Gog shall persecute the church in the latter days. He shall be overthrown.
Gog and Magog most tyrannically persecuting the Church, 17. as other prophetes haue also foretold, 20. shal be mightyly ouerthrowne.
1And the word of the Lord came to me, saying:Il Signore parlommi, dicendo:AND the word of our Lord was made to me, saying:Et factus est sermo Domini ad me, dicens: 2Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Mosoch and Thubal: and prophesy of him,Figliuolo dell'uomo, volgi la tua faccia verso Gog, verso la terra di Magog, verso il principe, e capo di Mosoch, e di Thubal, e profetizza in torno ad essi,Sonne of man, set thy face against Gog. & the Land of Magog, the prince of the head of Mosoch, and Thubal: and prophecie of him and thou shalt say to him:Fili hominis, pone faciem tuam contra Gog, terram Magog, principem capitis Mosoch et Thubal, et vaticinare de eo. 3And say to him: Thus saith the Lord God: Behold, I come against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Mosoch and Thubal.E dirai a lui: Queste cose dice il Signore Dio: Eccomi a te, o Gog principe, e capo di Mosoch, e di Thubal.Thus saith our Lord God: Behold I to thee Gog prince of the head of Mosoch and Thubal.Et dices ad eum: Hæc dicit Dominus Deus: / Ecce ego ad te, Gog, principem capitis Mosoch et Thubal. 4And I will turn thee about, and I will put a bit in thy jaws: and I will bring thee forth, and all thy army, horses and horsemen all clothed with coats of mail, a great multitude, armed with spears and shields and swords.Io ti aggirerò, e imbriglierò le tue mascelle, e menerò fuori te, e il tuo esercito, i cavalli, e i cavalieri coperti tutti di corazze, turba grande, che darà di piglio all'asta, allo scudo, e alla spada.And I wil turne thee about, and wil put a bitte in thy iawes: and wil bring forth thee, and al thyne armie, the horses and horsmen clothed with brigantines, a great multitude, of them that take speare and buckler and sword.Et circumagam te, et ponam frenum in maxillis tuis: / et educam te, et omnem exercitum tuum, / equos et equites vestitos loricis universos, / multitudinem magnam, hastam et clypeum arripientium et gladium. 5The Persians, Ethiopians, and Libyans with them, all with shields and helmets.Con essi saranno i Persiani, e gli Etiopi, e que' della Libia, tutti provveduti di scudo, e di cimiero.The Persians, Aethiopians, and Lybians with them, al with shildes and helmets.Persæ, Æthiopes, et Libyes cum eis, / omnes scutati et galeati. 6Gomer, and all his bands, the house of Thogorma, the northern parts and all his strength, and many peoples with thee.Gomer, e tutte le sue schiere, la casa di Thogorma, e le genti settentrionali, e tutte le loro forze, e molti altri popoli teco.Gomer, and al her troupes, the houses of Thogorma the sides of the North, & al his strength, and manie peoples with them.Gomer et universa agmina ejus, / domus Thogorma, latera aquilonis, / et totum robur ejus, populique multi tecum.
7Prepare and make thyself ready, and all thy multitude that is assembled about thee, and be thou commander over them.Preparati, e mettiti in ordine con tutta la tua moltitudine affollata intorno a te, e dà loro i tuoi ordini.Prepare and make readie thy selfe, and al thy multitude, that is gathered to thee in heapes: and be thou as a precept to them.Præpara et instrue te, / et omnem multitudinem tuam quæ coacervata est ad te: / et esto eis in præceptum. 8After many days thou shalt be visited: at the end of years thou shalt come to the land that is returned from the sword, and is gathered out of many nations, to the mountains of Israel which have been continually waste: but it hath been brought forth out of the nations, and they shall all of them dwell securely in it.Dopo molti giorni tu sarai visitato: nel fine degli anni tu anderai in una terra, che fu liberata dalla spada, ed è stata radunata da molte genti ai monti d'Israele, che furon sempre deserti: ella fu tratta da molti popoli, e vi si abita tranquillamente.After manie dayes thou shalt be visited: in the later end of yeares thou shalt come to the land, that is returned from the sword, and is gathered together out of manie peoples, to the mountaines of Israel, that were desert continually: this same is brought forth out of the peoples, and they shal al dwel in it confidently.Post dies multos visitaberis: / in novissimo annorum venies ad terram quæ reversa est a gladio, / et congregata est de populis multis ad montes Israël, / qui fuerunt deserti jugiter: / hæc de populis educta est, / et habitabunt in ea confidenter universi. 9And thou shalt go up and come like a storm, and like a cloud to cover the land, thou and all thy bands and many people with thee.Tu vi anderai, e vi entrerai come una tempesta, e come una nube per ingombrare la terra, tu, e tutte le tue schiere, e i molti popoli, che son teco.And going vp as a tempest thou shalt come, and as it were a clowde that thou maist couer the land, thou & thy troupes, and manie peoples with thee.Ascendens autem quasi tempestas venies, / et quasi nubes, ut operias terram: / tu et omnia agmina tua, / et populi multi tecum. 10Thus saith the Lord God: In that day projects shall enter into thy heart, and thou shalt conceive a mischievous design.Queste cose dice il Signore Dio: In quel giorno tu la discorrerai in cuor tuo, e coverai pessimi consigli;Thus sayth our Lord God: In that day shal wordes ascend vpon thy hart, & thou shalt thinke a most wicked thought.Hæc dicit Dominus Deus: / In die illa, ascendent sermones super cor tuum, / et cogitabis cogitationem pessimam:
