The fruitless repentance and death of Antiochus. His son comes against Judas with a formidable army. He besieges Sion: but at last makes peace with the Jews.
Antiochus repulsed from Elimais, 5. and hearing of the ouerthrow of his armie in lurie, falleth vehemently sick: 11. and acknowleging his calamities to haue happened, for he hath done against the Iewes, dyeth. 17. His young sonne Antiochus Eupator succedeth. 18. Iudas besiegeth the Macedonians fortresse. 21. Relapsed Iewes solicite the king, 28. and he cometh with a terrible huge armie. 32. Iudas therfore leauing the siege meeteth the enemie. 43. Eleazar going vnder an elephant killeth him and so himselfe is also slaine. 47. The king taketh Bethsura by composition. 51. and bendeth his forces against Ierusalem. 55. By Lysias aduice the king maketh peace with the Iewes; 62. but breaking his othe destroyeth the wal of Sion; 63. and returning recouereth Antioch from Philippe.
1Now king Antiochus was going through the higher countries, and he heard that the city of Elymais in Persia, was greatly renowned, and abounding in silver and gold,Or il re Antioco andava attorno per le provincie superiori; e senti dire com'eravi nella Persia la città di Elimaide celeberrima e abbondante di oro e di argento,AND king Antiochus walked through the higher countries, and he heard that there was a citie Elymais in Persis most noble, and plentiful in siluer, and gold,Et rex Antiochus perambulabat superiores regiones, et audivit esse civitatem Elymaidem in Perside nobilissimam, et copiosam in argento et auro, 2And that there was in it a temple exceeding rich; and coverings of gold, and breastplates, and shields, which king Alexander, son of Philip, the Macedonian, that reigned first in Greece, had left there.Con un ricchissimo tempio, dove erano veli e corazze e scudi ai oro lasciativi da Alessandro di Filippo re di Macedonia, che regnò prima nella Grecia.and a temple therin exceding rich: and couerings thereof gold, and brigantines, and shildes, which Alexander philips sonne the king of Macedonia that reigned first in Grece left there.templumque in ea locuples valde, et illic velamina aurea, et loricæ, et scuta, quæ reliquit Alexander Philippi rex Macedo, qui regnavit primus in Græcia. 3So he came, and sought to take the city and to pillage it; but he was not able, because the design was known to them that were in the city.E andò colà, e cercava di farsi padrone della città, e saccheggiarla, ma non gli riuscì, perché il suo disegno si riseppe da quelli che tenevano la città:And he came, and sought to take the citie, and to spoile it, and he could not, because the word was knowen to them that were in the citie.Et venit, et quærebat capere civitatem, et deprædari eam: et non potuit, quoniam innotuit sermo his qui erant in civitate: 4And they rose up against him in battle, and he fled away from thence, and departed with great sadness, and returned towards Babylonia.E andarono ad assalirlo, ed egli se ne fuggi, e si ritirò con gran dispiacere, e tornò a Babilonia.And they rose vp into battel, and he fled from thence, and departed with great sorow, and returned into Babylonia.et insurrexerunt in prælium, et fugit inde, et abiit cum tristitia magna, et reversus est in Babyloniam. 5And whilst he was in Persia there came one that told him how the armies that were in the land of Juda were put to flight:E venne nella Persia chi portogli la nuova, come l'esercito, che era nel paese di Giuda era stato rotto:And there came one that told him in Persis, that the campes that were in the land of Iuda, were put to flight:Et venit qui nuntiaret ei in Perside, quia fugata sunt castra quæ erant in terra Juda:
6And that Lysias went with a very great power, and was put to flight before the face of the Jews, and that they were grown strong by the armour, and power, and store of spoils which they had gotten out of the camps which they had destroyed:E come Lisia essendosi avanzato con un fioritissimo esercito era stato sconfitto dai Giudei, i quali si fortificavan di armi e di possanza colle molte spoglie acquistate del campo, che aveano espugnato:and that Lysias went with great powre with the first, and was put to flight before the face of the Iewes, and they grew strong with armour, and force, and manie spoiles, which they tooke out of the campes, which they destroyed:et quia abiit Lysias cum virtute forti in primis, et fugatus est a facie Judæorum, et invaluerunt armis, et viribus, et spoliis multis, quæ ceperunt de castris, quæ exciderunt: 7And that they had thrown down the abomination which he had set up upon the altar in Jerusalem, and that they had compassed about the sanctuary with high walls as before, and Bethsura also, his city.E come essi aveano atterrata l'abominazione eretta da lui sopra l'altare, che era in Gerusalemme, e che aveano cinto di alte mura, come era prima, il santuario, ed anche la loro città di Bethsura.and that they threw downe the abomination which they had builded vpon the altar that was in Ierusalem, and the sanctification they compassed about as before with high walles, yea and Bethsura his citie.et quia diruerunt abominationem, quam ædificaverat super altare quod erat in Jerusalem: et sanctificationem, sicut prius, circumdederunt muris excelsis, sed et Bethsuram civitatem suam. 8And it came to pass, when the king heard these words, that he was struck with fear, and exceedingly moved: and he laid himself down upon his bed, and fell sick for grief, because it had not fallen out to him as he imagined.Or tali cose avendo udite il re si sbigottì e si turbo grandemente, e si allettò, e per la maninconia, che si prese per essergli andate le cose a rovescio de' suoi desiderii, diede in languore.And it came to passe as the king heard these wordes, he was sore afrayd, and was moued excedingly: and he lay downe vpon his bed, and fel into sicknes for sorow, because it was not chanced to him as he thought.Et factum est ut audivit rex sermones istos, expavit, et commotus est valde: et decidit in lectum, et incidit in languorem præ tristitia, quia non factum est ei sicut cogitabat. 9And he remained there many days: for great grief came more and more upon him, and he made account that he should die.E si trattenne colà molti giorni; perocchè la sua maninconia andava crescendo, e si crede' vicino a morte.And he was there for manie dayes: because there was renewed in him great sorowfulnes, and he made account to dye.Et erat illic per dies multos, quia renovata est in eo tristitia magna, et arbitratus est se mori.
