 213 CALCIDE. - Centre of a kingdom already existing in the fourteenth century B.C. in upper Syria, as appears from the Tell Amarna letters. In the time of Saul and…
Chaldea(CALDEA)Vol. III, p. 214 CALDEA. - Hebr.: Kašdim, ’ères Kašdim; Septuagint: Χαλδαίοι, Χαλδαία; Vulgate: Chaldei and terra Chaldaeorum; in cuneiform texts: Kasdu and later Kaldu.…
Chaldean Antonian Monks Of Saint Ormizd(ANTONIANI CALDEI DI SANT' ORMISDA)Vol. I, p. 914 ANTONIANI CALDEI di SANT' ORMISDA. - In Mesopotamia and Persia, monasticism, once very flourishing, had entirely disappeared by the end of the eighteenth…
Chaldeans(CALDEI)Vol. III, p. 215 CALDEI. — This is the name given, from the region of ancient Chaldea where they dwell, to the Syrian Catholics converted from Nestorianism. The first union was…
Chalice(CALICE)Vol. III, p. 237 CHALICE. — Among the sacred vessels, this is the one in which the Eucharistic wine is consecrated at Mass. I. ARCHAEOLOGY. — Just as the earliest places of…
ChallantVol. III, p. 799 CHALLANT. – A powerful and illustrious feudal family of the Valle d’Aosta, probably originating from the marquises of Monferrato (11th century); from the…
Challonier, RichardVol. III, p. 801 CHALLONIER, RICHARD. — Heroic apostle, brilliant English apologist and ascetical writer, born at Lewes in Sussex on 29 September 1691, died on 10 January 1781.…
Chalmers, ThomasVol. III, p. 801 CHALMERS, THOMAS. – Theologian and economist, born at Anstruther (Fife), Scotland, in 1780, died in 1847. He studied at the University of St Andrews, but…
Chalmers, WilliamVol. III, p. 802 CHALMERS, WILLIAM. - Scottish Jesuit theologian, later an Oratorian, called Camerarius, born at Aberdeen in the sixteenth century and died at Paris in 1678. He…
Chalon-sur-Saône, Diocese of(CHALON-SUR-SAÔNE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 802 CHALON-SUR-SAÔNE, DIOCESI di: v. AUTUN, DIOCESI di.
Chamberlain, Houston StewartVol. III, p. 802 CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART. - Philosopher and musicologist, born at Portsmouth on 2 September 1855, died at Bayreuth on 9 January 1927. He studied science,…
Chambon, Marie-MartheVol. III, p. 803 CHAMBON, MARIE-MARTHE. – Born at La Croix-Rouge on 6 March 1841, died at Chambéry on 21 March 1907. A peasant girl, she entered the monastery of the Visitation…
Chambord, Henri-Charles-Ferdinand-Marie-Dieudonné d'Artois, Duke of Bordeaux, Count of(CHAMBORD, HENRI-CHARLES-FERDINAND-MARIE-DIEUDONNÉ D'ARTOIS, DUCA DI BORDEAUX, CONTE DI)Vol. III, p. 803 CHAMBORD, HENRI-CHARLES-FERDIN d'Artois, duke of Bordeaux, count of. – Head of the senior branch of the House of Bourbon and claimant to the throne of France,…
Chambéry, Archdiocese of(CHAMBÉRY, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 802 CHAMBÉRY, ARCIDIOCESI of. — In the department of Savoie (France). It was erected at the request of the king of Sardinia, Vittorio Amedeo III, by Pius VI in…
Chamenia (Chameniá)(CHAMÉUNIA (ΧΑΜΕΝΊΑ))Vol. III, p. 803 CHAMÉUNIA (χαμενία). - A customary penitential practice among Christian ascetics, consisting in sleeping on the bare ground (from χαμαι “on the ground” and…
Chamforans, Synod of(CIANFORAN (CHAMFORANS), SINODO DI)Vol. III, p. 917 CIANFORAN (CHAMFORANS), SYNOD OF. — When, in the first half of the sixteenth century, the Protestant movement arose in Germany and Switzerland, the Waldensians…
Chaminade, Guillaume-JosephVol. III, p. 804 CHAMINADE, GUILLAUME-JOSEPH. — Founder of the Society of Mary (Marianists) and of the Institute of the Daughters of Mary, born at Périgueux on 8 April 1761,…
Champagnat, Marcelin, Venerable(CHAMPAGNAT, MARCELIN, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 804 CHAMPAGNAT, MARCELIN, venerable. - Founder of the institute of the Little Brothers of Mary (v.), or Marist Brothers, b. at Marlhes (diocese of Lyon) on 20 May…
Champion, PierreVol. III, p. 804 CHAMPION, PIERRE. - French Jesuit, b. at Avranches on 19 Oct. 1631, d. at Nantes on 28 June 1701. He is known for his biographical works on persons prominent…
Champlevé(CHAMPLEVE)Vol. III, p. 804 CHAMPLEVE: v. SMALTO.