11And thou shalt say: I will go up to the land which is without a wall, I will come to them that are at rest, and dwell securely: all these dwell without a wall, they have no bars nor gates:E dirai: Io m'incamminerò verso una terra smantellata: anderò contro gente, che dorme, e vive senza sospetto: tutti costoro abitano in luoghi non murati, non hanno serrature, né porte:And shalt say: I wil goe vp to the land without wal: I wil come to them that rest, and dwel securely: al these dwel without wal, there are no barres nor gates to them:et dices: Ascendam ad terram absque muro: / veniam ad quiescentes habitantesque secure: / hi omnes habitant sine muro; / vectes et portæ non sunt eis: 12To take spoils, and lay hold on the prey, to lay thy hand upon them that had been wasted, and afterwards restored, and upon the people that is gathered together out of the nations, which hath begun to possess and to dwell in the midst of the earth.Così tu rapirai le spoglie, e t'impadronirai della preda, e metterai le mani addosso a coloro, i quali erano stati dispersi, e poi furono richiamati, e ad un popolo raunato di mezzo alle genti, il quale cominciò a possedere, e ad abitare l'umbilico della terra.That thou mayst take the spoiles, and inuade the praye, that thou maist lay thy hand vpon them, that had bene desert, and afterward restored, and vpon the people that is gathered together out of the Gentils, which hath begune to possesse, and to be inhabitant of the nauel of the earth.ut diripias spolia, et invadas prædam; / ut inferas manum tuam super eos qui deserti fuerant, et postea restituti, / et super populum qui est congregatus ex gentibus, / qui possidere cœpit et esse habitator umbilici terræ. 13Saba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tharsis, and all the lions thereof shall say to thee: Art thou come to take spoils? behold, thou hast gathered thy multitude to take a prey, to take silver, and gold, and to carry away goods and substance, and to take rich spoils.Saba, e Dedan, e i mercatanti di Tarso, e tutti i suoi principi ti diranno: Vieni tu a far acquisto di spoglie? Certo che tu la tua molta gente hai radunata, per far gran preda, per portar via l'argento, e l'oro, e le suppellettili, e le cose preziose, e portar via ricchezze infinite.Saba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tharsis, and al the lions therof shal say to thee: What comest thou to take spoiles? behold thou hast gathered thy multitude to take the praye, that thou maist take siluer, and gold, and maist take away stuffe and substance, & spoile infinite booties.Saba, et Dedan, et negotiatores Tharsis, / et omnes leones ejus, dicent tibi: / Numquid ad sumenda spolia tu venis ? / ecce ad diripiendam prædam congregasti multitudinem tuam, / ut tollas argentum et aurum, / et auferas supellectilem atque substantiam, / et diripias manubias infinitas. 14Therefore, thou son of man, prophesy and say to Gog: Thus saith the Lord God: Shalt thou not know, in that day, when my people of Israel shall dwell securely?Per questo profetizza, o figliuolo dell'uomo, e dirai a Gog: Queste cose dice il Signore Dio: In quel giorno, quando il popolo mio d'Israele se ne starà quieto, e sicuro, non te ne avvedrai tu allora?Therfore prophecie thou sonne of man, and thou shalt say to Gog: Thus saith our Lord God: Why shalt thou not know in that day, when my people of Israel shal dwel confidently?Propterea vaticinare, fili hominis, et dices ad Gog: / Hæc dicit Dominus Deus: / Numquid non in die illo, / cum habitaverit populus meus Israël confidenter, / scies ?
15And thou shalt come out of thy place from the northern parts, thou and many people with thee, all of them riding upon horses, a great company and a mighty army.E ti partirai dal tuo paese dalle parti settentrionali, tu, e molti popoli teco, tutti i soldati a cavallo turba grande, esercito possente.And thou shalt come out of thy place from the sides of the North, thou and manie peoples with thee, al riders of horses, a great companie, and a vehement armie.Et venies de loco tuo a lateribus aquilonis, / tu et populi multi tecum, / ascensores equorum universi: / cœtus magnus, et exercitus vehemens. 16And thou shalt come upon my people of Israel like a cloud, to cover the earth. Thou shalt be in the latter days, and I will bring thee upon my land: that the nations may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before their eyes.E anderai contro al mio popolo Israele come nuvola, che ingombri la terra: Tu sarai alla fine dei giorni, e io ti condurrò nella mia terra, affinchè mi conoscano le genti, quand'io farò spiccar in te la mia gloria sugli occhi di esse, o Gog.And thou shalt ascend vpon my people of Israel as a clowde, that thou couer the earth. In the later dayes shalt thou be, and I wil bring thee vpon my land: that the Gentils may know me, when I shal be sanctified in thee before their eyes ô Gog.Et ascendes super populum meum Israël / quasi nubes, ut operias terram. / In novissimis diebus erit, / et adducam te super terram meam: / ut sciant gentes me / cum sanctificatus fuero in te in oculis eorum, o Gog ! 17Thus saith the Lord God: Thou then art he, of whom I have spoken in the days of old, by my servants the prophets of Israel, who prophesied in the days of those times that I would bring thee upon them.Queste cose dice il Signore Dio: Tu se' adunque colui, di cui io ho parlato ne' giorni antichi per mezzo de' servi miei, i profeti d'Israele, i quali in que' tempi profetizzarono, com' io ti avrei fatto venir contro di loro.Thus sayth our Lord God: Thou then art he, of whom I spake in the dayes of old, in the hand of my seruants the prophets of Israel, which prophecied in the dayes of those times, that I would bring in thee vpon them.Hæc dicit Dominus Deus: / Tu ergo ille es, de quo locutus sum in diebus antiquis / in manu servorum meorum prophetarum Israël, / qui prophetaverunt in diebus illorum temporum, / ut adducerem te super eos. 18And it shall come to pass in that day, in the day of the coming of Gog upon the land of Israel, saith the Lord God, that my indignation shall come up in my wrath.E in quel giorno, nel di dell'arrivo di Gog nella terra d'Israele, dice il Signore Dio, scoppierà l'indegnazione mia, e il mio furore.And it shal be in that day, in the day of the coming of Gog vpon the land of Israel, saith our Lord God, myne indignation shal ascend in my furie. And in my zele, and in the fire of my wrath I haue spoken:Et erit in die illa, / in die adventus Gog super terram Israël, / ait Dominus Deus, / ascendet indignatio mea in furore meo.
