F
857 articles · 125 under Fo · English index · Indice italiano-
Foch, Germain
Jesuit spiritual writer, b. 8 Oct. 1854 at Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées), d. in Paris on 9 June 1920, brother of the Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch. Having… -
Fogarini, Francesco Antonio da Brescia
A Scotist philosopher and theologian of the Conventual Franciscans, he studied at the College of St. Bonaventure in Rome from 1644, and later became regent of… -
Fogazzaro, Antonio
Writer, b. at Vicenza on 25 March 1842, d. there on 5 March 1911. In 1863 he published his first, weak poetic experiments in the journal Universo. In 1864 he… -
Fogazzaro, Giuseppe
Priest and educationist, b. at Bergamo on 6 Nov. 1813, d. at Vicenza on 16 Aug. 1901. Ordained in 1836, he devoted himself to education, opening in 1839 a… -
Foggia, Diocese of (FOGGIA, DIOCESI DI)
The diocese of F., immediately subject to the Holy See, is situated in the province of the same name and is of recent establishment. On 26 June 1855, with the… -
Foggia, Francesco
Musician, b. in Rome in 1605, d. there in 1688 and buried in S. Prassede. He studied with Cifra, Nassini and Agostini. He was maestro di cappella of the… -
Foggini, Gian Battista
Sculptor and architect, b. in Florence on 25 Apr. 1652 and d. there on 12 Apr. 1725. He studied the works of Ferrata, subsequently following the Berninian and… -
Foggini, Pier Francesco
Historian and theologian, b. in Florence in 1713, d. in Rome on 31 May 1783. Son of Giovan Battista, reputed the best sculptor of his time and architect in the… -
Foglianti
FOGLIANTI: v. CISTERCENSI: Cistercian Congregation of Italy. -
Fogliantine
De la Barrière also founded a female branch of the same Rule of the Feuillants (v.); the first monastery arose at Montesquieu-Volvestre in 1588, transferred to… -
Fogolla, Francesco, Beato (FOGOLLA, FRANCESCO, BESTO)
Bishop, missionary and martyr, b. at Montereggio in the Tuscan Garfagnana on 4 Oct. 1838, d. on 9 July 1900 in the Boxer persecution, at Tai-yuan-fu, Shansi… -
Foix, Gaston de
Duke of Nemours, b. in 1489 to John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne, and to Marie d'Orléans, sister of Louis XII, d. at Ravenna on 11 April 1512. > FOLIGNO… -
Foix, Pierre de
Born in Béarn (Lower Pyrenees) in 1386. He studied at Toulouse and took the Franciscan habit. At 19 years of age, in 1405, he was bishop of Lescar; at 23, in… -
Folco of Neuilly (FOLCO DI NEUILLY)
Parish priest of Neuilly-sur-Marne near Paris, from 1191, d. at Neuilly on 2 March 1201. In 1198 he founded the abbey of St-Antoine-des-Champs. He was an… -
Folengo, Teofilo
Poet, b. at Mantua on 8 Nov. 1491, d. at Campese di Bassano on 9 Dec. 1544. As a boy he studied under a priest in the Ferrarese, and in 1509 he entered the… -
Foley, Henry
Jesuit, historian, b. at Astley (Worcester) on 9 Aug. 1811, d. at Roehampton on 19 Nov. 1891. Under the influence of the "Oxford movement" he embraced… -
Foligno, Diocese of (FOLIGNO, DIOCESI DI)
The diocese of F., immediately subject to the Holy See, is located in the province of Perugia, where it comprises the eastern edge of the Umbrian valley… -
Folk Poetry (POESIA POPOLARE)
Interest in f. p. revealed itself in England as early as the first decades of the 18th century, and the most significant work of this first turning of taste… -
Folk Traditions (TRADIZIONI POPOLARI)
They are also indicated by the term folklore, coined by the English archaeologist William J. Thoms (1803-85, better known under the pseudonym Ambrose Merton)… -
Folmar (FOLMARO)