Champney, AnthonyVol. III, p. 804 CHAMPNEY, ANTHONY. – Controversialist, born in England in 1569 (?), died there in 1643 (?). He completed his theological studies in Rome and was vice-rector of…
Champollion, Jean-François, Il GiovaneVol. III, p. 804 CHAMPOLLION, JEAN-FRANÇOIS, the YOUNGER. - Founder of modern Egyptology, b. at Figeac (Lot) on 23 Dec. 1790, d. at Paris on 4 March 1832. He studied Oriental…
Chancellery(CANCELLERIA)Vol. III, p. 321 crossing the two strokes: often the circle is surmounted by a small eye; q has a characteristic appearance that is connected with the uppercase letter; t…
Chancellery(CANCELLERIA)Vol. III, p. 321 CANCELLERIA. — This is the office in which “the acts of the public authorities are drawn up” (C. Paoli) and the operations connected with this function are…
Chancellery, Palace of the(CANCELLERIA, PALAZZO DELLA)Vol. III, p. 323 CANCELLERIA, PALAZZO della. — It is one of the largest and most significant Renaissance buildings in Rome. Construction was begun in 1485 by Cardinal Raffaele…
Chancellor(CANCELLIERE)Vol. III, p. 323 CANCELLIERE. — A noun designating, in medieval diplomatic practice, the head of the chancery. It should be noted that it was the office that received its name…
Chanel, Pierre-Louis-Marie, Blessed(CHANEL, PIERRE-LOUIS-MARIE, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 805 CHANEL, PIERRE-LOUIS-MARIE, Blessed. - Marist missionary, protomartyr of Oceania, born at Cuet, diocese of Lyon, now Belley, on 12 July 1803, and martyred on…
Changanacherry, Diocese of(CHANGANACHERRY, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 805 CHANGANACHERRY, DIOCESI di. — Diocese for Indian Catholics of the Syro-Malabar rite, established on 21 December 1923, replacing an apostolic vicariate existing…
Changsha, Archdiocese of(CHANGSHA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 805 CHANGSHA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — Mission entrusted to the Italian Franciscans in China, in the province of Hunan. Its area is 22,820 sq km; the population is just…
Changteh, Diocese of(CHANGTEH, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 805 CHANGTEH, DIOCESE of. - It is located in China, in the civil province of Hunan. From 1879 to 1924 it was called the apostolic vicariate of northern Hunan; by…
Chanon, JuanVol. III, p. 805 CHANON, JUAN. – Benedetto di Monserrato (more correctly Chanones), born at Mirepoix (southern France) in 1489, died a holy death at Monserrato on 8 June 1568.…
Chanoux, Pietro, Italian Priest(CHANOUX, PIETRO, SACERDOTE ITALIANO)Vol. III, p. 806 CHANOUX, PIETRO, Italian priest: v. BERNARDO, archdeacon of AOSTA, saint (IV, Hospice of Piccolo S. Bernardo).
Chanson de RolandVol. III, p. 806 CHANSON DE ROLAND. — By this title, though others more or less appropriate might be found, is designated the oldest Chanson de geste known to us, and certainly…
Chansons de GesteVol. III, p. 806 CHANSONS DE GESTE. — Bertran de Bur-sur-Aube, an epic poet of the thirteenth century, proposed dividing the French “chansons de geste” into three groups: the…
Chant(CANTO)Vol. III, p. 387 CHANT. — I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. — In the Church, chant originally had the purpose of making public prayer more solemn: it is therefore eminently…
Chant Accent(ACCENTO CANTORALE)Vol. I, p. 134 ACCENTO CANTORALE. — Included under this designation are: a) the elements that formed primitive musical notation; b) the signs employed in the reading or…
Chantal, Jeanne de, Saint(CHANTAL, GIOVANNA DI, SANTA)Vol. III, p. 807 CHANTAL, GIOVANNA of, saint: v. GIOVANNA FRANCESCA FREMIOT di CHANTAL, saint.
Chantal, Jeanne Françoise Frémyot De, Saint(GIOVANNA FRANCESCA FRÉMYOT DE CHANTAL, SANTA)Vol. VI, p. 315 GIOVANNA FRANCESCA FRÉMYOT de CHANTAL, saint. — Born at Dijon on 23 January 1572, died at Moulins on 13 December 1641. Of noble birth, she married the Baron de…
Chantepie de la Saussaye, Pierre-DanielVol. III, p. 807 CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE, PIERRE-DANIEL – Historian of religions, born in Leeuwarden (the Netherlands) on 9 April 1848, died in Bilthoven on 20 April 1920.…
Chanthaburi, Apostolic Vicariate of(CHANTABURI, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. III, p. 807 CHANTABURI, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — The Christianity of C. (Siam) dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The first Christians were Annamites…
Chaos(CAOS)Vol. III, p. 399 CHAOS. — A notion found in the cosmogonic process (v. COSMOGONIA) of civilized and primitive peoples, intended to represent the elementary principle from which…
Chaosien, Diocese of(CHAOSIEN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 807 CHAOSIEN, DIOCESE of. - It is located in the south-western part of the civil province of Hopeh CHANSON DE ROLAND - Text of the C. de R. according to the Oxford…
Chaotung, Apostolic Prefecture of(CHAOTUNG, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. III, p. 808 CHAOTUNG, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. — It is located in that northeastern part of the civil province of Yunnan (China) which projects between Szechwan and…
ChapadaVol. III, p. 808 CHAPADA. – Nullus prelature of S. Anna, suffragan of Cuyabá in the State of Matto Grosso, Brazil. It was created on 13 July 1940 by the bull Quo Christi…
Chapeauville, JeanVol. III, p. 808 CHAPEAUVILLE, JEAN. – Belgian theologian and historian, born in Liège on 5 January 1551, died there on 5 May 1617. Ordained a priest, he was initially a very…
Chapel(CAPPELLA)Vol. III, p. 421 CAPPELLA. — This is a small sacred structure, either standing independently or located within buildings intended for other purposes, such as public or private…
Chapel Composition(CAPPELLA, COMPOSIZIONE A)Vol. III, p. 422 CAPPELLA, COMPOSIZIONE a. — During the period of the greatest splendour of polyphonic music, when the most important centres of musical life were the chapels…
Chapel Music(CAPPELLA MUSICALE)Vol. III, p. 422 MUSICAL CHAPEL. – An ensemble of voices and sometimes also instruments assigned to liturgical service at a court, a cathedral, a cardinal’s residence, and…
Chapelle, Placide-LouisVol. III, p. 808 CHAPELLE, PLACIDE-LOUIS. - Archbishop of New Orleans (U.S.A.), b. at Runes (France) on 28 Aug. 1842, d. at New Orleans on 9 Aug. 1905. Parish priest at…
Chaplain(CAPPELLANO)Vol. III, p. 428 CAPPELLANO. — In the generic sense, the term is often used to designate the priest entrusted with the care of a chapel or oratory without pastoral care. In the…
Chaplaincy(CAPPELLANIA)Vol. III, p. 427 CAPPELLANIA. — The c. consists in the obligation to provide for certain functions or acts of worship and in the corresponding right to receive the financial…
Chapman, John Henry PalmerVol. III, p. 808 CHAPMAN, JOHN HENRY PALMER. - English Benedictine historian and critic, born at Ashfield (Suffolk) on April 25, 1865, died in London on November 7, 1933.…
Chappotin, HélèneVol. III, p. 808 CHAPPOTIN, HÉLÈNE: v. MARIE DE LA PASSION.