10And he called for all his friends, and said to them: Sleep is gone from my eyes, and I am fallen away, and my heart is cast down for anxiety:E chiamò a se tutti i suoi amici, e disse loro: Il sonno è bandito da' miei occhi, ed ho il cuore abbattuto e oppresso dall'affanno,And he called al his freindes, and sayd to them: Sleepe is departed from mine eyes, and I am fallen away, & my hart is gone for pensifenes:Et vocavit omnes amicos suos, et dixit illis: Recessit somnus ab oculis meis, et concidi, et corrui corde præ sollicitudine: 11And I said in my heart: Into how much tribulation am I come, and into what floods of sorrow wherein now I am: I that was pleasant and beloved in my power!E dico dentro di me: A qual tribolazione mi son io condotto, e in qual pelago di tristezza mi trovo io, che era felice e amato nella mia dignità.and I sayd in my hart: Into how great tribulation am I come, & into what waues of sorow, wherin now I am: who was pleasant, and beloued in my powre!et dixi in corde meo: In quantam tribulationem deveni, et in quos fluctus tristitiæ, in qua nunc sum: qui jucundus eram, et dilectus in potestate mea ! 12But now I remember the evils that I have done in Jerusalem, from whence also I took away all the spoils of gold, and of silver, that were in it, and I sent to destroy the inhabitants of Juda without cause.Ma ora io mi ricordo de' mali fatti da me in Gerusalemme, donde ancora io portai via le spoglie d'oro e d'argento, che vi trovai, e mandai a dispergere tutti gli abitanti della Giudea, senza ragione.But now I remember the euils, that I haue done in Ierusalem, from whence also I tooke away al the spoiles of gold, and of siluer, that were in it, and I sent to take away the inhabitants of Iewrie, without cause.Nunc vero reminiscor malorum quæ feci in Jerusalem, unde et abstuli omnia spolia aurea et argentea quæ erant in ea, et misi auferre habitantes Judæam sine causa. 13I know, therefore, that for this cause these evils have found me: and behold I perish with great grief in a strange land.Io riconosco adesso, che per questo mi sono piombata addosso queste sciagure; ed ecco che io mi muoio per gran tristezza in paese straniero:I know therfore that for this cause haue these euils found me: and loe I perish with great sorow in a strange countrie.Cognovi ergo quia propterea invenerunt me mala ista: et ecce pereo tristitia magna in terra aliena. 14Then he called Philip, one of his friends, and he made him regent over all his kingdom.E chiamò Filippo uno de' suoi amici, e lo fece soprintendente di tutto il suo regno:And he called philip, one of his frendes, and he made him chiefe ouer al his kingdom.Et vocavit Philippum, unum de amicis suis, et præposuit eum super universum regnum suum:
15And he gave him the crown, and his robe, and his ring, that he should go to Antiochus, his son, and should bring him up for the kingdom.E gli consegnò il diadema e la stola e l'anello, affinché andasse a trovare Antioco suo figliuolo, e lo educasse pel regno.And he gaue him the crowne, and his robe, and ring, that he should bring Antiochus his sonne, & should bring him vp to reigne.et dedit ei diadema, et stolam suam, et annulum, ut adduceret Antiochum filium suum, et nutriret eum, et regnaret. 16So king Antiochus died there in the year one hundred and forty-nine.E ivi morì il re Antioco l'anno cento quarantanove.And Antiochus the king died there in the yeare an hundreth fourtie nine.Et mortuus est illic Antiochus rex anno centesimo quadragesimo nono. 17And Lysias understood that the king was dead, and he set up Antiochus, his son, to reign, whom he had brought up young: and he called his name Eupator.E Lista intese la morte del re, e proclamò re Antioco suo figliuolo cui egli avea allevato da piccolo, e gli diede il soprannome di Eupatore.And Lysias vnderstood that the king was dead, and he appoynted Antiochus his sonne to reigne, whom he brought vp a young man: and he called his name Eupator.Et cognovit Lysias quoniam mortuus est rex, et constituit regnare Antiochum filium ejus, quem nutrivit adolescentem: et vocavit nomen ejus Eupator. 18Now they that were in the castle, had shut up the Israelites round about the holy places: and they were continually seeking their hurt, and to strengthen the Gentiles.Frattanto quelli che erano nella fortezza, tenevano rinserrato Israele intorno ai luoghi santi, e cercavano sempre di fargli del male, e di fortificare le nazioni.And they that were in the castel, had inclosed Israel round about the holie places: and they sought them euils alwayes, and the strengthning of the Gentils,Et hi qui erant in arce, concluserant Israël in circuitu sanctorum: et quærebant eis mala semper, et firmamentum gentium. 19And Judas purposed to destroy them: and he called together all the people, to besiege them.E Giuda pensò di levarseli d'attorno e radunò tutto il popolo per assediarli.And Iudas thought to destroy them: and he called together al the people, to besiege them.Et cogitavit Judas disperdere eos: et convocavit universum populum, ut obsiderent eos. 20And they came together, and besieged them in the year one hundred and fifty, and they made battering slings and engines.E messa insieme la gente cominciaron l'assedio nell'anno cento cinquanta, e fabbricaron baliste e altre macchine.And they came together, and besieged them in the yeare an hundredth fiftie, and they made balists and engins.Et convenerunt simul, et obsederunt eos anno centesimo quinquagesimo, et fecerunt ballistas et machinas.
21And some of the besieged got out: and some wicked men of Israel joined themselves unto them.E alcuni degli assediati usciron fuori, e si uniron con essi alcuni empi del popolo d'Israele,And certaine of them that were besieged, went forth: & some impious men of Israel ioyned them selues vnto them,Et exierunt quidam ex eis qui obsidebantur: et adjunxerunt se illis aliqui impii ex Israël, 22And they went to the king, and said: How long dost thou delay to execute judgment, and to revenge our brethren?E andarono davanti al re, e dissero: Quando mai farai tu giustizia, e vendicherai i nostri fratelli?and they went to the king, and sayd: How long doest thou not iudgements, and reuengest our bretheren?et abierunt ad regem, et dixerunt: Quousque non facis judicium, et vindicas fratres nostros ? 23We determined to serve thy father, and to do according to his orders, and obey his edicts:Noi ci risolvemmo di servire il padre tuo, e di obbedirlo, e di osservar le sue leggi:We decreed to serue thy father, and to walke in his precepts, and obey his edicts:Nos decrevimus servire patri tuo, et ambulare in præceptis ejus, et obsequi edictis ejus: 24And for this they of our nation are alienated from us, and have slain as many of us as they could find, and have spoiled our inheritances.E per questo quelli di nostra nazione si alienaron da noi, e trucidovano quanti trovavano di noi altri, e mettevano a ruba i nostri beni.and the children of our people for this alienated them selues from vs, and whosoeuer were found of vs, they were slayne, and our inheritances were spoiled.et filii populi nostri propter hoc alienabant se a nobis, et quicumque inveniebantur ex nobis, interficiebantur, et hæreditates nostræ diripiebantur. 25Neither have they put forth their hand against us only, but also against all our borders.E non hanno straziato così noi soli, ma han tutto lo stesso per tutto il nostro paese:And not to vs only haue they extended the hand, but also into al our coasts.Et non ad nos tantum extenderunt manum, sed et in omnes fines nostros: 26And behold they have approached this day to the castle of Jerusalem to take it, and they have fortified the strong hold of Bethsura:E per di più oggi assediano la fortezza di Gerusalemme per impadronirsene e hanno fortificata Bethsura:and behold they haue approched this day to the castel in Ierusalem to take it, and they haue fortified a fortresse in Bethsura:et ecce applicuerunt hodie ad arcem Jerusalem occupare eam, et munitionem Bethsuram munierunt:
27And unless thou speedily prevent them, they will do greater things than these, and thou shalt not be able to subdue them.E se tu non li previeni con celerità, faranno cose più grandi, e tu non potrai tenergli a freno.and vnles thou preuent them more spedely, they wil doe greater thinges then these, and thou shalt not be able to winne them.et nisi præveneris eos velocius, majora quam hæc facient, et non poteris obtinere eos. 28Now when the king heard this, he was angry: and he called together all his friends, and the captains of his army, and them that were over the horsemen.E il re, udito questo, si riscaldò assai, e raunò tutti i suoi amici e i principali dell'esercito e i capitani della cavalleria:And the king was angrie, as he heard these thinges: and he called together al his freinds, and the princes of his armie, and them that were ouer the horsemen.Et iratus est rex, ut hæc audivit: et convocavit omnes amicos suos, et principes exercitus sui, et eos qui super equites erant: 29There came also to him from other realms, and from the islands of the sea, hired troops.E anche da altri regni e dalle isole gli vennero delle milizie prese a soldo.Yea and of other realmes, and of the ilands by the sea there came vnto him hyred armies.sed et de regnis aliis et de insulis maritimis venerunt ad eum exercitus conductitii. 30And the number of his army was an hundred thousand footmen, and twenty thousand horsemen, and thirty-two elephants trained to battle.E il suo esercito era di cento mila fanti e di venti mila cavalli e di trentadue elefanti addestrati alla battaglia.And the number of his armie was an hundred thousand footemen, and twentie thousand horsemen, and elephants thirtie two, taught to battel.Et erat numerus exercitus ejus, centum millia peditum, et viginti millia equitum, et elephanti triginta duo, docti ad prælium. 31And they went through Idumea, and approached to Bethsura, and fought many days, and they made engines: but they sallied forth, and burnt them with fire, and fought manfully.E passando per l'Idumea andarono ad accostarsi a Bethsura, e la combatterono per molti giorni, e fecero delle macchine: ma quelli usciti fuora le abbruciarono, e si difenderono virilmente.And they came through Idumea, and approched to Bethsura, and fought manie dayes, and they made engins and came forth, and burnt them with fyre, and fought manfully.Et venerunt per Idumæam, et applicuerunt ad Bethsuram, et pugnaverunt dies multos: et fecerunt machinas, et exierunt, et succenderunt eas igni, et pugnaverunt viriliter.
