Esther is advanced to be queen. Mardochai detecteth a plot against the king.
Inquirie being made of the best and fairest virgines, (5. Esther the vnknowe neece of Mardocheus a •ew) is preferred, 18. and made Queene in place of Vasthi; a mariage feast made, and presentes geuen. 21) Mardocheus detecteth traitors, and his seruice is recorded in the regester.
1After this, when the wrath of king Assuerus was appeased, he remembered Vasthi, and what she had done and what she had suffered:Dopo tali cose calmato essendo lo sdegno del re, egli si ricordò di Vasthi, e di quel che ella avea fatto, e della sua punizione:THESE thinges so done, after the indignation of king Assuerus was asswaged, he remembred Vasthi, and what she had done, or what she had suffered:His ita gestis, postquam regis Assueri indignatio deferbuerat, recordatus est Vasthi, et quæ fecisset, vel quæ passa esset: 2And the king’s servants and his officers said: Let young women be sought for the king, virgins and beautiful,E i servi, e i ministri del re dissero: Si cerchino pel re delle fanciulle vergini, e avvenenti,and the kings seruantes and his ministers said: Let there be maydens sought for the king, virgins and beautiful,dixeruntque pueri regis ac ministri ejus: Quærantur regi puellæ virgines ac speciosæ, 3And let some persons be sent through all the provinces to look for beautiful maidens and virgins: and let them bring them to the city of Susan, and put them into the house of the women under the hand of Egeus the eunuch, who is the overseer and keeper of the king’s women: and let them receive women’s ornaments, and other things necessary for their use.E si spedisca gente per tutte le Provincie a scegliere delle fanciulle vergini dotate di bellezza per condurle a Susa, e metterle nella casa delle donne sotto la cura dell'eunuco Egeo, governatore, e custode delle donne del re, e sia dato loro tutto quello, che si richiede pe' loro abbigliamenti, e tutto il necessario pe' loro bisogni:and let there be sent that may viewe through al prouinces beautiful maydens and virgins: and let them bring them to the citie of Susan, and deliuer them into the house of wemen vnder the hand of Egeus the eunuch, who is ouerseer of the kings wemen: and let them receiue wemens ornamentes, and other things necessarie to be vsed.et mittantur qui considerent per universas provincias puellas speciosas et virgines: et adducant eas ad civitatem Susan, et tradant eas in domum feminarum sub manu Egei eunuchi, qui est præpositus et custos mulierum regiarum: et accipiant mundum muliebrem, et cetera ad usus necessaria. 4And whosoever among them all shall please the king’s eyes, let her be queen instead of Vasthi. The word pleased the king: and he commanded it should be done as they had suggested.E quella, che darà più nel genio al re sarà regina in luogo di Vasthi. Il re approvò la proposizione, e comandò, che si facesse, come quegli avean consigliato.And which so euer among al shal please the kings eies, let her reigne for Vasthi. The word pleased the king: and so as they had suggested, he commanded to be done.Et quæcumque inter omnes oculis regis placuerit, ipsa regnet pro Vasthi. Placuit sermo regi: et ita, ut suggesserant, jussit fieri.
5There was a man in the city of Susan, a Jew, named Mardochai, the son of Jair, the son of Semei, the son of Cis, of the race of Jemini,Era in Susa un uomo Giudeo per nome Mardocheo, figliuolo di Jair, figliuolo di Semei, figliuolo di Cis, della stirpe di Jemini,There was a man in the citie of Susan a Iew, named Mardocheus, the sonne of Iair, the sonne of Semei, the sonne of Cis, of the stocke of Iemini,Erat vir Judæus in Susan civitate, vocabulo Mardochæus filius Jair, filii Semei, filii Cis, de stirpe Jemini, 6Who had been carried away from Jerusalem at the time that Nabuchodonosor king of Babylon carried away Jechonias king of Juda,Il quale era stato menato via da Gerusalemme in quel tempo, in cui Nabucodonosor re di Babilonia avea trasportato Jechonia, re di Giuda,who had beene transported from Ierusalem the same time, that Nabucodonosor the king of Babylon transported Iechonias the king of Iuda,qui translatus fuerat de Jerusalem eo tempore quo Jechoniam regem Juda Nabuchodonosor rex Babylonis transtulerat, 7And he had brought up his brother’s daughter Edissa, who by another name was called Esther: now she had lost both her parents: and was exceeding fair and beautiful. And her father and mother being dead, Mardochai adopted her for his daughter.Ed egli aveva educata la figliuola di suo fratello Edissa chiamata con altro nome Esther, la quale avea perduti i suoi genitori, ed era oltre modo bella, e di aspetto grazioso: e morti che furono il padre, e la madre, Mardocheo l'aveva adottata in figliuola.who was the foster father of his brothers daughter Edissa, which by an other name was called Esther: and she had lost both her parentes: exceeding beautiful, and of comely face. And her father and mother being dead, Mardocheus adopted her for his daughter.qui fuit nutritius filiæ fratris sui Edissæ, quæ altero nomine vocabatur Esther, et utrumque parentem amiserat: pulchra nimis, et decora facie. Mortuisque patre ejus ac matre, Mardochæus sibi eam adoptavit in filiam. 8And when the king’s ordinance was noised abroad, and according to his commandment many beautiful virgins were brought to Susan, and were delivered to Egeus the eunuch: Esther also among the rest of the maidens was delivered to him to be kept in the number of the women.Ed essendosi divulgato l'ordine del re, e conducendosi a Susa secondo il comando di lui molte belle vergini, e consegnandosi queste all'eunuco Egeo, fu a lui rimessa tralle altre fanciulle anche Esther, per essere serbata colle altre donne.And when the kings commandment was bruited abrode, and according to his commandement many fayre virgins were brought to Susan, and were deliuered to Fgeus the eunuch: Esther also among the rest of the maydens was deliuered to him, that she might be kept in the number of the wemen.Cumque percrebruisset regis imperium, et juxta mandatum illius multæ pulchræ virgines adducerentur Susan, et Egeo traderentur eunucho, Esther quoque inter ceteras puellas ei tradita est, ut servaretur in numero feminarum.