19And I have spoken in my zeal, and in the fire of my anger, that in that day there shall be a great commotion upon the land of Israel:E nel mio zelo, nel calor del mio sdegno io parlerò: Grande sarà in quel dì la commozione nella terra d'Israele:That in that day shal be a great commotion vpon the land of Israel: and at my presenceEt in zelo meo, in igne iræ meæ locutus sum, / quia in die illa erit commotio magna super terram Israël: 20So that the fishes of the sea, and the birds of the air, and the beasts of the field, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the ground, and all men that are upon the face of the earth, shall be moved at my presence: and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the hedges shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground.E dinanzi a me saranno in agitazione i pesci del mare, e gli uccelli dell'aria, e le bestie de' campi, e tutti i rettili, che si muovono sulla terra, e tutti gli uomini, che abitano la superficie della terra: e i monti saran rovesciati, e caderanno i baluardi, e tutte le mura precipiteranno per terra.shal the fishes of the sea be moued, and the foules of heauen, and the beastes of the fild, and enerie creeping thing, that moueth vpon the ground & al men that are vpon the face of the earth: and the mountaines shal be ouerthrowen, and the hedges shal fal, and euerie wal shal fal on the ground.et commovebuntur a facie mea pisces maris, / et volucres cæli, et bestiæ agri, / et omne reptile quod movetur super humum, / cunctique homines qui sunt super faciem terræ: / et subvertentur montes, et cadent sepes, / et omnis murus corruet in terram. 21And I will call in the sword against him in all my mountains, saith the Lord God: every man’s sword shall be pointed against his brother.E chiamerò contro di lui su tutti i miei monti la spada, dice il Signore Dio: dirizzerà ognuno la spada contro il proprio fratello.And I wil cal in against him in al my moūtaines the sword, saith our Lord God: euerie mans sword shal be directed against his brother.Et convocabo adversus eum in cunctis montibus meis gladium, / ait Dominus Deus: / gladius uniuscujusque in fratrem suum dirigetur. 22And I will judge him with pestilence, and with blood, and with violent rain, and vast hailstones: I will rain fire and brimstone upon him, and upon his army, and upon the many nations that are with him.E lo punirò colla pestilenza, e colla strage, e con pioggia furiosa, e con pietre sterminate: pioverò sopra di lui, e sopra del suo esercito, e sopra i molti popoli, che son con lui fuoco, e zolfo.And I wil iudge him with pestilence, and bloud, and vehement showre, & mightie great stones: fire, and brimstone wil I raine vpon him, and vpon his armie, and vpon the manie peoples that ar• with him.Et judicabo eum peste, et sanguine, / et imbre vehementi, et lapidibus immensis: / ignem et sulphur pluam super eum, / et super exercitum ejus, / et super populos multos qui sunt cum eo.
23And I will be magnified, and I will be sanctified: and I will be known in the eyes of many nations and they shall know that I am the Lord.E farò conoscere la mia grandezza, e la mia santità: e mi farò conoscere da molte nazioni, e sapranno, ch'io son il Signore.And I wil be magnified, and I wil be sanctified: and I wil be knowen in the eyes of manie nations: and they shal know that I am the Lord.Et magnificabor, et sanctificabor, / et notus ero in oculis multarum gentium: / et scient quia ego Dominus.
38:2
Gog. This name, which signifies hidden, or covered, is taken in this place either for the persecutors of the Church of God in general, or some arch persecutor in particular; such as Antichrist shall be in the latter days. See Apocalypse 20:8. And what is said of the punishment of Gog, is verified by the unhappy end of persecutors.