32And Judas departed from the castle, and removed the camp to Bethzacharam, over against the king’s camp.E Giuda si ritirò dalla fortezza, e mosse il campo verso Bethzacara dirimpetto agli alloggiamenti del re.And Iudas departed from the castel, and remoued the campe to Bethzacaram against the kings campe.Et recessit Judas ab arce, et movit castra ad Bethzacharam contra castra regis. 33And the king rose before it was light, and made his troops march on fiercely towards the way of Bethzacharam: and the armies made themselves ready for the battle, and they sounded the trumpets:E il re alzatosi avanti giorno spinse con furia l'esercito per la strada di Bethzacara, e gli eserciti si messero in ordine per la battaglia, e dieder fiato alle trombe:And the king arose before it was light, and stirred the bands into fiercenes against the way to Bethzacaram: and the armies made themselues readie to the battel, and they sounded with trumpets:Et surrexit rex ante lucem, et concitavit exercitus in impetum contra viam Bethzacharam: et comparaverunt se exercitus in prælium, et tubis cecinerunt: 34And they shewed the elephants the blood of grapes, and mulberries, to provoke them to fight.E quelli fecer veder agli elefanti il sugo dell'uva e delle more per aizzargli a combattere:and to the elephants they shewed the bloud of the grape, and of the mulberie, to prouoke them to the battel.et elephantis ostenderunt sanguinem uvæ et mori, ad acuendos eos in prælium: 35And they distributed the beasts by the legions: and there stood by every elephant a thousand men in coats of mail, and with helmets of brass on their heads: and five hundred horsemen set in order were chosen for every beast.E spartirono quegli animali tralle legioni, e attorno a ciascuno degli elefanti stavano mille uomini con corazze fatte a maglia con morioni di bronzo in testa; e cinquecento scelti cavalieri erano dappresso a ciascuna di quelle bestie.And they diuided the beasts by the legions: and there stood by euerie elephant a thousand men in coates of maile, & helmets of brasse on their heads: and fiue hundred horsemen set in order were chosen for cuerie beast.et diviserunt bestias per legiones, et astiterunt singulis elephantis mille viri in loricis concatenatis, et galeæ æreæ in capitibus eorum: et quingenti equites ordinati unicuique bestiæ electi erant. 36These before the time wheresoever the beast was they were there: and whithersoever it went, they went, and they departed not from it.Questi anticipatamente trovavansi per tutto dove era la bestia, e andavano dove ella andava, e non si allontanavan da lei.These before the time whersoeuer the beast was, there were they: and whither soeuer it went, they went, and they departed not from it.Hi ante tempus, ubicumque erat bestia, ibi erant: et quocumque ibat, ibant, et non discedebant ab ea.
37And upon the beast, there were strong wooden towers which covered every one of them: and engines upon them, and upon every one thirty-two valiant men, who fought from above: and an Indian to rule the beast.Ed eranvi oltre a ciò sopra ciascuna bestia delle torri di legno salde, che loro servivano di difesa, e sopra di esse delle macchine; e in ciascheduna torre trentadue uomini valorosi, i quali combattevano da quella, e un Indiano guidava la bestia.Yea & vpon them were strong woodden to wres prorecting euerie beast: & vpon them engins, and vpon euerie one thirtie two men of strength, which fought from aboue: & within the master of the beast.Sed et turres ligneæ super eos firmæ protegentes super singulas bestias: et super eas machinæ: et super singulas viri virtutis triginta duo, qui pugnabant desuper: et Indus magister bestiæ. 38And the rest of the horsemen he placed on this side and on that side, at the two wings, with trumpets to stir up the army, and to hasten them forward that stood thick together in the legions thereof.E il rimanente della cavalleria diviso in due parti fu messo ai due fianchi, perché animasse l'esercito col suon delle trombe, e tenesse serrate le file delle legioni.And the residue of the horsemen he placed on this side and on that side into two parts, with trumpets to stir vp the armie, & to vrge them that stood thicke together in the legions therof.Et residuum equitatum hinc et inde statuit in duas partes, tubis exercitum commovere, et perurgere constipatos in legionibus ejus. 39Now when the sun shone upon the shields of gold, and of brass, the mountains glittered therewith, and they shone like lamps of fire.Or quando il sole percosse negli scudi d'oro e di bronzo, rimandaron questi la luce ai monti, risplendendo come lampade accese.And as the sunne did shine vpon the bucklers of gold, and of brasse, the mountaynes glistered there with, and they glistered as lampes of fire.Et ut refulsit sol in clypeos aureos et æreos, resplenduerunt montes ab eis, et resplenduerunt sicut lampades ignis. 40And part of the king’s army was distinguished by the high mountains, and the other part by the low places: and they marched on warily and orderly.E una parte dell'esercito del re camminava in ordine per le alture de' monti, e l'altra nel basso, e si avanzavano con circospezione e in bell'ordine.And part of the kings armie was seuered by the high montaynes, and an other part by the low places: and they marched warely and orderly.Et distincta est pars exercitus regis per montes excelsos, et alia per loca humilia: et ibant caute et ordinate.
41And all the inhabitants of the land were moved at the noise of their multitude, and the marching of the company, and the rattling of the armour, for the army was exceeding great and strong.E tutti gli abitanti del paese eran commossi alle voci di quella moltitudine, e al muoversi di tanta gente e al frastuono dell'armi; perocchè grande assai e forte era quell'esercito.And al the inhabitants of the land were moued at the voice of the multitude of them, and the marching of the troupe, & the ratling of the armour, for it was an armie exceding great and strong.Et commovebantur omnes inhabitantes terram a voce multitudinis, et incessu turbæ, et collisione armorum: erat enim exercitus magnus valde, et fortis. 42And Judas and his army drew near for battle: and there fell of the king’s army six hundred men.E Giuda col suo esercito si avvicinò per venire alle mani; e morirono dell'esercito del re secento uomini.And Iudas approched, and his armie into battel: & there fel of the kings armie six hundred men.Et appropiavit Judas et exercitus ejus in prælium, et ceciderunt de exercitu regis sexcenti viri. 43And Eleazar, the son of Saura, saw one of the beasts harnessed with the king’s harness: and it was higher than the other beasts; and it seemed to him that the king was on it:Ma Eleazaro figliuolo di Saura osservò un elefante bordato alla reale, e più alto di tutti gli altri, e giudico, che sopra di esso vi fosse il re:And Eleazar the sonne of Saura saw one of the beasts harnessed with the kings harnes: and it was eminent aboue the other beasts; and it semed to him that the king was on it:Et vidit Eleazar filius Saura unam de bestiis loricatam loricis regis: et erat eminens super ceteras bestias, et visum est ei quod in ea esset rex: 44And he exposed himself to deliver his people, and to get himself an everlasting name.E sacrificò se stesso per liberare il suo popolo, e acquistarsi un nome eterno.and he gaue himself to deliuer his people, and to get him self an euerlasting name.et dedit se ut liberaret populum suum, et acquireret sibi nomen æternum. 45And he ran up to it boldly in the midst of the legion, killing on the right hand, and on the left, and they fell by him on this side and that side.E corse animosamente verso l'elefante per mezzo alla legione, uccidendo a destra e a sinistra, e sbaragliando chi gli si parava davanti.And he ranne to it boldly in the middes of the legion, killing on the right hand, & on the left, and they were slaine of him on this side and that side.Et cucurrit ad eam audacter in medio legionis, interficiens a dextris et a sinistris, et cadebant ab eo huc atque illuc.
46And he went between the feet of the elephant, and put himself under it: and slew it, and it fell to the ground upon him, and he died there.E andò tra' piedi dell'elefante, e se gli mise sotto, e lo uccise, e cadendo l'elefante sopra di lui, rimase egli alla schiaccia.And he went vnder the feete of the elephant, and put himself vnder him, and slew him: and it fel to the ground vpon him, and he died thereEt ivit sub pedes elephantis, et supposuit se ei, et occidit eum: et cecidit in terram super ipsum, et mortuus est illic. 47Then they seeing the strength of the king and the fierceness of his army, turned away from them.Ma i Giudei vedendo quanto era forte e accalorito l'esercito del re, fecer la ritirata.And they seing the kinges powre, and the fiercenes of his armie, turned them selues aside from them.Et videntes virtutem regis, et impetum exercitus ejus, diverterunt se ab eis. 48But the king’s army went up against them to Jerusalem: and the king’s army pitched their tents against Judea and Mount Sion.E le schiere del re andaron dietro ad essi verso Gerusalemme, e posero il campo nella Giudea presso al monte di Sion.But the kings campe went vp against them vnto Ierusalem: and the kings campe approched to Iurie and mount Sion.Castra autem regis ascenderunt contra eos in Jerusalem, et applicuerunt castra regis ad Judæam, et montem Sion. 49And he made peace with them that were in Bethsura: and they came forth out of the city, because they had no victuals, being shut up there, for it was the year of rest to the land.E il re fece accordo con quelli che erano in Bethsura, i quali uscirono da quella città, perché standovi dentro non avean più da mangiare, essendo quello l'anno sabatico della terra.And he made peace with them that were in Bethsura: and they came forth out of the citie, because there were no victuals for them there benig shút vp, because it was the sabbaths of the land.Et fecit pacem cum his qui erant in Bethsura: et exierunt de civitate, quia non erant eis ibi alimenta conclusis, quia sabbata erant terræ. 50And the king took Bethsura: and he placed there a garrison to keep it.Onde il re s'impadroni di Bethsura, e vi messe presidio a custodirla.And the king tooke Bethsura: and he placed there a garrison to kepe it.Et comprehendit rex Bethsuram: et constituit illic custodiam servare eam. 51And he turned his army against the sanctuary for many days: and he set up there battering slings, and engines, and instruments to cast fire, and engines to cast stones and javelins, and pieces to shoot arrows, and slings.E andò a posare il campo presso al luogo santo per molti giorni; e ivi preparò delle baliste e altre macchine e dardi infuocati, e degli strumenti da scagliar pietre, e degli strumenti da gettar frecce e delle fionda.And he turned the place of the sanctification manie dayes: & he placed there arbalists and engins, and instruments to cast fyre, and peeces to cast stones, and arrowes, & scorpions to shoote arrowes, and slings.Et convertit castra ad locum sanctificationis dies multos: et statuit illic ballistas, et machinas, et ignis jacula, et tormenta ad lapides jactandos, et spicula, et scorpios ad mittendas sagittas, et fundibula.