9And she pleased him, and found favour in his sight. And he commanded the eunuch to hasten the women’s ornaments, and to deliver to her her part, and seven of the most beautiful maidens of the king’s house, and to adorn and deck out both her and her waiting maids.Ed ella piacque a lui, e trovò grazia negli occhi di lui; ed egli comandò a un eunuco, che mettesse presto in ordine il suo corredo, e di darle la sua Porzione di vitto, e sette figlie delle più elle della casa del re, e che ornasse, e abbigliasse tanto lei, come le sue cameriere.Who pleased him, and found grace in his sight. And he commanded the eunuch, that he should hasten the wemens ornamentes, and should deliuer her, her partes, & seuen the most beautiful maydens of the kings house, and should adorne and decke both her and her wayting maydes.Quæ placuit ei, et invenit gratiam in conspectu illius. Et præcepit eunucho, ut acceleraret mundum muliebrem, et traderet ei partes suas, et septem puellas speciosissimas de domo regis, et tam ipsam quam pedissequas ejus ornaret atque excoleret. 10And she would not tell him her people nor her country. For Mardochai had charged her to say nothing at all of that:Ma ella non volle far sapere a lui di qual gente, e di qual patria ella fosse; perocché Mardocheo le aveva ordinato, che nulla di questo dicesse:Who would not tel him her people and countrie. For Mardocheus had commanded her, that of this thing she should altogether keepe silence:Quæ noluit indicare ei populum et patriam suam: Mardochæus enim præceperat ei, ut de hac re omnino reticeret: 11And he walked every day before the court of the house, in which the chosen virgins were kept, having a care for Esther’s welfare, and desiring to know what would befall her.Or egli passeggiava tutti i giorni dinanzi al vestibolo della casa, dove erano in serbo le vergini elette, sollecito della salute di Esther, e bramoso di sapere quel, che si fosse di lei.who walked daily before the entrance of the house, wherin the chosen virgins were kept, taking care of Esthers welfare, and desirous to know what should chance vnto her.qui deambulabat quotidie ante vestibulum domus, in qua electæ virgines servabantur, curam agens salutis Esther, et scire volens quid ei accideret. 12Now when every virgin’s turn came to go in to the king, after all had been done for setting them off to advantage, it was the twelfth month: so that for six months they were anointed with oil of myrrh, and for other six months they used certain perfumes and sweet spices.E quando fu venuto il tempo, in cui ciascheduna delle fanciulle doveva essere l'una dopo l'altra presentata al re, essendo già fatto tutto quel, che richiedeasi per metterle in ordine di tutto punto, correva già il duodecimo mese; perocché per sei mesi si ungevano con olio di mirra, e per altri sei facevano uso di certi unguenti, e aromati.And when the time of euerie virgin in order was come, that they should goe in to the king, al things accomplished that perteyned to wemens ornamentes, it was the twelfth moneth: yet so, that for six monethes they were anoynted with oyle of myrtle, and other six monethes they vsed certayne payntings and sweete spices.Cum autem venisset tempus singularum per ordinem puellarum ut intrarent ad regem, expletis omnibus quæ ad cultum muliebrem pertinebant, mensis duodecimus vertebatur: ita dumtaxat, ut sex mensibus oleo ungerentur myrrhino, et aliis sex quibusdam pigmentis et aromatibus uterentur.
13And when they were going in to the king, whatsoever they asked to adorn themselves they received: and being decked out, as it pleased them, they passed from the chamber of the women to the king’s chamber.E quando andavano a presentarsi al re, era dato ad esse tutto quello, che domandavano per abbigliarsi; e ornati in quel modo, che lor piaceva, dall'appartamento delle donne passavano nella camera del re.And going in to the king, what soeuer they asked that perteyned to adorning they receiued: and being trimmed, as it pleased them, they passed from the chamber of the wemen to the kings chamber.Ingredientesque ad regem, quidquid postulassent ad ornatum pertinens, accipiebant: et ut eis placuerat, compositæ de triclinio feminarum ad regis cubiculum transibant. 14And she that went in at evening, came out in the morning, and from thence she was conducted to the second house, that was under the hand of Susagaz the eunuch, who had the charge over the king’s concubines: neither could she return any more to the king, unless the king desired it, and had ordered her by name to come.E quella, che vi era andata la sera, ne usciva la mattina, e di lì era condotta in un altro appartamento, del quale avea la custodia l'eunuco Susagazi, il quale era governatore delle concubine del re; ed ella non avea permissione di tornare di nuovo dal re, se il re non la desiderava, e non comandava, che dessa nominatamente venisse.And she that went in at euening, came out in the morning, and from thence she was brought to the second house, that was vnder the hand of Susagazus the cunuch, who was chiefe ouer the kings concubines: neither had she power to returne any more to the king, vnlesse the king had willed, and had commanded her to come by name.Et quæ intraverat vespere, egrediebatur mane, atque inde in secundas ædes deducebatur, quæ sub manu Susagazi eunuchi erant, qui concubinis regis præsidebat: nec habebat potestatem ad regem ultra redeundi, nisi voluisset rex, et eam venire jussisset ex nomine. 15And as the time came orderly about, the day was at hand, when Esther, the daughter of Abihail the brother of Mardochai, whom he had adopted for his daughter, was to go in to the king. But she sought not women’s ornaments, but whatsoever Egeus the eunuch the keeper of the virgins had a mind, he gave her to adorn her. For she was exceeding fair, and her incredible beauty made her appear agreeable and amiable in the eyes of all.Or dopo un certo spazio di tempo era imminente il giorno, in cui veniva il turno di dover essere presentata al re, Esther figliuola di Abihail fratello di Mardocheo, adottata da questo per sua figliuola: ed ella non cercò ornamenti donneschi, ma l'eunuco Egeo custode delle vergini le diede quello, che a lui parve per abbigliarsi; perocché ella era molto avvenente, e di beltà incredibile, e agli occhi di tutti compariva graziosa, e amabile.And the time by order coming about, the day was at hand, that Esther the daughter of Abihail the brother of Mardocheus, whom he had adopted for his daughter, should goe in to the king. Who sought not wemens ornamentes, but whatsoeuer Egeus the eunuch the keper of the virgins would, those things he gaue her to her adorning. For she was exceding fayre, and of incredible beautie, she semed to al mens eies gratious and amiable.Evoluto autem tempore per ordinem, instabat dies quo Esther filia Abihail fratris Mardochæi, quam sibi adoptaverat in filiam, deberet intrare ad regem. Quæ non quæsivit muliebrem cultum, sed quæcumque voluit Egeus eunuchus custos virginum, hæc ei ad ornatum dedit. Erat enim formosa valde, et incredibili pulchritudine: omnium oculis gratiosa et amabilis videbatur. 16So she was brought to the chamber of king Assuerus the tenth month, which is called Tebeth, in the seventh year of his reign.Ella fu adunque condotta nella camera del re Assuero il decimo mese chiamato Tebeth, l'anno settimo del suo regno.She therfore was brought to the chamber of king Assuerus the tenth moneth, which is called Tebeth, in the seuenth yeare of his reigne.Ducta est itaque ad cubiculum regis Assueri mense decimo, qui vocatur Tebeth, septimo anno regni ejus.