Provost of the Canons Regular of Triefenstein (Petra Stillans) in the diocese of Würzburg, b. at the beginning of the 12th century, d. around 13 April 1280. He… -
Fonck, Leopold
Exegete, b. at Wissen (Rhenish Prussia) on 14 Jan. 1865, d. at Vienna on 19 Oct. 1930. After completing his gymnasium and lyceum studies at Kempen, he was sent… -
Fondi, Diocese of (FONDI, DIOCESI DI)
The diocese of F. was in the present province of Latina, and also included the territories of Campodimele, Lenola, Sperlonga and Monticelli. A very ancient… -
Fonseca, Cristóbal de
Augustinian theologian and preacher, b. at S. Eulalia in the diocese of Toledo, professed among the Augustinians on 8 February 1566, d. on 9 November 1621. He… -
Fonseca, Pedro de
Portuguese philosopher and theologian, b. at Proença-a-Nova in 1528, d. at Lisbon on 4 Nov. 1599. He entered the Society of Jesus at the age of twenty. From… -
Fonseca Soares, Antonio de
FONSECA SOARES, ANTONIO de: v. ANTONIO das CHAGAS. -
Fonsegrive Lespinasse, Georges-Pierre
Philosopher and publicist, b. at St-Capraise de Lalinde (Dordogne) on 19 Oct. 1852, d. in Paris in 1917. A courageous Catholic, he sought to promote the… -
Fontaine, Nicolas
Biblicist and Jansenist historian, b. in Paris in 1625, d. at Melun on 28 Jan. 1709. Around the age of 25 he withdrew to the solitaries of Port-Royal. He was a… -
Fontana
Name of numerous artists, especially architects, born or originating from Ticino, between the 16th and 18th centuries; the most notable are the following… -
Fontana, Felice
Naturalist and physiologist, b. at Pomarolo (Trento) on 15 April 1730, d. at Florence on 19 March 1805. He was court physician under Leopold II and director of… -
Fontana, Francesco Luigi
Cardinal, Barnabite, b. at Casalmaggiore (Cremona) on 28 Aug. 1750, d. at Rome on 19 March 1822. He taught Latin and Greek literature in the colleges of… -
Fontana, Fulvio
Jesuit, sacred orator, b. at Modigliana (Florence) in 1648, d. at Fermo in 1723. For a decade he was, together with Pinamonti, a companion of Segneri in the… -
Fontana, Prospero
St. Alexis Distributing His Goods to the Poor. Bologna, church of S. Giacomo Maggiore. Madonna del Baraccano, St. Peter, St. Joseph, etc.) and kept a school… -
Fontanes, Louis de
French man of letters and statesman, b. at Niort on 6 March 1757, d. at Paris on 17 March 1821. He was a member of the Institute and a professor at the École… -
Fontanini, Giusto
Scholar, b. at S. Daniele del Friuli in 1666, d. at Rome on 17 April 1736. In 1697 he received from Clement XI the chair of eloquence at Rome. Benedict XIII… -
Fontavellana, Abbey of (FONTE AVELLANA)
The hermitage of S. Croce di F. A. beneath Monte Carria (Marche) is described by Dante (Par., XXI). The date of its foundation is uncertain: Grandi inclines… -
Fontenelle, Bernard
Writer and philosopher, b. at Rouen on 11 Feb. 1657, d. at Paris on 9 Jan. 1757. More than to frigid poems, his fame is entrusted to various dialogues and… -
Fontevrault (Pont Ebraldi)
Ancient Benedictine abbey near Saumur in France (Maine-et-Loire), first in the territory of the diocese of Poitiers, now in that of Angers, founded at the end… -
Fontinalia
Feast of October 13 of the ancient Roman calendar, on which the fountains were crowned and flowers were thrown into the springs. The divinity of the feast is… -
Foochow [Fuzhou], Archdiocese of (FOOCHOW, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
The civil province of Fukien, in central-eastern China, was included ecclesiastically, like the rest of the Empire, in the diocese of Macao, when on 10 Apr.… -
Foot (PIEDE)