52And they also made engines against their engines, and they fought for many days.E quelli fecero anch'essi delle macchine per opporre alle loro, e si difesero per molti giorni.And they also made engins against their engins, and they fought manie dayes.Fecerunt autem et ipsi machinas adversus machinas eorum, et pugnaverunt dies multos. 53But there were no victuals in the city, because it was the seventh year: and such as had stayed in Judea of them that came from among the nations, had eaten the residue of all that which had been stored up.Ma la città mancava di vettovaglie, perché era il settimo anno, e quelli d'altre nazioni, che eran rimasi nella Giudea avean consumato tutto quello che si era messo da parte.But there were no victuals in the citie, for that it was the seuenth yeare: and they that had remayned in Iurie of the Gentils, had consumed their remaynes, that had bene layd vp.Escæ autem non erant in civitate, eo quod septimus annus esset: et qui remanserant in Judæa de gentibus, consumpserant reliquias eorum, quæ repositæ fuerant. 54And there remained in the holy places but a few, for the famine had prevailed over them: and they were dispersed every man to his own place.E restò poca gente nel luogo santo, perchè eran ridotti alla fame, e si sbandarono andando ciascuno a casa sua.And there remayned in the holies few men, because famine had preuailed ouer them: and they were dispersed euerie man into his place.Et remanserunt in sanctis viri pauci, quoniam obtinuerat eos fames: et dispersi sunt unusquisque in locum suum. 55Now Lysias heard that Philip; whom king Antiochus while he lived had appointed to bring up his son, Antiochus, and to reign,Ma Lisia avendo udito, come Filippo (eletto dal re Antioco, quand'era ancor vivo, ad educare Antioco suo figliuolo pel regno)And Lysias heard that Philip, whom king Antiochus when he liued, had appointed to bring vp his sonne to reigne,Et audivit Lysias quod Philippus, quem constituerat rex Antiochus cum adhuc viveret, ut nutriret Antiochum filium suum, et regnaret, 56Was returned from Persia, and Media, with the army that went with him and that he sought to take upon him the affairs of the kingdom:Era tornato di Persia e di Media coll'esercito, che avea seco, e cercava di prendere in mano gli affari del regno;was returned from Persis, and Media, and the armie that went with him, and that he sought to take vpon him the affayres of the kingdom:reversus esset a Perside et Media, et exercitus qui abierat cum ipso, et quia quærebat suscipere regni negotia:
57Wherefore he made haste to go, and say to the king and to the captains of the army: We decay daily, and our provision of victuals is small, and the place that we lay siege to is strong, and it lieth upon us to take order for the affairs of the kingdom.Se ne andò in fretta a dire al re e ai capitani dell'esercito: Noi ci consumiamo ogni di più, e abbiamo pochi viveri, e il luogo, che assettiamo è assai forte e siamo in necessità di provvedere alle occorrenze del regno.and he hastened to goe, and to say to the king, and to the princes of the armie: We decay dayly, and there is litle victual for vs, and the place that we besiege, is fensed, & it lyeth vpon vs to take order for the kingdom.festinavit ire, et dicere ad regem, et duces exercitus: Deficimus quotidie, et esca nobis modica est; et locus, quem obsidemus, est munitus, et incumbit nobis ordinare de regno. 58Now, therefore, let us come to an agreement with these men, and make peace with them and with all their nation.Porgiam dunque la mano a costoro, e facciam pace con essi e con tutta la loro nazione:Now therfore let vs geue the right handes to these men, and make peace with them, and with al their nation.Nunc itaque demus dextras hominibus istis, et faciamus cum illis pacem, et cum omni gente eorum: 59And let us covenant with them, that they may live according to their own laws, as before. For because of our despising their laws, they have been provoked, and have done all these things.E concediam loro di governarsi, come prima, colle loro leggi; perocchè, a causa delle loro leggi disprezzate da noi si sono messi in ardenza, ed han fatte tutte queste cose.And let vs decree for them, that they walke in their owne ordinances as before. For, because of their ordinances which we dispised, they haue bene wrath, and haue done al these thinges.et constituamus illis ut ambulent in legitimis suis sicut prius: propter legitima enim ipsorum, quæ despeximus, irati sunt, et fecerunt omnia hæc. 60And the proposal was acceptable in the sight of the king, and of the princes: and he sent to them to make peace: and they accepted of it.Piacque questo partito al re e ai principi e mandò a far la pace con essi, ed ei l'accettarono.And the word was liked in the sight of the king, and of the princes: and he sent vnto them to make peace: and they receiued it.Et placuit sermo in conspectu regis et principum: et misit ad eos pacem facere, et receperunt illam.
61And the king and the princes swore to them: and they came out of the strong hold.E il re e i principi la giurarono, e quegli usciron dalla fortezza.And the king and the princes sware to them: and they came out of the fortresse.Et juravit illis rex et principes, et exierunt de munitione. 62Then the king entered into Mount Sion, and saw the strength of the place: and he quickly broke the oath that he had taken, and gave commandment to throw down the wall round about.E il re entrò nel monte di Sion e osservò le fortificazioni di quel luogo, e tosto violò il giuramento fatto, perchè comandò, che si atterrasse il muro all'intorno.And the king entred mount Sion, and saw the munition of the place: and he brake quickly the othe which he sware, and commanded to destroy the wal round about.Et intravit rex montem Sion, et vidit munitionem loci: et rupit citius juramentum quod juravit, et mandavit destruere murum in gyro. 63And he departed in haste and returned to Antioch, where he found Philip master of the city: and he fought against him, and took the city.E si parti in fretta, e tornò ad Antiochia, e trovò Filippo, che si era fatto padrone della città e venne con lui a battaglia, e ricuperò la città.And he departed in hast, and returned to Antioche, and found Philip ruling ouer the citie: and he fought against him and wanne the citie.Et discessit festinanter, et reversus est Antiochiam, et invenit Philippum dominantem civitati: et pugnavit adversus eum, et occupavit civitatem.
6:1
Year of the World 3840, Year before Christ 164.
Calmet
The city. Greek Alexandrian, etc., "a city in Elymais," etc. The Roman copy, Syriac, Josephus, style the place Elymais, where the temple was. (Calmet)
St. Jerome
Profane authors agree that this temple was very rich, and that Epiphanes attempted to plunder it. (St. Jerome, in Daniel xi.)
Calmet
Nanea. Venus or Diana was the deity there adored, whom the king pretended he would marry, 2 Machabees 1:13., and 9:2. (Calmet)
Worthington
The account of the death of Epiphanes is given to ver. 16., and 2 Machabees ix. (Worthington)
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Calmet
Battle. It is not known whether Elymais belonged to the king. Strabo (16) observes it was very jealous of its liberty, which it maintained against the Persians and the successors of Alexander [the Great]. (Calmet)
Worthington
Babylonia. At last he returned towards the country of Babylon. But before he arrived, the news of his generals' bad success in Judea filled him with vexation, and brought on desperate diseases, ver. 8., and 2 Machabees 9:5. (Worthington)
He intended to pass by the country or city of Babylon, but was prevented by illness on the mountains which divide it from Persia.