Chappuis, JeanVol. III, p. 808 CHAPPUIS, JEAN. — French canonist who lived between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th. Little is known about him; he obtained a…
Chappuis, Marie de Sales, Venerable(CHAPPUIS, MARIE DE SALES, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 808 CHAPPUIS, MARIE DE SALES, venerable. - Foundress and mystic, b. 16 June 1793 at Soghières (Swiss Jura, then annexed to France), d. 7 Oct. 1875 at Troyes. She…
Chapt de Rastignac, ArmandVol. III, p. 809 CHAPT DE RASTIGNAC, ARMAND. - Distinguished ecclesiastic, b. in 1726 at the castle of Lanion in Périgord and d. in Paris on 5 Sept. 1792. After taking his…
Chapter(CAPITOLO)Vol. III, p. 415 CHAPTER. – From the Latin capitulum, diminutive of caput, the term came to signify: 1) the various divisions of a book; 2) the passage of Sacred Scripture that…
Character and Characterology(CARATTERE E CARATTERIOLOGIA)Vol. III, p. 451 CHARACTER and CHARACTER TYPOLOGY. — According to P. Lersch, character may be defined as a complex of particular qualities and forms that reveal themselves…
Chardon, LouisVol. III, p. 809 CHARDON, LOUIS. – Born at Clermont (Oise) in 1595, died in Paris on 17 August 1651, a Dominican mystical writer, much sought-after spiritual director, and…
Chardon, Mathias-CharlesVol. III, p. 809 CHARDON, MATHIAS-CHARLES. - Benedictine theologian of the Congregation of St-Vanne of Verdun, b. at Yvoi-Carignan (Ardennes) on 22 Sept. 1695 and d. in the…
Charette de la Contrie, Atanase de(CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE, ATTIANASE DE)Vol. III, p. 809 CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE, ATTIANASE de. — Papal and French officer, born at Nantes on 18 May 1832, of a baronial family related to the comte de Chambord; died at…
Chargé d'Affaires(INCARICATO DI AFFARI)Vol. VI, p. 1011 INCARICATO DI AFFARI: v. AGENTE DIPLOMATICO.
Charisms(CARISMI)Vol. III, p. 475 CHARISMS. — The word c. (χάρισμα) occurs 16 times in the letters of Paul and once in I Pt. (4:10). At times it has the generic meaning of a gracious gift, and…
Charitable Aid(SUSSIDIO CARITATIVO)Vol. XI, p. 964 CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTION. — This is a tax which, in accordance with can. 1505, the Ordinary of the place may, if a special need of the diocese requires it,…
Charity(CARITÀ)Vol. III, p. 476 CHARITY. - The third of the three theological virtues. SUMMARY: I. Theology of charity. - II. History of charity. - III. Iconography of charity. I. THEOLOGY OF…
Charity(CARITÀ)Vol. III, p. 493 CARITÀ – Charity. Detail of the predella of Raphael’s Deposition – Vatican Pinacoteca. (Alinari photograph) Miramion, the Figlie della Provvidenza di Dio, etc.…
Charlemagne, King of the Franks and the Lombards, Emperor(CARLOMAGNO, RE DEI FRANCHI E DEI LONGO-BARDI, IMPERATORE)Vol. III, p. 515 CHARLEMAGNE, king of the FRANKS and of the LOMBARDS, EMPEROR. SUMMARY: I. Birth and early years. - II. Conquests in Italy. - III. Conquests outside Italy. -…
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia(CARLO ALBERTO, RE DI SARDEGNA)Vol. III, p. 506 CARLO ALBERTO, king of SARDEGNA. — Born on 2 October 1798 in Torino, died on 28 July 1849 in Oporto. The son of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, of the…
Charles Borromeo, Saint(CARLO BORROMEO, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 507 CARLO BORROMEO, saint. – Cardinal, archbishop of Milan, born in the Borromeo fortress at Arona on 2 October 1538, the second son of Count Gilberto Borromeo and…
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy(CARLO EMANUELE I, DUCA DI SAVOIA)Vol. III, p. 511 CARLO EMANUELE I, duke of SAVOIA. — Son of Emanuele Filiberto, the restorer of the Savoyard state, and of Margherita di Valois, b. at Rivoli on 12 January…
Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy(CARLO EMANUELE II, DUCA DI SAVOIA)Vol. III, p. 511 CARLO EMANUELE II, duke of SAVOIA. — Born on 20 June 1634 to Vittorio Amedeo I of Savoia and Cristina di Borbone. He became duke on 14 October 1638, but only…
Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy, King of Sardinia(CARLO EMANUELE III DI SAVOIA, RE DI SARDEGNA)Vol. III, p. 511 CARLO EMANUELE III of SAVOIA, king of SARDINIA. — Born on 27 April 1701 in Turin, died there on 20 February 1773. The second son of Vittorio Amedeo II,…
Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy, King of Sardinia(CARLO EMANUELE IV DI SAVOIA, RE DI SARDEGNA)Vol. III, p. 512 CARLO EMANUELE IV di SAVOIA, king of SARDEGNA. — Born on 24 May 1751 in Turin, died on 5 October 1819 in Rome. He was the son of Vittorio Amedeo III and Maria…
Charles Felix, King of Sardinia(CARLO FELICE, RE DI SARDEGNA)Vol. III, p. 512 CARLO FELICE, king of SARDEGNA. — Born in Turin on 6 April 1765, died there on 27 April 1831. Fourth son of Vittorio Amedeo, who was the third king of that…
Charles Francis of Breno(CARLO FRANCESCO DA BRENO)Vol. III, p. 515 CARLO FRANCESCO da BRENO. - Born at Breno (Brescia) on 7 Sept. 1672, of the noble Camozzi family; died in Rome, in the convent of S. Francesco a Ripa, on 28…
Charles I and II of Anjou(CARLO I E II D'ANGIÒ)Vol. III, p. 499 CARLO I e II d'ANGIÒ: v. ANGIÒ, DINASTIA di NAPOLI.
Charles I, King of England and Scotland(CARLO I, RE D'INGHILTERRA E DI SCOZIA)Vol. III, p. 504 CARLO I, king of England and Scotland. — Born on 19 November 1600 at Dunfermline, died on 30 January 1649 in London, son of Giacomo I and Anna of Denmark. In…
Charles II, Emperor, called The Bald(CARLO II, IMPERATORE, DETTO IL CALVO)Vol. III, p. 501 CARLO II, IMPERATORE, detto il CALVO. - Figlio di Ludovico il Pio e della sua seconda moglie Giuditta, n. nell'823 a Francoforte sul M. Nell'829, all'assemblea…
Charles II, King of England(CARLO II, RE D'INGHILTERRA)Vol. III, p. 504 CARLO II, king of ENGLAND. - B. in London on 29 May 1630, d. there on 6 Feb. 1685. Son of Carlo I and Enrichetta Maria, C. succeeded his father to the throne…
Charles III of Bourbon, King of Spain(CARLO III DI BORBONE, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. III, p. 505 CARLO III of Bourbon, king of SPAIN. — B. in Madrid on 20 January 1716, d. there on 14 December 1788. The third-born son of Filippo V of Spain and first-born…
Charles III, Emperor, King of Germany, called The Fat(CARLO III, IMPERATORE, RE D'ALEMAGNA, DETTO IL GROSSO)Vol. III, p. 502 CARLO III, EMPEROR, king of ALEMAGNA, called the FAT. - Third son of Ludovico il Germanico, born in 830. As prince, he contested Lotharingia with Carlo il…
Charles IV, Emperor(CARLO IV, IMPERATORE)Vol. III, p. 502 CARLO IV, IMPERATORE. – Born in Prague on 13 May 1316 and died there on 18 November 1378. Son of Giovanni, king of Bohemia, he succeeded his father in 1346. He…
Charles IX, King of France(CARLO IX, RE DI FRANCIA)Vol. III, p. 501 CARLO IX, king of FRANCIA. - Third son of Enrico II and Caterina de' Medici, b. at St-Germain-en-Laye on 27 June 1550, d. at Vincennes on 30 May 1574. He…
Charles Martel(CARLO MARTELLO)Vol. III, p. 525 CARLO MARTELLO. - The illegitimate son of Pipino d'Héristal, he succeeded, after a long struggle lasting from 714 to 717, in establishing himself in his…
Charles of Assumption(CARLO DELL'ASSUNZIONE)Vol. III, p. 499 CARLO dell'ASSUNZIONE. – Carmelite theologian, in the world C. de Bryse, son of Giovanni, governor of Marienburg, b. at St-Ghislain (Hainaut) in 1625, d. at…
Charles of Sezze, Blessed(CARLO DA SEZZE, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 504 CARLO DA SEZZE, beato. - Franciscan lay brother, in the world Giovanni Carlo Melchior, b. at Sezze Romano on Oct. 19, 1613, d. at Rome on Jan. 6, 1670. Having…
Charles Orazio of Castorano(CARLO ORAZIO DA CASTORANO)Vol. III, p. 526 CARLO ORAZIO da CASTORANO. - Celebrated missionary and sinologist, b. at Castorano (Ascoli Piceno) on 20 May 1673, to Francesco di Orazio and Diamante…
Charles the Bold(CARLO IL TEMERARIO)Vol. III, p. 506 CARLO il TEMERARIO. — Duke of Burgundy, born in Dijon on 10 November 1433, died in battle against the duke of Lorraine beneath the walls of Nancy on 5 January…
Charles V, Emperor(CARLO V, IMPERATORE)Vol. III, p. 502 CARLO V, IMPERATORE. — Born in Ghent on 24 February 1500, died at S. Giusto on 21 September 1558. Son of Filippo il Bello, Archduke of Austria, and Giovanna la…
Charles V, King of France(CARLO V, RE DI FRANCIA)Vol. III, p. 499 CARLO V, king of FRANCIA. – Son of Giovanni II the Good, he was the greatest figure of the royal house of France, of the Valois branch, in the fourteenth…
Charles VI, Emperor(CARLO VI, IMPERATORE)Vol. III, p. 504 CARLO VI, IMPERATORE. - Born in Vienna on 1 Oct. 1685, died there on 20 Oct. 1740. His name is linked with the War of the Spanish Succession, the war against…