17And the king loved her more than all the women, and she had favour and kindness before him above all the women, and he set the royal crown on her head, and made her queen instead of Vasthi.E il re la amò più di tutte le altre donne, ed ella trovò grazia, e favore dinanzi a lui sopra tutte le donne; ed ei le pose in testa il diadema reale, e la fece regina in luogo di Vasthi.And the king loued her more then al the wemen, and she had grace and mercie before him aboue al the wemen, and he put the crowne of the kingdom on her head, and made her reigne in steede of Vasthi.Et adamavit eam rex plus quam omnes mulieres, habuitque gratiam et misericordiam coram eo super omnes mulieres: et posuit diadema regni in capite ejus, fecitque eam regnare in loco Vasthi. 18And he commanded a magnificent feast to be prepared for all the princes, and for his servants, for the marriage and wedding of Esther, And he gave rest to all the provinces, and bestowed gifts according to princely magnificence.E ordinò, che si facesse un magnificentissimo convito a tutti i principi, e a tutti i servi suoi a causa del matrimonio, e delle nozze di Esther: concedette immunità a tutte le Provincie, e distribuì doni con magnificenza da principe.And he commanded a verie magnifical feast to be prepared to al the princes, and to his seruantes, for the coniunction, and mariage of Esther. And he gaue rest to al the prouinces, and bestowed giftes according to princely magnificence.Et jussit convivium præparari permagnificum cunctis principibus et servis suis pro conjunctione et nuptiis Esther. Et dedit requiem universis provinciis, ac dona largitus est juxta magnificentiam principalem. 19And when the virgins were sought the second time, and gathered together, Mardochai stayed at the king’s gate,Or mentre per la seconda volta si cercavano, e si radunavano delle vergini pel re, Mardocheo se ne stava presso alla porta del re:And when virgins were sought the second time and gathered together, Mardocheus taried at the kings gate,Cumque secundo quærerentur virgines et congregarentur, Mardochæus manebat ad januam regis: 20Neither had Esther as yet declared her country and people, according to his commandment. For whatsoever he commanded, Esther observed: and she did all things in the same manner as she was wont at that time when he brought her up a little one.Ma Esther secondo l'ordine di lui non aveva ancora manifestata la sua patria, e la sua nazione. Perocché Esther faceva puntualmente tutto quello, ch'ei le prescriveva; e in tutte le cose si di portava, come era solita di fare nel tempo, ch'egli da piccolina la educava.neither had Esther as yet vttered her countrie, & people, according to his cōmandment. For what soeuer he commanded, Esther obserued: and she did al thinges so as she was wont at that time, when he nourished her a litle one.necdum prodiderat Esther patriam et populum suum, juxta mandatum ejus. Quidquid enim ille præcipiebat, observabat Esther: et ita cuncta faciebat ut eo tempore solita erat, quo eam parvulam nutriebat.
21At that time, therefore, when Mardochai abode at the king’s gate, Bagathan and Thares, two of the king’s eunuchs, who were porters, and presided in the first entry of the palace, were angry: and they designed to rise up against the king, and to kill him.Nel tempo adunque, che Mardocheo stava alla porta del re, Bagathan e Thares due eunuchi del re, che erano anche custodi della porta, e presedevano al primo ingresso del palazzo, malcontenti del re pensarono di ribellarsegli, e ucciderlo.At that time therfore, when Mardocheus abode at the kings gate, Bagathan, and Thares were angrie, two of the kings eunuches, that were porters, and were chiefe in the first entrie of the palace: and they would make insurrection against the king, and kil him.Eo igitur tempore, quo Mardochæus ad regis januam morabatur, irati sunt Bagathan et Thares duo eunuchi regis, qui janitores erant, et in primo palatii limine præsidebant: volueruntque insurgere in regem, et occidere eum. 22And Mardochai had notice of it, and immediately he told it to queen Esther: and she to the king in Mardochai’s name, who had reported the thing unto her.E Mardocheo scoperse la cosa, e la fece subito sapere ad Esther regina, ed ella la disse al re per parte di Mardocheo, che a lei l'avea indicata.Wherof Mardocheus gotte notice, and immediatly he told it to queene Esther: and she to the king in the name of Mardocheus, who had reported the thing vnto her.Quod Mardochæum non latuit, statimque nuntiavit reginæ Esther: et illa regi ex nomine Mardochæi, qui ad se rem detulerat. 23It was inquired into, and found out: and they were both hanged on a gibbet. And it was put in the histories, and recorded in the chronicles before the king.Si fecero perquisizioni, e la cosa fu messa in chiaro; e furono appesi ambedue ad un patibolo. E fu ciò registrato nelle storie, e posto negli annali in presenza del re.It was examined, and found: and they were both hanged on a gibbet. And it was put in the histories, and registred in the cronicles before the king.Quæsitum est, et inventum: et appensus est uterque eorum in patibulo. Mandatumque est historiis, et annalibus traditum coram rege.
2:1
Suffered. He began to repent. The Persians used to deliberate when warm with wine: but their decrees were not ratified till they had examined them again the next day. (Herodotus 1:133.)
Calmet
This was not the case here; the king divorced his wife without any delay. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint intimate that he presently lost thoughts of her. "He no longer remembered Vasthi with any affection, reflecting what she had said, and how he had condemned her." (Haydock)
Calmet
But the Alexandrian copy agrees with the Hebrew. (Calmet)
2:2
2:3
House. Distinct from the palace, ver. 14.
Women's. Hebrew, "things for rubbing, (Calmet) or purification;" (Haydock) such as perfumes, but not clothes.
2:4
Commanded. Hebrew, "did so."
2:5
Calmet
Jew. He was of the tribe of Benjamin. But all went by this name, after the captivity. Mardochai had probably returned from Jerusalem, seeing things were unfinished there, 1 Esdras 2:2. (Calmet)
Semei, who cursed David. (Chaldean)
2:6
Year of the World 3485.
Du Hamel
Who. This may refer to Cis, the great-grandfather of Mardochai, if we postpone this history till the latter end of the Persian monarchy. (Du Hamel)
Cicero
But it more naturally applies to Mardochai himself, who (chap. 11:4.; Tirinus) was led captive 80 years before, being then perhaps 10 years old, so that he would now be only 90; an age when many are fit for great things. (Calmet) (Cicero, de Senect.)