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Calmet
Persia, at Ecbatana. He expired at Tabis, having fallen from his chariot, etc., 2 Machabees ix. (Calmet)
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Worthington
Evils. All this repentance was fictitious, 2 Machabees ix. (Worthington)
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Calmet
Friends, educated with him. He appointed him regent instead of Lysias. (Calmet)
Appian
His son Eupator was only nine years old. (Appian.)
Calmet
He made him appear and be recognized by the army. Eupator means one "born of a good father." (Calmet)
6:16
Year of the World 3841.
Worthington
Nine. He began his persecution the year [of the kingdom of the Greeks?] 143, so that it lasted six years and almost four months, or 2300 days, (Daniel 8:14.) during which time Judas purified the temple, some months before the death of Epiphanes. (Worthington)
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Year of the World 3841.
Fifty. How then was peace made in [the year of the kingdom of the Greeks?] 148, as we read [in] 2 Machabees 11:21.? Usher ([the year of the world] 3841) supposes the era was reckoned according to the Chaldean custom, which defers it six months. Basnage (II. 1.) rather thins that the letter is placed out of its proper order, and should occur at the beginning of Eupator's reign. See 2 Machabees 10.
Haydock
Slings, or to thrown stones, etc., ballistas. (Haydock)
The Greek and Josephus rather indicate terraces, or towers where the machines were placed.
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Hundred. The 2 Machabees 11:2., specifies 80,000. But it speaks of a subsequent action.
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Idumea. The passes on the north were probably occupied.
Calmet
Bethsura lay to the south of Jerusalem. (Calmet)
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Calmet
Bethzacharam, a defile (Josephus) between the city and Bethsura. Judas abandoned the siege of the castle on Sion. (Calmet)
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Worthington
Blood of grapes, or wine, (Deuteronomy 32:14.) and the juice of mulberries incite elephants to fight, as the smell of some sorts of blood causes dogs to hunt. (Vales. Phil. lxxxii.) (Worthington)
Calmet
This might be done to accustom the elephants to the sight of blood. (Calmet)
Plutarch
White colours irritate them most, as red do bulls. (Plutarch, de Fort. Alex.)
Elian
Sometimes wine and spirits were given them to drink, when they were to trample on criminals: but it was only shewn them when going to battle, as by drinking they lose their strength. (Elian, Hist. 2:40., and 13:8., and 3 Machabees 5:30.)
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Thirty-two. Bochart looks upon this and other such accounts as fabulous. He does not determine how many might fight in these towers; but allows that there must have been above two or three, as some would correct the Greek text, "two or three strong men fighting with darts upon them." An elephant has been known to carry above 5000 pounds, and thirty-two men would weigh no more than 4800. Pliny ([Natural History?] 8:7.) observes that sixty people have been seen upon an elephant. Eupator probably had his from India, where they are larger than in Africa. A person of that country was deemed fittest to manage them.
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Menochius
Trumpets. It would seem as if the infantry had none. Yet this does not appear probable. The Greek reads in a different manner. Some copies have "to stir up and enclose them in the defiles," which seems useless; or "to keep them together in the phalanxes," (Alexandrian manuscript; Calmet) as the Vulgate has read. (Menochius)
6:39
Gold. The Argyraspides of Alexander [the Great] had "shields of silver." His successors might surpass this magnificence; or the officers might have golden and the soldiers brazen bucklers.
6:42
Six, etc., before the exploit of Eleazer. Others fell afterwards, 2 Machabees 11:11., specifies 11,000 foot, and 600 horse. Josephus says 1000 of the vanguard.
6:43
Haydock
Saura. Greek, "Avaron," (Calmet) Alexandrian, "the Sauaran." (Haydock)
Menochius
He is styled Abaron, (chap. 2:5.) the brother of Judas. (Calmet) (Josephus) (Sa) (Menochius)
Arabic says "his servant." This feat is attributed to Judas, (2 Machabees 13:15.) as he was general, and approved of, or "commanded" Eleazar to act thus, according to Ben. Gorion, (III. 20.) and the Arabic.
Calmet
Harness, for greater security. The skin is very hard, except under the belly. (Calmet)
Elephants in the army of Antiochus the great, or rather "the coward," were richly adorned. (Flor. 2:8.)
Curtius viii
Porus, king of India, rode on one covered with gold. (Curtius viii.)
6:44
Haydock
Name. This motive has made some condemn the exploit. But surely a person may seek to acquire fame, even by exposing himself to danger. Eleazar might well hope that the beast would not fall so suddenly. The other motive specified is truly noble and virtuous, and we cannot condemn this hero without stronger proofs. St. Gregory (Mor. 19:13.) represents him as a figure of the proud: but he might not therefore be one of the number, (Calmet) no more than Esau, who was a type of the reprobate, Malachias 1:3. (Haydock)
Worthington
St. Ambrose (Off. 1:40.) highly commends the fortitude of this soldier exposing himself to the danger of death for religion. (Worthington)
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Pliny
Under it. The rhinoceros attacks the elephant in that most vulnerable part. (Pliny, [Natural History?] 8:20.)
6:47
Calmet
Them. Judas thought proper to retire to the temple, which alone was fortified, and in his power. The citadel of Sion held for the king, and the city was defenceless. Only what lay to the north of Bethsura was then called Judea. The Idumeans occupied the rest. Eupator blockaded the temple, and besieged Bethsura, which he took, ver. 41. This siege is related more at length, 2 Machabees 12:19. It cost the king a great deal. (Calmet)
6:50
Year of the World 3841.
6:51
Battering slings. Literally, balistas. (Haydock) See ver. 20.
Silius
Fire, or the long javelin, falarica, mentioned by Livy xxi. Incita sulcatum tremula secat aera flamma. (Silius.)
Tertullian
Pieces. Literally, "scorpions," (Haydock) a sort of pointed dart, (Calmet) filled with poison, virus qua figit effundit. (Tertullian, scorp.)
6:55
Calmet
King. Lysias had thus been displaced, ver. 14. (Calmet)
Providence permitted that he should seek his own interest, and thus deliver Judas from the most imminent danger.
6:58
Josephus
Come. Literally, "give our right hands," (Haydock) the sign of the most inviolable engagements among the Persians. (Josephus, Antiquities xvii. ultra.[last chapter.])
6:59
Before, by leave of Cyrus, Alex.[Alexander the Great], etc.
Despising. Greek, "abolished." They had made the attempt.
6:62
Haydock
Oath. Eupator was not above ten years old, (ver. 14, 20.) so that Lysias must bear the greatest blame. He seems to have prepossessed the king against Philip, the regent. (Haydock)
6:63
Calmet
City, and slew Philip. (Josephus, Antiquities 12:15.) (Calmet)
Worthington
Read 2 Machabees 13:1. (Worthington)
6:31
But they sallied forth.... That is, the citizens of Bethsura sallied forth and burnt them, that is, burnt the engines of the besiegers.
6:36
These before the time.... That is, these were ready for every occasion.
6:4
The ful historie of Antiochus Epiphanes his death is vvritten in this chapter to the 16. v. and in al the 9. of the second booke.
Finally he returned into the countrie of Babylon: but before he arriued there he heard the bad newes of his armie in Iurie, & fel into intolerable and desperate diseases, v. 8. and li. 2. ch. 9. v 5.
6:12
Al this vvas but seaned repentance li. • ch. 9. v 13.
6:16
Antiochus begane to persecute the Ievves in the yeare. 143. ch 1. v. 21. and dying this yeare, 149 it appeareth that his persecution dured about six yeares, or some vvhat more agreable to the answer of the Angel. Dan. 8. v. 14. that it should indure. 2300. dayes, vvhich make six yeares, & almost foure monethes. vvithin vvhich time Iudas by his valure obteyned & purged the holie places, in the yeare 148. ch. 6. v 52 some monethes before Antiochus death.
li. 2. c. 9. v. 1.
6:17
S
li. 2. c. 10. v. 10.
6:18
V
6:34
Bloud of the grup (vvine Deut •2. v 14.) a•• iuyce of mulberies do incite elephantes to fight. A• some kinde of bloud or smel therof doth incire houndes to hunt. Vallesius c. 82 sacrae Philosophia.
6:46
S Ambiose li. 1 c. 40 Offic. highly commendeth the fortitude of this souldiat putting himself in so present danger of death fighting for religion.
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li. 2. c. 13. v. 1.