Unità di misura presso i Romani, corrispondente a m. 0,2959. Talvolta si trova rappresentato anche in iscrizioni cristiane, come in quella d'un Ianuarius nel… -
Foppa, Cristoforo
FOPPA, CRISTOFORO: V. CARADOSSO. -
Foppa, Vincenzo
Painter, b. in Brescia ca. 1427 and d. in the same city in 1515 or 1516. A pupil first, perhaps, in the workshop of the Bembo family in Brescia, although he… -
Forbes, Edward
English naturalist, b. at Douglas on 12 Feb. 1815, d. in London on 23 Nov. 1854. He is the pioneer of marine exploration with the dredge and of the… -
Forbin-Janson, Charles-Auguste, Count of (FORBIN-JANSON, CHARLES-AUGUSTE, CONTE DI)
Bishop of Nancy and Toul, founder of the Pontifical Society of the Holy Childhood (11 May 1843; v.), b. in Paris on 3 Nov. 1785, d. on 11 July 1844. In 1808 he… -
Forbin-Janson, Toussaint de
Born 1 Oct. 1634, died 24 March 1713. Bishop successively of Digne (1658), Marseille (1662), Beauvais (1679). Extraordinary ambassador to the Diet of Poland… -
Forcade, Théodore-Auguste
Born at Versailles on March 2, 1816, died on September 12, 1885. Ordained a priest on March 16, 1830, he was appointed professor of philosophy at the major… -
Force (FORZA)
FORZA: V. MECCANICA. -
Forcella, Vincenzo
Born in 1837, died in 1906. He is known above all for the work Iscrizioni delle chiese e di altri edifici di Roma dal sec. XI ai nostri giorni (13 vols., Rome… -
Forcellini, Egidio
Learned priest, b. at Campo sul Piave on 26 Aug. 1688, d. there on 5 Apr. 1768. He studied at the Seminary of Padua, and was a pupil of Jacopo Facciolati (v.).… -
Force Majeure (FORZA MAGGIORE)
When an agent is in such conditions that he cannot prevent the event, or cannot save himself without offending or allowing another's right to be offended, he… -
Förderer, Albert
Priest and politician, b. 3 March 1828 at Rastatt, d. 23 Jan. 1889 at Lahr. Editor of the Anzeiger für Stadt und Land of Lahr, he upheld the rights of the… -
Fordicidia
It is a Roman magical-agrarian festival, dedicated to Tellus, which was celebrated on April 15. In each of the thirty Curiae and on the Capitoline (Ovid… -
Foreigners (In Italy) (STRANIERI (IN ITALIA))
Foreigners are admitted to enjoy in Italy the civil rights attributed to citizens on condition of reciprocity; the principle is to be considered valid (save… -
Forer, Lorenz
Jesuit theologian and controversialist, b. in Lucerne in 1580, d. in Regensburg on 7 Jan. 1659. Professor of dogmatics at the Universities of Ingolstadt and… -
Foresta, Alberic de (FORESTA, ALBÉRIC DE)
French Jesuit, b. at Aix on 8 Jan. 1818, d. at Avignon on 2 May 1876. Of noble lineage, he entered the novitiate of Avignon on 6 Oct. 1837 and held in the… -
Foresti, Giacomo Filippo
Augustinian historian and theologian, b. at Solto (Bergamo) in 1434, d. at Bergamo in 1520. He entered the Hermits of St. Augustine, and honored the Order… -
Foresti, Teodoro da Bergamo
Preacher and Capuchin theologian of the ancient province of Brescia-Bergamo, b. at Solto (Bergamo) on 15 Aug. 1565, d. at Bergamo in 1637. A religious in 1581… -
Forest, John, Blessed (FOREST, JOHN, BEATO)
Born into a noble family in 1471, died on 22 May 1538. Having entered the Franciscan Order in 1492, he pursued his studies at Oxford, earning a doctorate. He… -
Forget, Jacques
Theologian and Arabist, b. at Chiny (Belgium) on 6 January 1852, d. at Héverlé-les-Louvain on 19 July 1933. A disciple of Lamy at Louvain, he made his debut… -
Forlì, Diocese of (FORLÌ, DIOCESI DI)
City, diocese and province in Romagna; the diocese, a suffragan of Ravenna, extends over 320 sq km and has 80,350 inhabitants, of whom 80,115 are Catholics; it… -
