The genealogy of the children of Noe, by whom the world was peopled after the flood.
The genealogie of Noes children, by whom the World was increased againe, after the floud.
1These are the generations of the sons of Noe: Sem, Cham, and Japheth: and unto them sons were born after the flood.Questi sono i discendenti de' figliuoli di Noè, di Sem, di Cham, e di Japheth: e questi i figliuoli nati ad essi dopo il diluvio.THESE are the generations of the sonnes of Noe, Sem, Cham, and Iapheth: and children were borne to them after the floud.Hæ sunt generationes filiorum Noë, Sem, Cham et Japheth: natique sunt eis filii post diluvium. 2The sons of Japheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Thubal, and Mosoch, and Thiras.Figliuoli di Japheth sono Gomer, e Magog, e Madai, e Javan, e Thubal, e Mosoch, e Thiras.The children of Iapheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Iauan, and Thubal, and Mosoch, and Thiras.Filii Japheth: Gomer, et Magog, et Madai, et Javan, et Thubal, et Mosoch, et Thiras. 3And the sons of Gomer: Ascenez and Riphath and Thogorma.E i figliuoli di Gomer, Ascenez, e Riphath, e Thogorma.Moreouer the children of Gomer: Ascenez and Riphath and Thogorma.Porro filii Gomer: Ascenez et Riphath et Thogorma. 4And the sons of Javan: Elisa and Tharsis, Cetthim and Dodanim.E i figliuoli di Javan, Elisa, e Tharsis, e Cetthim e Dodanim.And the sonnes of Iauan: Elisa and Tharsis, the Cetims and the Dodanims.Filii autem Javan: Elisa et Tharsis, Cetthim et Dodanim. 5By these were divided the islands of the Gentiles in their lands, every one according to his tongue and their families in their nations.Questi si divisero le isole delle nazioni, e le diverse regioni, ognuno secondo il proprio linguaggio, e le sue famiglie, e la sua nazione.Of these were diuided the Iles of Nations in their countries, ech one according to his tongue and their families in their nations.Ab his divisæ sunt insulæ gentium in regionibus suis, unusquisque secundum linguam suam et familias suas in nationibus suis. 6And the Sons of Cham: Chus, and Mesram, and Phuth, and Chanaan.E i figliuoli di Cham sono Chus, e Mesraim, Phuth, e Chanaan.And the sonnes of Cham: Chus, and Mesraim, and Phut, and Chanaan.Filii autem Cham: Chus, et Mesraim, et Phuth, et Chanaan. 7And the sons of Chus: Saba, and Hevila, and Sabatha, and Regma, and Sabatacha. The sons of Regma: Saba, and Dadan.I figliuoli di Chus Saba, ed Hevila, e Sabatha, e Regma, e Sabatacha. I figliuoli di Regma Saba, e Dadan.And the sonnes of Chus: Saba, and Heuila, & Sabatha, and Regma, & Sabathaca. The sonnes of Regma: Saba, and Dadan.Filii Chus: Saba, et Hevila, et Sabatha, et Regma, et Sabatacha. Filii Regma: Saba et Dadan. 8Now Chus begot Nemrod: he began to be mighty on the earth.Chus poi generò Nemrod: questi cominciò ad essere potente sopra la terra.Moreouer Chus begat Nemrod: he began to be mightie in the earth,Porro Chus genuit Nemrod: ipse cœpit esse potens in terra,
9And he was a stout hunter before the Lord. Hence came a proverb: Even as Nemrod the stout hunter before the Lord.Ed egli era cacciatore robusto dinanzi al Signore; d'onde nacque il proverbio: Come Nemrod cacciatore robusto dinanzi al Signore.and he was a valiaunt hunter before our Lord. Therof rose a prouerbe: As it were Nemrod the valiaunt hunter before our Lord.et erat robustus venator coram Domino. Ob hoc exivit proverbium: Quasi Nemrod robustus venator coram Domino. 10And the beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and Arach, and Achad, and Chalanne in the land of Sennaar.E il principio del suo regno fu Babilonia, e Arach, e Achad, e Chalanne nella terra di Sennaar.And the beginning of his kingdome was Babylon, and Arach, and Achad, and Chalanne in the land of Sennaar.Fuit autem principium regni ejus Babylon, et Arach et Achad, et Chalanne, in terra Sennaar. 11Out of that land came forth Assur, and built Ninive, and the streets of the city, and Chale.Da quella terra uscì Assur, ed edificò Ninive, e le piazze della città, e Chale,Out of that land came forth Assur, and builded Niniue, and the streets of the citie, and Chale.De terra illa egressus est Assur, et ædificavit Niniven, et plateas civitatis, et Chale. 12Resen also between Ninive and Chale: this is the great city.Ed anche Resen tra Ninive e Chale: questa è una città grande.Resen also betwen Niniue and Chale: this is the great citie.Resen quoque inter Niniven et Chale: hæc est civitas magna. 13And Mesraim begot Ludim, and Anamim and Laabim, Nephthuim.Mesraim poi generò Ludim, e Anamim, e Laabim, e Nephtuim,But Mesraim also begat the Ludims, & the Anamims, & the Laabims, the Nephthuims,At vero Mesraim genuit Ludim, et Anamim et Laabim, Nephthuim, 14And Phetrusim, and Chasluim; of whom came forth the Philistines, and the Capthorim.E Phetrusim, e Chasluim: da' quali vennero i Filistei, e i Caphtorimi.and the Phetrusims, and the Casluims: of whom came forth the Philistims & the Caphtorims.et Phetrusim, et Chasluim: de quibus egressi sunt Philisthiim et Caphtorim. 15And Chanaan begot Sidon his firstborn, the Hethite,Chanaan poi generò Sidone suo primogenito, d'onde gli Hetei,And Canaan begat Sidon his first begotten, Hethaeus,Chanaan autem genuit Sidonem primogenitum suum. Hethæum, 16And the Jebusite, and the Amorrhite, and the Gergesite.Gli Iebusei, e gli Amorrei, i Gergesei,and Iebusaeus, and Amorrhaeus, and Gergesaeus,et Jebusæum, et Amorrhæum, Gergesæum, 17The Hevite and Aracite: the Sinite,Gli Hevei, e gli Aracei, e i Sinei,Heuaeus and Aracaeus: Sinaeus',Hevæum, et Aracæum: Sinæum, 18And the Aradian, the Samarite, and the Hamathite: and afterwards the families of the Chanaanites were spread abroad.E gli Aradei, i Samarei, e gli Amatei: e da questi venne la semenza del popolo de' Cananei.and Aradius, Samaraeus, and Hamathaeus: and afterwardes were spred the people of the Chananits.et Aradium, Samaræum, et Amathæum: et post hæc disseminati sunt populi Chananæorum.
19And the limits of Chanaan were from Sidon as one comes to Gerara even to Gaza, until thou enter Sodom and Gomorrha, and Adama, and Seboim even to Lesa.E i confini di Chanaan sono andando tu da Sidone a Gerara fino a Gaza, e fino che tu giunga a Sodoma, a Gomorra, e Adamam, e Seboim fino a Lesa.And the limitts of Chanaan were from Sidon as we come to Gerara euen to Gaza, vntil thou enter to Sodoma & Gomorrha, and Adama, & Seboim euen to Lesa.Factique sunt termini Chanaan venientibus a Sidone Geraram usque Gazam, donec ingrediaris Sodomam et Gomorrham, et Adamam, et Seboim usque Lesa. 20These are the children of Cham in their kindreds and tongues, and generations, and lands, and nations.Questi sono i figliuoli di Cham distinti secondo la loro origine, e i linguaggi, e le generazioni, e i paesi, e le loro nazioni.These are the children of Cham in their kinreds, and tongues, and generations & lands, and nations.Hi sunt filii Cham in cognationibus, et linguis, et generationibus, terrisque et gentibus suis. 21Of Sem also the father of all the children of Heber, the elder brother of Japheth, sons were born.E anche Sem, padre di tutti i figliuoli di Heber, fratello maggiore di Japheth, ebbe figliuoli.Of Sem also father of al the children of Herber, the elder brother of Iapheth were borne.De Sem quoque nati sunt, patre omnium filiorum Heber, fratre Japheth majore. 22The sons of Sem: Elam and Assur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram.Figliuoli di Sem, Elam, e Assur, e Arphaxad, e Lud, e Aram.The children of Sem: Aelam and Assur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram.Filii Sem: Ælam, et Assur, et Arphaxad, et Lud, et Aram. 23The sons of Aram: Us, and Hull, and Gether; and Mes.I figliuoli di Aram, Us, e Hul, e Gether, e Mes.The children of Aram: Vs, and Hul, and Gether, and Mes.Filii Aram: Us, et Hul, et Gether, et Mes. 24But Arphaxad begot Sale, of whom was born Heber.Ma Arphaxad generò Sale, da cui venne Heber.And Arphaxad also begat Sale, of whom was borne Heber.At vero Arphaxad genuit Sale, de quo ortus est Heber. 25And to Heber were born two sons: the name of the one was Phaleg, because in his days was the earth divided: and his brother’s name Jectan.E ad Heber nacquero due figliuoli: uno si chiamò Phaleg, perché a suo tempo fu divisa la terra: e il fratello di lui ebbe nome Jectan.And to Heber were borne two sonnes: the name of the one was Phaleg, because that in his dayes was the earth diuided: and his brothers name was Iectan.Natique sunt Heber filii duo: nomen uni Phaleg, eo quod in diebus ejus divisa sit terra: et nomen fratris ejus Jectan.
26Which Jectan begot Elmodad, and Saleph, and Asarmoth, Jare,Questo Jectan generò Elmodad, e Saleph, e Asarmoth Jare,The which Iectan begat elmodad, and Saleph, and Asarmoth, Iare,Qui Jectan genuit Elmodad, et Saleph, et Asarmoth, Jare, 27And Aduram, and Uzal, and Decla,E Aduram, e Uzal, e Decla,and Aduram, and Vzal, and Decla,et Aduram, et Uzal, et Decla, 28And Ebal, and Abimael, Saba,Ed Ebal, e Abimael, Saba,and Ebal, and Abimael, Saba,et Ebal, et Abimaël, Saba, 29And Ophir, and Hevila, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Jectan.E Ophir, ed Hevila, e Jobab: tutti questi figliuoli di Jectan.and Ophir, and Heuila, and Iobab. al these were the children of Iectan.et Ophir, et Hevila, et Jobab: omnes isti, filii Jectan. 30And their dwelling was from Messa as we go on as far as Sephar, a mountain in the east.E questi abitaron nel paese, che si trova andando da Messa fino a Sephar, monte, che è all'oriente.And their dwelling was from Messa as we goe on as far as Sephar a mountaine in the east.Et facta est habitatio eorum de Messa pergentibus usque Sephar montem orientalem. 31These are the children of Sem according to their kindreds and tongues, and countries in their nations.Questi sono i figliuoli di Sem secondo le loro famiglie, e linguaggi, e paesi e nazioni proprie.These are the children of Sem according to their kinred and tongues, and countries in their nations.Isti filii Sem secundum cognationes, et linguas, et regiones in gentibus suis. 32These are the families of Noe, according to their people and nations. By these were the nations divided on the earth after the flood.Queste sono le famiglie di Noè secondo i loro popoli, e nazioni. Da queste usciron le diverse nazioni dopo il diluvio.These are the families of Noe, according to their peoples & nations. Of these were 〈◊〉 the nations diuided on the earth after the floud.Hæ familiæ Noë juxta populos et nationes suas. Ab his divisæ sunt gentes in terra post diluvium.
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Du Hamel
Japheth. From his being placed first, some conclude that he was the eldest; and perhaps the famed Japetus of the Greeks is the same person. (Du Hamel)
Haydock
Sem comes last, though elder than Cham, that the history of the true Church may be more connected. Though it would be a work of great labour to discover what nations sprung from the people here mentioned, yet some are sufficiently obvious; and the learned Bochart has given very plausible applications of the different names to the respective nations, in his Phaleg. or sacred Geography. Gomer is supposed to be the father of the Cimbri in Germany, from whom the French and English also probably sprung. (Haydock)
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Menochius
Ascenez father of the Germans, Thogorma father of the Turks. (Menochius)
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Challoner
A stout hunter. Not of beasts, but of men; whom by violence and tyranny he brought under his dominion. And such he was, not only in the opinion of men, but before the Lord; that is, in his sight who cannot be deceived. (Challoner)
Worthington
The Septuagint call him a giant; that is, a violent man. According to Josephus, he stirred up men to rebel against the Lord, maintaining that all their happiness must come from themselves, etc., Antiquities 1:4. Thus he broached the first heresy after the deluge. (Worthington)
Menochius
He seems to have been the same as Bel, father of Ninus, and the author of idolatry. (Menochius)
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Menochius
That land, of Sennaar, near the city of Babylon. Assur, or Ninus, who founded the Assyrian empire. (Menochius)
Calmet
But many understand this of Nemrod, who, in his progress from Babylonia to conquer the world, and oppress the rest of his brethren, came forth into Assyria, as if it were written Assurah; the He signifying motion towards, being often omitted in names of places. See 2 Kings 6:10. (Bochart.) There he built Ninive, on the Tigris. But the exact situation of this vast city is not even known. (Calmet)
Pagnin
And the streets, etc., which were amazingly extensive, Jonas 3:3. It may also signify the city Rohoboth. (Pagnin.)
Chale perhaps of Halah, 4 Kings 17:6, on the banks, or near the source of the river Chaboras.
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Bochart
Resen, perhaps Larissa, here written without the La; as 1 Paralipomenon 5:26. Hala has the preposition, and is written Lahela. (Bochart.)
Menochius
This, etc. It is doubtful which of these three cities is meant: but as we know that Ninive was remarkable for size and magnificence, we may suppose that it is designated. (Calmet) (Menochius)
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To Lesa, or Laisa, to the north, on the Jordan, as Sodom was on the southern extremity of that river. Sidon and Gaza were on the Mediterranean sea, north and south; so that these four cities are like four points, determining the extent of the promised land, which, as it was important for the Israelites to know, Moses descends to these particulars in speaking of the Chanaanites.
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Calmet
Of Heber. That is, of the nations beyond the Euphrates. Hebrews, etc. (Calmet)
Haydock
The elder brother, fratre Japheth majore, may be rendered as well "Japheth being his elder brother," which, as we have already observed, was probably the case. By mentioning him alone, we may gather that Sem was elder than Cham, who is called the less or younger son. (Haydock)
Calmet
The Hebrew may be translated either way. But the Chaldean, Liranus, and many excellent interpreters, make Japheth the eldest. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Begot Sale; either his son, or his grandson, by Cainan. See Luke 3:36, where we shall examine this question; also Genesis 11:12. The copies of the Septuagint still extant, all assert that Cainan was the son of Arphaxad, in all the places where they are mentioned, both in Genesis and Chronicles; and though some endeavour to prove that this is an interpolation, inserted by a later hand, it is certain it was found in the Septuagint in the days of St. Luke, who confirms it by his authority, as all the copies both Greek and Latin, except a very faulty one which belonged to Beza, and is now at Cambridge, testify. Beza was so bold as to expunge the name. But before we allow of this freedom, we must be informed how St. Luke could adopt such an error, being, as he was, under the guidance of the Holy Ghost! See Salien, etc. (Haydock)
Mariana asserts, that the Hebrew copies have been vitiated.
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Calmet
Sons of Jectan; though not perhaps all born before the dispersion of nations, which may be said of some others, whom Moses here mentions, that he may not have to interrupt his narration. (Calmet)
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A stout hunter.... Not of beasts but of men: whom by violence and tyranny he brought under his dominion. And such he was, not only in the opinion of men, but before the Lord, that is, in his sight who cannot be deceived.