Haydock
He might even have been an infant when taken, and of course would not be much above 80 when he came into such favour. (Haydock)
2:7
Calmet
Brothers. Josephus, ([Antiquities?] 11:6.) the old Latin version of the Syriac, Abenezra, etc., suppose that Mardochai was uncle to Esther. But the Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, and Chaldean assert that he was only her cousin. Septuagint, "daughter of Aminadab, (or rather Abihail, ver. 15.) his father's brother, and her name was Esther; and after her parents were dead, he educated her for a wife;" eis gunaika, as some Rabbins also maintain, believing she was an heiress. Yet other Greek copies, Hebrew, etc., read, "he educated her as a daughter, thugatera: for the damsel was very beautiful." He had probably adopted her. (Calmet)
Menochius
Edissa. Hebrew hadassa, (Haydock) or Hadassah, signified "of myrtle." (Menochius)
Calmet
Esther, "a sheep." (Calmet)
2:9
Tirinus
And he, Egeus, commanded the under eunuch. (Tirinus)
Calmet
Hebrew, "he quickly gave her her things for purifications, (ver. 3.) and her portions, with seven maids, suitable for her, out of the king's house; and he charged her and her maids to dwell in the best of the women's house," (Haydock) where things were the most commodious. (Calmet)
2:10
Haydock
Would. Hebrew, "had not declared." He was not influenced to treat her thus on account of her royal extraction. (Haydock)
Calmet
In effect, the Jews were despised. (Calmet)
2:11
Tirinus
Court. He was one of the life-guards, Esther 11:3. (Tirinus)
Calmet
This situation enabled him to disclose a conspiracy, (ver. 23., and Esther 12:5.) as he often went to enquire after the health of Esther. (Calmet)
2:12
Turn. This was rigidly observed, in that country, where polygamy prevailed, Genesis 30:16. (Herodotus 3:69.)
Calmet
The wives were "shut up in separate apartments," (Just. 1:9.) in the remotest parts of the palace. (Calmet)
Twelfth. A full year elapsed before they could be admitted.
Haydock
A sweet. Protestants, "other things for the purifying of the women." (Haydock)
Curtius iii
It would be difficult to form an adequate idea of the luxury of the Persians, if the Scripture had not informed us. The kings were not satisfied with one wife. Assuerus had 400; (Josephus) and Darius Codomannus carried 360 with him, in his expeditions. (Curtius iii.)
Parmenio took an incredible number of his concubines, at Damascus. (Athen. 13:9.)
Calmet
They were not all treated alike, but all were very sumptuously adorned. Cities were allotted to furnish one with sandals, another with girdles, etc. (Cicero in Verrem. v.) (Calmet)
2:15
Abihail. Septuagint, "Aminadab, brother of Mardochai's father." (Haydock) (Ver. 7.)
2:16
Year of the World 3490, Year before Christ 514.
Calmet
Tenth. Septuagint and old Vulgate, "twelfth month, which is Adar." Tebeth corresponds with December and January. (Calmet)
Haydock
Notwithstanding all exertions, Esther had been near four years in preparing; (Tirinus; Esther 1:3.; Calmet) unless some years had elapsed before she was brought, ver. 12. (Haydock)
Tirinus
She was guilty of no sin in becoming an inferior wife of the king. (Menochius) (Tirinus)
2:17
Calmet
Crown. Literally, "diadem," (Haydock) which was a bandage "of purple, striped with white," by which the queen was distinguished from the other wives. (Calmet)
The king wore "a four-square cidaris," with a similar ornament. (Alex. Genial. 1:27.)
Only one queen was chosen from all the wives, and she was "adored" by the rest. (Dion. Athen. 3:l.)
Calmet
Though God had forbidden marriages with infidels, (Calmet) at least with those of Chanaan, (Haydock) a dispensation might be granted, (Exodus xxxiv.; Tirinus; 2 Kings iii.; Worthington) for a greater good. Esther was not puffed up with her exaltation, and refrained from all forbidden meats, Esther 14:15. (Calmet)
Calmet
If she be the Artystona of Herotous, (VII. 69.; Haydock) as it is most probable, (Tirinus) her two sons, Arsames and Gobryas, had a command in the famous expedition of Xerxes. (Usher, the year of the world 3524.) (Calmet)
2:18
Haydock
Servants. Septuagint add, "seven days, and he magnified the nuptials of Esther." (Haydock)
Calmet
Rest, from labour. (Calmet)
Calmet
Septuagint, "remission to all his subjects," of tribute, as was sometimes done. (Herodotus 3:66.) (Tirinus) (Calmet)
Malvenda
Gifts, on Esther. (Chaldean) (Malvenda)
2:19
Haydock
And. Septuagint, "But Mardochai," etc. (Haydock)
They say nothing of the gifts, ver. 18.
Calmet
Second. The same process had been observed before, when Vasthi was chosen. (Calmet)
Tirinus
Mardochai was perhaps then one of the king's guards. (Haydock) (Ver. 11.) (Tirinus)
Menochius
This second inquiry is here specified, to introduce the following account. (Menochius)
2:20
Menochius
Commandment. No one interrogated her, as she had been educated at Susa, and was taken for a Persian lady, ver. 10. (Menochius)
2:21
Haydock
Bagathan, or Bagatha and Thara, Esther 12:1. One of the chief counsellors was called Bagatha. (Haydock)
Vatable
But these two were porters, (Calmet) or guards, of the king, (Septuagint; Grotius) or of the treasury. (Vatable)
Calmet
Some Greek copies and the Chaldean insinuate that they were displeased at the advancement of Mardochai. The latter supposes that they meant also to poison Esther. (Calmet)
Calmet
It appears that they wished to make Aman king, (Menochius) and the detection was always resented by him, Esther 12:6. (Calmet)
2:22
Notice of it, from Barnabaz, a Jew in the service of one of them. (Josephus [Antiquities?] 11:6.)
Worthington
He might also hear some suspicious words. (R. Calom.) (Worthington)
2:23
Calmet
King. Such histories were preserved with great care, 1 Esdras 6:1. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint, "the king ordered a memorial of it to be kept in the royal library, for the praise of Mardochai's good will." (Haydock)
The latter also wrote an account, Esther 12:4.
2:6
Concordance 4. Reg. 24.
2:8
Deut. •. v. 3. Israelites are forbid to marie with Gentiles, yet when there was no danger to be peruerted, and great hope of good, Esther by Mardocheus counsel consented to marie king Assuerus, though otherwise she detested the bed of the incircumcised, and of euerie stranger, •h 14. v. 15. K. Dauid also maried the kings daughter of Gessur. 2. Reg. 3. v. 3.
2:22
Mardocheus hearing suspicious wordes and obseruing their actions sawe that they intended euel and informed the King, wherby their ••eson was disouered. Rab. •alom. & Iosep.
2:23
C ch. 12. v. 1.
2:1
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 125.14
14. The world’s philosophers drive out an old passion by instilling a new one; they hammer out one nail by hammering in another. It was on this principle that the seven princes of Persia acted towards king Ahasuerus, for they subdued his regret for queen Vashti by inducing him to love other maidens.