Form (FORMA)
In its ordinary meaning it is the outward disposition of the parts of a body (μορφή), a quality of sensible substances, especially living ones, according to… -
Forma
Term used by the ancients to designate the conduit of aqueducts; it later came to indicate any grave dug at ground level, even if divided into several spaces… -
Formal (FORMALE)
Also called rational or pectoral, it is a plate of metal, of gold or silver, gemmed, the size of a hand, which is worn on the chest where the cope of bishops… -
Form, History of (Formgeschichtliche Methode) (FORME, STORIA DELLE (FORMGESCHICHTLICHE METHODE))
An exegetical current, established between 1919 and 1922 especially in Germany. In English it is called form-criticism; in Italian some use the periphrasis… -
Formia
Small town on the Gulf of Gaeta, on the Appian Way. Having remained neutral during the Latin War, it first obtained citizenship without suffrage and then full… -
Form of the Sacraments (FORMA DEI SACRAMENTI)
FORMA DEI SACRAMENTI : V. SACRAMENTI. -
Formosa
Island of the Far East, annexed to China in 1683, ceded to Japan in 1895 and returned to China in 1945. One and a half times the size of Sardinia (35,961 sq km… -
Formosus, Pope (FORMOSO, PAPA)
Perhaps a native of Rome. Nicholas I (858-67) in 864 or 865 made him cardinal bishop of Porto and in the autumn of 866 sent him with Paul of Populonia among… -
Formulas of Concord (FORMOLE DI CONCORDIA)
FORMOLE DI CONCORDIA : v. CONFESSIONI DI FEDE PROTESTANTI. -
Fornacalia
It was a movable feast, falling in the first half of February, on a day fixed in advance by the head of the curiae, the chief decurion, in honor of the goddess… -
Fornaciari, Luigi
Magistrate and philologist, b. at Lucca on 17 Dec. 1798, d. there on 23 Nov. 1858. President of the criminal Rota, councillor of State, royal advocate with the… -
Fornaini, Luigi Antonio
Vallombrosan abbot, b. 14 Dec. 1756 at Massa Cozzile, d. 29 June 1838 at Florence. He was a pupil of Leto Guidi. Ordained a priest, he became administrator of… -
Fornari Strada, Maria Vittoria, Blessed (FORNARI STRADA, MARIA VITTORIA, BEATA)
Foundress of a religious order, b. in Genoa in 1562, d. there on 15 Dec. 1617. Married, she had 6 children, of whom 5 became religious. Left a widow after 9… -
Fornari, Vito
Philosopher and man of letters, b. at Molfetta on 10 March 1821, d. at Naples on 6 March 1900. A solitary and meditative spirit, his life presents no events of… -
Fornication (FORNICAZIONE)
From Latin fornix, which designated a vaulted chamber or corridor, usually resulting from supporting construction for stairways (stadiums, theaters… -
Forster, Frobenius
Benedictine, born at Königfeld on 30 August 1709, died at Regensburg on 11 October 1791. He entered the monastery of St. Emmeram at Regensburg in 1727, where… -
Forster, Heinrich
Bishop of Breslau, b. November 24, 1799 at Gross-Glogau, d. October 20, 1881 at Johannesburg Castle, in Austrian Silesia. Ordained a priest in 1825, he first… -
Fortaleza, Archdiocese of (FORTALEZA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In the State of Ceará (Brazil). It is the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of the aforementioned State, a province that comprises the 3 suffragan sees… -
Fort-de-France (FORT-DE FRANCE)
FORT-DE FRANCE: V. SAN PIETRO FORT DE FRANCE O MASTINICA MARTINIQUE -
Fort-de-France and Saint-Pierre, Diocese of (SAN PIETRO E FORT-DE-FRANCE (MARNICA), DIOCESI DI)
It comprises the island of Martinique, which was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502 during his fourth voyage, but was never occupied by the Spanish. In… -