6:43
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 1.40
207. Mark the courage of the leader, Judas Maccabæus, as exemplified in the character of one of his soldiers. Eleazar,
6:1
1. And king Antiochus (Epiphanes, with whom the Jews and Judæa have hitherto had contention and war. He therefore went) TO ELYMAIS, (which is called by another name Persepolis, that is the city of the Persians, indeed the metropolis, II Maccabees ix, in order to plunder) THE TEMPLE IN IT RICH — dedicated to Venus; but he was repulsed by the citizens. For the Hebrews call Persia Elam, whence they call the Elamites Persians, and Elymais, which the Greeks call Persepolis. Thus Bethsames in Hebrew is called Heliopolis by the Greeks, and City of the Sun by the Latins. Thus Simon in Hebrew is called Cananæus, in Greek Zelotes, in Latin Æmulator. Moreover, Appianus asserts that this "temple" was dedicated to Venus, although Josephus and St. Jerome in chapter viii of Daniel think it was Diana's, but Justin, book XXXII, Jupiter Dindymæus.
6:4
4. HE RETURNED TO BABYLON, — and there he died of grief in the 12th year of his reign, which was the 149th year of the Greeks: his death is described at length in book II, chapter ix. Note: "He returned," that is he began to return, he went toward Babylon, but he did not arrive there, for he died in the mountains of Persia and Media near Ecbatana, as is said in book II, chapter IX, 3 and 27. "He returned" therefore signifies an action begun, not completed: whence for ἀνοστρέψας, that is he returned, the Greek, Vatican and Royal texts have ἀποστρέψαι, that is to return, or that he might return, that is, he departed thence making for Babylon, as Vatable translated it. Wherefore Pererius, in Daniel chapter XI, and Salianus think Antiochus died in the mountains of Media, although Serarius prefers that he began to be gravely ill there, but died in Babylon.
6:7
7. AND BECAUSE THEY DESTROYED (Judas and the Jews) THE ABOMINATION, (that is the abominable idol of Jupiter Olympius, which Antiochus had placed upon the altar in the temple): AND THE SANCTIFICATION, (that is the sanctuary, or the holy temple) THEY SURROUNDED WITH WALLS.
6:12
12. Now therefore I remember the evils. — Behold the conscience of the wicked accuses him, so that he may acknowledge that he is tormented and brought to death on account of his crimes and sacrileges committed against God, the temple and the Jews. See how true it is: "Conscience a thousand witnesses!" This is evident in Cain, wandering and fugitive on account of the murder of his brother Abel, Genesis IV, in the brothers who sold Joseph, Genesis XLII, 21, in Judas the traitor, Matthew XXVII, 4. For when punishment presses, immediately conscience recalls the guilt to the mind, as it were the cause of punishment, and by its reproach chastises and strikes it.
6:15
15. And he gave him (to Philip, his intimate friend) HIS DIADEM AND HIS ROBE, AND HIS RING, — so that he might bear these as it were the insignia of a king to his son Antiochus Eupator, a boy, and might educate and direct him, as a pedagogue, and substitute himself in the kingdom to care for it, so that he himself might reign, lest Demetrius his cousin invade the kingdom, as he indeed did.
6:17
17. AND LYSIAS KNEW, THAT (that) KING ANTIOCHUS (Epiphanes) WAS DEAD, AND HE APPOINTED (that he might reign, that is he proclaimed a king) ANTIOCHUS HIS SON (nine years old, says Appianus in the Syrian history) TO REIGN, AND CALLED HIS NAME EUPATOR, — that is born of a good and fortunate father, born of great birth; Epiphanes, that is the illustrious and noble son of an illustrious father. Thus εὐπατρία is called a noble daughter. And εὐπατρίδαι were called by Theseus the nobles of the Athenians, as Plutarch testifies in Theseus, and in Publicola he calls the Roman Patricians εὐπατρίδας, and Budæus attributes the same name to the Doctors of Venice in his epistle. Otherwise Pagninus in the Hebrew names: "Eupator," he says, is the same as "good father," that is a good Prince. For he loves his subjects as sons, and shows himself to them as a father, benign and beneficent. The former etymology seems more apt and true. For the Syrians, says Appianus in the Syrian history, added to Antiochus the cognomen Eupator on account of the virtue of his father, as if they would say he was fortunate, to whom such a father had fallen.
6:18
18. And they that were in the castle, — that is to say, the soldiers of Antiochus occupying the castle of Sion, knowing that Judas with his forces was absent, by continual sallies vexed the few garrison troops, whom Judas had placed in the castle near the former one to restrain them; and moreover THEY HAD SHUT UP ISRAEL ROUND ABOUT THE HOLY PLACES, (so that they dared not set foot outside their castle and temple: and by this means the) STRENGTH OF THE GENTILES (was always increased, — that is, the strength and fortitude of the Antichristians. Wherefore Judas with his whole army besieged them and the castle of Sion in the 150th year of the Greeks, which was the second year of Eupator.
6:21
21. And there joined themselves to them certain wicked men of Israel, — envying the glory of Judas, who therefore went to king Antiochus Eupator, stirring him up to crush Judas, hoping to be substituted in the place of Judas by him, so that they might be prefects and lords of the Jews. These therefore were apostates and traitors of Israel.
6:28
28. AND THE KING WAS ANGRY — Antiochus Eupator, a young man, indeed a boy, stirred up by Lysias and his counselors, who therefore gathered against Judas a hundred thousand foot soldiers and 20 thousand horsemen with 32 elephants which were TRAINED FOR BATTLE.
6:31
31. And they went out (the Jews besieged from their fortress Bethsura), and set fire to them (the machines erected by Eupator against them) and fought manfully, — defending themselves and their Bethsura with strength.
6:34
34. AND THEY SHOWED THE ELEPHANTS BLOOD (juice or liquid, namely reddish like blood) OF GRAPES AND MULBERRIES (from the mulberry tree) TO SHARPEN THEM FOR BATTLE, — so that seeing as it were blood they might be stirred up and made fierce to shed the blood of enemies. For although elephants, bulls, lions do not need this provocation, when they see dragons and other animals hostile to them, they nevertheless need it in battle with men: for they do not have an antipathy toward men. Moreover that these elephants were enormous and most robust is clear from the fact that they were Indian; for they had an Indian master: but Indian elephants are the largest and strongest, and far surpass the Libyan, as Livy testifies, lib. XXXVII. Again from the fact that each elephant carried on its back a high and strong tower and in it 32 armed men with an abundance of missiles and armor. Furthermore from the fact that to each elephant there were assigned five hundred horsemen, so that to 32 elephants in all there were assigned sixteen thousand horsemen fighting with the elephants and for the elephants. The greater therefore was the virtue of Judas and the Jews fighting generously against such monsters. Moreover to each elephant there were assigned a thousand foot soldiers, wherefore to 32 elephants there were assigned 32 thousand foot soldiers. Note first that the ancients used elephants, and the Indians still use them in battles for the reasons which Vegetius recounts, lib. III De re milit. cap. xxiv: "Elephants, he says, in battles by the magnitude of their bodies, the horror of their trumpeting, the novelty of their very form, disturb men and horses. These against the Roman army King Pyrrhus first brought out in Lucania. Afterwards Hannibal in Africa, King Antiochus in the East, Jugurtha in Numidia had them in abundance against whom various kinds of arms were devised:" to these add first the stench, which in elephants is so great that the horses of enemies, unable to bear it, flee, unless they have been accustomed to it beforehand; second, that the elephant is more docile than other animals, so much so that it comes very close to the docility, prudence and sagacity of men, as Pliny teaches, lib. VIII, cap. 11, Aristotle, lib. IX Hist. anim. cap. xlvi. It is therefore taught to fight, and how to conduct itself in battle, and what duties it ought to perform. Aelian recounts these, lib. XII and XXII; third, that elephants like bulls are irritated, made fierce and stirred up by the sight of blood, so that they rush upon the enemy, as Valesius teaches S. Philos. cap. LXXXII. On the other hand our Sanchez holds that the blood-red color of the grape and mulberry was shown to the elephant, so that it might remember that it had been healed of wounds by this juice, and again if it were wounded in battle it would be healed. For wounds and diseases of elephants are cured by their keepers with dark wine, as Aelian relates, lib. XI, cap. vii, Arrian and Strabo. Which aptly agrees with the tropological sense. For if the blood of the grape inflames the elephant, so that mindful of the benefit and healing received through it from the hero it fights for him and rushes upon swords and spears, what ought we to do beholding Christ who for us poured out all his blood and life on the cross? Aelian adds, lib. III De animalibus, that wine was given to elephants to drink, so that inflamed by it, as if drunk, they might rush upon swords and arms. The same is taught to have been done among the Jews in lib. III Machab. cap. v: "He commanded, it says, Hermon the prefect of the elephants, that on the following day frankincense in large handfuls with much unmixed wine should be given to all the elephants numbering five hundred for drinking, so that having been supplied with drink in abundance they might be made fierce to bring death to the Jews." For frankincense mixed with wine dulls the senses and brings them stupor. Thus wine drunk by bulls and other animals makes them spirited and bold, indeed fierce and furious, so that they rush upon any who come in their way.