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8. Nemrod.] To this Nemrod the sonne of Chus, first builder and king of Nemrod king of Babylon, a su⸢t⸣tle & cruel giant. Li. 1. c. 4. Antiqi•. l. Antiq. Chalda. •i. 1. c. 2. in Osee. li. 16 c. 3. 4. & 17. ciuit. Berosus Annian. li. 4. c. 5. Eusebius in chron. & ali•. Babylon, Iosephus, S. Epiphanius, S. Hierom, S. Augustin, and generally al ancient writers ascribe the first tyrannie, and first setting vp of an earthlie citie opposite to the Citie of God after the floud. He was a Valiant, or rather a Violent hunter a giant hunter (saith S. Augustin, according to the seuentie Interpreters) who by falshood and force brought manie vnder his dominion. For he sturred vp pride (saith Iosephus) and contempt of God in men, auoching that they were not beholding to God for present felicitie, but to their owne vertue; An Arch-heretike. and so supposing men would fal from God to him, if he offered him selfe a leader, and helper against a new floud, by litle and litle drew al to tyrannie. He was otherwise called Saturnus, and was at length amongst others accounted a god. After him his sonne Belus Iupiter (as most authors affirme) raigned 65 yeares. And then succeded Ninus the first king of the Assirians.
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That is in his sight who can not be deceiued.
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11. Assur builded Niniue] Here is great difficultie, and much dispute amongst writers, who this Assuris. Briefly, we may either say with Iosephus, and S. Augustin, that Assur the sonne of Sem built a citie, which afterwards Assur, sonne •f Sem, or 〈◊〉 king of Assirians. Ninus of Chams race enlarged, enriched, and changing the name called it li. 1. Antiq. c. 4. Li. 16. c. 3. ciuit. Euseb. in chron. Ninum: or els that this word Assur here signifieth (as. 4. Reg. 15. Psal. 82. Esaiae 10. & 31.) the king of Assirians, to wit Ninus the sonne of Belus, who as al histories greeke and barbarous reporte (saith S Hierom) was the first that raigned ouer al Asia, & among the Assirians built Ninum a citie of his owne name, which the Hebrewes cal Niniue. He set vp the Monarchie of the Assirians, called the golden kingdom, which stood 1240. yeares. And made his father Belus to be honored for a god. To whom the Babilonians, as Plinie testifieth, Iud. 19. Num. 25. 4. Reg. 1. 3. Reg. 〈◊〉. first erected statuas, altares, & temples. Of this Belus or Bel of Babylon were First false goddes. also deriued other false goddes, as Belial the god of Libertines, or without yoke, Beelphegor god of the Moabites, Beelzebub of the Acharonites, Baal in Samaria, Baalim amongst the Philistims: and the like in other nations.
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Hence S. Augustin geathereth that the people of Israel were called Hebrewes of this Heber. l. 16. c. 3. ciuit.
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Heber hauing a sonne borne when the tongues were diuided called him Phaleg, which signifieth diuision S. Aug. li. 16. c. 11. ciuit
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32. The Nations] How manie Nations and tongues were in the world immediatly after the towre of Babylon, is more cōmonly supposed, then clerly The common opinion o〈…〉 tongnes is not clere in Scripture. Yet this number of nations and tongues may be probably geathered in this and other places of Genesis. shewed by old or late writers. Only it semeth certaine and euident, that there were iust as manie tongues as Nations But to finde precisly (as the common opinion holdeth) 72, is hard. For in this chapter (where they would count this number) are not mentioned so manie. Neuertheles if we adde certaine that begane distinct Nations afterwards, til Iacob with his children went into Aegypt (in whom only the Hebrew Nation and Tongue continued to Christs time, the number wil come right. Of Iapheth were borne 7. sonnes S. Aug. 16. c. 3. ciuit. chiefe of Nations. Againe of Gomer (besides his supposed successor, who can not be counted beginner of an other distinct nation) came 2. other heades. Likwise of Iauan (besides his first sonne) rose 3. more nations. Of Cham by his first sonne Chus were 6. nephewes princes of nations. Againe of Regma (besides his successor) came one more. And Nemrod besides his kingdom of Babylon, raysed vp other 6. By his second sonne Mesraim came 8. nations, Chams third sonne Phut made ouly one nation. And Chanaan his sonnes made 11. more. Of Sem (last mentioned for better connecting the maine Historie, and succession of the Church) came the chife and principal Nation The Hebrews chiefe of these nations. the Hebrewes, descending from him by Arphaxad, Sale, Heber, and so directly to Iacob. Of Sem also were borne 4. other sonnes beginners of nations. Againe of Aram (besides his first sonne) were 3. fathers of nations. Likwise of Heber (besides the Hebrewes descending by Phaleg) were borne to his other sonne Iectan 13. heades of nations. These are al that are named in this place: to wit, of Iapheth, 12. of Cham 33. and of Sem 21. which make in al 66. wherunto if Gen. 24. 19. 17. 25, 6. 25, 23. we adioyne Nachor (Abrahams brother) Moab, and Ammon (Lots sonnes) also Ismael (Abrahams eldest sonne) and his issue by Cetura, and finally Esau (Iacobs brother) who made 6. more distinct nations, the whole number is 72. This probable collection, with the rest, we submit to better iudgement.
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Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.12
… Now the belly and thighs of the image were of brass , and he said:— The third kingdom shall rule in all the earth . It is the kingdom of the children of Javan, who are children of Japhet. For the children of Javan came in against the kingdom of their brethren. For Madai and Javan are sons of Japhet.
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St Hippolytus † AD 235 The Refutation of All Heresies 5.11
… who did not receive, he says, the benediction uttered by him of enfeebled vision. He acquired, however, wealth from a source independent of this, receiving nothing from him whose eyes were dim; and Jacob saw his countenance, as a man beholds the face of God. In regard of this, he says, it has been written that “Nebrod was a mighty hunter before the Lord.”
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Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.11
… And why was he called the head of gold? Was it not because the word of Jeremiah was fulfilled in him? For Jeremiah said:— Babylon is a golden cup in the hand of the Lord, that makes all the earth to drink of its wine . And also Babylon was called the head of all the kingdoms, as it is written:— Babylon was the head of the of Nimrod.
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 46.2
What are God’s first words to Abraham? “Get thee out of thy country and from thy kindred unto a land that I will show thee.” The patriarch—the first to receive a promise of Christ—is here told to leave the Chaldees, to leave the city of confusion and its rehoboth
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Christian Doctrine 3.36
53. In the same book, again, when the generations of the sons of Noah are recounted, it is said: “These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.”
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 16.3
… But in the commencement of the record of Shem’s sons there is an obscurity which calls for explanation, since it is closely connected with the object of our investigation. For we read, “Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Heber, the brother of Japheth the elder, were children born.”
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St Hippolytus † AD 235 The Refutation of All Heresies 10.26
… But the father of this Abraham is Thare, and of this Thare the father is Nachor, and of this Nachor the father is Serag, and of this Serag the father is Reu, and of this Reu the father is Peleg, and of this Peleg the father is Heber . And so it comes to pass that the Jews are denominated by the name of Hebrews. In the time of Phaleg ,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 16.10
… And unquestionably it is this which fulfills the promise I made, that it should appear why it is said of the sons of Heber, “The name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 16.11
… But we are to understand that Heber himself gave to his son this name Peleg, which means Division; because he was born when the earth was divided, that is, at the very time of the division, and that this is the meaning of the words, “In his days the earth was divided.”
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Christian Doctrine 3.36
… “These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.” And, again, when the sons of Shem are enumerated: “These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations.”
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Christian Doctrine 3.36
… “These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations; and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech.”
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He places Japheth first, although younger, before Shem, because he briefly dispatches his lineage, so that he may treat more fully of the descendants of Ham and Shem, from whom the Canaanites and Hebrews were born, on account of whom Moses especially wrote Genesis and the Pentateuch; and therefore henceforth he will enumerate only the descendants of Shem. Note: Europe fell to Japheth, Africa to Ham, Asia to Shem. See what is said in chapter IX, 27. From each of these, after the dispersion which occurred at the tower of Babel, individual nations arose; but which arose from which is uncertain: I shall bring forward in each case what is more probable, and I shall follow St. Jerome, Josephus, Isidore, Arias Montanus, who treats these matters exactly in Phaleg. Gomer. From Gomer therefore were born and called the Gomari, or Cimbri and Cimmerians, and, as Josephus, Jerome and Isidore relate, the Galatae: for the Galatae were Cimbri; for those who broke through into Asia under the leadership of Brennus were Cimbri, and in Asia and Greece they were called Gallograeci, from the milky colour (for γάλα to the Greeks means milk); whence St. Jerome teaches that the Galatae used the Treviran language (which was indeed Germanic): see what is said there in the preface to the Epistle to the Galatians. Magog. From him were born the Getae and Massagetae, Scythian peoples, and the Tartars, concerning whom Ezekiel, chapter XXXVIII and XXXIX. Madai. After the dispersion of Babel, he went into Media, and from him were born and called the Medes, and the land of Media. Javan. From him were born all the Ionians and all the Greeks, and from this Greece was first called Ionia. Thus Josephus. Thubal. From him were born and called the Iberians, as it were Ibeli or Tibeli. Iberians, I say, both those in Asia near the Euxine Pontus, and those in Europe, namely the Spanish: whether these came from those, or those from these. Thus Mariana, Delrio, Oleaster, Arias. Thus also Ezekiel, chapter XXXVIII, insinuates that certain other nations from those which are here enumerated were transferred from Europe into Asia, or conversely, either for military service or for colonization, where he joins with Asian names and peoples some of those whom we here place in Europe. Mosoch. From him appear to have been born and called the Muscovites, although St. Jerome and Josephus think the Cappadocians were born from Mosoch. Thiras. From him were born the Thracians, as interpreters commonly teach, although Eugubinus thinks the Tyrians were born from Thiras. Askenez. From this were born the Tuiscones, who afterwards from their strength and virtue were called Germans or Alemanni, as it were truly men. Whence even now the Hebrews call Germany in Hebrew Askenez. Thus Oleaster, Delrio and others. It is probable that Askenez dwelt in Asia, near the Medes (for he is called with the Medes for the destruction of Babylon, Jeremiah LI, 27), but that many of his descendants passed over into Europe, and from them were born our Ascanians, or Tuiscones, that is Germans. Thus Torniellus in the year of the world 1931, number 21. Riphath. Josephus thinks the Paphlagonians were born from this. Thogorma. From him were born the Turks, who are called Turcimanni or Turgimanni: whence also the Hebrews now call the king of the Turks Togar; although Josephus thinks the Phrygians were born from Thogorma.
Elisa. The Chaldean Targum thinks the Italians were born from this; Pererius however thinks from Elisa were born the inhabitants of the Fortunate Islands, which from this were called the Elisiae. Tharsis. From him were born the Tarsensians, and the neighbouring Cilicians. Cethim. From this were born the Citians, Cyprians and Cretans. Whence Cyprus, Crete, and other islands of the Mediterranean Sea are called Cethim in Holy Scripture. Dodanim. Many derive the Rhodians from this, as if Dodanim were Rhodanim, and the dalet were placed for the similar letter resh. Others however derive the Dodonaeans in Epirus from this.
FROM THESE WERE DIVIDED THE ISLANDS OF THE GENTILES — 'according to their tongue,' as follows; therefore this happened after the dispersion made at Babel: it is a prolepsis. Note: The Hebrews call all regions to which one travels by ship from Judaea islands, whether they are true islands or not, but continuous land, as I said in Jeremiah xxv, 22.
Chus. From him were born the Ethiopians, who in their own language call themselves Cussios. Thus the Septuagint, St. Jerome, Isidore and others. Mesraim. From him Egypt was inhabited and propagated, which is hence called in Hebrew Mesraim, and is still called Mesra by the Arabs and Turks. Note: Psalm 105:22, and Psalm 104:27, and Psalm 77:51, Egypt is called the land of Ham; whence it appears that Ham, who was the son of Noah, and father of Mesraim, first inhabited Egypt, and administered the kingdom of Egypt, for which reason the Egyptian Saturn is called, as Berosus teaches, book IV and V, and Diodorus, book I. Hence also some think Ham to be Hammon, or Jupiter Hammonium. For the letters are the same, and the sound of Cham, or Ham, and Hammon is the same. To father Cham succeeded his son Mesraim, whom Berosus, and from him Annius of Viterbo, think to have been the same as Osiris, who was the most celebrated king and god of the Egyptians, and had for his wife Isis. This opinion is favored by the kinship of the words Mesraim and Osiris, if they be traced to Hebrew origin, with the servile letters removed, in the first mem, in the second aleph with cholem; for then Mesraim is Osiris. But others give a different etymology of Osiris, as I shall say chapter 41. Phut. From him are thought to be born the Libyans and Mauritanians, among whom is a river called Phuth, and is mentioned by Pliny, Natural History, book V, chapter 1. Chanaan. That the Canaanites were born from him is most clear.
Saba. Two Sabas: the first is he who was the son of Chus; he is written in Hebrew by Samech. From him appear to be born the Abyssinians, whose kingdom was called Saba, which was afterwards called Meroe by Cambyses, from the name of his sister, from which came to Solomon that queen who is called Saba. The second Saba was the son of Regma; he is written in Hebrew by schin. From him were born the Sabaean Arabs, of whom it is said: The Sabaeans send their frankincense. Thus the Septuagint, Psalm 72:20, and St. Jerome here. Hevila. From him were born the Getulians in Africa, says St. Jerome and Josephus. Again the Hevileans who dwelt in Hevila, near the Persian Gulf, and near the Amalekites, I Kings 15:7. In this Hevila also dwelt Ishmael, the son of Abraham, Genesis chapter 25, verse 18.
8. CHUS BEGAT NEMROD, — who among all the sons of Chus excelled as it were as a prince. He is aptly called in Hebrew Nemrod, that is, rebel, because he was the first tyrant who oppressed others and forced them to serve him, and was a despiser of God. Thus St. Jerome, Josephus, Alcuin and others. HE BEGAN TO BE MIGHTY IN THE EARTH. — The Septuagint translate, he was a giant, namely both in the bulk of his body, and in strength, and in boldness, and in pride and cruelty, says St. Augustine. It appears therefore that Nemrod was the first giant after the flood. Again he was mighty in riches and in the usurpation of dominion; for he began to subject men to himself tyrannically. Therefore Nemrod was the first prince and king in the world, and he a tyrant, says Abulensis.
9. AND HE WAS A MIGHTY HUNTER BEFORE THE LORD. — 'Hunter,' not so much of beasts, as Vatablus, Cajetan and Aben-Ezra wish, but of men; because by force and snares he hunted and oppressed men, either by plundering them, or by killing them, or by bringing them into servitude, in the manner that the Brazilians and other Indians even now hunt men. Thus St. Augustine, lib. XVI On the City of God, cap. iv, Lyra, Abulensis and others. A hunter therefore is the same as a robber and brigand. Thus Aristotle placed larceny, that is, robbery, among the kinds of hunting, and from the hunting of beasts it is easily said to be the hunting of men. Whence Xenophon, lib. I of the Education of Cyrus, relates that Cyrus trained his Persians for war, exercising them in the hunting and slaughter of animals; which also in the previous century Ismail Sophi did, who took the kingdom of Persia from the Turks, and greatly expanded it. For indeed hunting is a kind of preliminary exercise for wars and battles. BEFORE THE LORD. — The Septuagint has enantion Kyriou, which St. Augustine translated as 'against the Lord'; whence Isidore, lib. VI of the Etymologies, relates that Nimrod forced men turned away from God into idolatry, namely into the worship of fire in Chaldaea, after the dispersion of the tower of Babel. But it is clear from the Hebrew liphne, that is, 'before the Lord,' that it should be translated not 'against' but 'before the Lord.' Now 'before the Lord' is the same as truly and eminently such; as being such in the judgment of God, who cannot be deceived. Hence Nimrod became a byword, so that of a notable tyrant it is said that he is as it were another Nimrod, a hunter and brigand. Cajetan adds that 'before the Lord' is added for the amplification of the crime; for a crime is esteemed more grave if it was committed in the sight of a magistrate. Moreover, three others bring forward new interpretations. The first is, 'before the Lord,' because he sacrificed to the Lord at the altars the splendid victims which he had captured by hunting, says Aben-Ezra, Kimchi and the Hebrews. Secondly, 'before the Lord,' that is, so that he might force men into civil life and monarchy, introduced by the will and good pleasure of God. Thirdly, Melchior Canus, lib. II On the Places, cap. xv, 'before the Lord,' that is, in the open air, as if to say Nimrod hunted men wandering like beasts through the fields in the open air, and brought them under roofs and into civil society. But according to these interpretations, Nimrod would have been a prudent and praiseworthy prince; yet now it is established that he was impious and a tyrant, a contemner of God and of holy religion.