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1. HE REMEMBERED (thus the Hebrew, Septuagint, Chaldean, and Romans. Therefore some read wrongly: "she remembered," namely Vashti) VASHTI, that is, that he had repudiated her who was so beautiful and beloved. Whence sorrow and sadness came upon the king's mind, both on his own account and on account of Vashti whom he loved: which sadness his ministers, in order to wipe away, suggest to him that he should seek a more beautiful wife throughout the entire kingdom, lest he revoke the decree of repudiation; and thus he might lose something of royal constancy and authority, namely just as a nail is driven out by a nail, so love is driven out by love. WHAT HAD BEEN DONE TO HER, that is, as the Hebrew says, what sentence had been passed upon her, namely of repudiation and deprivation of the kingdom.
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3. THE EUNUCHS EGEI. The "Egei" alludes to Vagao, or Bagous, which in Persian signifies eunuch. See the remarks on Judith XII, 10. Moreover, eunuchs were formerly intimate to the king and princes of the court, who saw the king's face, and were most familiar to him, as is evident in chapter I, verse 10, where the Chaldean translates satrapas for eunuchs.
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5. THERE WAS A MAN, A JEW, IN THE CITY OF SUSA, BY NAME MORDECAI. For although Mordecai returned with Zerubbabel and Jesus the High Priest from Babylon to Jerusalem under Cyrus, and was indeed one of the chief men and leaders of those returning, as is evident from the Book of Ezra, chapter II, verse 2; nevertheless he soon returned from Jerusalem to Susa, because he was "a great man, and among the first of the king's court," as is said in chapter XI, verse 4. For he was "at the king's gate," as it were his doorkeeper, chamberlain, and keeper of the royal body. For that the doorkeepers of the royal court were the king's guards is testified by Xenophon and Herodotus. Whence Josephus Ben Gorion says that Mordecai was one of the three Parthenim, that is, the chief men of the court and palatines, of whom verse 3 speaks. Thus Daniel, on account of his integrity and prophecy, was appointed by Nebuchadnezzar over all Babylon, Daniel II, 48. And Tobias, although a Hebrew and a captive, on account of his faithfulness was steward of Shalmaneser, Tobias chapter I, thus virtue exalted the ancient Jews, otherwise hateful to the gentiles. Furthermore, "Mordecai," in Hebrew is the same as Mardachat, that is, myrrh, or the bitterness of contrition, or crushed myrrh, or one teaching contrition, or the purest myrrh. Thus Serarius. Likewise myrrh of my contritions, or of my poverty, or of my poor (for dach indeed means poor) or myrrh of my purities, or of my just ones; for dacha in Syriac means to cleanse, to purify, to justify. All these things Pagninus has in his Hebrew Names; and all aptly befit Mordecai who, when destined to death with the Hebrews by Haman, suffered bitter things; but through Esther all gall was turned to honey, bitterness to sweetness; sadness was converted into joy. MORDECAI, SON OF JAIR, SON OF SEMEI, SON OF CIS, OF THE TRIBE OF BENJAMIN, says the Chaldean, the Septuagint and Josephus. For Jemini was a noble man of this tribe; or certainly Benjamin by aphaeresis בן Ben is the same as Jamin, or Jemini. From this we gather that Mordecai and Esther were descended from Benjamin, and from the royal line of Saul; and this is asserted by Josephus, Serarius and others. For Cis was the father of Saul, he of Jonathan and Mephibosheth, from whom Mordecai and Esther appear to be descended. For many intermediate generations are passed over in silence here, as elsewhere. The Chaldean adds: "Mordecai was a pious man, and praying before his God for his people." How true this is will be evident from the course of the history. Hence it is clear that Esther was the daughter of Cis, for whom Herodotus, book III, has daughter of Cyrus, because he did not know Cis, but Cyrus; and he thought Esther to be Persian, not Jewish. For Esther, or Hadassah, appears to be the Atossa of Herodotus.
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6. WHO HAD BEEN CARRIED AWAY FROM JERUSALEM AT THE TIME WHEN NEBUCHADNEZZAR, KING OF BABYLON, HAD CARRIED AWAY JECONIAH, KING OF JUDA, into Babylon, IV Kings, last chapter. The "who" Rupertus, book VIII, chapter V, Cajetan, Scaliger and Serarius refer to "Cis," as if he were carried away with Jeconiah, not Mordecai; for thus, they say, he would have lived about two hundred years, which was unusual in that age. But that "who" should be referred to "Mordecai," not to "Cis," is clear; both because the connection of the discourse and the plain construction, which is entirely about Mordecai, requires it; and because Mordecai is expressly said to have been carried away with Jeconiah, in chapter XI, verse 4; from which it is clear that he himself in his own person, not in his father or grandfather (as some explain it), was carried away. Whence I gather and conclude that this history occurred, not under Artaxerxes Longimanus, as many wish, much less under Artaxerxes Mnemon; because Mordecai could not have lived so long: for what Scaliger says, that he lived two hundred years, others say 465, others 490, seems incredible, and is refuted by the fact that Esther, who was Mordecai's niece by his brother, verse 8, is called a girl, that is, a young woman. For she was without doubt in the flower of her age, when, on account of her beauty being preferred to all other virgins, she was given as wife to Ahasuerus; for how would the king have desired or admitted as wife an old woman, wrinkled and deformed? Wherefore Mordecai, the uncle of Esther, could not then have been a hundred years old. I conclude therefore and assert that this history occurred under Darius Hystaspes, and that he was Ahasuerus, the husband of Esther, as I showed in the Preface, whose age and years I thus subtract and calculate: Mordecai, when carried away with Jeconiah into Babylon, was a boy of about three years. Add 70 years of the Babylonian captivity, then three years of Cyrus, six of Cambyses, and three of Darius Hystaspes (for in the third year of his reign he took Esther as wife, as is evident in chapter I, verse 3), you will make up 83 years of the life and age of Mordecai. Thus Esther was born of a younger brother of Mordecai at about 30 years of age, which is the age of flourishing youth, and fit for marriage. Hence it is clear that there was one and the same Mordecai (not two, as Serarius and others wish), who lived with Ezra, Nehemiah, Zerubbabel, Jesus the High Priest, and was one of the leaders of the people returning from Babylon, I Ezra chapter II, verse 2.