Challoner
Magog. Scythia or Tartary, whence the Turks and other enemies of the Church of Christ originally sprung. (Challoner)
St. Jerome
These are supposed to be the princes of some northern and barbarous country, (Worthington) peopled by the son of Japhet. (St. Jerome)
Worthington
St. Augustine (City of God 20:11.) observes, that as the Church is spread everywhere, so also are persecutors. But Christ will overcome them all. (Worthington)
Calmet
This prophecy is very difficult. It seems literally to refer to Cambyses, who invaded Judea about seventy years after the temple had been destroyed, and perished by the hand of God, at Ecbatana, upon Mount Carmel. It is very usual with the prophets to give fictitious names; as the king of Tyre is called a cherub, and Jerusalem Ooliba. Cambyses ruled over Scythia, in Iberia; styled Gogarene, by Strabo (xi.). (Calmet)
Haydock
The proper Scythia withstood all the attempts of his successors, and defeated Darius. (Haydock)
38:4
Jaws. Thus Cambyses treated the son of Psammenites. God has the most absolute dominion over all monarchs, ver. 7.
38:8
Grotius
Visited, or rather "shall visit" Judea. (Chaldean) (Grotius)
Cambyses invaded Egypt twelve years after the Jews had returned, and came upon them two years later, designing to plunder them, at the instigation of their malevolent neighbours. He had sustained great losses in Egypt, and was arrived at Carmel when news was brought that the false Smerdis had declared himself king. See Herodotus 3:61.
38:12
Calmet
Midst. Literally, "navel." Hebrew, "Thabor," intimating a mountain rising in a plain, Judges 9:7. (Calmet)
Worthington
Alluding to this intended blunder of the Jews lately returned, he speaks of Antichrist and of all heretics, who seek to pervert or suppress Catholics rescued from the power of the devil, by the sacraments of Christ. (Worthington)
38:13
Calmet
Tharsis. Septuagint, "Carthage, and all their villages." The merchants or naval forces of Cambyses spurred him forward, (see Psalm 77:6.) as well as the Arabs, Cuthites, etc., 1 Esdras 4:8. (Calmet)
38:16
Worthington
Latter. Antichrist shall persecute the Church at the end of the world. (Worthington)
After Cambyses had punished Egypt, his turn came, and all his designs were baffled.
38:17
38:19
Haydock
Israel. The Jews shall be full of dismay, (ver. 20.) as the tyrant will vent some threats; (Calmet) or this commotion was in his own army. (Haydock)
38:21
Calmet
Sword. The Jews were not in a condition to make resistance. (Calmet)
Cambyses had his brother Smerdis slain. But another was set on the throne; whereupon, mounting his horse in a fury, he wounded himself with his sword in the thigh, which mortifying, caused his death after twenty days. (Herodotus 3:21., etc.)
Calmet
The historian does not mention what became of his army; but it seems to have perished by discord, as was very common among such a collection of nations. See Judges 7:22., and Judith 15:1., and 1 Kings 14:20., and 4 Kings 2:21. (Calmet)
Haydock
They were now without a head. (Haydock)
Worthington
In the whole universe, God will at last destroy Antichrist and all his adherents. (Worthington)
38:22
Pestilence. His wound might be thus described.
Calmet
Blood. Thus was he punished for shedding that of innocent people. (Calmet)
38:2
Gog.... This name, which signifies hidden or covered, is taken in this place, either for the persecutors of the church of God in general, or some arch-persecutor in particular: such as Antichrist shall be in the latter days. See Apoc. 20.8. And what is said of the punishment of Gog, is verified by the unhappy ends of persecutors.—Ibid. Magog.... Scythia or Tartary, from whence the Turks, and other enemies of the church of Christ, originally sprung.
38:2
2. Against Gog, and the Land of Magog.] Gog and Magog, according to Gog and Magog, the king and kingdom of Scithia. the most common opinion, were the king, and people of Scithia, in the North part of the vvorld, a barbarous, sauage, and cruel nation, the ofspring of Magog G••. 10. sonne of Iapheth, wherto the prophet alluding describeth here, as S. Ierom in this place, S. Augustin. li. 20. c. 11. de ciuit. and other Fathers expound it, al persecuters of the Church; most especially Antichrist, and his complices. Signifying al persecuters of the Church, especially Antichrist. Of whom likewise, by the same mystical names, S. Iohn prophecieth. Apoc. 20 v. 7. that Satan shal be loosed out of his prison, and shal goe forth, and seduce the nations, that are vpon the foure corners of the earth, Gog, and Magog, and shal gather them into battel, whose number is as the sa•d of the sea. For the Church being spred on al the earth (as S. Augustin noteth in the same Psal. •. Isa 11. Dan. 1•. place) her enimies also spred euerie where, shal most vehemently persecute her. VVho shal be destroyed. But the holie Prophetes, namely Ezechiel here. v. 21. &c. and S. Iohn. v. 11. foreshew, that Christ our Lord wil destroy them al.
Gog, signifying hid or couered, was the common surname of the Scithian kinges.
Magog, out of the hid, were the people and adherents of Gog persecuting the faithful.
38:12
Alluding to those that endeuoured to spoyle and oppresse the Iewes after their relaxation from captiuitie, he prophecieth of Antichrist, and al heretikes, that seeke to peruert, or to suppresse Catholique Christians, who are deliuered rom the bondage of the diuel, by Baptisme and other Sacraments of Christ.
38:16
Antichrist signified by Gog shal persecute the Church nere the end of the vvorld.