10. AND THE BEGINNING OF HIS KINGDOM WAS BABYLON. — Hence interpreters everywhere note that this was Nemrod, or his predecessor, and, as Berosus and Annianus say, the father of Jupiter Belus, and the grandfather of Ninus, namely Saturn the first; or rather, as St. Jerome, Augustine, Eusebius, Pererius and others think, that this was Nemrod himself, who was Belus, the father of Ninus. For the tyranny, customs, time and kingdom of Nemrod and Belus agree in all respects; each was the first king of Babylon, each was the author of idolatry, as testified by St. Jerome, Cyril, Pererius and others; and first Ninus the son ordered that his father Belus be publicly worshipped with divine honors as a god; and hence from Belus the idols among the Hebrews, Syrians and Phoenicians were called bel, baal, baalim: for bel, or baal, is the same as belus. Therefore Belus was the proper name of Nemrod, who was called appellatively and antonomastically Bel, Baal and Belus, that is, Lord and Ruler: just as even now the Turks and Tartars call their king the Great Khan, or Great Lord. This Belus therefore was the first Jupiter, the first and common God of the Gentiles. Hence Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, built a most magnificent temple to this Jupiter Belus, as testified by Diodorus, book III, chapter iv, in which was the tomb of Belus, wonderful in size and structure; for it was a stadium in height, as testified by Strabo, book XVI. And this was the origin of idolatry, in the three hundredth year after the flood. For although Tertullian, in the book On Idolatry, thinks that idols existed before the flood, nevertheless Cyril, in books I and III Against Julian, asserts that idolatry as known to us took its origin after the flood from the father of king Ninus, whom he himself calls Arbelus, whom we call Belus. An indication of this matter also is that very many idols of the Gentiles, especially of the Orientals, were named from this Bel, or Belus, such as Beelzebub, Beelphegor, Baalberith, Baalsames. See the remarks on chapter iv, verse 26. Note: Nemrod was the author, inventor and founder of the tower and city of Babel; yet afterwards Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, restored it, and wonderfully increased and adorned it, and for this reason Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Mela, St. Jerome, Josephus, Justinus and others assert that Babylon was founded by her. Second Note: Nemrod, or Belus, began to reign in Babel in the year 170 after the flood, when the division of languages and nations was made there; but gradually increasing in strength and power, he became king and as it were monarch in the year 184 after the flood, and reigned for 65 years (for all historians give so many years to the reign of Belus), namely until the year 249 after the flood, in which he died, and his son Ninus succeeded him. For in the 43rd year of Ninus Abraham was born, as all relate: but Abraham was born in the year 292 after the flood, therefore the 43rd year of the reign of Ninus falls in the year 292 after the flood; and consequently, ascending and computing backwards, the first year of the reign of Ninus will fall in the year 249 after the flood. Therefore in that year 249, Belus, or Nemrod, died in his kingdom and life, and his son Ninus succeeded him. Finally, Babylon is today called Baldag, or Bagdet; although ancient Babylon properly does not remain, but is entirely destroyed, and in a place near to it Baldag was built, which exists today, as Ortelius teaches. AND ARACH — which was afterwards called Edessa, a city in Coele-Syria, in which Abagarus reigned, to whom Christ sent his image, as testified by Eusebius. ACHAD. — This is Nisibis, a city of Mesopotamia, on the river Tigris, in which St. James of Nisibis flourished, concerning whom Theodoret writes. CALANNE. — This is either Seleucia, or certainly Ctesiphon, the royal city of the Persians, says St. Jerome. THE LAND OF SHINAR. — Thus is called the field surrounding Babylon; he adds this for distinction from another Babylon, which is in Egypt, and which is now called Cairo.
11. OUT OF THAT LAND (namely Shinar, that is, out of Babylon) HE WENT FORTH INTO ASSUR. — Josephus and from him St. Augustine and Jerome think that this Assur is the second son of Shem, of whom verse 22; for he is inserted here by anticipation, on the occasion of the kingdom of Babylon, to which the kingdom of the Assyrians in Nineveh succeeded immediately, whose founder was this Assur; for from this Assur the Assyrians appear to have originated and been named, and from the same the city was founded, which was afterwards restored and greatly increased by Ninus, and was called Nineveh. This opinion is probable. But because all these things pertain to the sons, not of Shem, but of Ham, up to verse 21, where he first treats of the sons of Shem, hence more truly Pererius, Delrio and others think that this Assur is Ninus, the son of Belus; for all the ancients agree that Nineveh, or the city of Ninus, was founded by him. Ninus therefore is here called Assur, either because he had two names, or rather is called Assur by anticipation, because he was afterwards the first king and monarch of the Assyrians.
12. THIS IS A GREAT CITY. — 'This,' namely not Chale, but Nineveh, which is placed in the first place, as it were the first and principal; for to this, although more remote, it returns and looks back in the Hebrew manner. For Nineveh in the time of Ninus was the greatest of the cities of the world, so that neither before nor after did it have an equal in this world; for the circumference of the city was 480 stadia, that is, sixty thousand paces; the height of the walls was one hundred feet, the width such that three chariots could proceed at the same time; it had 150 towers, each of a height of 200 feet. Thus from Diodorus and Strabo, Pererius. Later in the time of the prophet Jonah it was so great that it could be traversed and surveyed by districts, not less than in three days. Whence it is said by Jonah to be a city of three days' journey.
13. Ludim. From these the Lydians, not those over whom Croesus ruled, but others near Egypt, concerning whom Isaiah xlvi, 9, and Ezekiel xxx, 5. Laabim. From these the Libyans in Africa. Nephtuhim. From these the Numidians. 14. Phetrusim. From these the Arabs of Petra, whose metropolis was the city of Petra. Chasluim. These are the Philistines, with whom the Jews had perpetual war: for although to Abraham and the Jews was given by God only Canaan, so that they should destroy the Canaanites, the descendants of Canaan: nevertheless the Philistines occupied a part of Canaan, the Canaanites having been expelled, as is evident from Zephaniah ii, 5. Thus the Hevites, who were Canaanites, the Cappadocians expelled from their land, as is said in Deuteronomy ii, 23; whence by right from both the Hebrews recovered Canaan owed to them and given by God in war. Caphtorim. From these the Cappadocians. Thus the Septuagint and Our Version.
16. THE HITTITE, THE JEBUSITE, etc. — Note: All these are names of peoples who were born from the sons of Canaan; for from the father Heth the Hittites were named; from Jebus, the Jebusites; from Sin, the Sinites, etc.: it is evident from the Hebrew. Villalpando in part I On the City and Temple, book I, chapter x, holds that Jebus, or the Jebusite, son of Canaan and great-grandson of Noah, founded Jerusalem, which was named from him Jebus; just as his brother Sidon, according to Josephus, founded Sidon; and Amathus founded Amath, and Aradius the city of Arad. 17. Sineum. The Sinites here are the Sinae, dwelling near Japan, concerning whom Isaiah prophesied that they should be converted to Christ, chapter xlix, verse 12, in the Hebrew, as I said there. Thus some. But, because the remaining descendants of Canaan, concerning whom this discourse is, inhabited not in India, but in Judaea, or near Judaea: hence these Sinites appear to have been inhabitants of the desert and the mountain of Sinai. This Sinite is different from the Kenite through C, as I shall say in Judges chapter iv, verse 17. 18. Aradium. From this man or rather people, the cities of Aradus and Antaradus were founded and named near Sidon, concerning which Ezekiel xxvii, 8. Samaraeum. The Samaritans appear to be the same as the Perizzites, and named from their parent, not the ancient one, but that later one, who lived in the time of Omri king of Israel, and was likewise called Shemer, or Shomer, both the mountain and the city and the region was called Samaria, III Kings xvi, 24. Amatheum, — the inhabitants of the city of Hamath, which in Scripture is twofold, namely greater Hamath, which is Antioch; and lesser Hamath, which is Epiphania.
Verse 19 describes the boundaries of the land occupied by the Canaanites. The northern boundary is constituted by Sidon, the southern from the west by Gerar and Gaza, the southern from the east by Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim and Lasha.
21. THE BROTHER JAPHET THE GREATER. — The Hebrew haggadol is indeclinable, whence it can be translated either as "of the greater" in the genitive, as the Septuagint translates it, or as "the greater" in the ablative. The Hebrews, Lyra, and Tostatus translate it as "of the greater," and refer it to Japhet: whence they think Japhet was the firstborn of Noah, Cham the second, and Sem the third and last. But it is more truly to be translated as "the greater"; thus our author translates it, as do Pagninus, Vatable, Cajetan and others: for all these things pertain to the praise, not of Japhet, but of Sem; for elsewhere, as in chapter ix, verse 24, among the sons of Noah Sem is placed first, Cham second, Japhet third. You will say: Noah began to beget these three sons in the five-hundredth year of his life, as is found at the end of chapter v: therefore in this year 500 he begot Japhet, in year 501 he begot Cham, but in year 502 he begot Sem; for in Genesis xi, 11, it is said that Sem two years after the flood (which occurred in the six-hundredth year of Noah) was one hundred years old: therefore Sem was born in year 502 of Noah, and consequently in year 500 of Noah Japhet was born, and he was the firstborn of Noah. I answer: Scripture often expresses only whole numbers, but passes over small and minute ones in silence. Thus here, what is said in chapter v, verse 32, that Noah began to beget in year 500, understand precisely not 500, but 502. Or certainly what is said in chapter xi, that Sem two years after the flood, when he begot Arphaxad, was 100 years old, understand precisely not 100, but 102; for Scripture does not concern itself with the binary, as being minute in so great a number, but passes over it in silence. 22. THE SONS OF SEM: ELAM. — Whence the Elamites, that is, the Persians: thus from Assur the Assyrians, from Lud the Lydians, whose king was Croesus; from Arphaxad the Chaldeans descended, says St. Jerome. ARAM. — From him the Arameans, that is, the Syrians. Note, in the Scriptures Syria extends widely, and comprehends Armenia, indeed even Mesopotamia, which is called Aram naharaim, that is, Syria of two rivers, because it lies between the Tigris and Euphrates, as I shall say more fully in chapter xxv, verse 20.
24. HEBER. — From whom the Hebrews were born and named, who alone retained the primordial language of paradise, namely the Hebrew language, together with the true worship of God in the division of nations and languages at Babel, although there is also another origin of the word Hebrew, as I shall say in chapter xiv, verse 13. Some think that Heber was born at the time when Arphaxad his grandfather, departing from Armenia, crossed the river Tigris, and first of all settled in Chaldaea, and therefore called the infant then born Heber, that is, one crossing, namely the Tigris. This opinion is favored by what St. Jerome and Josephus teach, in book I of the Antiquities, chapter vii, namely, that the Chaldeans proceeded from Arphaxad.
25. PHALEG, BECAUSE IN HIS DAYS THE EARTH WAS DIVIDED. — For Phaleg in Hebrew is the same as division: this division and dispersion occurred at Babel, concerning which see chapter xi. You may ask whether this division of languages and nations occurred at the birth, in the middle, or at the end of the life of Phaleg? St. Augustine, book XVI of The City of God, chapter xi, and Pererius hold that it occurred at the birth of Phaleg: for the boy was named Phaleg on account of this. Secondly and better, the Hebrews, St. Jerome, Chrysostom, Tostatus and Lyra hold that it occurred, not at his birth, but during the life of Phaleg: for his father Heber, a holy man, prophesying to his newborn son, imposed the name Phaleg from an event, not present, but future, which he foresaw in the spirit. Therefore I say it appears more truly that in the year 170 from the flood, when Phaleg was already 70 years old (for he was born in the year 101 from the flood, as is evident from chapter xi, verses 15 and 16), this division was made. It is proved first, because in this year 170, when this division was made in Babel, Nimrod began to reign, as I said in verse 10; secondly, because Scripture here does not say at his birth, but that the earth was divided in the days of Phaleg; thirdly, because in the year 101 from the flood, when Phaleg was born, men do not appear to have been so propagated that they could be divided into 70 nations and languages; for it was then only the second, or at most the third generation from the flood. Add, which presses more: Heber begat Phaleg in the 34th year of his age, and after him, as it appears, he begat Jectan. But Jectan had several sons, as is said here, who indeed in the dispersion of Babel, already advanced in years, each into his own region, nation and language, equally as others, who are named here, were dispersed, as is evident from verse 31. Therefore not at the birth of Phaleg, but when he was already advanced in years (namely, since his younger brother Jectan already had so many and such advanced sons), was the earth divided. Thus Diodorus, Lipomanus and others. St. Augustine responds that Jectan, not younger, but older than Phaleg. But this appears scarcely probable: for Phaleg is named here before Jectan; but suppose it be true, Jectan must have been born a short time before Phaleg: for Phaleg was born in the 34th year of his father Heber; let Jectan therefore have been born in the 30th or 25th year of Heber, so that he would be at most nine years older than Phaleg; therefore Jectan could not have had so many and such advanced sons at the birth of Phaleg. Hence it follows that it is false what the Hebrews hand down in the Seder Olam, namely that this division of languages and nations was made at the end of the life of Phaleg, namely in the year 340 from the flood, 10 years namely before the death of Noah; for in this year 340 Abraham was already born, and was 48 years old: but already before Abraham, Ninus had fought against Zoroaster with many nations contracted, as I said at the end of the preceding chapter: therefore nations were already long before divided and dispersed at that time.
29. OPHIR, HEVILA. — Hence the Indians and various nations of the Indians. Thus St. Jerome and Arias, who likewise refers to Jobab that part of the new world, which is called Parias. The propagations of the others who are named here are unknown.
31. THESE ARE THE SONS OF SEM ACCORDING TO THEIR KINDREDS AND TONGUES. — Hence Philastrius, book On Heresies, chapter cvi, teaches that it must be firmly believed that before the tower of Babel there were various languages, but which all men then understood; but in the Babylonian dispersion, in each head of a family only one language remained, different from the language of any other head of a family. To this Nicolaus of Cusa adds, who in the Compendium, chapter iii, says, 'the first art of speaking was so copious from many synonyms, that all the languages which were afterwards divided were contained in it, and Adam himself, if anyone spoke to him with them, would understand all, since he imposed names on all things, and the knowledge of languages was suddenly granted to many.' But this appears to be false from the following chapter, where before this dispersion the earth is said to have been of one lip and one language. Therefore here is a prolepsis, or anticipation; for languages are here called not those which already were, but those which a little afterwards were to be in Babel. Thus St. Augustine, Rupertus and others.
32. FROM THESE WERE THE NATIONS DIVIDED. — The holy Fathers Augustine, Jerome, Prosper, and Epiphanius commonly reckon 72 nations and languages, into which men were divided in the dispersion of Babel: for indeed that many persons, namely seventy-two, are found named and enumerated in this chapter, to wit 14 from the sons of Japheth, 31 from the sons of Ham, 27 from the sons of Shem. For they add Cainan himself, whom the Septuagint adds. But in the following chapter I shall show that Cainan ought to be removed. Again, the names of fathers must be removed from here: for neither did the fathers make a family or nation different from their sons: those therefore being removed, there remain 55 sons, from each of whom a single nation was born, since in the dispersion of Babel each received its own language or idiom; concerning which matter see at length Pererius, lib. XV and XVI. From what has been said it follows that these nations are dispersed throughout the whole world, and consequently both through the lower and through the upper hemisphere. Whence it follows that some are antipodes to others, and tread and walk in opposite footsteps. Pliny denied that there were antipodes, lib. II, cap. lxvii, as did Cicero, Mela, and Nazianzenus, epist. 71 to Posthumianus, and Augustine lib. XVI De Civitate ix. The reason moving them was the immensity of the Ocean interposed between this world and the new, which seemed to them to be impassable; so that men could not pass from this world to the new. But I have answered to this reason cap. viii, vers. 17. For now from the voyages of the Spanish it is established that America is inhabited by men, and that they are antipodes to us. Again from this it is gathered that these nations dispersed are spread through all the climates of the world, and dwell not only within the Tropics, but also outside them, and almost under the poles, moreover under the Equinoctial, under which the ancients once placed the Torrid Zone, which on account of heat they judged to be uninhabitable. But from the same voyages of the Spanish it is established that the Torrid Zone is inhabited by men, and is temperate, and this both by the multitude of rains, and by the shortness of the summer days, and by the vicinity of the Ocean, and by the perpetual winds by which it is swept, and by other ways and remedies of divine providence, as Joseph Acosta, an eyewitness, teaches, lib. II De Novo orbe, cap. viii and following. Thus indeed God fulfills His decree, which He ordained cap. I, vers. 28: 'Fill the earth.'
