Philosophy
Filosofia · 81 articles · Principal contributors · All subjectsOther
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Action (AZIONE)
ACTION. - In Roman law, this word (Latin actio) originally served to indicate any act performed in a trial; later, under the formulary… -
Adelard of Bath (ADELARDO DI BATH)
ADELARD OF BATH. - English by birth, he completed his studies at Tours and taught at Laon. Dissatisfied with the "gallica studia", he… -
Alamanni, Cosimo
ALAMANNI, COSIMO. - A renowned cultivator of Thomist philosophy, b. in Milan in 1559 and d. there on 24 May 1624. He entered the Society of… -
Albert of Orlamünde (ALBERTO DI ORLAMÜNDE)
ALBERT OF ORLAMÜNDE. - German Dominican of the 13th century, perhaps a disciple of St. Albert the Great. Modern critics (Grabmann, Geyer)… -
Almeida, Theodoro de
ALMEIDA, THEODORO de. - Oratorian, b. in Lisbon in 1722, d. there in 1804. He taught philosophy and natural sciences, and published in 10… -
Altmeyer, Jean-Jacques
ALTMEYER, JEAN-JACQUES. - Belgian philosopher and historian, b. in Luxembourg in 1804, d. in Brussels in 1877. Having earned degrees in… -
Amari, Emerico
AMARI, EMERICO. - Politician and thinker, b. in Palermo in 1810, d. there in 1870. A complex personality as a scholar, patriot and… -
Arabs, Philosophy Of The (ARABI, FILOSOFIA DEGLI)
ARABS, Philosophy Of The. - The Arabs regarded as faylasūf, that is, philosopher in the exact sense of the term, not every thinker, but… -
Aristotelf
ARISTOTLE - Encomia prefixed to the editio princeps, edited by Aldo Manuzio, Venice 1495. in its simplicity admitting no change, "possesses… -
Aristotle ('Αριστοτέλης) (ARISTOTELE ('ἈΡΙΣΤΟΤΈΛΗΣ))
ARISTOTLE ('Αριστοτέλης). - The greatest Greek philosopher and one of the greatest of all time. SUMMARY: I. 1. LIFE. - 2. WORKS. - 3.… -
Avicenna
AVICENNA (Abū 'Alī al-Ḥusajīn ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā, called by Latin scholasticism Avicenna): - One of the greatest Arab philosophers, a… -
Babenstuber, Ludwig
BABENSTUBER, LUDWIG. - Benedictine, b. at Deining (Upper Bavaria) in 1660, d. at Ettal in 1726. After making his profession in the… -
Blount, Charles
BLOUNT, CHARLES. - English deist, b. in 1654, d. in 1693. A rigidly rationalist critic, he devalued every criterion of apologetics of the… -
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus (BOEZIO, ANICIO MANLIO TORQUATO SEVERINO)
BOETHIUS, ANICIUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS SEVERINUS. - I. LIFE. - B. was born in Rome of the noble stock of the Anicii, around the year 480, when… -
Böhme, Jacob
BÖHME, JACOB. - Protestant theosophist, b. at Altseidenberg in 1575, d. at Görlitz in 1624. A shoemaker, at first a wanderer, he settled in… -
Bonnet, Charles
BONNET, CHARLES. - Psychologist and naturalist, b. in Geneva on 13 March 1720, d. there on 20 June 1793. A complex figure whose works… -
Busnelli, Giovanni
BUSNELLI, GIOVANNI. - Writer, born at Cassina Ferrara (Milan) on 16 March 1866, died at Rome on 31 March 1944. Having completed his sacred… -
Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges
CABANIS, PIERRE-JEAN-GEORGES. - Physician and philosopher, b. at Cosnac (Corrèze) on June 5, 1757, d. at Rueil on May 5, 1808. He began his… -
Cahiers des Archives de Philosophie
CAHIERS DES ARCHIVES DE PHILOSOPHIE. - Founded in Paris in 1923. Each issue, which has no fixed periodicity, deals with a historical or… -
Cardano, Girolamo
CARDANO, GIROLAMO. - Physician and philosopher, b. at Pavia on 24 Sept. 1501, d. at Rome on 21 Sept. 1576. A typical representative of the… -