38:21
In euerie part of the vniuersal Church God wil at last destroy Antichrists powre confounding him, and al his adherentes.
38:2
Socrates Scholasticus † AD 440 The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus 7.43
… On this occasion, Proclus the bishop preached a sermon in the church in which he applied a prophecy out of Ezekiel to the deliverance effected by God in the late emergency, and was in consequence much admired. This is the language of the prophecy:
38:13
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 48.6
… Of which city was the Apostle Paul, being born in Tarsus of Cilicia. But some have understood by it Carthage, being haply sometimes so named, or in some language so signified. For in the Prophet Isaiah it is thus found: “Howl, ye ships of Carthage.” But in Ezekiel
38:14
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Exposition of the Christian Faith 2.16
… Yea, go up against my people Israel, as clouds to cover the land, in the last days.”
38:2
For in that day there shall be a great commotion upon the land of Israel: 20. And the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and the beasts of the field, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the ground, and all men that are upon the face of the earth shall be moved at my presence: and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the hedges shall fall, and every wall shall tumble down to the ground. 21. And I will call in the sword against him in all my mountains, saith the Lord God: every man's sword shall be turned against his brother. 22. And I will judge him with pestilence and blood, and violent rain, and great hailstones: I will rain fire and brimstone upon him, and upon his army, and upon the many peoples that are with him. 23. And I will be magnified, and I will be sanctified: and I will be known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the Lord.
38:3
You will ask, who are Gog and Magog? The Jews fable that they are innumerable Scythian nations, which lie hidden between the Caspian mountains, and will come with Antichrist against the Messiah, but will be slain by him in Palestine. Whence they consequently infer that the Messiah has not yet come, because Gog, who is to be slain by him, has not yet come. Secondly, Lactantius, book VII, chapter 24, thinks the battle of Gog and Magog will be a thousand years after the resurrection and death of Antichrist. The same was the opinion of Tertullian, Papias, Justin and other Chiliasts.
38:4
Third, Eusebius, in book IX of the Demonstration, chapter III, teaches that Gog is the Roman Emperor, and Magog is the Roman Empire. Fourth, others wish Gog and Magog to be the battles of angels and the devil. Fifth, Theodoret asserts that Gog and Magog are Alexander the Great, and the kings of Syria and Egypt, successors of Alexander, who afflicted the Jews, and were finally overcome by the Jews. But this is false: for although the Jews had illustrious victories against them, nevertheless they never completely overcame them, but were always harassed by them. To this pertains the exposition of Pererius, book XV on Genesis, number 12, and Alcazar, Apocalypse xx, 7, who by Gog understand Antiochus Epiphanes, who greatly afflicted the Jews (after they had been restored to their homeland from the Babylonian captivity by Cyrus, concerning which Ezekiel treated in the preceding chapter), and was finally struck down by God with a foul disease and miserably perished, as is evident from the books of Maccabees. Alcazar adds that St. John, Apocalypse xx, 7, speaks of another Gog, and Ezekiel speaks of another; for St. John speaks of Gog to come at the end of the world, and by Gog signifies the soldiers of Antichrist: but Ezekiel calls Gog Antiochus, who immediately succeeded Nebuchadnezzar in the persecution of the Jews; but under Antiochus he rather looks back to the Roman emperors who waged war against Christians and the Church, and were finally overcome by it and converted. But that John and Ezekiel speak of the same Gog is commonly taught by interpreters, and it is clear to one comparing the words of both. Moreover, Alcazar in Apocalypse xx, number 7, note 7, by Magog understands a city of Syria so called in Syriac, which in Greek is called Hierapolis. For Magog was, he says, the metropolis of idolatry in the entire empire of Antiochus. Whence from the multitude of temples it was called Hierapolis, as Ptolemy in the fourth table of Asia noted, where he expressed only seven notable cities of Asia, and the second of them is "Hierapolis, so called by the Greeks from the multitude of temples, while its proper name is Magog;" and Pliny, book V, chapter xxiii: "Coele-Syria," he says, "has cities, Bambyce, which by another name is called Hierapolis, but by the Syrians Magog. There the prodigious Atergatis, called Derceto by the Greeks, is worshipped." It is established that Derceto was an idol with a human face, the rest a fish. And perhaps it was the same as what in the book of Kings is called Dagon. For dag in Hebrew signifies fish: wherefore that idol is also said to have had the form of a fish below. Antiochus therefore compelled all the Jews to idolatry, whose head was the city Magog; hence he calls him Gog, prince of Magog, which is Hierapolis. Thus far Alcazar.