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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v. 1 « Hae sunt generationes filiorum Noe, Sem, Cham et Iaphet ». De nomine Iaphet diximus ad 9,27. Item de nomine Sem monuimus ad 9,26, uti Deum paronomasia petita a voce Qv, qua significet nomen, gloria : cf. Slavorum nomen a s/ava, quod etiam significat gloriam. Nomen nv utique a mov altum esse videtur derivari atque ideo fieri potuit, ut nomen patriarchae imponeretur ab altitudine regionis ei tributae depromptum. Cf. F. Hommel in : Atti del quarto Congresso internazionale degli Orientalisti , I. 919 sqq. ; Len. Il. 1. 195 sqq. Tamen cum primitivam nominis formam ignoremus, imo vel linguam ad quam illud primitus pertinebat, prudenter sistamus in eo, quod 9,26 docemur. Cham sonat calidum un, quae vox cum an nzger sat facile potuit permutari. Perperam tamen aliqui tribus filiorum Noe nominibus putavere designari tres illas magnas populorum familias (ga//. race), quae colore cutis distinguuntur albo, nigro, rubeo (Hitzig ap. Dillm. p. 167). Sunt utique, quae ante demonstrabamus, colorum discrimina, at non qualia ab his auctoribus describuntur : Semitae non sunt rubei neque Chamitae nigri. Aliunde Aegyptii antiquitus suam regionem appellabant Ákeme-£1. e. terram nigram, quod nomen hebraicae linguae adaptatum reapse sonat nn; hineque Aegyptus Ps. 77 (78), 51; 104 (105), 23. 27; 105 (106), 22 vocatur « terra Cham », quod nomen Hebraeis, potius quam vocem Keme-t, in memoriam profecto revocabat Cham patrem Mesraim Aegyptiorumque proavum. Àt perperam inde Len. II. 1. 195 infert, patriarcham Cham esse ipsam Aegyptum personnificatam. Cham est unus ex octo illis hominibus, qui in arca salvati sunt. Conferenda h. 1. etiam est, quae Beroso tribuitur narratio de Zerovano, Titano et lapetosthe. « Nattque sunt eis filii post diluvium » ; non quod ante diluvium non genuerint (Caz.), de hoc enim nihil traditum habemus, sed ut meminerimus, nullos eorum liberos, si qui ante nati sint, in arca esse salvatos.
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v. 9 « Filü Iaphet : Gomer et Magog et Mada et Iavan et Thubal et Mosoch et Thiras. »
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v. 3 « Porro filii Gomer : Ascenez et Riphath et Thogorma ». v. &k « Fili autem lavan : Elisa et Tharsis, Cetthim et Dodantm ». A notioribus hic procedendum ad minus nota, illis sane praeprimis accensendum est Mada:, quod indubie in scriptura Medos designat. Primum post Pentateuchum commemorantur 4 Reg. 17,6; 18,11, ubi Salmanassar IV narratur captivos regni Israel transtulisse in civitates Medorum. Cf. Is. 13,17; 21,2; Ier. 25,25. In libris posterioribus frequens, uti patet, est Medorum mentio. In Assyriorum annalibus Medi hoc nomine (Ma-da-ai) prinum commemorantur tempore Rammannirar regis (812-783), credunturque esse iidem atque Ma-(a-a? ab eius praedecessore Samsiramman et A-ma-da-a; ab eius avo Salmanassar II commemorati. Cf. Schrader, Len. Y. 1. 505 sq. Cf. etiam ScArader KG p. 172 sq. Cum iis Assyrios antiquitus nonnisi rarius congressos esse, docent haec Sennacherib verba : « Revertens amplum tributum accepi a Medis dissitis, quorum sub regibus antecessoribus meis ne nomen quidem regionis auditum fuerat, eosque meo imperio subieci ». Incolebant utique tum Medi nonnihil magis orientem versus, variis aliis nationibus montes Gordyaenos obtinentibus. At alia h. l. se offert quaestio. Constat quippe Medorum postmodum gentem e duabus nationibus coaluisse, sc. ex Indogermanis Persarum maxime affinibus et ex tribubus subactis, quae ante ipsos videntur regionem obtinuisse et satis apte protomedicae appellantur. Quae duae nationes diversas omnino habent linguas in inscriptionibus trilinguibus Achaemenidarum. Unde oritur quaestio , nomen Mada fueritne primitus Indogermanorum et inde, ceteris ab ipsis subactis, commune omnium evaserit; an fuerit nomen gentis protfomedieae ab ipsis eorum subactoribus susceptum, simili ratione atque Anglorum gentis subactae nomen vel ipsorum Normannorum nomen evasit. Et Homme/ quidem p. 256 nomen Mada a protochaldaico mada i. e. regio repetebat; sed p. 506 se correxit fassus vocum consonantiam dicendam potius videri fortuitam. Reapse illud iam tamquam probabilius tenendum (cf. Len. Il. 1. p. 504 sqq.), nomen primitus Indogermanorum fuissé. Neque tàmen hinc sequitur, quod vult idem auctor p. 499, Gen. 10 nonnisi post subactos in Media ab Indogermanis Protochaldaeos fuisse concinnatum. | Etiam quis Javan sit, indubie constat : sunt sc. Graec: (cf. Dan. 8,91; 10,20; 11,9) recteque monet /os., nomen idem esse quod secus fon:a scribatur, scribebaturque antiquitus reapse digammate 'IzFov. Ps. Ion. et Targ. Hier. vertunt Macedoniam, quod in idem recidit. Hethaeis contra Ramsen II opem tulere Yevanna , quorum antea nomen erronee legebatur Mavanna (Maeonii!) vel Ilunna (Ilion!). — Cf. M. Mü/ler, Asien u. Europa p. 369 sqq.). Sargon, rex Assyriorum, gloriatur « se expulisse uti pisces incolas terrae Iavan, qui habitent in medio mari », et Sennacherib classi in Sinu Persico collectae imposuit « nautas de Tyro, Sidone et Iavan, quos duxerat captivos ». Ubi conferas, quod refert Euseb. (Chron. I. 9; M. 19. 123) ex Abydeno, Sennacherib prope oram Ciliciae devicisse Graecorum classem. Agitur in his sane de piratis graecis, cf. Ioel 3,6. Pluries vero in monumentis Darii Hystaspis commemorantur lIavanu. Cf. Schrader, Len. ll. 2. 1 sqq. — Porro filiorum lavan unum sc. Cetthim recte Ios. interpretatum esse Cyprum, evidenter colligitur ex inscriptione bilingui, ubi *n5 vertitur Kesic, et ex titulo frequenter occurrente 5vix* *n5 455, « rex (urbium) Citium et ldalium » (cf. Len. II. 2. 49). Naves e Tharsis reduces in via a Cetthim certiores fiunt de ruina Tyri Is. 293,1, dum Phoenices eadem conspecta ruina v. 19 in Cetthim se recipiunt. Cf. Ez. 27,6; Dan. 11,30; Num. 24,94. Posterioribus temporibus nomen latius sumebatur pro universa Graecia 1 Mach. 1,1; 8,5, quo indirecte demonstratur cum Iavan affinifas. Item ler. 9,10 a"»5 "w pro omnibus regionibus maritimis ad occidentem terrae sanctae scribitur. Cyprus apud Assyrios audiebat latnan, sed duobus textibus dicitur »u4 seu ?r [avnai 1. e. terra [avan seu graeca. In ipso urbis Citium situ reperta est inscriptio Sargon regis; tres post ipsum reges assyri tributum accepere plurium regum, qui eius insulae civitatibus praeerant, ubi nomina tam regum quam civitatum sunt omnino graeca rursumque demonstrant Cetthim cum lavan affinitatem. Cf. Schrader KAT ad 4 Reg. 21,1 et KG p. 942 sqq. — Quae gens nomine 74/arsis intelligatur, iam dubitabant et dissentiebant versiones (cf. Knabenbauer in Ion. 1,3). Syr. constanter retinet Tharsis. Chald. , praeter h. 1l. itemque 1 Par. 1,7; Ps. 71 (72), 10, constanter sed falso vertit mare, tamen Ier. 10,9 gratae mutationis ergo substituit Africam. LXX habet Tharsis lon. 1,3; &,9; Is. 66,19; Ps. 11,10, sed Carthaginem Is. 23,1.6.10.1^; Ez. 97,19; 38,13. Vulg. anceps haeret scribens TAarsis Ps. 71,10; Ion. 1,3; 4,2; ler. 10,9; Ez. 38,13, Carthaginem Ez. 91,19 et mare Ez. 21,95; Is. 23,1. 6. 10. 1^; 66,19. Errat los. scribens Tarsum Ciliciae, quae secundum textus cuneiformes et nummos vn scribebatur, non vvn (Schrader p. 941). Praeterea Tarsus nunquam tantum floruit mercatura, quantum Tharsis floruisse describitur, quae Is. 23 tamquam Tyri colonia omnium florentissima effertur. ler. 10,9 et Ez. 97,19 narratur argentum, fer-- rum, stannum et plumbum suppeditasse, et Is. 66,19 et Ion. 1,3 ' describitur longissime abfuisse. Carthaginem nulla commendat ratio, nisi forte locorum immensa distantia; erat quidem Carthago colonia florentissima , at non Tyriorum sed Sidoniorum, neque ulla ratione ex Iavan derivari poterat. Vel id unum, Tyrios e Tharsis stannum comportasse, ostendit prophetarum certe aevo eo nomine designari consuevisse Hispaniam , ubi iam P?neda (De rebus Salomonis IV. 14) et Bochart (Phaleg. IIl. 7) demonstrabant Tartessum seu Baeticam. Cuius regionis incolae erant 7artessii, Turdetani, Turduli, imo forma hebraicae vocis etiam affiniore TAersitae, eratque ibi locus Tarseion (Len. II. 2. 119 sqq.). Tamen inde, quod prophetarum aevo nomen Tharsis etiam vel, si mavis, unice Baeticae proprium fuerit, minime sequitur auctorem Gen. 10 idem nomen scribentem Hispaniam cogitasse. Imo id minus probabile videtur, quod reliqua Gen. 10 nomina, quotquot definire valemus, omnino gentium sint aut Asiam aut prope Asiam incolentium, dum Hispania toto Mediterraneo Mari interiecto ab eadem dividatur. Tharsis, quod de progenie sit Iavan, procul dubio circa Asiam primitus incolebat potuitque nomen pluribus veluti gressibus et per successivas stationes ex Asia tandem in Hispaniam deferri. Quare non est spernendasententia Kn. , Len. et aliorum , nomen Tharsis idem esse atque nomen T'yrrhenorum, cuius antiquae formae sunt Tursani, T'yrseni, Tursni, unde postmodum derivatae fuere formae Tursci, Tusci, Etrusci. Quae gens eadem est atque T'urscha, Tuirscha vel Turischa documentorum aegyptiorum, qui regnante Ramse II cum uxoribus et liberis navibus appulere ad Libyae ora, aliis gentibus sibi foedere sociatis. Erant hi de genere Pe/asgorum, ab Aegyptiis Pelesta nominatorum (cf. H. d'Arbois de Jubatnville : Les premiers habitants de l'Europe, Paris 1877, p. 52 sqq.), neque tamen Pelasgi omnes Tursi erant (Len. II. 2. 127 sq.). Tursi quondam totam fere Graeciam obtinuerant: Atticam, Peloponnesum , Lemnum, montem Athos. Inde in Italiam transvecti sunt. Utrum iidem in Hispaniam traiecerint, ambigitur. Quod ut cum Kn. affirmes, praeter nominum consonantiam illud suadet, reapse a pluribus antiquis auctoribus (cf. Jubainville p. 19 sq.) Tartessios ab Iberis distingui, ut Indogermanos illos fuisse defendere queas, licet hi non fuerint; deinde Tartessios (ib. p. 39 sq.), uti Tuirscha et Tyrrhenos, rei nauticae fuisse peritos et classe contra Phoenices dimicasse. Poteris tamen etiam cum Len. Il. 2. 139 sq. dicere, nomine Tharsis Phoenices antiquitus designasse regionem maxime occidentalem, ad quam ipsi tum penetraverint. Tyrrhenorum sc. Italiam; postmodum longius occidentem versus progressos, idem nomen in Hispaniam transtulisse simili ratione, atque Hispani antiquum Indiarum nomen Americae recenter detectae applicaverint; consonantiam vero nominum Tatessus etc. cum Tursorum nomine esse fortuitam. Primas porro sedes habuerant Tursi in ea, quae postea Lydia est appellata, unaque cum Maeonis erant gens; unde fame compulsi emigrarunt (Herod. l1. 7. 94). Dodanzm interpretabatur Ps. Ion. x*3v31, Dardanios. Plura affert Kn. nominum propriorum exempla, in quibus a» mutetur in o, v. g. Bomilcar pro Barmilcar, Sobal pro Sarbal, Himilco pro Himilcar, Auvergne pro Arverni. Cf. Len. |I. 2. 144. Erant Dardanii Macedoniam inter et Illyriam, imprimis autem circa Troiam. Cum aliis gentibus contra Ramsen 1I dimicavere. Erant tamen de cognatione Thracum ideoque Gomer potius adscribendi quam lIavano. — Pro m7: Sam. et ke(hib ad 1 Par. 1,7 habent tar, LXX 'P22v«. Verum est Rhodios (cf. M. , Patrol. lat. 27.975.995.297.303.313.319.323.329.335.347) inter thalassocratores a Dzodor. Sc. recenseri, colonias fundasse, ab antiquis auctoribus cum laude nominari (cf. Len. II. 2. 154 sqq.) : tamen tam insignem parvae ceteroquin insulae locum tribui, iure miraberis. Quodnam vero eius insulae nativum fuerit nomen ignoramus : Rhodus potius a Phoenicibus videtur esse appellata eodem, quo a Graecis 'O- 963a, nomine, sc. à 11v, quod syr. et chald. serpentem designat : cf. Bochart, Chanaan I. 7. Neque in Rhodi nomine ullatenus invenitur illud 2, quod in 221^. Neque hanc fuisse hebr. nominis formam inferre licet ex Her. (Lib. de Nom. hebr., M. 23.783) : « Rhodii; quod hebraice dicitur Rodim vel Rodanim ». Quin potius hanc alteram formam videtur Hier. secutus LXX ex Gen. 10,4 esse mutuatus, priorem vero e communi usu. Illud vero praecise quaeritur, quo iure LXX Rodanim verterint Rhodios. —S$i nomen quaeras nomini Rhodanim adamussim correspondens, illud habes in nomine gentis Jtotennu seu Roden, qui Pharaonibus 19**-21** dynastiae tributa solvere (Brugsch I. 39) et tempore Thutmes III ab oris Orontis fluminis ad torrentem Cison et inde ad Euphraten plurimas urbes foederatas obtinebant. Nomina censet Len. II. 2. 320 sqq. esse non semitica. Verum est, in picturis hos Rotennu cutis colore modo Phoenices imitari modo Semitas, vestitu vero esse omnino Assyrios aut Phoenices (Brugsch p. 25.37 sqq. ; Hommel p. 155 sqq.), neque dubium est, quin in eorum regionem a meridie incursibus patentem et Semitae e Mesopotamia et Chananaei penetraverint, urbes plures occupaverint, retento tamen antiquo confoederationis nomine. Praeterea, si advertas, quam funditus simul et indubie, testibus non scriptura tantum sed item monumentis, Chanaanitae Semitis permixti fuerint Semitis assimilati , nihil est cur mireris, Rhodanim item Iaphetidas penitus in Semitas esse transmutatos. Tandem, qui coloribus depicti cernuntur Rotennu, vix non omnes sunt de numero Ho/ennu superiorum i. e. eorum, qui Palaestinam aut prope Palaestinam incolebant : verum hanc regionis partem tempore Thutmes III iam totam in potestatem transiisse Semitarum et Chamitarum, haud negamus. Qui tempore Ramsis III (Lepsius , Denkmaler III. 207) repraesentantur Hotennu inferiores, vestitu quidem et barba Phoenices imitantur, at vittas capitibus non gerunt neque cincinnos, neque oris conformatione Semitas imitantur. Tandem Elisa, quod omisso n finali Sam. scribit w*5N, Ios. interpretatur Aeoles. Transformatio formae AicAsig in nv?5w durior qui-. dem apparet (De/.), admitti tamen potest (Len. II. 2. 