Celesia, Paolo
CELESIA, PAOLO. - Biologist and thinker, b. in Genoa on 3 April 1876, d. in Rome on 12 June 1916. Having graduated in natural sciences, he… -
Christian Spiritualism (SPIRITUALISMO CRISTIANO)
CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALISM. - One of the main currents of contemporary Italian philosophy. It is called "s." because the concept of "spirit"… -
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (CICERONE, MARCO TULLIO)
CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS. - Roman orator, politician and philosopher, b. 3 January 106 B.C. at Arpino, d. by the hand of Antony's assassins… -
Clarke, Samuel
CLARKE, SAMUEL. - Anglican theologian and philosopher, b. in Norwich on 11 Oct. 1675, d. in London on 17 May 1729. His writings were edited… -
Cocconier, Thomas (COCONNIER, THOMAS)
COCCONIER, THOMAS. - Dominican philosopher and theologian, b. at Grazay near Mayenne in France, 26 Aug. 1846, d. at Toulouse 8 March 1908.… -
Collier, Arthur
COLLIER, ARTHUR. - English philosopher and priest of the Anglican Church, b. in 1680, d. in 1732. A contemporary of Berkeley, with whom he… -
Collins, Anthony
COLLINS, ANTHONY. - English deist, b. at Heston on 21 June 1676, d. in London on 31 Dec. 1729. A friend and disciple of Locke, he defended… -
Conimbricenses
CONIMBRICENSES. - This is the name given to those Jesuits, professors of philosophy at the University of Coimbra who, between the last… -
Constantine the African (COSTANTINO AFRICANO)
CONSTANTINE THE AFRICAN. - Carthaginian Benedictine, converted from Islam, translator of Arabic and Greek works, d. 1087. For 39 years he… -
Cosmology (COSMOLOGIA)
COSMOLOGY. - From the Greek κόσμος (world) and λόγος (discourse), it is the part of natural philosophy that studies corporeal being in… -
Cynics (CINICI)
CYNICS. - A Greek philosophical sect, founded by Antisthenes, one of the four that arose from the teaching of Socrates. The name means… -
Cyrenaics (CIRENAICI)
CYRENAICS. - Greek philosophical sect, founded by Aristippus of Cyrene (hence the name), one of the four that arose from the teaching of… -
Eclecticism (ECLETTISMO)
ECLECTICISM. - From ἐκλέγω (I choose). It is, in general, every philosophical and scientific approach that selects, from various and… -
Humour (Sentimental Tone, Mood) (UMORE (*TONO SENTIMENTALE, STATO D'ANIMO*))
HUMOUR (Sentimental Tone, Mood). - A particular equilibrium of the sphere of the deepest feelings (v.) and of the affective state of… -
Instrumentalism (STRUMENTALISMO)
INSTRUMENTALISM. - This term defines the form of pragmatism (v.) peculiar to the North American philosopher J. Dewey (b. at Burlington on… -
Lasauix, Peter Ernst von (LASAULX, PETER ERNST VON)
LASAUIX, Peter Ernst von. - Thinker and politician, b. March 16, 1805 at Koblenz, d. May 9, 1861 at Munich. He studied classical philology… -
Leonicus Thomaeus, Nicolaus (LEONICO TOMEO, NICCOLÒ)
LEONICUS THOMAEUS, NICOLAUS. - Humanist, son of a Greek from Epirus, b. in Venice on 1 February 1456, d. there on 28 March 1531. He studied… -
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM. - German thinker, critic, poet and playwright, b. at Kamenz on 22 Jan. 1729, d. at Wolfenbüttel on 15 Feb. 1781.… -
Logic (LOGICA)
LOGIC. - It is the science of the structure and processes of thought in relation to their functional validity. SUMMARY: I. Terminology. -… -
Mackintosh, James
MACKINTOSH, JAMES. - English politician and thinker, b. at Aldourie (Scotland) on 24 Sept. 1765, d. in London on 3 May 1832. A spiritual… -