Charles VI, King of France, called The Mad(CARLO VI, RE DI FRANCIA, DETTO IL PAZZO)Vol. III, p. 500 CHARLES VI, king of FRANCE, called the MAD. — Son of the preceding and of Joanna of Bourbon, b. in Paris on 3 December 1368, d. on 21 October 1422. His uncles,…
Charles VII, King of France, called The Victorious(CARLO VII, RE DI FRANCIA, DETTO IL VITTORIOSO)Vol. III, p. 500 CARLO VII, king of FRANCIA, called the VICTORIOUS. — Son of the preceding and of Isabella di Baviera, born in Paris on 2 February 1403, died at Mehun-sur-Yèvre…
Charles VIII, King of France(CARLO VIII, RE DI FRANCIA)Vol. III, p. 501 CARLO VIII, king of FRANCIA. - Son of Luigi XI and Carlotta di Savoia, b. at Amboise on 30 June 1470, d. there on 7 Apr. 1498. Frail and in poor health, at the…
Charles X, King of France(CARLO X, RE DI FRANCIA)Vol. III, p. 501 CARLO X, king of FRANCE. — Son of Luigi, dauphin of France, and of Maria Giuseppa of Saxony, born on 9 October 1757 at Versailles, died on 6 November 1836 at…
Charles XII, King of Sweden(CARLO XII, RE DI SVEZIA)Vol. III, p. 505 CARLO XII, king of SVEZIA. — Son of Carlo XI and Ulrica Eleonora of Denmark, born on 17 June 1682, killed during the siege of Fredrikshald (Norway) on 30…
Charleston, Diocese of(CHARLESTON, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 809 CHARLESTON, DIOCESE of. - A city in the State of South Carolina, in the United States, seat of a diocese, suffragan of Baltimore-Washington, it includes the…
Charlevoix, Pierre-François-XavierVol. III, p. 810 CHARLEVOIX, PIERRE-FRANÇOIS-XAVIER. — French Jesuit and historian of the missions, born at St-Quentin on 24 October 1682; he entered the novitiate on 15…
Charlier, JeanVol. III, p. 810 CHARLIER, JEAN: v. GERSON JOHANNES.
Charlottetown, Diocese of(CHARLOTTETOWN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 810 CHARLOTTETOWN, DIOCESIS of. — In Canada. Capital of Canada’s smallest province (Prince Edward Island), C. is suffragan to Halifax in Nova Scotia. It comprises…
Charmoisy, Louise deVol. III, p. 810 CHARMOISY, LOUISE de. - The “Philothea” of St Francis de Sales, born into the noble de Chastel family around 1587, lady-in-waiting to the dowager Duchess of…
Charpentier, Marc-AntoineVol. III, p. 810 CHARPENTIER, MARC-ANTOINE. - Musician, b. in Paris in 1634, d. there on 24 Feb. 1704. He trained in the school of Carissimi in Rome, where he had gone to study…
Charron, PierreVol. III, p. 810 CHARRON, PIERRE. - French moralist writer, b. in Paris in 1541 and d. there in 1603; after taking a degree in jurisprudence he became a priest, was a…
Charta(CARTA)Vol. III, p. 551 CARTA. – Writing material of Chinese invention; its manufacture, using linen rags mixed with small quantities of hemp and cotton, was learned by the Arabs upon…
Charta PagensisVol. III, p. 811 CHARTA PAGENSIS. – For a long time, the term was equivalent to the modern « private document ». In the formulary of Marculfo (7th century), 52 examples of…
Charter Of Labor(CARTA DEL LAVORO)Vol. III, p. 552 CARTA DEL LAVORO: v. LAVORO, CARTA DEL.
Chartier, AlainVol. III, p. 811 CHARTIER, ALAIN. - Canon of Notre-Dame from 1420; loyal subject and secretary of the dauphin and later King Carlo VII; he lived in a truly difficult period for…
Chartier, JeanVol. III, p. 811 CHARTIER, JEAN. – Monk at St-Denis and the monastery’s last chronicler, he died after 1470. At the commission of Carlo VII, he wrote the history of his reign,…
Chartism(CARTISMO)Vol. III, p. 562 CHARTISM. — An English political movement, predominantly working-class, of the first half of the 19th century. The force sustaining it was a general discontent…
ChartophylaxVol. III, p. 811 CHARTOPHYLAX. – Dignitary of the Byzantine Church, also called, under Andronikos the Younger, “Magnus c.”, who was originally the custodian of the…
Chartres, Diocese of(CHARTRES, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 811 CHARTRES, DIOCESE of. - Diocese and city in the department of Eure-et-Loir (France), with an area of 5,869 sq. km and a population of 252,690 inhabitants, of…
Charvaz, AndréVol. III, p. 812 CHARVAZ, ANDRÉ. — Bishop, born on 25 December 1793 at Hautecour in Savoy, died at Mont-Saint-Michel, near Moûtiers, on 18 October 1870. Carlo Alberto appointed…
Chasidism(CHASIDISMO)Vol. III, p. 813 CHASIDISMO : v. HASIDISMO.