37 sqq.). Rem vix non certam reddit Ez. 27,7 : de insulis se. E/isa accipiebant Tyrii purpuram; iam vero post Phoeniciae litus regio nulla purpurae feracior.Laconia et insulis obiectis. Alii suggessere 'EAsucí;, 'HAtg, "'"EX- Aag, quae tamen explicationes sola nominum similitudine eaque valde imperfecta nituntur. Thubal et Mosoch , ui in Genesi, ita etiam alias intime copulantur Ez. 38,2 sq.; 39,1, ubi iidem coniunguntur Magog; praeterea Ez. 27, 13, ubi coniunguntur lavan; item Ez. 32,96. Ez. 38,6 iisdem foedere iunguntur Gomer et Thogorma, haeque omnes nationes describuntur incolere « ad latera aquilonis », i. e. ad septentrionem Palaestinae. Iamvero in annalibus Assyriorum constanter commemorantur Mus: et. Tabal tamquam invicem confines, quorum hi ad septentrionem incolebant Cilicum (Chilakku; cf. etiam C?cero, epist. ad famil. 15,8 : « his [Eleutherocilicibus]| erant finitimi pari scelere et audacia Tibarani »), illa prope hos et Euphraten, ad septentrionem Commagenae et Melitenae. His rursum finitimi erant Kask;. Porro auctores antiqui (ef. Herod. 3,98; 1,18) commemorant Tibarenos et Moschos, Colchis finitimos. Dubitari haud potest, eas gentes easdem esse, ut Tibarenis correspondeant Thubal et Tabal, Moschis Mosoch et Muski , Colchis Kaski. Sed adverte tempore imperii Assyriorum eas gentes Amanum et Cappadociam obtinuisse, dum serius Pontus Euxini litora incoluerint : aut primitus ab Amano ad Pontum totam obtinebant regionem , aut postmodum e pristinis sedibus septentrionem versus commigrarunt, iis tamen, quos Cicero commemorat, Tibaranis in antiquis sedibus relictis. Cf. Schrader p. 155 sqq. Obscurior de Gomer quaestio. Ex Ez. 38,6 finitimi videntur fuisse Thubal et Mosoch. los. dicit Galatas, .Ps. Ion. et Targ. Hier. *5v2w i. e. Phrygiam , dum Ges. monet Cappadociam apud Armenos audire Gamir. Reapse eum tractum post Assarhaddonem obtinuere Gzmirrai seu Cimmerii, quorum etiam meminit Herod. &,11; 4,99 sqq. Et ipse quidem narrat, eos antea Scythiam incoluisse ab occidente fluminis Tanais et a septentrione Paludis Maeotidis, inde in Asiam anteriorem saeculo septimo irrupisse. Quae si concedas, non illud tamen concessisti, caput nostrum saeculo fere septimo primum esse concinnatum. Kn. e Cimmeriis etiam derivat Cimbros a Mario exstinctos, Hibernos etc., sed haec audaciora. — Ascenez Ier. 51,97 exhibetur sociatus Ararat et Menni opemque ferens Cyro contra Babylonernl : ergo et eam gentem credideris Asiam Minorem aut Armeniam incoluisse. los. Rheg?inos interpretatur, sed qui ii sint ignoramus. Alii suggerunt, [I2v:z». E3Eztwvz», qui ante "A&zsve; vocaretur, nomen accepisse ab Ascenez; potuit utique nomen inde derivari. Kn. suggerit Asas, Germanorum maiores, potestque comparari Ps. lon. et Targ. Hier. NON; idem Scandinaviam appellat, quae proprie Scandia, Seanzia vocabatur, dum Bochart (Phaleg III. 9) Ascaniam Phrygiae in medium affert. Haec omnia sunt perquam incerta. — Pro Riphath mendose sane 1 Par. 1,6 legit n2*. Jos. Paphíagones scribit, merito utique ratus, hanc gentem uti Ascenez et Thogorma in Asia anteriore esse collocandam. Alii Montes Rh:paeos proponunt, non aliam sane ob rationem, nisi nominum similitudinem. — Thogorma Ez. 91,44 Tyris mercatoribus equos et mulos suppeditabat. I. Ha/évy (Revue critique 1881 p. 483) et De/. Par. p. 247 putavere nomen idem esse atque, quod in annalibus Assyriorum legitur, 7//-garimmu, contra quam opinionem cf. Schrader KAT; Ios. Phryges suggerit. Sed cum ipsi Armen? originem se ducere protestentur ab hoc Thogorma, eos sane exprimi probabilissimum est. Hi vero Armeni non semper Armeniam Maiorem obtinuerunt, sed tempore regum Assyriorum censendi sunt partem Armeniae Minoris obtinuisse, dum Urarda, i. e. Ararat (ler. 51,97) seu Herodoti Allarodii montana Ararat obtinerent. Magog Ez. 38,16; 39,3 erant equites iaciendarum sagittarum periti. Post os. plerique Scythas explicaverunt incolentes trans Caucasum. — ZAiras item post Jos. plerique interpretati sunt Traces. Ps. Ion. et Targ. Hier. *p. Sed nota, Thraces primitus etiam in Asia fuisse. Thraces erant Bythinii, Thraces incolebant Samothracen etc. Tamen bwvn et Ogezxsg; vel Opxxs; unum esse, difficile demonstratur (Len. II. 9. 951 sq.), quare post Lzbr. lubilaeorum aliqui rursum h. 1. introducunt Tyrsenos seu Tyrrhenos. Adverte, quod ait DilIm., horum nominum aliqua fortasse nec unica fuisse gentium nomina neque ab omnibus adhibita , quaedam cum suis gentibus periisse, alia in diversa esse mutata : non ergo necesse est, ut de singulis quibusque valeamus reddere rationem. | m
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v. 5 « Ab his divisae sunt insulae gentium $n regionibus suis , unusquisque secundum linguam suam et familias suas in nationibus suis ». Iigen, Del., Dillm. putant aliquod h. l. membrum excidisse aíque legendum esse ad instar v. 20. 31 : « Ab his divisae sunt insulae gentum. H sunt fili? Iaphet in regionibus suis etc. ». Aiunt, Madai et Magog haud posse attribui insulis gentium, primum membrum evi- - denter solos respicere filios Iavan, quod alterum etiam Her. sentiebat. "'2 primarie non tam insulas significat quam //oralia; lacus Armeniae et Mare Caspicum Assyriis nota erant et maria vocabantur; ea autem maria seu litoralia attingebant Madai et Magog; poterant ergo sat commode Medi et Scythae describi tamquam in litoribus gentium habitantes. Ceterum Ovx latiori sensu usurpatur pro regionibus; cf. Is. 24,15 etc. Etiam Aegyptii (M. Müller p. 363. 369) Sardinios, Tyrrhenos, Pelasgos, Danaos (?) aiunt incolere insulas maris, vel in medio mari versari. Cum initio huius versus verbotenus idem est v. 39: « Àb his divisae sunt gentes in terra »; h. l. 2n terris seu regionibus suis. Et additur explicationis causa unusquisque secundum linguam suam : regiones ex linguis distinguuntur; ubi alia est lingua, alia censetur esse regio. 13255 habet athnach, sola Vulg. post eam vocem scribit copulam : ergo sequentia sunt explicatio quaedam priorum. Regiones distinguebantur secundum linguas et simul secundum originem, singularum tribuum homines eandem servaverant linguam : hine secundum familias suas in gentibus suis. Nonnihil aliter v. 90. 31 : secundum familias suas, secundum linguas suas, in regionibus suis, in populis suis. Singulae istae familiae proprium sibi populum et linguam fecerunt et proprias unaquaeque sedes post generalem secessionem occupavit ( EpAr.). Hic videtur esse locus inquirendi, quorsum in Babylonia etiam affirmandi sint exstitisse Cuschitae, quorum nomen cum nomine Cossaeorum et Chaldaeorum comparavere plures. Babyloniam antiquitus duae gentes obtinebant : Protochaldaei, quos etiam Accadios et Sumerios vocant, et Semitae qui in textibus creduntur expressione « capita nigra », i. e. nigram habentes comam, designari. Hae duae gentes linguis funditus diversis utebantur. Lingua protochaldaica insuper differebat ab indogermanis, a lingua gentis Kassi et lingua Susianorum. Protochaldaei Semitas docuere varias artes, praeprimis scripturam cuneiformem, quae certissime primitus pro lingua aliqua non semitica fuerat excogitata. Nondum tamen plane in comperto est, invenerintne eas artes ipsi Protochaldaei, an ab alia aliqua gente sint mutuati. Cossaeos auctorum Graecorum, gentem per Babyloniam, Susianam et Gordyaeos montes dispersam, eosdem esse atque Cuschitas, nullo alio hucusque argumento, quam nominum similitudine suadebatur. Tamen constat Cossaeos eosdem esse atque Kassi inscriptionum cuneiformium, et valde probabile est, Cossaeos seu Kassi eosdem esse atque Kasdu seu Chaldaeos stricte dictos. Item valde probabile est, artes seu quam vocant culturam a Sinu Persico septentrionem versus esse propagatam, sed simul certissime falsum est, culturam aegyptiacam per Cuschitas in Babyloniam esse invectam ; quin potius Babyloniae cultura eius, quae in Aegypto floruit, aut coaeva censenda est aut antiquior. Tandem licet lingua protochaldaica e numero semiticarum non sit, accuratiore studio manet definiendum, annon ea fortasse semiticarum affinis sit et ad familiam linguarum chamiticarum (aegyptiacae, libycaé, aethiopicae) pertineat. Quod si unquam demonstretur et simul Gen. 10, 8 sqq. attendatur, illico patebit fere universam orbis antiqui culturam a Chamitis processisse auctoribus : in Aegypto a Mesraim, in Babylonia a Cusch, in Phoenicia a Chanaan. Cf. 7':ele p. 62. 70 sq. 486 sq. 490. Mesraim est Aegyptus, assyrice Musur vel Mis?r. De duali nominis forma dicebamus p. 292 — PAÀuth constanter copulantur cum Ludim et Chus Nah. 3,9; Is. 66,19 (ubi cum LXX ocorrigas 2 loco 5»2, et etiam cum Vulg., quae hie uti Nah. 3,9 vertit Afr?ca); ler. 46,9; Ez. 27,10; 30,5; 38,5. Vulg. LXX intelligunt Libyes, i. e. populum aliquem intra fines Libyae latiori sensu acceptae et ad occidentem Aegypti inferioris incolentem, nam Libyes proprie dicti 255 audiunt vel 2215. Appellat Jos. Mauritaniae flumen aliquod b2j:4;, nominum potius similitudinem quam certam traditionem secutus. Probabilissimum est, Phuth. reapse alicubi prope Aegyptum aut Aethiopiam incoluisse, potuit tamen ea natio quondam florens postmodum fere aut omnino exstingui. Post Ebers p. 63 sqq. fere constat Phuth esse gentem Punt, quae in litore Africae Somali et in obiecto Arabiae litore sedes habebat. Quos, similiter atque prophetae, Darius in inscriptione Naks-i-Rustam Aethiopiis copulat : Putiya Kusiya, $a/jy(. Puta Kusu. Cf. M. Müller p. 11^; Del. Par. p. 251. Nominis formam primitivam adstruunt Puna, unde effloruit quorumdam opinio parum probabilis hos Puna esse Poenos; quae pro hae opinione proferuniur, congesta reperies apud Homme p. 136 sqq. Poenos seu Phoenices certe non intelligebant prophetae, quando Phuth commemorabant. Admirationem porro facit, formam Puna in Phuth transformatam penitus supprimere consonantem radicalem a, religiose retenta terminatione feminina /. Ubi affirmat M. Müller in nominibus propriis Africae Orientalis consuevisse Aegyptios retinere eam terminationem. At Ebers p. 6* negat illud » esse radicale aut nomen a forma Puna fluxisse; sed nasalem n ait introductam esse in formam primitivam Put, quod nunquam pura dentali uterentur Aegyptii, sed illam praemisso n» mollirent, v. g. Ndar:us pro Darius. Quo admisso longe facilius conceditur, idem esse Punt quod Phuth. Cf. Knabenbauer in Nah. 3,9. — De Chanaan vix est, quod addamus. Eo nomine Aegyptii (M. Müller p. 205 sqq.) Palaestinam cum Phoenicia appellabant. Palaestina in textibus euneiformibus Mat Acharri audit, i. e. Occidens.
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v. 7 « Fili Chus : Saba et Hevila et Sabatha et Regma et Sabatacha. Filii Regma : Saba et Dadan ». De his plura sunt incerta, tamen incoluisse omnes Aethiopiam aut Arabiam in comperto est. Prius Saba (N20) est regio longinqua Ps. 71 (72), 10 producens procerae staturae homines Is. 45,1*1. Jos. (Ant. II. 10. 2) interpretatur Meroen, quae tamen regio in monumentis nunquam N20 audit; Ps. Ion. et Targ. Hier. '*'»0 ij. e. Sennaar, regionem sane ad Nilum intelligentes. Alii hoc Saba collocant magis ad orientem, in litore maris, ubi Strabo 16,5. 8. 10 novit Xa6aitwkov ox5ya, Aut» Xx6a, Xafai «2g sbyeéOns, Ptolem. &,1. 7 sq. Xa6ás «Dus e» 5 " A8e0Xx x2Xzo. — Hevila, fortasse eadem gens atque 2,11 : habetur x2Xzog AbaX(g vel 'A6aAivq; et gens '"A6xXtizat in extremo litore Maris Rubri, a parte Africae (Peripl. Maris Erythr. ^ sq. ; Ptolem. ,1,10. 21. 39; Marcian. Heracl. 1,2; Plin. 6,3). Ios. quomodo in Gaetulos inciderit, ignoratur. — Sabatham idem dicit Astabaros, gentem incolentem prope eam Nili partem, quae Astaboras, nunc Atbara, dicebatur. — De Sabatacha nihil scimus omnino. — Saba (N3v) est regio ferax auri, thuris, gemmarum Is. 60,6; ler. 6,20; Ez. 27,99; Ps. 71 (72), 15, cuius regina adit Salomonem 3 Reg. 10,1; 2 Par. 9,1 impositis super camelos thesauris. Item Sabaei Iob 1,15 latrocinia exercent in deserto sane non Africae, sed Asiae. Sunt ii Sabae Arabiae antiquitus notissimi, in quorum inscriptionibus reperit Ha/évy (Journal Asiatique VI. 19, n. 535, 11 et 577,6) nomina m5y^ et 117. Stephan. Byz. novit urbem Arabiae 'Pryyas in ora Sinus Persici sitam. Cf. etiam Schrader ad Gen. 95,3. v. 8« Porro Chus genuit Nemrod ». Cum ex Cap. 11 constet, Noe progeniem ante dispersionem in regione Sennaar una habitasse , haud est mirum eosdem Cuschitas, qui postea Aethiopiam et Arabiam incoluerint, Nemrodi aevo in Sennaar sedes habuisse. Gratuito igitur Schrader KAT ad v. 6 adstruit fuisse Nemrod de tribu Kassi seu Cossaeorum, et s. auctorem confudisse hos Cossaeos cum Cuschitis v. 6 ob nominum similitudinem, ideoque scripsisse Nemrod filium Chus eiusque h. l. historiam inseruisse. Inseritur ea autem, non quod fuerit sextus aliquis Chusi filius (Ca?.), sed quia, « quod credibilius est, seorsum de illo propter eius eminentiam scriptura locuta est » (Aug.). Textus minime dicit fuisse filium uti illos quinque v. 7 : si illi erant immediate geniti, potuit ille mediate tantum ex Chus trahere originem. Praeterea illi reapsesunttotidem populi, Nemrod certe est individuum, ut patet vel ex adiecto proverbio. Quem volunt esse eundem atque heroem illum et venatorem babylonium, cuius nomen legitur Izdubar (cf. G. Smith : Chaldàische Genesis, Leipzig 1876, p.