6:35
6:36
36. These before the time wheresoever the beast was, there were they, — that is to say, These thousand men, since they could not equal the speed of the elephant's gait, went before the elephant; wherefore before the time when the beast arrived at a certain place, they themselves reached that place before it: for when they saw the beast heading toward a certain place, they themselves by shorter and direct paths ran to the same place and went before the beast.
6:37
37. AND WOODEN TOWERS UPON THEM STRONG, — having their own palisades and coats of mail, by which they were "protecting" both the soldiers themselves and their machines. AND UPON EACH (tower) MEN OF VALOR (that is, strenuous and most strong), THIRTY TWO WHO FOUGHT FROM ABOVE (against the enemies below; whence they easily laid them low): AND AN INDIAN MASTER (keeper) OF THE BEAST, — whence it is clear that these elephants were Indian, which are far larger and more robust than African; for these latter scarcely carry six or seven armed men. Thus from Livy, Pliny, Solinus and others Gesner and Aldrovandus in the elephant.
6:39
39. AND AS THE SUN SHONE UPON THE GOLDEN AND BRAZEN SHIELDS, THE MOUNTAINS WERE MADE BRIGHT BY THEM, (both because this army, distributed into its ranks, with the sun reverberating upon their shields, appeared to those beholding to exhibit in itself as many mountains shining with bronze and gold; and because these ranks were in valleys, as the Greek has it; wherefore from the valleys the brightness excited in the shields by the rays of the sun was reflected back upon the neighboring mountains, so that those mountains appeared wholly bright and shining,) LIKE LAMPS OF FIRE, — that is, kindled and burning, especially because, as follows, part of the royal army proceeded through the mountains, part through the valleys. St. Ambrose, book I of the Duties, chapter xli, refers these things to the elephants: "For these," he says, "at the rising of the sun, like certain mountains with the glitter of arms, as with burning lamps, shone forth."
6:42
42. AND THERE FELL OF THE KING'S ARMY SIX HUNDRED MEN. — Judas therefore at the very beginning of the battle laid low six hundred soldiers of Antiochus, and soon four thousand, as it is said, book II, chapter xiii, verse 18.
6:43
43. AND ELEAZAR THE SON OF SAURA SAW ONE OF THE BEASTS. — This Eleazar was the brother of Judas Maccabaeus, says Josephus, chapter 11, verse 5, and was surnamed Avaron or Abaron, whence for "Saura" Josephus reads Auran, the Codex of Basil reads Abaran. For in the Greek there is not the word "son," but only Eleazar Avaran. Whence Vatable translates: Eleazar, who is called Avaran, that is, the strong one of them. Thus also Gorionides, Serarius, Salianus and others. Gorionides adds that he attacked the elephant at the urging of his brother Judas. Hence no mention is made of Eleazar the brother of Judas, as is made of Jonathan, and Simon and John the brothers of Judas. It appears therefore that this Eleazar was the brother of Judas, who here generously fell beneath the elephant. You will say: How then do the Vulgate have "son of Saura?" I answer, Eleazar was the son of Matthathias, who was surnamed "Saura," or, as the Greek has it, Avaran, or Abaran, that is, the strong one of them. For he was the first to raise the standard of strength against Antiochus. Moreover, Matthathias transferred this surname Abaron to his son Eleazar on account of his remarkable strength of spirit and body. For the Hebrews were polyonymous and obtained several names from various gifts, or events, or rather surnames: perhaps from שאבירון seabbiron or seavaran, that is, to whom strength belongs, by contraction was made "Saura," just as in Genesis XLIX for Shiloh, that is, the Messiah, the Septuagint read שלו Selo, that is, which are reserved for him, namely for Christ, such as eternal kingdom and eternal glory. In a similar manner we see many proper names contracted by use, indeed corrupted and distorted; Sanchez, however, denies that this Eleazar was the brother of Judas.
6:44
44. AND HE GAVE HIMSELF (in combat against the elephant, and therefore to certain death with this as the primary end,) THAT HE MIGHT DELIVER HIS PEOPLE (from the invasion of King Antiochus Eupator; secondarily, that he might) ACQUIRE FOR HIMSELF AN ETERNAL NAME, — both on earth among men, that he might incite them by his example to similar heroic deeds, and rather in heaven before God and the Holy Angels. And he obtained both. For as St. Ambrose says in the place soon to be cited: "The king, terrified by the strength of one man, begged for peace."
6:46
46. AND HE WENT UNDER THE FEET OF THE ELEPHANT, — so that he might pierce his belly, and thus cause him to fall, and his fall to crush the king, although he knew that he himself would be crushed by the same fall. He therefore intended directly to kill the king, but indirectly he intended to permit himself also to be crushed by the same fall, without which he could not kill the king. Thus soldiers in battle seek the first place, so that they might be the first to rush into the city or against the enemy, even if they know that most of them will fall and perish, and they consider this death to be their glory. Thus Samson, shaking the columns, overturned the house, so that the fall of the house would bury the satraps of the Philistines, even though he knew that he himself would be buried by the same fall, Judges xvi, 29. See the things said there. Wherefore they praise Eleazar for his strength and zeal, St. Ambrose, St. Gregory, Serarius, Salianus and others throughout. Xenophon narrates a similar deed, book VII of the Cyropaedia, about a certain man who, having pierced the belly of Cyrus's horse, cast down Cyrus. Hear St. Ambrose, book I of the Offices, chapter xl: "What great strength of spirit, therefore," he says, "first that he did not fear death; then that, surrounded by legions of enemies, he rushed upon the crowded foe, penetrated the middle of the line, and, death despised, more fierce, having cast aside his shield, with both hands he would undertake and sustain the mass of the beast; afterward he would go beneath it itself, so that he might strike with a fuller blow. Enclosed by its fall rather than crushed, he was buried by his own triumph. Nor did the opinion deceive the man, although the royal garb deceived. For by such a spectacle of virtue the enemies were fixed, and the rushing beast, so they trembled, that all considered themselves unequal to the virtue of one." And soon after: "And so Eleazar left peace as the heir of his virtue." AND THE ELEPHANT FELL UPON HIM (Eleazar, who had placed himself beneath it), AND HE DIED THERE. — Eleazar, crushed by the elephant falling upon him. Symbolically St. Gregory, book XIX of the Morals, chapter xiii: "Eleazar," he says, "striking the elephant in battle, laid it low; but beneath the one whom he destroyed, he fell. Whom therefore does he signify, whom his own victory crushed, except those who overcome vices, but beneath the very things which they subdue, succumb through pride? For he dies, as it were, beneath the enemy whom he prostrates, who is lifted up by the fault which he overcomes."
6:47
47. And seeing (Judas and the Jews) THE STRENGTH OF THE KING, (that is, the army of the king so powerful and numerous, that they few could not lay it low, by prudent counsel for a time) THEY TURNED THEMSELVES FROM THEM, — and they went on to besiege the citadel on Mount Zion occupied by the followers of Antiochus. Similarly the king, terrified by so many of his men slain by Judas, withdrew himself, nor did he dare to pursue Judas as he departed, but he besieged Bethsura. Note: In these books by "strength" is understood a powerful army; for this is what the Greek δύναμις signifies.
6:49
49. AND HE MADE PEACE WITH THEM THAT WERE IN BETHSURA, (with the agreement that he would allow them, dying of hunger, to go out and seek food, while he himself would occupy Bethsura:) BECAUSE IT WAS THE SABBATH OF THE LAND, — that is, because it was the seventh year, or the sabbatical year, in which it was not permitted to sow or to reap, but rest was to be given to the land according to the law of Exodus xxiii. For a similar reason Herod took Jerusalem by famine in the sabbatical year, as Josephus relates, book XIV, chapter xxviii.