38:6
Indeed it is probable that, just as Antiochus was a type of Antichrist, as is evident from Daniel xi, 36, so here there is an allusion to his city and impious and idolatrous people, named Magog. For just as that people in the time of Antiochus persecuted the faithful, namely the Jews: so likewise the impious and idolaters in the time of Antichrist will persecute Christians, and are therefore called Magog, as it were successors and rivals in the impiety of the people of Magog, which was under Antiochus. Again, Togarmah, Mosoch and Tubal, whom Ezekiel here associates with Magog, were Asiatic peoples subject to Antiochus. But Ezekiel alludes only to this, and touches upon it as it were in passing. For he speaks directly and according to the letter of Magog, which will be in the final time and at the end of the world, as he himself says equally as St. John. Add that of Antiochus's army it cannot be said that it was so prostrated by the Maccabees that the spears and weapons of the slain sufficed the Jews for fire and fuel for seven years. Third, of the same it cannot be said that God destroyed him from heaven with hailstones, fire, sulphur, rain, etc., which Ezekiel asserts of Magog in this chapter xxxviii, 22. Fourth, neither was Antiochus called Gog, nor his entire region Magog, but only one city. Nor again do we read that his army was buried in the valley of the multitude of Gog, near the city of Amonim; which nevertheless Ezekiel affirms will be the case for Magog, xxxix, 15. Finally, it does not befit the Jews under Antiochus what he says in the same place, last verse: "And I will not hide my face any more from them, because I shall have poured out my spirit upon all the house of Israel, saith the Lord God." For it is established that the Jews were gravely afflicted by the successors of Antiochus, and again by the Romans, indeed were destroyed.
38:7
as it were in a house and abyss the devil is shut up; Magog is the devil, who from those nations in some way exalts himself and proceeds: or Gog are nations, in which now the devil is shut up and hidden; and these same nations will be Magog, that is from the roof, when into open hatred, from hidden they shall break forth. Thus Augustine. But that Gog is not the devil, is evident from Apoc. xx, where St. John says that the devil will raise up Gog; therefore Gog is not the devil. Sixthly, Theodore Bibliander, whom Chytraeus follows in cap. xx of the Apocalypse, wish Gog and Magog to be Gregory VII, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Christian princes, who recovered the holy land. But this is impious: for Gog will fight against the camps of the Saints, and the holy city, that is the true Church of God; since therefore Bouillon and his associates fought in the holy war against Turks and Saracens, it follows from Bibliander's opinion, that Turks and Saracens are the camps of the Saints, and the holy city. To this the Calvinists add, who say that Gog and Magog are the Pope and Papists: for Gog is Antichrist, whom they judge to be none other than the Pope. This virulent and equally foolish calumny I have refuted at length in II Thessalonians II, 11, Question I.
38:8
Seventhly, the Magdeburg Centuries think Gog and Magog are Turks and Saracens, but they err: for Gog and Magog will only be at the end of the world with Antichrist, as is evident from Apoc. cap. xx, 7 and 11. Eightly, St. Ambrose, lib. II On Faith, final chapter, thinks Gog is the Goths, who laid waste the provinces of the Romans; and therefore he exhorts the Emperor Gratian there to proceed against the Goths, and promises him certain victory over them, as being foretold and promised here by Ezekiel. Hear him: "Gog," he says, "this is the Goth, whom we now see has come forth, concerning whom a future victory is promised to us, the Lord saying: And they shall plunder those who plundered them, etc. Nor is it doubtful, holy Emperor, that we who have undertaken the battle of another's perfidy, shall have the aid of the Catholic faith vigorous in you. For evident before these things the cause of divine indignation preceded, so that there first faith was broken to the Roman Empire, where it was broken to God." St. Ambrose is followed by Aretas in cap. xx of the Apocalypse. On which account St. Jerome reproves Ambrose in the preface of lib. XI of his Commentary on Ezekiel, without naming him. Others wish Gog and Magog to be Getae and Massagetae, as St. Augustine reports, lib. XX On the City of God, cap. XI. Ninthly, St. Jerome holds that Gog is heresiarchs, Magog is those who believe in them. Tenthly, St. Augustine, lib. XX On the City of God, XI, by Gog and Magog understands not certain nations, but generally all persecutors of the Church. For Gog, he says, in Hebrew is the same as roof, or house: Magog is the same as from the roof, or he who is from the house. Gog therefore are nations, in which
38:9
For the response, note from St. Augustine, Aretas, Primasius, Rupert, Anselm and others throughout, that Gog and Magog will be in the time of Antichrist: whence Ezekiel says they will be in the final time, and it is evident from Apoc. xx, 7 and 11.
38:11
Say therefore that the battle of Gog is the battle of Antichrist against the Church, and is the final persecution. Thus St. Augustine and others.
38:12
Secondly, Gog appears to be the Antichrist himself, as Lyran, Vatable and Paul of Burgos wish; or rather his principal king and war leader: Magog will be his army, because Ezekiel always calls Gog the prince, but calls Magog the land or nation. Thus Cardinal Bellarmine, lib. III De Pontif. cap. xvii, Gregory of Valencia and others. For Gog shall be buried in the land of Israel to the east of the sea, whereas the Antichrist alive is to be caught up to the infernal regions, as St. John says Apoc. xix, at the end. Again, Gog here is called prince of Mosoch and Thubal: but the Antichrist will be prince of far more nations. Thirdly, Gog is named from Magog, because he will be prince of the nation of Magog. Although this is not certain, it is nevertheless probable, and Ezekiel seems to hint at it in this cap. xxxviii, 2. This opinion is favored by the fact that even now the Tartars call their princes Gog, as Gog Chan, Gog Elp; for Gog the Turks say Kiec, or Gioc, the Moguls Gio. Whence the modern prince of the Moguls, Echari the son, who is the seventh descendant in a direct line of generation from Tamerlane, is called Sciegio, that is to say Scieci Gog. Thus the Mogul letters, and Leunclavius in Turcica Pandecte, cap. 1, and from these our Nicholas Serarius, in Tobiæ cap. XIV, Quæst. IV. Fourthly, the army of the Antichrist is called Magog because it will consist of Scythians, Turks, Tartars; or because it will be barbarous and cruel like the Scythians; for Magog is understood to be Scythians from Genesis x, where the son of Japhet is called Magog, from whom Josephus, lib. I Antiq. xi, and Jerome in Quæstionibus hebraicis in Genesis teach that Scythia was inhabited and named. Whence also the allies of Gog, whom Ezekiel names here, namely Gomer, Thogorma, Mosoch, Thubal, are sons or grandsons of Japhet, from whom other nations have taken their name, as Thubal are the Iberians, Thogorma the Phrygians, Mosoch the Cappadocians. Of this opinion are Theodore, Dorotheus in Synopsi, Eucherius, lib. II in Gen. cap. x, and many moderns, who follow Josephus, lib. I Antiq. cap. vi, as their guide. For they hold that Gog and Magog are Scythians, who extend beyond the Caucasus mountain and the Maeotian marsh, near the Caspian sea, even to India. These are said to be Magog, from Magog the son of Japhet, who first inhabited those lands.