Maignan, Emmanuel
MAIGNAN, EMMANUEL. - Scientist, philosopher and theologian, b. at Toulouse on 17 July 1601, d. there on 29 Oct. 1676. Having entered the… -
Metaphysics (METAFISICA)
METAPHYSICS. - It is the ultimate philosophical consideration of the meaning, the principles and the structure of reality. Therefore all… -
Microcosm and Macrocosm (MICROCOSMO E MACROCOSMO)
MICROCOSM AND MACROCOSM. - The term microcosm, from the Greek μικρός "small" and κόσμος "world," was used for the first time by Democritus… -
Monad (MONADE)
MONAD. - The term, from the Greek μονάς ("unity"), was already used by Pythagoras and his disciples who, with the theory of number as the… -
Neopositivism (NEOPOSITIVISMO)
NEOPOSITIVISM. - Neopositivism, also called logical positivism, recognizes its formal beginning in the founding of the Wienerkreis (Vienna… -
New Scholasticism, The
NEW SCHOLASTICISM, THE. - A quarterly organ of the "American Catholic Philosophical Association," which, after the Congress of American… -
Pascal, Blaise
PASCAL, BLAISE. - French scientist and philosopher, b. at Clermont-Ferrand on 19 June 1623, d. at Paris on 15 Aug. 1662. Second son of… -
Perception (PERCEZIONE)
PERCEPTION. - It generally indicates the awareness of something in both external and internal experience and becomes almost synonymous with… -
Peripatetic, School (PERIPATETICA, SCUOLA)
PERIPATETIC, SCHOOL. - The followers of Aristotle were called οἱ ἐκ τοῦ περιπάτου in reference to the walk (περίπατος) of the Lyceum (the… -
Philosophy (FILOSOFIA)
PHILOSOPHY. - The term ph. ("love of wisdom"), which according to Plutarch is traced back to Pythagoras (H. Diels, Doxographi Graeci, 2nd… -
Philosophy Of Law (FILOSOFIA DEL DIRITTO)
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW. - It is the discipline that investigates the concept of law in its logical universality, the idea of justice as the… -
Philosophy Of The Spirit (FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO)
PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRIT. - An expression popularized and made current by B. Croce (b. 1866), so that in ordinary language it serves as a… -
Plato (ΠΛΆΤΩΝ) (PLATONE (ΠΛΆΤΩΝ))
PLATO (ΠΛΆΤΩΝ). - Greek philosopher of the 5th-4th century B.C., among the greatest thinkers of humanity. SUMMARY: I. His life. - II. The… -
Positivism (POSITIVISMO)
POSITIVISM. - A philosophical (scientific, historical) movement that arose in the 19th century and dominated its second half (classical… -
Postulate (POSTULATO)
POSTULATE. - From Lat. postulare (to require; Gk. αἰτησίω), it is a proposition (v.) that is admitted as true without demonstration (v.)… -
Pragmatism (PRAGMATISMO)
PRAGMATISM. - A direction in contemporary philosophy, among the most fortunate and widespread, which has had vast and at times profound… -
Principle (PRINCIPIO)
PRINCIPLE. - From primum-capere (caput) it is that which comes first, the origin, the beginning (initium, exordium, origo); it corresponds… -
Psychology (PSICOLOGIA)
PSYCHOLOGY. - From the Greek ψυχή, λόγος, it is the "doctrine or science of the soul," of its nature and its operations. The term p. comes… -
Rationale (RAZIONALE)
RATIONALE. - That which belongs to reason (v.) or is in conformity with it. In this sense, demonstration (v.), deduction (v.) are called… -
Realism (REALISMO)
REALISM. - A philosophical orientation that affirms the priority of being over knowing, in the sense that being is independent of the act… -
Reflection (RIFLESSIONE)