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7. WHO WAS THE FOSTER-FATHER OF THE DAUGHTER OF HIS BROTHER. The Hebrew, Chaldean and Septuagint have "of the father's brother," that is, of the uncle, as if Esther were the uncle's daughter, or cousin. SHE WAS CALLED BY ANOTHER NAME ESTHER. In Hebrew therefore she was called Hadasa (our Edissa, in Persian); and when she was taken into the bed of Darius king of the Persians, she was called Esther. Whence Xerxes the son of Darius had a wife, to whom the name was Amester or Amestris, as Herodotus testifies, lib. VII, that is to say, another Esther. Furthermore Hadasa, or Edissa, in Hebrew is the same as myrtle, or of myrtle; thus therefore was she named on account of her exceptional beauty, probity, courtesy, and grace both of body and of character, especially of virginal modesty and chastity, in which she was a type of the Blessed Virgin and of other holy virgins, as I have shown through many analogies, Zacharias 1, 8; where for this reason in the second year of Darius Hystaspes Zacharias saw an Angel standing among myrtles, that is, in the court of Esther, who was called Hadasa, that is, myrtle, and who was already destined to be the wife of Darius for the salvation of her people, as I have shown there. Thus therefore was she called Hadasa, that is, myrtle, on account of her eminent beauty; for the myrtle is the most beautiful of herbs: whence also Venus, most fair, was called myrtle-like. So also King Philip of France from his exceptional form was surnamed the Fair. Thus Sanchez, Serarius and others. But this beauty of body, and more of soul in Esther, was equally as in the myrtle, solid and constant, according to that saying: "The myrtle is always myrtle, even if among nettles," as Esther was among the Persians. ESTHER — thus was she called by the Persians, as I have already shown, who previously in Hebrew was called Hadasa, that is, myrtle. For the Chaldeans and Persians were accustomed, when foreigners, and especially Hebrews, were taken into a city or court, to change their names and give them those of their own nation, as they gave to Daniel and his companions, cap. 1. Furthermore "Esther" in Hebrew is the same as "I will hide," says Pagninus, from the root סתר Satar, that is, he hides. Serarius adds at the beginning of the Prolegomena that Esther is the same as "she who hides the hidden," or "medicine of exploration and contemplation," or "medicine of the dove," or "beautiful as the moon," or Venus. Whence from Esther is said כוכבה, that is, star, from which among the Germans it is called sterre. For Esther was a brighter star than the other royal virgins; indeed the sun of Israel as much as of Persia. Hence again the name Esther alludes to Astarte the Goddess of the Syrians, whom Cicero relates to have been Venus, the most beautiful of the Goddesses, lib. III De natura Deorum; and to Asteria the daughter of Coeus, a Titan's son, from whom Jupiter begat Hercules, as they say and the Poets feign. Again "Esther" in Hebrew is the same as "hidden fire": אש es indeed is fire, סתר satar to hide; or "fire of the dove," or "fire investigating and searching"; for es is fire, תור tor is dove, or investigating and searching. But because Esther is a Persian name, hence its etymology is to be derived from the Arabs and Persians (whose language is near, and both descend from the Hebrew). "Esther" therefore in Arabic and Persian is the same as "receptress and protectress," namely of the Jews destined for death by Haman: for Satar is to receive, to hide, to conceal, and to protect. Whence Satir in Arabic is protector; satar is one who receives, who receives fleeing servants and hides them. Again in Chaldean and Syriac Satar signifies to oppose, to contradict, to destroy, such as Esther was, who opposed herself to Haman, and destroyed him, and crucified him. Finally Pagninus says, Esther, he says, in Chaldean is the same as cheerfulness; and thus "Esther" in Persian is the same as the Hebrew Hadasa, that is, myrtle: for this is the symbol of joy and cheerfulness, which Esther brought to Israel by freeing it from Haman and death. Allegorically Esther is the Blessed Virgin, for she herself receives under her wings and protects sinners, and the just who are afflicted and flee to her; she is the gladness of the saints and the faithful. Hence by her aid St. Hilaria, mother of St. Afra the martyr, praying at her daughter's tomb (cast into fire by the Gentiles), underwent martyrdom joyfully, as also St. Hilaria, wife of Claudius the tribune and martyr, who praying at the tomb of Jason and Maurus her sons, martyrs, captured by pagans, having received the holy synaxis, joyfully gave up her spirit, as Ado relates in the Martyrology on the 12th day of August, and on the 3rd day of December. Wherefore the Church daily thus addresses and invokes the Blessed Virgin: "Hail, Queen, mother of mercy, our life, our sweetness, and our hope, hail." And elsewhere: "Mary mother of grace, mother of mercy, do thou protect us from the enemy, and at the hour of death receive us." And: "Hail, star of the sea, nurturing mother of God," etc. "Fair as the moon, chosen as the sun, terrible as an army set in array." Hear St. Bernard, sermon 4 On the Assumption: "Let thy mercy be silent, O blessed Virgin, if there be any who remembers having called upon thee in their necessities and found thee wanting; we thy servants indeed rejoice with thee in other virtues, but in this rather for ourselves; we praise virginity, we marvel at humility, but mercy tastes sweeter to the wretched, mercy we embrace more dearly, we remember more often, we invoke more frequently." Furthermore, Hadasa, or Edissa, appears to be Atossa, whom Herodotus, book III, calls the wife of Darius Hystaspes, and adds, book VII, at the beginning, that her firstborn son was Xerxes, who succeeded his father Darius in the kingdom. Wherefore some think Xerxes was the son of Esther from Darius. Hear Herodotus, book VII, where after he had narrated that Darius, before he was made king, had a wife, daughter of Gobryas, and from her begat Artabazanes, but when he was made king, he took Atossa, and from her begat Xerxes, to whom his brother Artabazanes raised a dispute concerning the right of succession to the kingdom, and favoring him the Spartan Demaratus suggested: "That to the other things he was saying, he should add this, that he himself was born of Darius already king and holding the Persian empire; but Artabazanes was born of Darius when he was a private man; therefore it was neither fitting nor just that anyone else rather than himself should attain that dignity. Since among the Spartans also it is thus observed, that if sons are born to anyone before he reigns, and then another is born to him when he is already king, the succession of the kingdom belongs to this later-born. Using this reasoning submitted by Demaratus, Darius declared Xerxes king as one speaking justly, although even without the instruction of Demaratus Xerxes (in my opinion) would have reigned; for all power was in the hands of Atossa." Thus Herodotus, who also adds below that Xerxes made war against the Greeks, and numbered in his camps 1,700,000 soldiers, that is, seventeen hundred thousand, but in so great a number there was none who could be compared with Xerxes either in magnitude, both of spirit and body, or in form and appearance so august; and that Xerxes, contemplating such forces from a high vantage point, wept; and being asked by Artabanus the reason, said: "Reflecting how brief human life is, pity for these men came upon me, of whom, though there are so many, none will survive to a hundred years," then Artabanus added: "This life is so miserable, and so full of troubles, that there is no man to whose mind it does not frequently occur to wish rather to die than to live, and to whom life, though brief, does not seem quite long; therefore death is the most desired refuge of a miserable life, and therefore is not to be mourned but rather to be wished for and sought after." MARDOCHAEUS ADOPTED HER TO HIMSELF AS A DAUGHTER. Hence it is clear first that Esther was of the tribe of Benjamin, and of the royal line of Saul; for from that line was Mardocheus her uncle, indeed her adoptive father; second, that she was an orphan; third, that she was piously and holily educated by the pious and holy Mardocheus, who breathed into her as it were to a daughter his own spirit of virtue and piety. Whence St. Jerome, epistle 140: "Ruth," he says, "Esther and Judith were of such glory that they inscribed their names in the sacred volumes." Moreover the letters of the name Judith, and of the name Esther taken as numerical signs, produce the same number, namely 161, as Serarius shows at the beginning of the Prolegomena.