38:13
Hence again Ezekiel in this cap. xxxviii, 15, says that Gog and Magog will come from the North; and in the North dwell Scythians and Tartars: and these were the soldiers of Tamerlane, who like another Antichrist, with his innumerable army laid waste all things. You will say: Apoc. xx, 7, it is said that Satan will seduce the nations which are upon the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog: therefore Gog and Magog are nations from every region of the world. Thus St. Augustine.
38:14
I answer: The sense of St. John is, Satan will seduce all nations, who are also Gog and Magog, τὸν Γὼγ καὶ τὸν Μαγώγ, that is Gog himself and Magog himself. For St. John does not take Magog as a land, as Ezekiel does, but as a people, or the prince of a people. For from the land of Magog its inhabitants, equally as the prince, will be called Magog. For this land will have its own prince, yet a lesser one, and, as it appears, subject to Gog himself. For Gog is called by Ezekiel in this cap. xxxviii, 2, "prince of the head of Mosoch and Thubal," and his primary dominion is called "the land of Magog." Therefore Gog and Magog appear to be kings and nations most fierce and most strong from among those seven kings, who will be at the end of the world, and who, seeing the slaughter of three kings, will of their own accord submit themselves to the Antichrist, of whom Apoc. xvii, 12 and seq. Thus Ribera in Apoc. xx, num. 60, or certainly, as the same says num. 63: The sense is, that is to say, He will seduce many nations, which are in the four corners of the earth: Gog, I say, the king, and Magog. For with them will come a great multitude of men from the four parts of the world; as Persians from the East, Ethiopians from the West, Libyans from the South, Gomer and Togorma from the North.
38:15
Fifthly, the army of Gog and Magog will come to the Antichrist in Jerusalem, so that in it and in all Judea they may destroy the faithful and Christians. For Christians and gentiles will flow together from all sides to Jerusalem, so that they may hear Elias and Enoch preaching in it. And this is what St. John signifies, Apoc. cap. xx, when he says vers. 8: "And they went up (Gog and Magog) upon the breadth of the earth, and compassed about the camp of the saints, and the beloved city," namely Jerusalem. "The camp of the saints," he calls the receptacles and hiding places of the saints; for it is not likely that oppressed Christians will have military camps under the most powerful Antichrist, with which, having joined their standards with the Antichrist and his whole army, they might fight. Whence St. John adds, that near Jerusalem Christ will fight from heaven against the Antichristians, and will destroy them all in the place, which from there is called in Hebrew Armageddon, Apoc. xvi, 16, that is to say Anathema of destruction, that is full destruction.
38:16
I add, however, that some of their camps will exist, such as the Maccabees had under Antiochus, who was a precursor of Gog and the Antichrist. This will be clear in the following cap., vers. 4. Concerning Gog and Magog I will say more in cap. xxxix, at the end of the chapter.
38:17
2. Set thy face (turn thyself, and prophesy freely) against Gog, the land of Magog. — The Syriac version translates: Set thy face upon (against) Gog, and upon the land of Magog, the governor (leader, prince), and the head of Mosoch and Tubal. The Arabic of Antioch: Hasten, and come upon the land, and make a leader (governor), because it has no prince, and Thubal. This text appears to be corrupted. The Arabic of Alexandria: Set thy face against Agog, and the land of Magog, the judge of Mosoch and Tebal.
38:18
3. The prince of the head of Mosoch and Thubal, — that is to say, Prophesy against Gog; who shall be the prince and emperor of the king of Cappadocia and Hispania. For the head is the king, Mosoch is Cappadocia, Thubal Hispania, as I said from Josephus, cap. xxvii, 13. Whence Hector Pintus is of the opinion that the king of Hispania shall be subjected to the Antichrist, and his army shall be composed of Spaniards, as well as of other nations. But Cardinal Bellarmine, lib. III De Pontif. cap. xvii, and Pineda, lib. IV De Rebus Salomon. cap. vii, think that the Western Spaniards, and those who migrated to Peru and America, shall be in the army of the Antichrist, and this from the fact that in Apoc. cap. xx, 7, it is said that these nations shall be "upon the four corners of the earth." Although others through Thubal better understand neither Spaniards, nor Italians, as Vatablus wishes, but Iberians, as it were Ibelos, who are neighbors to the Scythians, concerning whom I spoke in Genesis x, 2. For Iberia is a northern region near the Pontus, between Colchis and Armenia, which is surrounded by the Caucasian mountains, from which certain ones are said to have set out who came to Hispania: whence also Iberia itself was gradually called by that name. For Iberia here is called Northern, which Hispania is not. Thus Ribera, Apocal. cap. xx, num. 61, and Maldonatus here.