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51 sqq.). « Ipse coepit esse potens $n terra ». Dicitur coepisse, uti 9,90 affirmatur coepisse Noe plantare vineam, 4,26 Enos invocare nomen Domini; non tamen necessario absolute, sed post diluvium. 133 Vulg. vertit potens explicatque Her. de arrepta primum tyrannide. Sed eadem vox bis in eodem contextu recurrens intelligatur oportet eodem sensu : ergo deberetur etiam v. 9 potens venator intelligi de tyrannide, quod absurdum est; neque dicas cum Ca?. sermonem esse de venatione hominum. LXX «tta; referunt ad molem corporis. Plenius vocis sensum perspicies, si conferas alterum locum 6,5, qui eandem vocem habet : « Isti sunt heroes illi, qui antiquitus exstitere, viri famosi ». lam post illos heroes antiquos et diluvio priores exsurgunt alii postdiluviani, praeprimis Nemrod. S. auctor inculcat, eum Aeroem, de quo tanta tamque exaggerata narrabantur, non fuisse nisi hominem, venatorem, regem quemdam. Simul vox coep:t innuit, fuisse et alios praeter Nemrod eiusmodi heroas semideos : sed unius fecisse mentionem sat erat. Porro heroem se exhibuit Nemrod in duobus, primum venatione v. 9, dein imperio v. 10. Illud ad alterum fuit gradus : etenim venatio, in qua se heroem praestitit, non tam est ea quae mere cibum comparat (ef. 9,3), quam potius ea quae feras devincit : venatorem autem illum, a quo tam efficaciter a leonibus aliisque feris protegerentur, libenter eius aevi homines regem agnovere. Demonstrant haec aevum, quo nondum bellis se internecare homines assueverint.
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v. 9 « Et erat vo- 6ustus venator coram Domino ». | Quid coram Domino? Vat. « sub coelo, i. e. fortissimus omnium hominum ». Significatio « sub coelo » arbitrarie affngitur. Drus. « divinum in modum potens », consentiuntque An., Del., Dillm. Respondeo, quando per *225 duae res comparantur inter se, non exprimitur aequalitas sed excessus, ergo « potens prae Deo ».: cf. Iob. 34, 19 « qui non considerat nobilem prae (*125) paupere ». Ceterum absurde comparatur Deus homini quoad artem venationis. Neque prodest appellare textus v. g. Ps. 35 (36), 7, nam « mons Dei » non est idem, atque si legeretur « mons coram Deo ». LXX ivaviio, vox anceps, movit quosdam, ut praetenderent fuisse Nemrod venatorem « contra Deum »; novere hanc interpretationem Cai. et Sa, qui explicat « Deo inspiciente et ferente (?) » ; veram profitentur Keil et Budde p. 393. Reapse, quomodo ea venatio (nam de venatione agit v. 9, non de imperio) potuerit esse « contra Deum », non perspicio. Explanatio unice vera quamque tuentur Sa, Menoch., Per., Bonfr. est « vere » seu (Tir.) « revera et eximie, uipote iudicio Dei, qui falli non potest ». Cf. 4 Reg. 9, 4 « magnus coram domino Suo », i. e. aestimatione domini sui; Prov. 14, 12 « rectus coram hominibus », i. e. eorum iudicio; Est. 5, 14 « et placuit verbum coram Aman », i. e. eius iudicio. Expressio illa sane, ubi de venatore agitur, nonnihil sapit hyperbolen, sed hyperbole non est sacri narratoris sed proverbii, quod explicandum suscipit. l « Ob hoc exivit proverbium : Quasi Nemrod robustus venator coram Domno ». « Cum demonstrare vellent aliquem fortissimum esse, dicebant esse alterum Nemrod » (Per.). Benedictionis formulam imaginatur Ephr.: « Esto sicut Nemrod robustus venator ». Sed hic nascitur quaestio, utrum haec laudem Nemrodi tribuant an vituperium. Laudem putavere Ephr., Abenesra, Ktimchi. Tamen interpretes longe plures sinistre de Nemrod sentiunt. ita iam Jos. Nemrod inducit iniuste tyrannide potitum exstruendaeque turris auctorem, quod quidem ex seriptura non habemus. Et Ps. Ion. et Targ. Hier. , nomen a 0 derivantes, hominem faciunt vel ipso nomine rebellem : « a die creati mundi non fuit sicut Nemrod potens in venatione et rebellis coram Domino ». Si nominis prima forma fuit Nemrod, haud probabile est habuisse significationem rebellis * quis enim pater filio nomen indat rebellis? Alii putant, nomen primitus nonnihil aliud fuisse , sed ob hominis insolentiam esse ita mutatum, ut rebellem denotaret. In quibus omnibus certi est nihil. Àn forte aliquid coniicere fas erit ex eo, quod Nemrod comparari videatur illis 2a*»23, qui utique 6,4 Deo exosi describebantur? Chron. Paschale (M. 92. 1&5), Cedrenus (Hist. Compend., M. 121. 53) aliique (cf. Budde) tradunt, Nemrod post mortem inter sidera esse relatum iamque venatore Orione repraesentari : unde coniicit Budde credidisse homines atque.proverbio expressisse, Nemrod in poenam impietatis a Iahve in firmamentum esse translatum atque ibi inter astra venationem exercere. Etiam haec gratuito finguntur.
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v. 10 « Fuit autem principium regni eius Babylon et. Arach et Achad et Chalanne, 2n terra Sennaar ». Erech, 'Oeyct, assyr. Arku vel Uruk eo loco fuit, ubi nune ruinae Warka nuncupatae exstant, in sinistra Euphratis ripa ad meridiem Babylonis (Schrader). Accad antiquitus Agade audiebat, nunc Abu Habba, solo interiecto flumine a Sippara dividebatur, unde ambae simul urbes Sepharvaim i. e. duae Sipparae dicebantur (F. Hommel 1. 949 sqq.). Chalanne (cf. Is. 10,9; Am. 6,2) fortasse eadem est, quae assyr. Kulunu; situs est adhuc incertus, non videtur longius abfuisse Babylone. — Sennaar ex 11,2. et Dan. 1,29 et ex h. l. certe significat Babyloniam, urbe Babel minime trionem Babelis situm erat (cf. 7?ele p. 139. 145). Quibuscum si conferas textus laudatos scripturae, fateberis nomen Sumir seu *y3v primitus non ad tractum meridionalem solum, sed ad totam regionem a Sinu Persico ad Assyriam fere pertinuisse, cuius aliqua postmodum pars nomen ÁAccad nacta sit. Confirmatur id exinde, quod Sumir in textibus cuneiformibus etiam exprimitur voce kingi, quae sermone protochaldaico significat regionem. Ergo nomen Sumir tum regioni inditum est, quando nondum variorum regnorum distinctio surrepserat; postea aliqua eiusdem pars nomen Accad nacta est. Neque exinde, quod textus antiquissimi in sola hucusque parte meridionali reperti sint, sequitur nomen Sumir solam tum eam partem designasse : invenientur fortasse alia in parte septentrionali nondum satis explorata. Praeterea concedi possunt urbes ad meridiem sitae antiquitus principatum regionis Sumir obtinuisse.
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v. 11 « De terra illa egressus est Assur ». Communior inter antiquos erat explanatio faciens Assur subiectum sententiae vocemque accipiens aut de uno aliquo homine filio Sem, aut de Assyriis collective sumptis. Ita Syr., Targ. Hier., Ios., Hier. Alii subiectum faciunt Nemrod et . ''vN accipiunt pro accusativo loci (cf. & Reg. 15,29; Ier. 5,17); ubi monet Malv. : « Cave probes hanc interpretationem, quae tibicine fulciente indiget ». At nonne robusti tibicines sunt CAald., Ps. Ion., Bochart, Calm., Lamy totque alii, qui eandem sententiam iam nostro aevo effecere áltera communiorem? Eam exigit contextus : regni Nemrod v. 10 principium enarrabatur, nunc progressus demonstratur. Hic non erat locus inserendorum actorum Assur filii Sem : quid tandem refert, unde egressus sit Assur, nam praeter egressus locum, si Assur facias subiectum, nihil de eo homine refert v. 11? De terra eadem porro egressi sunt non solus Assur, sed item alii, cf. cap. 11. Ita Calm. Ex textu inferas, quod confirmant monumenta, Assyriam non habitam esse partem regionis Sennaar, sed distinctam regionem. erat antiquior. Alii postmodum Assyriorum reges, quorum cum Babyloniis foedera et bella c. 1510-1110 tradita habemus, sedem habebant in Ninive, relicta Assur. « Et aedificavit Niniven ». Nominis quae proponuntur derivationes, incertae sunt. Niniven eandem esse, quae in actis Thotmes III N? appellatur, gratuito asseritur. Sed regis urbis Ur longe antiquioris Dungi in Ninive reperta est inscriptio. Licet antiquitus civitas Assur, non Ninive regni caput esset, tamen vel antiquissimi, quos novimus, AÁssyriae reges iam etiam Niniven obtinebant; e quibus Samsiramman duobus fere millibus ante Christum annis templum deae Istar ibidem condebat. Cf. Tiele p. 89 sq. 191.138.144. — « Et plateas civitatis ». vv vertere civitatem etiam LXX Chaid. Syr. , item Ps. Ion. et Targ. Hier. vertere plateas , sed LXX felicius, uti videtur, retinuit nomen proprium 'Poo- £00 ; est enim auctor in enumerandis urbibus, et quid oportebat conditas commemorare « plateas » vel « fora » (quae sunt nominis 2r significationes), quando condita narrabatur ipsa urbs? sane urbs sine plateis condi haud poterat. Comparat De/. Par. p. 261 assyrium rébit N?ná i. e. « suburbium Ninive », sed id longius peti quis non videt? EpAr. pro nam» habet 3v Ad?aóbene, quae Assyriae provincia a flumine vm vel 3"1^ nomen habuit. Reapse facile 237n in 2n? commutari potuit. Neque absurde asseret quis, exstitisse perantiquam aliquam civitatem Rechoboth-Ir vel Adiab, quae florentibus imperii Assyriorum temporibus jam interierit aut primatu exciderit et hinc in monumentis non commemoretur. Quod moderni quidem difficilius concedent. — « E! CAale », assyrice Ka/ach ad confluentem Tigris et Zab superioris et ad meridiem Ninive sita, nunc Nimrud. Rex Assurnasirhabal 885 : « Antiqua urbs Kalach », inquit, « quam Salmanassar » eius nominis primus c. 1300, « Ássyriae rex, antecessor meus, fundaverat, ea urbs conciderat et deperierat : eam urbem ego reaedificavi ». Tamen ne ex hoc quidem effato concludere licet, ante 1300 eam urbem nullatenus exstitisse : dicuntur reges eas etiam urbes fundare, quas iam exsistentes amplificant, muniunt. —
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v. 19 « Hesen quoque inter Ninzven et Chale ». Situs urbis sat accurate his describitur, debuit ea esse ad ripam Tigris vel certe haud procul ab. ea. Nomen EpAr. explicat NYy w^, « fontis eaput », nomen, uti De/. Par. p. 261 monet, apud Semitas frequentissimum. Schrader suggerit civitatem Rzsin in actis Sennacherib commemoratam, quam Del. respuit, quod longius septentrionem versus abfuerit. — « Haec est civitas magna ». Ca. refert haec ad. Niniven, itemque Menoch. adstruens üe:spov xo5sepov; Eph. ad Resen, sed Resen certe non fuit ita immanis civitas, ut comparatione Ninive dici potuerit magna; ob eandem rationem excluditur Chale. Optime Kn. iudicat intelligi quatuor urbes simul. Sc. Ninive arctiori vel latiori sensu accipiebatur. Arctiori et nativo sensu designabat civitatem ex adverso Mossul sitam, ubi nunc Kuiundschik et Nabi Iunus; latior sensu totum angulum, quo confluunt Tigris et Zab superior, aedificiis hortisque obsitum, licet muro inclusus fuisse demonstrari haud potest. Hoc sensu accepta Ninive etiam alias in scriptura vocatur « civitas magna » : Iudith 1,5; Ion. 1,2; 3,29 sq.; 4,11; et quidem Ion. 3,3 dicitur fuisse « civitas ingens itinere trium dierum ». Pronomen x" ad pluralem relatum habes item Ex. 6,26; quod autem offendit Houb. pronominis genus masculinum, id, si operae pretium videatur, substituta uti Lev. 25,33 punctatione feminina emendabis.
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v. 13 « At vero Mesraim genuit. Ludim et Anamim et. Laabim, Nephthuim »
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v. 9& « et Phetrusim et. Chasluim, de quibus egressi sunt Philisthiim , et. Caphtorim ». Ex Hebr. clare perspicies, Caphtorim recenseri Mesraimo genitos, non vero uti Philisthiim de Chasluim egressos. In his quoque a notioribus ad minus nota procedemus. Et Phetrusim quidem seu PAetros aliis scripturae locis occurrit : Is. 11, . 11, ubi collocatur inter Chus seu Aethiopiam et Mesraim , quod arctiori sensu Aegyptum inferiorem designat; ler. 44,1 (cf. Ez. 30,14), ubi discernitur a Migdol, Taphni et Memphi; cf. Ier. 44,15 et Ez. 29,11. Iam eodem atque Is. 11,11 ordine Asarhaddon post subactum Aegyptum titulum assumit regis Musur, Paturusi (sillaba ru est lectionis incertae) e£ Kwus:. Cf. Schrader KAT ad 4 Reg. 19,37 et KG p. 283 sqq. ; De/. Par. p. 410. Apud Aegyptios pa-to-r?s significat reg?o australis , e& No seu Thebae eius caput recensetur; cf. Knabenbauer ad Is. 11,11. E. quibus merito colligas Phetros esse Aegyptum superiorem, inter Mesraim seu inferiorem et Chus seu Aethiopiam sitam. — Laa- 6im n"an5 merito iidem censentur, qui n'3:5, n et * invicem in medio vocum excipientibus : in exercitu Sesac 2 Par. 12,3; 16,8 reperiuntur cum Mesraim et Chus; item Nah. 3,9 et Dan. 11,43. Post Jos. communiter censentur esse Lébyes. Caphtorim interpretati sunt Targumm et Syr. Cappadociam , cuius nominis nativam formam ex inscriptionibus Behistun discimus esse Katpatuka (cf. etiam Len. II. 1.409). Sola nominum similitudo, eaque sat remota, hanc explicationem suggessisse videtur. Eam excludit Deut. 2,93 : « Hevaeos quoque, qui habitabant in vicis usque Gazam, Caphtorim expulerunt, qui eggressi de Caphtor deleverunt eos et habitaverunt pro illis ». Ergo Caphtor ita parum aberat a litore Philisthaeae, ut Caphtorim inde expeditionem illuc susciperent. Certe non erat Cappadocia; neque erat ipsa Philisthaea. Porro Ier. 47, vocatur m5 *N, « litorale Caphtor » seu « insula Caphtor » : erat ergo regio ad mare sita, fortasse mari cincta. Igitur Ebers p. 130 sqq. coniiciebat, Caphtor nomen fuisse ipsius litoris Aegypti septentrionalis, quod ab Aegyptiis vocabatur aa. — ^x /tus, addito, ut ipse putat, kabt, gabt vel kaft a verbo ab, gab vel kaf — 9» vel 22, rotundum esse; unde a-kaft idem sonet atque Jitorale curvum. À qua expressione primum ille nomen A£y»z:s; derivat : verum, cum paucis quibusdam textibus Nilus vocatur a£ab ab ?nundationibus, hoc nomen facilius explicabis , ut sit a4abta vel akabt — regio fluminis inundantis. Ab eadem porro illa expressione Ebers derivat Kefa vel Keft, quo nomine ab Aegyptiis appellati esse creduntur Phoen?ces, ergo incolae litoris curvi. Tandemque Caphtor nihil esse aliud ait quam Kaeft-ur, i. e. Phoenicia magna. lta sc. antiquissimam eam Phoenicum coloniam autumat vocatam esse Phoeniciam magnam, uti postmodum Italia meridionalis a colonis Graecis nomen accepit Graecia magna. Haec omnia perquam sunt ingeniosa, sed nomen Ka/ft-ur nullibi legitur et gratis permiscentur Phoenices et Caphtorim. — Alii Caphtor interpretati sunt Cyprum, ai argumentum praeter nominum aliquam similitudinem est nullum; Cyprum monuimus v. ^ esse Cetthim. — Probabilior interpreiatio Cretam demonstrat (Caím.), insulam vastam et perantiquis temporibus mercaturae laude florentem variarumque gentium colonis accessam. Porro intime iunguntur inter se hinc Philisthaei et Caphtorim, illinc Philisthaei et Cerethi, quos Cretenses esse haud imprudenter affirmabis. Sic Deut. 2,93 Caphtorim dicuntur occupasse Philisthaeae tractum aliquem; Am. 9,7 Philisthaei dicuntur - ascendisse de Caphtor et ler. 47,4, qui post cladem supererant Philisthaei, vocantur « reliquiae litoralis Caphtor ». Rursum intime copulantur « Cerethi et Phelethi » 2 Reg. 8,18 (cf. quae ib. diximus); 15,18. Ex 1 Reg. 30,1* Cerethi Philisthaeis erant contermini. Tandem Ez. 25,16; Sophon. 2,5 ita copulantur Cerethi et Philisthaei, uti alias Cerethi et Phelethi. — Adverte, gentem Kefa probabilius esse non Phoenices, sed Cilhces (M. Müller p. 331 sqq.), qui in monumentis depinguntur coloris rufi, caligati, diademata gestantes, vestes cincti variegatas, artefacta portantes ex auro, aere, ferro, oris specie Chamitarum affiniores quam aut Semitarum aut Europaeorum. Quodsi ergo Kaft-ur reapse idem sonet atque Kaft magna, potuit Cilicia eo nomine appellari Cretae comparata , similiter atque Italia Graeciae comparata vocabatur Magna Graecia. Chasluim doctius quam verius Bochart (Phaleg IV. 31) demonstrabat esse Colchios. De quibus nihil prorsus compertum haberemus, nisi textus adderet, de illis egressos esse Philisthiim, Expressio ?UN nu wY' eadem prorsus est atque altera v. 11 xx* xn yoNn v2, utraque habet sensum /ocalem (cf. Knab. l. c. p. 265). Chasluim, quod in genealogiae contextu et propter formam pluralem nomen est populi alicuius, hoe additamento sumitur pro nomine regionis, quam populus ille incolebat. Textus vero minime dirimit controversiam, fuerintne Philisthaei Chamitae an Iaphetidae, an fortasse gens aliqua e diversis commixta. Quocum conferas Am. 9,7 : « Numquid non Israel ascendere feci de terra Aegypti, et Philisthaeos de Caphtor, et Aram de Kir? » Etiam hic textus non affirmat Philisthaeorum e Caphtorim, uti neque [sraelitarum ex Aegyptiis originem, sed merum egressum de Caphtor, quod rursus nomen deprehenditur fuisse et gentis et regionis. Deut. 2,93 utique narrantur ipsi Caphtorim regionem circa Gazam occupasse : at hi Caphtorim potuere esse iidem, qui aliis locis Cerethi dicuntur et , Philisthaeis quidem intime iuncti, ab iisdem tamen distinguuntur. Caphtorim igitur Cretam incoluere, Chasluim aut Cretam aut aliquem litoris aegyptii Palaestinam versus tractum. Ex utraque regione egressi Philisthaei eam, quae ab eis appellata est Philisthaea, subiugavere; erant autem in Philisthaeorum agmine Caphtorim plures, probabilius item Chasluim et fortasse alii. boum pastores vocantur et primo post Rutu vel Lutu loco describuntur, homines rufi coloris, Semitarum haud absimiles.