Chastity(CASTITÀ)Vol. III, p. 609 CASTITÀ. — Moral virtue that regulates the appetite for sexual pleasure associated with the generative act. It is a virtue because it entails the soul’s…
Chasuble(CASULA)Vol. III, p. 619 CASULA: v. PIANETA.
Chasuble(VELO OMERALE)Vol. XII, p. 749 HUMERAL VEIL. — A long strip of silk or linen placed over the shoulders, with the two ends hanging down over the chest, used to cover the hands while holding…
Chasuble (Pluviale, Cappa, Mantus)(PIVIALE (PLUVIALE, CAPPA, MANTUS))Vol. IX, p. 960 PIVIALE (Pluviale, cappa, mantus). - A liturgical mantle of semicircular shape, reaching almost to the feet, open in front and fastened on the breast by a…
Chateaubriand, François-René deVol. III, p. 813 CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANÇOIS-RENÉ de. — Writer and diplomat. Born at St-Malo on 4 September 1768, into a family of minor but ancient nobility. His father, a sea…
Chatelain, Émile-Louis-Marie(CHATELAIN, EMILE-LOUIS-MARIE)Vol. III, p. 815 CHATELAIN, EMILE-LOUIS-MARIE. - French palaeographer and librarian, b. at Montrouge on 26 Nov. 1851, d. at Paris on 26 Nov. 1933. Librarian at the Sorbonne…
ChathamVol. III, p. 815 CHATHAM: v. BATHURST nel CANADÀ.
Chaucer, GeoffreyVol. III, p. 815 CHAUCER, GEOFFREY. — English poet, b. around 1340, d. probably in 1400. He served the court as a soldier in the Hundred Years’ War, during which he was taken…
Chaudon, Louis-MayeulVol. III, p. 816 CHAUDON, LOUIS-MAYEUL. – Benedictine, historian and philosopher, born at Valensoles (Basses-Alpes) on 20 May 1737, died at Mézin on 28 May 1817. His principal…
Chaumonot, Pierre-Marie-JosephVol. III, p. 816 CHAUMONOT, PIERRE-MARIE-JOSEPH. - Jesuit, missionary among the Canadian Indians, b. near Châtillon-sur-Seine on 9 Aug. 1611, d. at Québec on 21 Feb. 1693.…
Chautard, Jean-Baptiste-GustaveVol. III, p. 816 CHAUTARD, JEAN-BAPTISTE-GUSTAVE. - Cistercian abbot of the strict observance (Trappists), born at Briançon on 12 March 1858, died at Sept-Fonds (diocese of…
Chaves, Pedro deVol. III, p. 816 CHAVES, PEDRO de. - Benedictine abbot. His origin is unknown, whether French or Portuguese. In 1534 he entered the abbey of Monserrato, where he was at first…
Cheffontaines (Latin: A Capite Fontium), Christophe de(CHEFFONTAINES (LAT. A CAPITE FONTIUM), CHRISTOPHE DE)Vol. III, p. 816 CHEFFONTAINES (Lat. a Capite Fontium), CHRISTOPHE de. — Franciscan theologian, born c. 1532 at St-Pol-Léon (Brittany), died in Rome in 1595. An Observant Friar…
Chefneux, MathieuVol. III, p. 817 CHEFNEUX, MATHIEU. – Augustinian scholar, born in Liège in the early years of the seventeenth century, died around 1670. He was superior in the Augustinian…
Chefoo, Diocese of(CHEFOO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 817 CHEFOO, DIOCESE of. – It is located in the civil province of Shantung (China). The mission was erected as an apostolic vicariate on 27 February 1894 through…
Cheikho, LuigiVol. III, p. 817 CHEIKHO, LUIGI. - Celebrated Arabist, Jesuit. B. at Mardin in Turkey on 4 Feb. 1859, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1874 and d. at Beirut on 7 Dec. 1927.…
Chelini, DomenicoVol. III, p. 817 CHELINI, DOMENICO. - Piarist mathematician, b. at Gragnano (Lucca) on 18 Oct. 1802, d. at Rome on 16 Nov. 1873. He taught mathematics at the Nazareno College…
Chelodi, GiovanniVol. III, p. 817 CHELODI, GIOVANNI. — Canon lawyer, born in Cavalese on 1 June 1882, died in Trento on 31 May 1922. Ordained a priest in 1905, he had the opportunity to display…
Chemistry(CHIMICA)Vol. III, p. 890 CHIMISTRY. — I. DEFINITIONS AND DIVISIONS. — The word c. may derive from the Egyptian or Coptic terms “km.t” or “Kèmi,” meaning “black earth” or “Egypt”: c.…
Chemnitz, MartinVol. III, p. 817 CHEMNITZ, MARTIN. – German Protestant theologian, one of the foremost representatives of Lutheran doctrine, hence the sobriquet alter Martinus (Lutherus). Born…
ChemotassiVol. III, p. 818 CHEMOTASSI : v. TROPISMO.
Chemotropism(CHEMOTROPISMO)Vol. III, p. 818 CHEMOTROPISMO : v. TROPISMO.