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9. WHICH PLEASED HIM, Egeus the eunuch, seeking beautiful virgins for Ahasuerus. AND HE COMMANDED (Egeus the prefect of the eunuchs) THE EUNUCH (a subordinate and subject to him) THAT HE SHOULD HASTEN THE WOMAN'S ADORNMENT (that is, the preparation), AND GIVE HER PORTIONS, that is, an allotted and appointed portion of food and delicacies: for Manoth in Hebrew are called dishes which are set before each person separately, such as the portions Elcana gave to Anna his wife, I Kings 1; and Samuel to King Saul, I Kings x. Moreover it is not doubtful that Esther, a religious woman, abstained from foods forbidden to her by the law of Moses, as she herself professes to have abstained from things sacrificed to idols, cap. XIV, vers. 17. AND SEVEN VERY BEAUTIFUL MAIDENS, as it were companions and honorable attendants.
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12. THE TWELFTH MONTH. Therefore throughout the whole year each virgin was adorned and refined before she went to Ahasuerus; namely, for six months preceding they were anointed with oil of myrrh, or that made from myrrh, and for the other six months they used unguents and delicate aromatics and perfumes, and especially those made from Heliocallide: "For with this," says Pliny, lib. XXIV, cap. XVII, "decocted with fat of a lion, with saffron and palm wine added, they anoint the Magi and the kings of the Persians, so that the body becomes pleasant to behold, and for this reason the same Heliocallide is named." The reason was that Jewish women, equally as Persian women, on account of the heat of the region smell strongly, and exhale a goat-like odor under the armpits, which must be gradually removed from the body by unguents imbibed into it, so that they may exhale the sweet odor with which they are imbued. Whence Pliny, book XIII, chapter I, ascribes the use and origin of unguent and anointing to the Persians: "It ought to be the unguent of the Persian people," he says; "they are soaked in it, and by a sought-after commendation they extinguish the poison of nature's excess. The first instance that I can find is that when the camps of King Darius were taken, Alexander captured a casket of unguents in the remainder of his equipment; afterwards the pleasure of it was admitted by our people also among the most praised and most honorable goods of life." Indeed, Scripture itself, Cant. IV, assigns to them unguents of myrrh, saffron, nard, etc. Thus Lyra, Sanchez and others. If Esther was thus anointed and adorned so as to please a mortal man, how much more was the Blessed Virgin anointed and adorned with grace and virtues, so as to become the spouse of God and mother of Christ? Moreover, women are lovers of adornment and zealous for ornament, whence the Comic poet: "What a quantity of business," he says, "is in one woman? who night and day at every age are always adorning themselves, washing, polishing." And again: "While they are combing their hair, while they are polishing themselves, a year passes." Athenaeus adds, lib. I: "Persian women are excessively zealous for adornment."
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16. THEREFORE ESTHER WAS BROUGHT TO THE BEDCHAMBER OF KING AHASUERUS IN THE TENTH MONTH (which corresponds partly to our December, partly to January) IN THE SEVENTH YEAR OF HIS REIGN. Therefore for four years Esther waited on account of the multitude of virgins who were being brought, before she herself was brought to Ahasuerus; for he himself in the third year of his reign, having repudiated Vashti, took care to seek other beautiful women, among whom was Esther. Moreover these women, by the very fact that they were being brought to Ahasuerus, became his concubines, that is secondary wives; from whom the king then chose one as primary wife to be Queen, as he chose Esther here. For marriage was made by mutual consent of man and woman to marital union. Whence Josephus, lib. XI, cap. VI: "When," he says, "Esther came to the king, he, delighted with her and captivated by her love, takes her as wife according to law, and celebrates nuptials with her, in the twelfth month of the seventh year of his reign, which month is called Adar." You will ask whether Esther, faithful, could lawfully marry Ahasuerus an infidel. I answer that she could, because in Deut. VII, 3, the Jews are forbidden only marriages with the Canaanites, not however with the Persians and other Gentiles. Thus Bellarmine, Serarius, Sanchez and others. Add that Esther could not refuse this edict of the King, lest she provoke his wrath upon herself and the other Jews; indeed if she herself had resisted, the king could have abused her against her will and done her violence. Finally, Esther and Mordecai felt the instinct of God to enter into marriage with the king, so that they might reconcile him to their whole nation; and thus they might avert the danger of death from Haman impending upon them. Allegorically "Esther is queen, the Blessed Virgin Mary," says St. Bonaventure in the Mirror, cap. VII, "who was brought to the bedchamber of the King in the Assumption, to the bedchamber of eternal rest, having the grace of the true King above all women, that is above all angelic intelligences, and above all blessed souls, so that in Mary there is grace above the grace of all the blessed; for truly in her head the King of kings placed a diadem of kingdom so precious, so delightful, so wonderful, that this is inexpressible to every tongue, inscrutable to every intellect." Wherefore Methodius in the Hypapante teaches that the sacred head of Mary was crowned by God. For this reason Robert, lib. III in Cant. IV, expounds of her: "Thou shalt be crowned from the dens of lions, from the mountains of leopards: Thou shalt be crowned," he says, "so that in the heavens thou art Queen of the Saints, and on earth thou art Queen of kingdoms." Anagogically the Blessed Virgin assumed into heaven was crowned there Queen of the heavens, of men and of Angels. Whence in Apoc. XII, 1, she is called "a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet and upon her head a crown of twelve stars," see the things said there. Hear St. Bernard On the Assumption: "Then the Blessed Virgin as another Esther from the triclinium of women, that is, from the Church militant brought forth, and through the whole militia of the heavenly army to the bedchamber of Ahasuerus, that is, of the highest God, so that there may befit her that Prophetic word: Thou hast held my right hand, and in thy will thou hast guided me, and with glory thou hast received me. Which truly was fulfilled today, when all the citizens of the heavens saw her ascending, and abounding in the delights of divine embraces, leaning upon her beloved." Deservedly therefore the Church sings, as St. Ildefonsus testifies, serm. On the Assumption: "The Virgin Mary was assumed to the ethereal bridal chamber, in which the King of kings sits on a starry, nay ineffable, as Ildefonsus says, throne."