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v. 15 « Chanaan autem genutt. Sidonem primogenitum. suum ». Hic omnia sunt nota. Tota antiquitas primatum dignitatis inter Phoenicum civitates attribuebat Sidoni, quae diu floruit ante Tyrum et in nummis nomine « maíris Tyri », « matris Aradi » honoratur. [mo vel postmodum, cum primatus ad Tyrios descendisset, Phoenices universim Sidonii dicebantur. Apud Homerum Sidon nominatur, non Tyrus. Sennacherib duas civitatis partes distinguit, « Sidonem maiorem et Sidonem minorem » ; prior illa sane eadem est, quae Ios. 11,8 « Sidon magna » audit. Nomen piscationem sonat. De Sidone primogenito diximus supra. Reapse omnes hae Chananaeorum tribus ordine non geographico sed, uti videtur, originis recensentur, licet utique tribus simul natae haud raro sedes etiam obtinuere confines. Post Sidonem habes primum circulum tribuum Palaestinensium : « Hethaeum (nam Palaestinenses potissimum intelliguntur), et Iebusaeum et Amorrhaeum et Gergesaeum et IIevaeum ». Sequitur circulus Phoenicum septentrionalium : « Aracaeum, Sinaeum, Aradium, Samaraeum ». Agmen claudit « Iamathaeus », cuius sedes reliquis longius septentrionem versus protendebantur. « Hethaeum ». *nn Vulg. LXX Syr. contra Hebr. Sam. Chald. nn, assyr. Chatta, aeg. Cheta. Regni robur à Gargamis prope Euphraten (non Cireesium, sed loco prope Mabug sito), quae urbs regum Assyriorum tempore videtur fuisse caput gentis, usque ad Cades ad flumen Orontem protendebatur, sed fines variis temporibus modo longius patebant, modo arctius contrahebantur. Imagines et inscriptiones earum, quae certe Hethaeae sunt, affines variis per Asiam Minorem locis repertae sunt : in Lydia, Cappadocia et Lycaonia. Hethaeis contra Pharaones dynastiae 18'* dimicantibus se iunxerant gentes Dardani, Masu, levanna, Pidasa, Leka, quos Dardanos, Mysios, Iones, Pedasis in Caria accolas et Lycos interpretantur docti viri. Regi Sargon I, qui antiquitus in Acead regnabat, bellum fuit cum Hethaeis. Cum Pharaonibus acriter dimicarunt, donec Ramses II honorificam illis pacem concessit, filia etiam regis Hethaeorum in uxorem recepta. Pollebant viribus tempore Ioram regis 4 Reg. 7,6. Praeter hos Hethaeos septentrionales alii ipsam terram sanctam incolebant, cf. Num. 13,30 (29), quorum quae novimus nomina omnino sunt semitica. E contra, inquiunt auctores aliqui, ea quae Hethaeorum septentrionalium accepimus nomina semitiea esse haud videntur : ergo duas distinctas admittamus Hethaeorum gentes. Quibus respondeas, linguam Hethaeorum nos ignorare , nomina vero illa nos habere ex transcriptionibus imprimis aegyptiacis : at hae, quantum a nativo vocum semiticarum sono recedant, neminem latet. Non ergo ex illis solis iudicium tuto efformare valemus. Cf. A. H. Sayce : Alte Denkmaler etc., p. 109 sqq.; Hommel p. 115 sqq. ; Schrader KG p. 221 sqq. Ceterum ab hac controversia h. l. temperare possumus. Cum enim frequenter in Pentateucho (cf. 15,20; Ex. 3,8 etc.), uti h. 1., una recenseantur Hethaei, Iebusaei, Amorrhaei , Gergesaei, Hevaei, etiam Pherezaei , atque iis locis semper intelligantur Hethaei illijsoli aut certe praecipue, qui montana Iudaeae incolebant, ergo etiam h. 1. eosdem aut solos aut certe praecipue intelligere fas erit.
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v. 16 « Et Iebusaeum ». Hos ex sola scriptura novimus. Incolebant circa lebus i. e. Ierusalem. Nomen regis Adonisedec los. 10,1 certe prodit idioma semiticum. — « Et Amorrhaeum ». Eorum cis lordanem fines describuntur. Num. 13,30 : « Amalac habitat in meridie, Hethaeus et lebusaeus et Amorrhaeus in montanis, Chananaeus vero moratur iuxta mare et circa fluenta Iordanis ». Cf. Ios. 5,1. Sed erant etiam Amorrhaeorum duo trans Iordanem regna, unum ab Arnon ad Ieboc Num. 21,13. 3^, alterum regnum Basan Deut. 3,8 sqq. ; 4,46 sq.; 31,4; Ios. 2,10; 9,10; 24,12. Cuius alterius regni incolae erant de stirpe Raphaim seu gigantum (cum Deut. 3.11 cf. Am. 2,9), ut et hi videantur fuisse Amorrhaei. Reapse Amorrhaeorum fines antiquitus multo longius videntur septentrionem versus excurrissee, cum annalibus aegyptiacis doceamur Cadesam ad Orontem, quae in finibus erat Hethaeorum, ipsam adhue pertinuisse ad regionem Amorrhaeorum. Postmodum Iud. 1,36 Amorrhaei omnino ad meridiem terrae sanctae reiecti sunt. Cum ii antiquitus omnium gentium Chananaearum potentissimi fuissent, hinc eorum quandoque nomen pro Chananaeis universis prostat, uti los. 7,7; 25,15. Ios. 10, 5 rex Ierusalem regibus Amorrhaeorum accensetur, qui sine dubio fuit Iebusaeus. Ceterum adverte, vi etymi Amorrhaeorum nomen videri denotare « montium », uti Chananaeorum « planitiei incolas » : ergo minime mirandum est, modo Amorrhaeos dici eos populos, qui alias aliis designabantur nominibus. — « Gergesaeum ». Nomen aliquoties recensetur; ubi ea gens habitaverit, ignoramus, nisi quod ex los. 254,11 videatur sedes habuisse cis lordanem. — « Hevaeum ». Hevaei erant in Gabaon Ios. 11,19 et in Sichem Gen. 35,2, ubi Gen. 48,22; 9 Reg. 21,2 generaliori nomine vocantur Amorrhitae; praeterea habitabant « in monte Libano, de monte Baal Hermon usque ad introitum Emath » (Iud. 3,3), seu « ad radices Hermon in terra Maspha » (los. 11,3). 2 Reg. 24,7 tota occidentalis terrae sanctae plaga a Sidone ad Bersabee vocatur « terra Hevael et Chananaei », ut sc. Hevaeus a septentrione incoluerit prope Sidonem et Hermon , Chananaeus meridiem versus, in campo maxime Iezrahel et reliquo maris litore. — « Et Aracaeum » , *pw, Sam. LXX 'pr,ass. Arka, Ptolem. V. 15. 91 et Plin. V. 16. & Arca, urbs quinque millia passuum Tripoli distans septentrionem versus, ad radices montis Libani (Hzer.), urbs tempore Romani imperii nobilis, patria Alexandri Severi, sedes episcopi, nunc Tell Arka. — « Snaeum ». « À quo (Aracaeo) haud procul alia civitas fuit nomine Sini, quae postea vario eventu subversa bellorum nomen tantummodo loco pristinum reservavit » (Hzer.). Strab. 16. 2. 18 novit arcem Xwáin Libano, et De/. Par. p. 282 comparat locum S2anna « in litore maris » situm, qui in documentis ass. iungitur cum Simirra et Arca. —
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v. 18 « Et Aradium », ""w. « Aradii sunt, qui Aradum insulam possederunt angusto freto a Phoenicis litore separatam » (Hzer.). Sitne eadem civitas, quae in annalibus Thotmes III Ar/'tu vel Art'ut, in annalibus Ramses Il. AratAu audit, non certo constat. At frequens eius apud Assyrios mentio : Arvada. Cf. Schrader KAT. Refert Euseb. (Chron. Arm. Il. 173; cf. M.19,546) saeculo a. C. octavo Aradum fundatam esse à profugis Sidoniis. Id ad summum verum est de urbe in insula exstructa : urbs in objecto litore sita (Antaradus) certe erat longe antiquior, nam Teglathpalassar I c. 1113 conscendit Aradiorum naves. — « Samaraeum », ass. Simir vel Simirra, quae urbs post Sennacherib habuit praefectum assyrum ; Xyopa vel €(gopog ad meridiem Aradi (cf. Kn.); nunc Sumra. — « Et Amathaeum » , Hamath ad Orontem, civitas perantiqua, tam Aegyptiis quam Assyriis nota. Videntur Hamathenses antiquitus usi esse characteribus, quos supra dicebamus hethitis, et antiquiora regum Hamathensium nomina affinia videntur nominum, quae apud Hethitas septentrionales occurrunt, dum recentiora nomina sunt omnino semitica. Quibus docemur, potuisse quarumdam harum gentium linguas decursu temporum fieri magis semiticas. « Et posthaec disseminati sunt populi. Chananaeorum ». Cur soli Chananaei dicuntur esse d?ssem?nati , et quorsum praefigitur posthaec? Planius contra Masor. iungas : « Postquam vero » (cf. Iob 42,7; Lev. 95,48) « disseminatae sunt tribus Chananaeorum, facti sunt etc. ». Et nota, v52non tam habere sensum disseminandi, quam dispiciendi, dissipandi. Quo tempore Abraham Euphraten traiecit, Chananaei non iam conliguas omnes sedes obtinebant, aliae se gentes intra, tribuum septentrionalium fines interposuerant : sola a Sidone ad Mare Mortuum regio tota a Chananaeis obtinebatur appellabaturque iure merito Chanaanitis.
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v. 19 « Factique sunt termini Chanaan venientibus a Sidone Geraram », id directionem itineris universim exprimit, dein in hac directione definitur terminus « «sque Gazam ». Postea altera linea a Sidone ducitur magis orientem versus : « donec zngrediaris » (eadem vox, quae modo venzentibus vertebatur) « Sodomam et Go- " morrham et Adamam et Seboim » (cf. 15,9), et in hac linea definitur terminus « usque Lesa ». Quam urbem Hier. ait esse eandem atque Kallirhoen, in orientali Maris Mortui plaga sitam, haud procul Machaero. Alii Lusam (Jos. Arch. 15,1. 4) praeferunt, loco incerto ad meridiem Maris Mortui sitam. Gratuito alii yy5 eandem esse censent atque v*5, i. e. Dan Lais. Gerar (cf. 20,1) idem hodiedum nomen servat, a meridie Gazae. Sequitur clausula totius genealogiae Chamitarum
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v. 20 : « H: sunt fili Cham $n cognationibus et linguis (et generationibus) terrisque et gentibus suis ». Sola Vulg. ubique habet 2n; reliqui bis 5 et bis 3, Sam. 5 etiam extremo loco. Igitur distinguuntur filii Cham secundum cognationes et linguas, quae distinctio aliam effecit distinctionem regionum et gentium. Cf. dicta ad v. 5.