REFLECTION. - It is the act by which thought takes explicit awareness of itself, considering its own activities, its own objects and… -
Review of Neoscholastic Philosophy (RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEOSCOLASTICA)
REVIEW OF NEOSCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY. - It appeared in January 1909, directed by Fr. Agostino Gemelli and by Giulio Canella (who after a… -
Revue Neo-Scholastic (REVUE NÉO-SCOLASTIQUE)
REVUE NEO-SCHOLASTIC. - A quarterly journal, founded at Louvain in 1894 by the future Cardinal Desiré Mercier, and published by the… -
Revue of Philosophy (REVUE DE PHILOSOPHIE)
REVUE OF PHILOSOPHY. - Periodical founded in Paris by the Marist Father E. Peillaube, to promote philosophical studies anchored in the… -
Scholasticism (SCOLASTICA)
SCHOLASTICISM. - In its broadest sense it indicates "medieval philosophy" and, in a more precise sense, that doctrinal movement which… -
Science (SCIENZA)
SCIENCE. - By the term s. (Lat. scientia = knowledge, Gk. ἐπιστήμη) has always been meant a knowledge (v.) different from and more perfect… -
Scotism (SCOTISMO)
SCOTISM. - Since the Scotist synthesis is found under the entry Duns Scotus (v.), what is treated here is Scotism taken in the sense of the… -
Scottish School (SCOZZESE, SCUOLA)
SCOTTISH SCHOOL. - Also called the school of "common sense," whose founder and leader is T. Reid (v.) and, after him, his best disciple D.… -
Sensation (SENSAZIONE)
SENSATION. - From sensus, sensatio, Gk. αἴσθησις, it is the original and fundamental manifestation of psychic life, whereby there occurs… -
Slavophilism (SLAVOFILIA)
SLAVOPHILISM. - I. LITERATURE. - The Slavophile movement represents in Russian culture a reaction of a national and spiritual character… -
Sophists (SOFISTI)
SOPHISTS. - Representatives of a vast cultural and philosophical movement that flourished in Greece, particularly in Athens, in the 5th and… -
Space (SPAZIO)
SPACE. - In the common acceptation it is the place in which bodies and movements are imagined. It involves certain fundamental… -
Spiritualism (SPIRITUALISMO)
SPIRITUALISM. - An ambiguous philosophical term whose meaning is not easily definable, given the variety of its acceptations. Moreover,… -
Stoicism (STOICISMO)
STOICISM. - Philosophical school founded in the "Stoa" (Portico) of Athens by Zeno of Citium around 300 B.C. Its successors were Cleanthes… -
Subject (SOGGETTO)
SUBJECT. - The term s. has several acceptations. In current usage one speaks of the s. of a proposition, of a discussion, of a work, of a… -
Sympathy (SIMPATIA)
SYMPATHY. - In a general sense, it indicates that phenomenon whereby a given modification in any being comes to be reproduced in another… -
Thought (PENSIERO)
THOUGHT. - From the Latin pensare, to weigh, to ponder (the Greek νόμος, διάνοια has a different derivation), the term preserves its… -
Toland, John
TOLAND, JOHN. - The most notable of the English deists (Collins, Tindal, Morgan), b. at Redcastle near Londonderry (Ireland) on 30 Nov.… -
Traditionalism (TRADIZIONALISMO)
TRADITIONALISM. - It is the philosophical-religious doctrine according to which a primitive revelation was absolutely necessary for the… -
Universe (UNIVERSO)
UNIVERSE. - It is the totality of everything that exists in space and time; also called "world," which in itself means a part of the U. In… -
Voluntas (VOLONTÀ)
VOLUNTAS. - It is the faculty of tending toward the universal good, proper to spiritual creatures. I. PHILOSOPHY. - Known by the intellect,…