Forteguerri, Niccolò
Born on 6 Nov. 1674 in Pistoia, died in Rome on 17 Feb. 1735. Having completed his studies in Siena and Pisa, in 1700 he was in Rome, chosen to deliver the… -
Forteguerri, Niccolò
Cardinal, b. 7 Oct. 1419 at Pistoia, d. 21 Dec. 1473 at Viterbo. After studying law at Bologna and Siena, he entered the ecclesiastical career. A relative of… -
Fortem Virili Pectore
This is the hymn of Vespers and Lauds in the Office of holy non-virgins, written by Cardinal Silvio Antoniani (d. 1603) and inserted into the Breviary by… -
Fortescue, Adrian
Priest, liturgist of rare culture and depth, b. 14 Jan. 1874 at Perth (Scotland), d. 11 Feb. 1923. Converted from Protestantism in 1898, he was parish priest… -
Forti, Michelangelo
Priest and patriot, b. at Cesacastina on 29 Sept. 1798, d. at Nisida in Oct. 1856. A professor in the Seminary of Teramo and a canon of that cathedral, he… -
Fortini, Marco
Priest and patriot, b. at Fratta Polesine on 26 Apr. 1784, d. there on 28 May 1848. A modest chaplain at Fratta, he became involved in the trial of the… -
Fortis, Luigi
Jesuit, 20th general of the Order, b. in Verona on 26 Feb. 1749, d. in Rome on 27 Jan. 1829. Struck by the suppression of the Society (1773) while he was… -
Fortitude (FORTEZZA)
In its primary meaning it indicates robustness, vigor, strength, force, whether in the physical or in the moral sense. It can be considered: 1) as a natural… -
Fort Lamy [N'Djamena], Apostolic Prefecture of (FORT LAMY, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)
In French Equatorial Africa: it was erected on 9 January 1947 with territory detached from the apostolic vicariates of Foumban and Khartoum. With the… -
Fortuitous Case (CASO FORTUITO)
It is the occurrence of something unforeseen and unforeseeable by the acting subject. The notion of the fortuitous is negative: an event that does not find its… -
Fortunatianus (FORTUNAZIANO)
Bishop of Aquileia, African by origin, he was elected around 342 amid the tumults provoked by the Arian bishops Ursacius and Valens. He was present at the… -
Fortunato, Ferrari da Brescia
Franciscan philosopher and mathematician, b. at Brescia on 1 December 1701, d. at Madrid on 11 May 1734. Lecturer in philosophy and theology in his Order and… -
Fortune (FORTUNA)
An Italic and Roman goddess. Her three most important ancient centers of worship were Palestrina, Rome, and Anzio. While little is known about the cult at… -
Fort Victoria [Masvingo], Apostolic Vicariate of (FORT VICTORIA, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)
It was erected on 14 Nov. 1946 with territory detached from the apostolic vicariate of Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia and entrusted to the Society of Foreign… -
Fort Wayne, Diocese of (FORT WAYNE, DIOCESI DI)
City in the State of Indiana in the United States of America, seat of a diocese suffragan of Indianapolis, comprising the northern part of that same State with… -
Forty Hours' Adoration (ADORAZIONE DELLE QUARANTORE)
ADORAZIONE delle QUARANTORE: v. QUARANTORE. -
Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (QUARANTA MARTIRI DI SEBASTIA)
They are commemorated in the Greek and Latin Martyrologies on 9 March; their cult spread rapidly in the Church and their relics were venerated in many places.… -
Forum (FORO)
The Latin term forum or forus originally denoted the place or outer space of the house, or even the vestibule that surrounded tombs. Subsequently it designated… -
Forum Appii (APPIO, FORO D')
APPIO, FORO D': v. FORO D'APPIO. -
Forum Appii (Market of A.) (FORO APPIO (MERCATO DI A.))