Chengchow, Diocese of(CHENGCHOW, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 818 CHENGCHOW, DIOCESE of. - It is located in the civil province of Honan (China); erected as an apostolic prefecture on 15 May 1906 under the name of the…
Chengtu, Diocese of(CHENGTU, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 818 CHENGTU, DIOCESE of. - The civil province of Szechwan, in western China, separated from the diocese of Nanchino, was erected into an apostolic vicariate on 15…
Cherchell(CHERCHEL)Vol. III, p. 818 CHERCHEL. – In Algeria. It is ancient Caesarea in Mauretania, founded by the Carthaginians, who called it Iol (a Phoenician divinity). King Juba II called it…
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich(ČERNYŠEVSKIJ, NIKOLAJ GAVRILOVÍĆ)Vol. III, p. 773 ČERNYŠEVSKIJ, NIKOLAJ GAVRILOVÍĆ. - Russian revolutionary, known as a man of letters, publicist, and economist, b. at Saratov in 1828, d. there in 1889. He…
Cherubim (Hebrew Plural Hērubhîm)(CHERUBINO (EBR. PLUR. HĒRUBHÎM))Vol. III, p. 822 CHERUBINO (Hebr. plur. hērubhîm). – An invisible spirit and minister of God, executor of his will, who also manifests his presence and power, and who stands in…
Cherubini, LuigiVol. III, p. 821 CHERUBINI, LUIGI. - Musician, b. at Firenze on 14 Sept. 1760, d. at Parigi on 15 March 1842. He was a pupil of his father, then of the Florentine masters…
Cherubino of Avigliana, Blessed(CHERUBINO DA AVIGLIANA, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 822 CHERUBINO da AVIGLIANA, blessed. — A Piedmontese Augustinian, originally from the Testa family, b. at Avigliana in 1451 and d. there on 17 September 1479. He…
Cherubino of Correggio(CHERUBINO DA CORREGGIO)Vol. III, p. 823 CHERUBINO da CORREGGIO. - Capuchin preacher and man of letters of the old province of Lombardy (Parma), b. 9 Feb. 1636, d. at Modena 3 Feb. 1728. He engaged in…
Cherubino of Maurienne(CHERUBINO DA MAURIENNE)Vol. III, p. 823 CHERUBINO da MAURIENNE. - Born on 24 March 1566, he entered the Capuchin Friars Minor at Genoa on 7 Sept. 1583; he died in the convent of Monte at Turin on 23…
Cherubino of San Giuseppe(CHERUBINO DI SAN GIUSEPPE)Vol. III, p. 823 CHERUBINO di SAN GIUSEPPE. — French Discalced Carmelite, in the world Alessandro de Boria, born on 5 August 1639 in Martel (Lot) and died in Bordeaux on 4…
Cheselden, William(CHESELDEN (CHESSELDEN), WILLIAM)Vol. III, p. 823 CHESELDEN (CHESSELDEN), WILLIAM. — English anatomist and surgeon (1688–1752). He was the first to study, from a psychophysiological point of view, the behavior…
Chester Beatty Papyri(CHESTER BEATTY, PAPIRI DI)Vol. III, p. 823 CHESTER BEATTY PAPYRI: v. BEATTY, Chester papyri.
Chesterton, Gilbert KeithVol. III, p. 823 CHESTERTON, GILBERT KEITH. – English writer, born in London on 29 May 1874, died in Beaconsfield on 14 June 1936. After his early studies at St Paul’s School,…
Chestov, Leo(CHESTOV, LEONE)Vol. III, p. 824 CHESTOV, LEONE : v. ŠESTOV, LEONE.
Chevalier, Cyr-Ulysse-Joseph(CHEVALIER, CYRE-ULYSSE-JOSEPH)Vol. III, p. 824 CHEVALIER, CYRE-ULYSSE-JOSEPH. - French priest, historian, and bibliographer, born at Rambouillet on 24 Feb. 1841, died at Romans (Drôme) on 27 Oct. 1920. He…
Chevalier, JulesVol. III, p. 824 CHEVALIER, JULES. - Priest of the diocese of Bourges, b. at Richelieu on 15 March 1824, d. at Issoudun on 21 Oct. 1907. To a holy life he united great zeal in…
Chevalier, LéopoldVol. III, p. 824 CHEVALIER, LÉOPOLD. - French theologian, b. at Malzéville (Meurthe-et-Moselle) on 13 Nov. 1846 and d. at Nancy on 12 Aug. 1891. Having completed his…
Cheverus, Jean-Louis-Madeleine Lefebvre deVol. III, p. 824 CHEVERUS, JEAN-LOUIS-MADELEINE LEFEBVRE de. - Cardinal, b. 28 Jan. 1768 at Mayenne, d. 19 July 1856 at Bordeaux. Ordained priest in Dec. 1790, he refused to…
Chevrier, Antoine, Venerable(CHEVRIER, ANTOINE, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 824 CHEVRIER, ANTOINE, venerable. – Born in Lyon on 16 April 1826, he died there on 2 October 1879. A student at the seminary of Lyon, he was ordained a priest on…
Cheyenne, Diocese of(CHEYENNE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 824 CHEYENNE, DIOCESE of. - Capital of the State of Wyoming in the United States, it is a suffragan diocese of Denver in the State of Colorado. Its territory…
Cheyne, Thomas KellyVol. III, p. 824 CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY. - Protestant exegete, b. in London on 18 Sept. 1841, d. there on 16 Nov. 1915. Professor at Oxford from 1886 to 1908 and member of the…
Chełmno, Diocese of(CHELMNO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 817 CHELMNO, DIOCESI di: v. CULMA, DIOCESI di.