6:51
51. AND HE TURNED (king Antiochus Eupator) HIS CAMP TO THE PLACE OF SANCTIFICATION, (so that he might assault the temple and the citadel, which Judas had erected near it for its protection, chapter IV, verse 60:) AND HE SET THERE BALISTAS, etc., AND SCORPIONS, (which were machines, or catapults) FOR SENDING ARROWS AND SLINGS, — in Greek σφενδόνας, that is, slings, or larger balistas, which hurled great stones and cast them into the city, concerning which see Vegetius, Lipsius, Valtrin and others.
6:55
55. AND LYSIAS HEARD THAT PHILIP, etc. — Lysias, who governed Eupator the king, as a boy, fearing Philip, lest he thrust him from his place and rank, because Philip had been appointed by his father Antiochus Epiphanes as he was dying to be governor of the kingdom equally with the son Eupator, persuaded Eupator to make peace with the Jews, and to go against Philip, lest he invade the kingdom; and thus it was done: whence in II Maccabees xiii, 22, these things are supplied and added, which greatly commend the fortitude and victory of Judas: "Again the king held discourse with those who were in Bethsura: he gave his right hand, and received it: he departed, joined battle with Judas: he was overcome. But when he learned that Philip had rebelled in Antioch, who had been left over the affairs, being troubled in mind, he besought the Jews, and submitted to them and swore to all things which seemed just: and being reconciled, he offered sacrifice, honored the temple, and placed gifts, embraced Maccabeus, and made him leader and prince from Ptolemais even to Gerrenos."
6:62
62. And he broke his oath quickly, (because he took care to destroy the citadel erected by Judas for the protection of the temple, while, as follows, HE COMMANDED THE WALL (of the citadel) TO BE DESTROYED ROUND ABOUT. But soon the king repented of his treachery, who, wishing to use the aid and strength of Judas and the Jews against Philip, renewed the covenant with him, and embracing Judas made him leader and prince, as I have already said from II Maccabees xiii.
6:63
63. And he fought against him (Philip rebelling against him, and having captured him he killed him) AND HE TOOK POSSESSION OF THE CITY — Antioch, greatly aided by the assistance of Judas and the Jews, as Josephus and Gorionides relate. Moreover Antioch is the metropolis of Syria, a most celebrated city, through which the river Orontes flows, later called Theopolis by the Emperor Justinian, that is the City of God. In it Peter the Apostle first sat, and there the faithful were first called Christians. It was called Antioch from Antiochus, just as Epiphania from Epiphanes, Alexandria from Alexander, Rome from Romulus, Constantinople from Constantine the founder. Moreover Antioch was founded by Seleucus Nicator, who first reigned in Asia and Syria after Alexander the Great, and he named it Antioch from the name of his father Antiochus, and made it the capital of Syria, says St. Isidore, book XV of the Origins, chapter 1.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
6:1
— A. IV (175-163 B.C.), called Epiphanés ("the manifest [god]"), but sometimes called by his subjects Epimanés, "the madman" (Athenaeus, Δειπνοσφαιστιά, 10), is the Seleucid of whom the Bible speaks most (Dan. 11:11-45; I Macc. 1:11-67; 2; 3; 6:1-16; II Macc. 4:7-9:20). He was the most execrable persecutor of Israel. …
In II Macc. 9:2, P. is said to be the city whose temple, dedicated to Nanea (ibid. 1:13), Antiochus IV Epiphanes, shortly before his death, wished to plunder; in I Macc. 6:1 such a city is not named, but is placed in Elam. …
6:2
… Dan. 8:21 ff. and 11:2 describe the power of the ram, or Alexander "king of the Greeks" ("first king of the Greeks": 1 Macc. 1:1; 6:2). The Seleucids too are "kings of the Greeks" (Dan. 10:20; Zech. 9:13; 1 Macc. 1:11; 8:18: against them the Jews ask help from the Romans, that they may free them from the "yoke of the Greeks").
6:7
… Lagrange, J. Göttsberger, B. Rigaux, P. F. Ceuppens, this passage too would refer to Antiochus IV) or of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (11:31; 12:11). Siqqûs expresses the principal idea (in I Macc. 6:7 only τὸ βδέλυγμα appears): "disgrace, horror, horrible thing"; it is a descriptive designation of the pagan gods or idols (I Reg. 2:5; mostly in the plural: Hos. 9:10, and often in …
… B. was powerfully fortified (I Mach. 6, 7, 26), but two years later it was occupied by treachery by Antiochus V Eupator (I Mach. 6, 49 sq.). …
… It was fortified at the time of the Maccabees (ibid. 6, 7; 13, 52; Eccl. 50, 1 f.). The Hasmoneans on its north side built the fortress Baris (Biyra), adorned and named by Herod "Antonia" (v.). …
6:14
Without taking this wish into account, L. proclaimed as king the nine-year-old (or twelve-year-old) Antiochus V (v.), calling him Eupator (1 Macc. 6:14-17), and undertook with him another expedition into Palestine. …
6:17
… But soon A. V with Lysias was killed by the troops by order of his cousin Demetrius I, who had fled from Rome and been proclaimed king (I Mach. 6:17-74; II Mach. 10:10-14:2; Flavius Josephus, Antiq. …
6:18
… Jonathan, his successor (160), taking advantage of the internal struggles in Syria, reoccupied part of the city and repaired the quarters plundered by Antiochus (I Macc. 6, 18-62), while Simon completed its fortification works and in 142 reduced to silence the Syrian fortress, the Acra (I Macc. 13, 49).
… Penetrating once again from the south, he defeated Judas Maccabeus at Beth-zechariah, besieged Jerusalem, and conquered Beth-zur (1 Macc. 6:18-34).
6:19
Acra (Akra: Greek 'Ἄκρα' 'fortress')
… After various attempts by the first two Maccabees, Judas (I Mach. 6, 19) and Jonathan (ibid. 11, 20-22; 41; 12, 35-37), only Simon succeeded in occupying it in 142 (ibid. 13, 49-52), thus crowning the Maccabean work of liberation from the hated Seleucid yoke. …
6:28
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… During the fighting there also fell the son of Mattathias, Eleazar, who was crushed by an elephant that he himself had killed in order to put to death the King whom he erroneously believed to be upon the elephant (I Mach. 6, 28-47; II Mach. 13, 1. 2. 9-17). But the victory did not bring Lysias its fruits, because he was forced to abandon the region to return to Syria, where the pretender Philip had arrived from the east. …
6:48
37:32) and for its inhabitants "sons of S." (ibid. 10:32; Ps. 68:36; Jer. 3:23). Then at the time of the Maccabean struggles the Jewish sanctuary was actually designated by the name "Mount S." (τὸ ὄρος Σιών; I Mach. 4:37-60; 6:48, 62; 10:11; 14:26). There the valiant Maccabees entrenched themselves to resist the troops stationed by Antiochus Epiphanes in the Acra or "city of David" (ibid. 1:33; 7:32; 14:36); probably …
6:49
… B. was powerfully fortified (I Mach. 6, 7, 26), but two years later it was occupied by treachery by Antiochus V Eupator (I Mach. 6, 49 sq.). …
… completely neglected, at least before the exile (cf. Lev. 26:34, 35, 43; Neh. 10:31). For a more recent era there are some documentary attestations concerning its observance, but always with emphasis on the practical difficulties that resulted from it (cf. 1 Macc. 6:49, 53; Flavius Josephus, Antiq. …
6:55
Meanwhile, however, L. learned that the general Philip was attempting to supplant him in Antioch; he concluded peace with the Jews, defeated and killed Philip (1 Macc. 6:55-63; 2 Macc. 13:23), but was in turn killed together with Antiochus V, by order of Demetrius I, son of Seleucus IV Philopator, in 162 B.C. (cf. 2 Macc. 14:1 ff.).
6:57
… Meanwhile, since his rival Philip had returned to Antioch, Lysias had to raise the siege and make peace with Judas Maccabeus, granting the Jews full religious freedom (I Mach. 6:57-63; II Mach. 13:23-26), and he defeated Philip (according to Flavius Josephus, Antiq. …
6:62
… Antiochus Eupator destroyed part of its walls (I Mach. 6, 62), later restored by Jonathan. …
6:63
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… religious peace to the Jews (II Mach. 11, 22-26). The Hellenizing Jews were displeased at this, especially the high priest Menelaus, whom Lysias had killed to thwart his intrigues; then he returned to Antioch, driving out Philip, who took refuge in Egypt (I Mach. 6, 63; II Mach. 9, 29).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.