A village south of Rome, mentioned in Acts 28:15 as the place where St. Paul, a prisoner, met the delegation of the Roman Church. Together with the road of the… -
Forum Iulium Carnicum
Now Zuglio in Carnia. First a vicus, then a forum, then a colony, it stood on the road that led from Aquileia through the Monte Croce Carnico pass into… -
Forzatè, Giordano
Born in Padua of a noble family after the middle of the 12th century, died in Venice in 1348 at the age of ninety. He first devoted himself to legal studies… -
Foscarari, Egidio
Dominican bishop and theologian, b. in Bologna on 27 Jan. 1512, d. in Rome on 23 Dec. 1564. He entered religious life in Bologna on 14 March 1526, and studied… -
Foscarini, Paolo Antonio
Carmelite theologian, of the noble Venetian family of the F., born in Montalto Uffugo (Calabria) ca. 1565, died there on 10 June 1616. A celebrated preacher… -
Foscolo, Ugo
Poet, b. in Zante on 6 Feb. 1778, d. at Turnham Green on 10 Sept. 1827. His father, Andrea, was a physician of a Venetian family, his mother a Greek… -
Fossanova Abbey (FOSSANOVA, ABBAZIA DI)
In 1133 Innocent II granted a Benedictine monastery, on the southern edge of the Pontine marshes not far from Priverno and whose origin is traced back to St.… -
Fossombrone, Diocese of (FOSSOMBRONE, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the province of Pesaro, it has a population of 25,000 inhabitants, all Catholics; it has 40 parishes, 51 secular priests and 5 regulars; a… -
Fossors (FOSSORI)
This is the name, used even by the pagans, for the workers employed in digging burial pits. Hippolytus recalls why the fossor is paid the wage and the price of… -
Fouard, Henri-Constant
Priest, biblical scholar, b. at Elbeuf (Rouen) on 6 Aug. 1837, d. there on 3 Dec. 1903. During his theological studies in Paris, at the Seminary of St.… -
Foucauld, Charles-Eugène de
Missionary nobleman, b. 15 Sept. 1858 at Strasbourg, killed by the Touareg on 4 Dec. 1916 at Tamanrasset (Algerian Sahara). Having left the military school of… -
Fouillée, Alfred
Philosopher, b. at La Poueze (Maine-et-Loire) in 1838, d. at Lyon in 1912. After the publication of the Philosophie de Platon (2 vols., Paris 1869), he was a… -
Foumban, Apostolic Vicariate of (FOUMBAN, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)
The vicariate of F., in French Cameroon, subject to subsequent changes in its boundaries, corresponds to the former apostolic prefecture of Adamaua, erected in… -
Founder (of Religious Order or Congregation) (FONDATORE (DI ORDINE O CONGREGAZIONE RELIGIOSA))
He is the one who establishes the specific purpose of the Order; on the other hand, one who brings only an accidental reform to the essential purpose is not… -
Foundling Hospital (BREFOTROFIO)
From βρέφος "newborn" and τρέφω "I nourish." An institution devoted to the care of illegitimate children who have not been acknowledged, that is, children who… -
Fountain (FONTANA)
By fountain is meant an architectural-sculptural structure, of varying size, suited to receiving water and distributing it, for utilitarian or decorative… -
Fouquet, Jean
French painter, b. at Tours in 1420, d. there in 1483. One of the artists most representative of the taste and the possibilities of French painting at the end… -
Four Crowned Martyrs (QUATTRO CORONATI)
QUATTRO CORONATI: v. CORONATI, QUATTRO SANTI. -
Four Crowned Martyrs, Saints (CORONATI, QUATTRO, SANTI)
Venerated on 8 November. The names in the Gregorian Sacramentary (five, not four) are: Claudius, Nicostratus, Symphronianus (or Symphorianus), Castorius… -
Fourier, François-Charles
French economist, of socialist tendency, of that socialism which Marx characterized as "utopian." Born at Besançon on 7 April 1772 and died in Paris on 10… -
Fournier, Henri-Alain
Born on 3 Oct. 1886 at Chapelle d'Angillon, died near Verdun on 22 Sept. 1914. He is among the most evocative writers and storytellers of the early twentieth… -
Fournier, Paul-Eugène-Louis (FOURNIER, PAUL-EUGÈNE-LOUIE)
Canonist and legal historian, b. at Calais on 26 Nov. 1853, d. at Paris on 13 May 1935. A qualified paleographer-archivist at the École des Chartes (1879)… -
Fox, George
FOX, GEORGE: V. QUACCHERI. -
Fox, John
Protestant writer, b. in Boston in Lincolnshire (England) in 1516, d. in 1587. He attended the University of Oxford, and was a fellow of Magdalen College. He… -
Foz do Iguaçu (FOZ DO IGUASSÙ)
Prelature in the State of Paraná in Brazil, suffragan of Curitiba, erected on 10 May 1926 by Pope Pius XI with the apostolic constitution Quum in dies. The… -
Hospitaller Brothers, Sons of the Immaculate Conception (FRATELLI OSPITALIERI FIGLI DELLA IMMACOLATA CONCEZIONE)
They arose in Rome from Father Luigi M. Monti in 1857, for the care of the sick and the education of orphaned and abandoned youth. Pius IX definitively…