Chełmża, Diocese of(CULMA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 615 CULMA, DIOCESI di. — In Poland (Polish Chelmno), founded in 1218, organized in 1243 by Guglielmo, bishop of Modena and papal legate of Innocent IV. Suffragan…
Chiabrera, GabrielloVol. III, p. 825 CHIABRERA, GABRIELLO. – Poet, born in Savona in 1552, died there in 1638. He was a student at the Collegio Romano; in Rome he also came into contact with the…
Chiapas, Diocese of(CHIAPAS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 825 CHIAPAS, DIOCESE of. — In the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Antequera. It comprises the entire State of C., with an area of 73,000 sq. km. and a population…
Chiapelli, Alessandro(CHIAPPELLI, ALESSANDRO)Vol. III, p. 826 CHIAPPELLI, ALESSANDRO. - Philosopher, born at Pistoia on 20 Nov. 1857, professor at Napoli from 1887 to 1908, died there in 1931. A Neo-Kantian, freer than…
ChiaravalleVol. III, p. 827 CHIARAVALLE. - A toponym recalling the great French abbey of Clara Vallis, Clairvaux (v.), and given to several places in Italy where Cistercian monasteries or…
Chiari, PietroVol. III, p. 828 CHIARI, PIETRO. — Priest, dramatist, novelist, b. at Brescia in 1711, d. there in 1785. He was first a Jesuit and teacher of eloquence at Modena for two years…
ChiaromonteVol. III, p. 829 CHIAROMONTE: v. ANGLONA e TURSI, DIOCESI di.
ChiaroscuroVol. III, p. 829 CHIAROSCURO. – In the perception of objects, it is determined by the contrast between illuminated and shadowed parts. In art, one says that objects are…
ChiavariVol. III, p. 832 CHIAVARI - S. Salvatore di Cogorno, Basilica of the Fieschi, founded by Innocenzo IV (ca. 1250). Carmelite. Born at Racconigi (Cuneo, Italy) on 1 March 1710,…
Chiavari, Diocese of(CHIAVARI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 832 CHIAVARI, DIOCESE of. - Diocese and city in the province of Genova, erected by Leone XIII on 3 Dec. 1892; it has an area of 570 sq. km., with 148 parishes, 242…
Chiavassa, Michele AntonioVol. III, p. 832 CHIAVASSA, MICHELE ANTONIO. – In religion, Giovan Domenico di S. Chiara. Missionary and bishop (from Liguria, T.C.I., Milan 1919, p. 139)
Chiavetta, GiacintoVol. III, p. 832 CHIAVETTA, GIACINTO. – Capuchin of the province of Messina, in religion Giacinto da Troina. Learned in ecclesiastical and civil law, he held various offices in…
Chicago, Archdiocese of(CHICAGO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 833 CHICAGO, ARCIDIOCESI di. – A city in the State of Illinois in the United States, and the seat of a metropolitan archdiocese comprising the counties of Cook,…
Chicoutimi, Diocese of(CHICOUTIMI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 833 CHICOUTIMI, DIOCESE of. - In Canada. A city in the province of Quebec, and a suffragan of Quebec, it comprises the counties of C., Charlevoix, Lac St-Jean, and…
Chidone, DemetrioVol. III, p. 833 CHIDONE, DEMETRIO: v. CIDONE DEMETRIO. CHIDONONE (CIDONE), PROCORO: v. CIDONE PROCORO.
Chieregato (Chiericati), FrancescoVol. III, p. 833 CHIEREGATO (CHIERICATI), FRANCESCO. - Apostolic nuncio, b. at Vicenza in 1478, d. at Bologna on 6 Dec. 1539. Under Leo X he was sent as apostolic nuncio to…
Chieregato, LionelloVol. III, p. 834 CHIEREGATO, LIONELLO. – Bishop and papal nuncio, born at Vicenza to Nicola C., in the first half of the 15th century. A doctor of canon law, in February 1470…
Chiericato (Clericatus), GiovanniVol. III, p. 834 CHIERICATO (Clericatus), GIOVANNI. – Theologian and canonist of the Congregation of the Oratory, born in Padua on 8 September 1633, died in the same city on 29…
Chiesa, GiannicolaVol. III, p. 885 CHIESA, GIANNICOLA. - Augustinian ascetical-mystical writer, b. in Genova in 1695, d. 23 Apr. 1782. He entered the Hermits of S. Agostino in 1711, transferred…
Chieti and Vasto, Archdiocese of(CHIETI E VASTO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 886 CHIETI E VASTO, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In Abruzzo, C. is the provincial capital. The archdiocese has an area of 2,500 sq. km., 138 parishes, with 215 diocesan…
Chifeng, Diocese of(CHIHFENG, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 889 CHIHFENG, DIOCESI di. – It is located in China, in the civil province of Jehol. It was established as an apostolic prefecture on 21 January 1932, by division…
Chigi, Family(CHIGI, FAMIGLIA)Vol. III, p. 887 CHIGI, FAMIGLIA. — It appears in Sienese history in the 13th century, and from the outset its members were prominent in banking; some were entrusted by their…
Chihuahua, Diocese of(CHIHUAHUA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 889 CHIHUAHUA, DIOCESE of. - In the Republic of Mexico, State of Chihuahua. Erected on 23 June 1891. It is the largest in Mexico (245,612 sq. km.), with a…
Chilapa, Diocese of(CHILAPA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 890 CHILAPA, DIOCESE of. - In the republic of Mexico, suffragan of Città di Messico, erected by Pius IX on 16 March 1863 by the constitution Omnibus notum, having…
Chilaw, Diocese of(CHILAW, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 890 CHILAW, DIOCESE OF. — It was erected on 5 January 1939 from territory detached from the archdiocese of Colombo (Ceylon). It comprises the whole of the…