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17. AND THE KING LOVED HER MORE THAN ALL WOMEN, because Esther surpassed all in beauty, and modesty, shame, purity, grace, and holiness; whence she was a type of the Blessed Virgin whom the Angel greeted, saying: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou among women," Luke 1.
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Vers. 18. AND HE GAVE REST TO ALL THE PROVINCES, from taxes and other burdens, that is, he remitted the tributes which he had previously imposed upon the people. For Darius imposed more, as Herodotus teaches, lib. III: "For indeed," he says, "under Cyrus, and then under Cambyses, nothing had yet been established concerning tributes, but gifts were brought. On account of this ordering of tributes, and other such things, the Persians say that Darius was the founder, Cambyses however was harsh and morose; Cyrus however, acting mildly, and in every way striving to deserve well of them." Others understand this "rest" as from labors; that is to say, Darius ordered all to cease from works, and to keep festival days in joy and banquets, on account of such distinguished nuptials entered into with Esther. AND HE GAVE GIFTS ACCORDING TO ROYAL MAGNIFICENCE, that is, kingly; for in Hebrew it is according to the magnificence of the king, which indeed befitted the king as great as Darius was.
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19. AND WHEN VIRGINS WERE SOUGHT A SECOND TIME. Hence it appears that virgins were sought twice by Ahasuerus, for this is what the words mean. For polygamy was customary at that time, especially among kings. Whence Solomon had 700 queens and 300 concubines, that is secondary wives. Thus even now the kings of the Turks, Arabs, and Indians have a great multitude of wives. For lust is insatiable, equally fastidious and curious; for whom once they have known, they soon grow weary of, and seek another, so that they do not so much satisfy their luxury as change it, and try whether pleasure might be greater elsewhere.
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20. THUS DID SHE ALL THINGS, ACCORDING TO THE MANNER OF THE WOMEN, WHICH WAS APPOINTED HER. Behold here the rare obedience of Esther, who, though now made queen, nay empress, yet obeyed Mordecai as she obeyed when a little child, and through this obedience God most wisely directed her in all things, so that she might supplant Haman and free the people from death.
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21. BIGTHAN AND TERESH, TWO EUNUCHS (Palatine, and courtiers of Darius), etc., SOUGHT TO LAY HANDS ON THE KING, AND TO KILL HIM. For what reason? Various authors assign various probable causes. The Septuagint gives this, that the king had preferred Mordecai to them. Others, that he had repudiated Vashti and substituted Esther in her place. Others, that they were not content with their dignity and rank, but sought a greater one, nay the kingdom itself, just as Smerdes the Magus had seized the kingdom from Darius by deceit. Others, more probably, that they wished to transfer the kingdom to another, who was first in rank from the king; and therefore they think Haman was aware of their conspiracy or was its author, and they gather this from the fact that in chapter XII, verse 6, it is said that Haman was offended at Mordecai, because he himself was the cause that these two eunuchs were hanged. They were therefore friends, supporters and agents of Haman, so that with the king slain by them, he himself might seize it as if first in rank from the king; and because the king says, in chapter XVI, 12, of Haman: "Who was so lifted up with arrogance and pride, that he sought to deprive us of our kingdom and our life," that is, life. For the ambition of ruling attempts everything and overturns all things. This is supported by what Josephus, son of Gorion, writes: "When Mordecai sat, he says, at the king's gate, he noticed the whisper of two eunuchs of the king, who guarded the gate, and were consulting how they might lay hands on the king, and carry his head to the king of Macedonia, who had already declared war on the kings of the Persians. But when the eunuchs were hanged on the cross, Haman was greatly angered, because his counselors were thus put to the cross, and he attempted to exterminate all the Jews." Concerning this war declared by the king of Macedonia against Darius and the Persians, we read nothing elsewhere; yet there could have been some suspicion of it, both because shortly after Xerxes, son of Darius, waged war against the Macedonians and Greeks; and because Alexander the Great, who was king of Macedonia, after some years transferred the monarchy from Darius Codomannus and the Persians to himself and the Macedonians; and because Haman, who was a Macedonian, sought the kingdom, of which more in chapter III, verse 1.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
2:5
From as early as 722 B.C., and especially from the Babylonian exile (6th century B.C.), Israel was reduced to the tribe of Judah alone; the Israelites therefore called themselves "Jews" (Jer. 40, 11-15; 44, 26; Zech. 8, 23; Esth. 2, 5; 3, 6; 9, 29, etc.; Ezra 4, 12, etc.; Neh. 4, 2; 5, 17; 6, 6, etc.; very often in I-II Macc. and in the New Testament).
3. A Benjaminite, father of Mordecai (Esth. 2:5).
Mardochai (Hebrew: Mordhēkhaj)
… After Esther's entry into the king's harem (ca. 484 B.C.), M. continues to watch over her, having advised her to keep her race hidden (Esth. 2:5-11, 15). M. reveals the conspiracy of two eunuchs against Xerxes (ibid. 2:21 ff.). …
2:7
… It is disputed whether the Hebrews knew and practiced adoption; the biblical texts usually adduced (Gen. 48:12-20; Ex. 1:10; Esth. 2:7b) are not conclusive. …
2:12
Myrrh (Heb. Môr; LXX Αὐωρία; Lat. Myrrha)
… At the court of Ahasuerus the women purified themselves for six months with the oil of myrrh (Esth. 2:12). The Magi presented it to the child Jesus (Mt. 2:11). At the Crucifixion it was offered, together with wine, to alleviate the pains (Mk. 15:23), but Our Lord refused it in order …
2:16
T. is among the month names of Babylonian origin, introduced into Palestine at a rather late period, since they are encountered only in the post-exilic biblical texts (tēbhēth in Esth. 2:16; nīsān in Esth. 3:7; Neh. 2:1; 'ādhār in Esth. 3:13; 8:12; kislēw in Neh. 1:1).
2:20
… The papyri belong to the same codex as the 16 sheets of papyrus IX of Chester Beatty (v.), containing Ex. 11:25-17:21 and Esth. 2:20-8:6, and the 13 sheets of papyrus X of Chester Beatty with a part of the Greek version of Daniel. …
2:21
Mardochai (Hebrew: Mordhēkhaj)
… After Esther's entry into the king's harem (ca. 484 B.C.), M. continues to watch over her, having advised her to keep her race hidden (Esth. 2:5-11, 15). M. reveals the conspiracy of two eunuchs against Xerxes (ibid. 2:21 ff.). …
2:69
… According to the Greek translation of the Septuagint and the Vulgate, it already appears in the 5th century B.C. as a monetary unit (Esth. 2:69); but the Vatican codex (B) omits drachmās. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.