38:19
Note: Gog properly shall be the prince of the land and of the nation of Magog: but Magog, Mosoch and Thubal shall be three vast kingdoms, just as their leaders and first inhabitants Magog, Mosoch and Thubal were brothers, Gen. x, 2. These kingdoms therefore shall each have their own kings; but the prince and emperor of all shall be Gog, who is therefore called the prince of the head, that is the supreme prince, as the Chaldean translates it. Hence he speaks of these three as of one only, and calls him by the common name Gog. Thus Maldonatus. Thus therefore the words of the text are to be connected and expounded, that is to say, Set thy face against Gog, and his land Magog, against the prince, I say, of the head of Mosoch and Thubal, that is to say, Set thy face against Gog, who shall properly be the prince of the land of Magog; but the chief prince, that is the emperor, shall be of the regions of Mosoch and Thubal. For thus the Prophet explains himself in the following cap. vers. i, saying: "Behold I am against thee Gog the prince of the head of Mosoch and Thubal." It is therefore certain that Gog himself, not another, as some think, shall be the supreme prince of Mosoch and Thubal.
38:20
4. I will turn thee about, — thus also the Septuagint, and that better than the Chaldean, who translates, I will deceive thee; and R. David, who translates, I will break thee. The sense is, that is to say, I will bridle thee, O Gog! as an unruly and untamed horse, so that thou shalt do nothing, harm no one, except whom I shall will, or permit. I will lead thee forth — from thy land, as a horse from the stable with a bridle cast upon it, and outside thy land I will destroy thee. For Gog shall be slain with the Antichrist near Jerusalem, as is evident from Apoc. xx, 8 and 9.
38:21
Clothed in coats of mail. — Vatablus, clothed in panoply, that is in every kind of armor from head to foot; in French, de pied en cap. 6. Gomer, — that is the Galatians. Thus Josephus, I Antiq. vi; Theodoret, Vatablus and others.
38:22
Thogorma. — The Chaldean and Vatablus, Germania. The Armenian Scholiast takes it as Armenians, or Cappadocians and Galatians. Others better understand Phrygians. Thus Josephus and others. Thus also the Sibyl, lib. III Oracul., decrees that various nations shall come with Gog and be slain: Woe, woe to thee, Gog, and to all henceforth with Magog, Marsog and Augun: what great evils fate brings upon thee! Many also to the sons of the Lycians, Mysians and Phrygians, Many also of the Pamphylian nations, and of the Lydians shall fall, and of the Moors, Ethiopians, and nations of barbarous speech, Cappadocians and Arabs, etc.
38:23
7. Prepare — for battle. It is sarcasm, or hostile mockery, that is to say, Prepare thyself for combat; but know that thou shalt be slain and perish in it. Be thou unto them a leader, — command, and rule thy army, lead them as a leader and emperor. The Hebrew, Chaldean and Septuagint have: Be thou unto them a guard, that is to say, Thou shalt lead and guard in vain; for God shall slay them.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
38:2
Thubal (Heb. Tûbhal; Septuagint Θοβήλ)
The three names are again associated in Ezek. 27:13 as suppliers of slaves to the Phoenicians; T. and Javan are mentioned in Isa. 66:19 as typical distant, overseas peoples; but more often T. is associated with Meshech: both are part of the eschatological army of Gog and Magog (Ezek. 38:2,3; 39:1); their destruction is foretold (ibid. 32:26).
38:6
… In a messianic context (Isa. 2:2; Matt. 4:1 etc.; cf. Ezek. 38:6, 16; Dan. 10:14: in novissimis diebus or in novissimo dierum) it indicates the end of the era or of the times of the Old Testament (etymological sense of 'aḥārith) and the beginning of …
In the Bible, especially in Ezek. 38:6, the term G., rather than a people or a tribe with well-defined ethnic characteristics, denotes the peoples who dwelt in the regions farthest to the north with respect to Palestine.
38:13
The D. are named in Is. 21:13; Jer. 25:23; Ez. 38:13; 25:13 and Jer. 49:8. The last two texts consider D. as situated to the south of Edom (v.); it would be an oasis corresponding to the position of the one called el-'Ola. …
The Hebrew Tartīš is identified with Ταρτήσσος, the Ταρσήβον of Polybius (III, 24, 2), in Spain: Tartessus on the Baetis or Guadalquivir (Herodotus, I, 163; IV, 152). It was a wealthy colony of Tyre (Is. 23; Ez. 27, 12), famous for its commerce (ibid. 38, 13); silver was extracted there (Ier. 10, 9). Often in the Old Testament there is mention of "ships of T.", large ships used for long voyages (I Reg. 10, 22; 22, 49; Is. 2, 16; Ez. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.