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: v. 91 « De Sem quoque nati sunt » — supple « filii », — « patre omnium filiorum Heber, fratre laphet maiore ». Initium genealogiae Semitarum, correspondens v. 2.6, habetur
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v. 22 « filii Sem »; sed inseritur v. 21, primum idem, quod exprimitur verbis, « filii Sem », alia expressione « de Sem quoque nati sunt » enuntians, ac dein Semo duos affigens titulos, alterum a filiis et alterum & fratre petitos. ?2y Vulg. LXX intellexere nomen proprium viri : neque tamen hinc efficitur solos exprimi Hebraeos (Vat.), quod emphatice adiecta vox omnium certe lectanidas v. 26 sqq. cogat includere. Non ergo celebratur Sem praecise ut progenitor populi electi. At cur tandem ea clausula adiicitur? Jarchi ^iv accipit tamquam nomen non proprium sed appellativum, « filii transitus ». Quo nomine vocari potuere vel il, qui trans flumen incolebant, i. e. Transeuphratenses, vel qui irans flumen quondam habitaverant, sed 1am flumen traiecerant et hinc Ciseuphratenses evaserunt. Quo sensu ipsi Israelitae dicebantur Hebraei : at Ciseuphratensium omnium non erat pater Sem , cum Chanaan quoque cis Euphraten habitaret. Ergo melius cum Caíi. expressionem altero illo sensu interpretabere, sc. de Transeuphratensibus, quasi dicat s. auctor : En, o filii Israel, progenitor vester Sem parens exstitit non Abrahamidarum tantum et Iectanidarum, sed plurimarum et florentissimarum gentium, Transeuphratensium sc. universorum. Incolebant autem antiquitus trans Euphraten Semitae omnes, exceptis Phalegi posteris et fortasse Ludim. In ultimo inciso fratre Iaphet maiore (cf. dicta ad 9,25) illud admirationem facit, solum Iaphet exprimi, non Cham. « Neque vocatur h. l. Sem frater Cham, quia resectus ex fratrum ordine et iuresuo abdicatus fuerat. Tantum inter Sem et Iaphet manet fraternitas » (Vat.). Auctor, mox valedicturus narratione regionibus transeuphratensibus et in ipsam Chananaeam descensurus, quem locum inter varias has nationes Israelitae obtineant rursum inculcat : Semitae reliqui eodem gloriantur progenitore, vel Iaphetidae sunt fratres, natu utique minores, Chamitarum quaelibet repudiatur affinitas. Hic versus adscribi vix potuit aevo prophetarum, qui Assyrios , Babylonios, Aramaeos semper ut flagella Dei repraesentabant, non ut fratres communi parente prognatos. . v. 92 « Filii Sem : Aelam ». Ass. Ilamtu significat montana, quo nomine apte regio describebatur a Babyloniis planitiem incolentibus. Pers. Uva:a. Caput postmodum fuit Suszn vel Susun, ass. Susan, unde regio circumiacens vocabatur Susinak seu Susiana. Eadem pars regionis orientem versus sita videtur nomen habuisse Anzan, et Cyrus in inscriptionibus babylonicis, semper titulo insignitur regis Anzan, nunquam regis Persarum. Lingua Susiana, qualem ex inscriptionibus novimus, affinis est Protomedicae. Sed plurima per totam Susianam reperiebantur loca, quorum nomina sunt omnino semitica (cf. Del. Par. p. 320 sqq.), unde sat probabile apparet regionem primitus, saltem magna ex parte, in Semitarum manibus fuisse. Cf. Schrader KAT, etiam ad 1 Esdr. 4,9. — « Et Assur », cf. v. 11. Assyrios fuisse Semitas et eorum lingua faciesque parietibus depictae abunde demonstrant. Imo Assyriorum nomen antiquitus pro quibusvis Semitis usurpabatur; formam inde abbreviatam Syr: designandis Aramaeis LXX consecravit. « Et Arphazad ». Arphaxadi quos novimus posteri, Abrahamidae sc. et lectanidae, certe fuere Semitae : unde probabile apparet, reliquos etiam esse Semitas. Post Jos. plerique interpretantur Chaidaeos. Reapse Chaldaeos seu Babylonios in hoe populorum clencho omitti, vix credibile apparet. substituas synonymum kisadu (latus, directio), Arphazad poteris interpretari arba kisadi, quatuor regiones, quod fuerit totius tractus a Babylonia ad mare nomen. Res est adhuc incerta. — "TU idem esse atque Kaldu, quae gens in inscriptionibus Assyriorum modo totam Babyloniam possidet, modo partem infra Babyloniam stricte dictam ad mare usque, tum aliis stabilitur argumentis, tum etiam illo, tempore Danielis prophetae utrumque nomen eosdem reapse designasse homines. Cf. Schrader KAT ad Gen. 11, 28; A4. Delattre, Les Chaldéens, Paris 1877. Potest etiam fieri, ut T2 primitus idem fuerit atque Kasda (Del. Par. p. 129), pagus Babyloniae, quatenus eius pagi nomen totius postmodum gentis appellatio evaserit. At hoc Kasda explicandum esse per Kas-da, fines gentis Kas seu Kassu seu Cossaeorum gratuita plane est Del. etymologia. Aliud tandem a Kaldu vel etiam Kasdu nomen est Kassu. Hi lingua loquebantur, quae certe neque semitica erat neque indogermanica (Tiele p. 62.71), dum nomina principum Kaldu omnia sunt semitica. « Et Lud ». Post los. plerique intelligunt Lydos. Sane, uti mera nominum similitudo non efficit Ludim Chamitas v. 13 esse Lydos, ita eadem neque demonstrat Lud v. 22 esse Lydos. Lydiam utique primum obtinuere Maeones indogermani, e quibus Pelasgi prodiere et Tyrrheni. Sed postmodum gens eandem regionem incolens aliud habebat nomen Lydi, regibusque gloriabatur Heraclidis (Herod. 1. 1) & Belo Assyriorum deo prognatis. Nomine regibusque mutatis coniicere fas est, gentem ipsam simul mutatam esse atque in Maeonum locum successisse Lydos, non quidem proprie Assyros sed omnino Semitas. Qua usi sint lingua ignoramus, at eorum certe sacra semitica erant (cf. Len. Bérose p. 146 sqq.), luxuria talis, qualis antiquis illis temporibus apud Iaphetidas nondum obtinuerat, Neque necesse est supponere auctorem s., quando Lud nominabat, cogitasse eam quae postea Lydia appellata est regionem, aut post annum 1200 seripsisse, quo fere tempore Atyatibus in Lydia successere Heraclidae : sed potuit is antiquiores quasdam propiusque a Mesopotamia remotas Lydorum sedes in mente habere. Obiicit Del. Par. p. 257, in textu Assurbanipalis dici, Lydos, quorum tum prima, quantum novimus, mentio habefur, locutos esse lingua ab omnium aliarum gentium linguis diversa, qua ab Assyriis haud possent intelligi. At textus solum edicit, reges antecessores Lydorum nunquam audisse nomen, quae est res toto coelo diversa. Idem Sargon de Cypro atfirmat (Len. II. 1. 342). Reges vero in suis victoriis celebrandis quandoque hyperbolis indulgent. — Alii Lud censuere esse eosdem atque Rotennu (v. s. ad Dodanim), quorum nomen etiam Lutennu legi potest : sed ne Lutennu cum Lud confundamus, eadem prohibet ratio, quae Rhodanim secernit a Rhodo, eae sc. explicationes nullam habent rationem literae n. « Et Aram ». Hos esse Aramaeos constat. Ass. Aramu, Arumu vel Arimu. Plurimas Aramaeorum tribus norant Assyrii prope ripas Euphratis et Tigris, imprimis infra Babylonem, etiam prope ripas fluminis Uknu seu Choaspis. Cf. Schrader KG p. 105 sqq.; Del. Par. p. 237 sqq. 257 sqq. Ripa Euphratis prope Hethaeorum fines vocatur Armaia i. e. Àramaea. Vicissim Aegyptii regionem Euphraten inter et Chaboram appellabant Naharina, quod idem est nomen atque Aram Naharaim Gen. 24,10 et Padan Aram Gen. 25,20 etc. Cf. quae diximus ad Iud. 3,10. Scriptura novit varia cis Euphraten regna Aramaeorum, v. g. Aram Sobam, Aram Damascum, Aram Rohob etc. (cf. 9 Reg. 8,5 sq.; 10,6 sqq.); quae regna tempore Davidis intime iungebantur Aramaeis transeuphratensibus, ib. v. 16. Textus cuneiformes norunt haec regna, sed non vocant ea Aramaea. Lingua aramaica inde ab anno fere 500 a. C. in tota Mesopotamia , Syria, Palaestina adhiberi coepta est.
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v. 23 « Fili? Aram : Us » — vw, Sam. vm — « et Hul » — 5n. Sam. »"n — « et Gether et Mes » — va. Sam NU. Operae pretium non est, recentiorum recensere explicationes, qui gratuito supponentes, nomina haec omnia reperiri oportere cis Euphraten etin Syria proprie dicta, varia congerunt locorum nomina illorum quatuor plus minusve similia. E contra Jac. Edess. videtur supponere solos Us et Hul Syriam incoluisse. Jos. Uso assignat Trachonitiden et Damascum , Hulo Armeniam, quam facile interpretabere circa montem Masium tractum ab Aramaeis occupatum, Gethero Bactriam, Meso Mesanaeorum regionem, ubi postea fuerit Spasini Charax. Ultima duo explicatione indigent. Igitur Spasini Charax fuit oppidum, ubi Eulaeus iungitur Tigri, haud longe a Sinu Persico et in eo tractu situm, qui Mesene postmodum audiebat, nomine a Mes sat facile derivando, qui idem tractus apud Assyrios (Del. Par. p. 242 sq.) terra Mas audiebat, ad quem etiam totum desertum Euphraten inter et Aegyptum pertinebat. Hanc terram Mas Del. censet eandem esse atque Nv2 v. 30; sed nota etiam v. 23 Sam. legere wv'2, Ios. Mas, lectio vero 1 Par. 1, 17 v2 saltem id confirmat, tresillud nomen habuisse consonantes. Censemus igitur Mes h. 1. idem esse atque Messa v. 30, atque ibi auctorem Iectanidarum describere sedes inde a loco . iam v. 23 nominato. Bactra habet quidem consonantes nominis Gether, falso tamen h. 1. a los. appellatur. Eo videtur in errorem inductus esse, quod Getheri sedes haud longe a lectanidarum sedibus abesse crederet, hos vero errore ad v. 30 exponendo in Ariam Bactriae confinem relegaret. Si quaeras, ubi tandem sedes Gether habuerit, eas - illi libenter intra ipsam Mesopotamiam concederem, ea quippe regio Aramaeorum tribubus pullulabat.
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v. 9& « At vero Arphazad genuit Sale, de quo ortus est Heber ». Hic versus utique adscribitur (Di//m.) respectu habito ad 11, 12 sqq. De Cainan apud LXX dicemus ad 11, 12.
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v. 25 « Natique sunt Heber filii duo : nomen uni Phaleg , eo quod in diebus eius divisa sit terra ». lac. Edess. et Lib. Iubil. referunt, Noe divisisse terram inter suos nepotes singulisque certas assignasse sedes ; idque eum fecisse iuremerito conieceris , etiamsi nullus id testis referret; id factum esse, quo tempore quinta generatio (Phaleg-lectan) nasceretur, etiam sat probabile est, quia tum iam ita creverant homines numero, ut haud diutius in . uno loco contineri possent. Eam bh. 1. divisionem exprimi censet Ew., dum antiquiores intelligebant divisionem confusione linguarum exortam. Utique 352 est verbum aliud a y*2, quod de ea divisione 11, 4. 8 adhibetur : sed ad explicandum nomen Phaleg non alia radix nisi 352 invocari potuit. Cf. Budde p. 383 sq. « Et nomen fratris eus Iectan ». Eius nomen apud Arabes traditur yorp putatque Kn. idem esse, quod pagi Kachtan prope Nedjran ad aquilonem Sabaeorum, et Katanitarum apud P'/o/. 6. 1. 20 et 23. |
10:26
v. 96 « Qui lectan genuit Elmodad et Saleph et Asarmoth, Iare »
10:27
v. 97 « et Aduram et Uzal » — Sam ovx. LXX Ai6$A, sed Ios. AtteXoe — « et Decla » v. 98 « et Ebal » — Hebr. 53x. Sam 5avy. LXX Etc. (deest in Cod. Alex. pluribusque codicibus aliis, itemque apud Aug. de Civ. Dei XVI. 3), sed Jos. "H6xXog — « et Abàmael, Saba »
10:29
v. 299 « et Ophir et Hevila et Iobab. Omnes isti filii lectan ». Licet horum nominum aliqua explicare haud valeamus, ex reliquis tamen clare perspicimus tribus has Arabiam meridionalem incoluisse et reapse fines, qui v. 30 describuntur, obtinuisse.
10:30
v. 30 « Et facta est habitatio eorum de Messa pergentibus usque Sephar, montem orientalem ». igitur Messa est eadem, quae v. 23 Mes audiebat, Mesene ad ora Euphratis et Ti- - gris; ibi lectanidae Aramaeos contingebant, inde protendebantur usque Sephar. Suggerunt urbem regiam Homeritarum et Sabaeorum Xáxoapa (Ptol. VI. 1,95.41; Plin. VI. 96); eratet alia urbs Saphar haud procullitore, ad orientem pagi Hadramaut. Verum adverte, nihilin textu urbem demonstrare, neque Messa urbs erat sed pagus; agitur de monte. . lamvero estetiamnum mons Zabura in ipso pago Hadramaut. Quem sib. l. intelligi defendas, sequetur v. 26-30 scriptos primum esse, quo tempore Ieetanidae de Babylonia descendentes in medio pago, qui nunc Hadramaut audit, substitissent necdum in extremum Arabiae occidentalem angulum penetrassent, quem tum profecto Cuschitae v. 7 dicendi sunt obtinuisse. Potuit tamen et alius esse mons Saphar. Cf. Kn. Quamdiu vero, quis mons intelligatur, non accurate scimus, neque ubi singulae ium tribus incoluerint accurate definire possumus, licet pagos , quibus nunc tandem earum nomina adhaerent , demonstrare valeamus. Porro vocatur ille mons mons orientis à1p, quo nomine universim designari consuevit regio, quam obtinent nomades aramaei et arabes. Igitur Asarmoth est regio notissima Hadramaut, Chatramotitae Strab. 16,4.2. Sed litus obtinebant Adramitae (Ptol. VI. 7,10.25.26), quos comparant nomini Aduram. Ad orientem simul et septentrionem et longe a mari incolunt Iobaritae (Ptol. VI. 7, 24), quos Bochart eosdem esse censet atque Iobab. Pro Saleph comparat Bochart. Alapenos vel Salapenos (Ptol. VI. 7,23). Sanam, medio itinere inter Aden et Nedjran sitam, etiamnum antiquo nomine Árabes vocant Asal vel Usal (Uzal), ubi Plin. VI. 32; XII. 35 novit Ausaritas , auctor Syrus sexti p. C. saeculi Auzalios. Cf. Kn. Nomen Abil (Ebal) Halévy (ap. Dillm.) aliquoties in eo Arabiae tractu invenit. Ophir erat "portus Arabiae, quo elasses Salomonis appellebant et mercibus onerabantur ex Arabia, Africa et India conquisitis. Saba et Hevila poteris easdem tribus adstruere, quae v. 7 Cuschitis accensebantur : at hi postmodum cum Iectanidis in unam gentem coaluere, quam aeque Cusch et Iectano progenitam scribere fas fuit. — Mirabere Ios. Iectanidas omnes in Ariam Bactriae affinem et ad « Cophenem flumen Indiae » transferre. Sc. pro ^ 1 ^23 videtur ipse legisse 73222 : erat autem Kev seu Kos (Arr. An. 4,22) illud flumen, quod Indo iungitur et hodie Kabul dicitur. Cuius fontes reapse Ariam attingebant. v. 391 « Isti sunt filii Sem secundum cognationes et linguas et regiones in gentibus suis ». Hebr. Sam. Chald. Syr. : secundum cognationes suas, secundum linguas suas, ?n terris suis, in gentibus suis. Ultimum in secundum Vulg. LXX Chald. Syr. restituimus contra Heb. Sam. Licet nomina diverso ordine scribantur, ac v. 5.90, praepositiones tamen manent eaedem. Ergo non fortuito sunt selectae.
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v. 32 « Hae familiae Noe zuxta populos et nationes suas ». Hebr. iuxta generationes suas in, gentibus suis. « AÓ his divisae sunt gentes in terra. post diluvtum ».
10:1
Noe (Heb. Nōah; Septuagint Nōe; cf. Old Babylonian Nuḫīja)
… To the three sons of N., Shem, Ham and Japheth, Gen. 10:1-32 links all the peoples who enter into its vision of humanity, roughly anterior Asia with Shem, southeastern Europe with Japheth and northeastern Africa, including the Canaanite territory, with Ham.
10:2
DODANIM. - A Greek people, mentioned in the ethnological list of Gen. 10:4 (Masoretes, Peshitta, 'Onkelos, Vulgate) as the fourth son of Javan (Ionians) of the stock of Japheth (Gen. 10:2), dwelling in Dodona, between Illyria and Macedonia.
while M. in Gen. 10:2 is a northern population, among the descendants of Japheth. …
GOMER. - 1. A people descended from Japheth according to the table of nations (Gen. 10:2; cf. 1 Chron. 1:5).
… Jāwān was a descendant of Japheth; the Septuagint (Ἰωάν) and the Vulgate (Iavan) transcribe his name in the genealogies (Gen. 10:2, 4; 1 Chron. 1:5, 7); elsewhere they translate it as Ἕλληνας and Graeci, or Ἑλλάς and Graecia. …
Japheth (Heb. Jepheth, Jāpheth, Septuagint: Iapheth)
… Jepheth, Jāpheth, Septuagint: Iapheth). - Son of Noah, younger than Shem (Gen. 10:21, according to the Hebrew) and older than Ham (Gen. 9:24), progenitor of the peoples to the west and north of Palestine (Gen. 10:2-5), among them the Cimmerians (Gomer), the Medes (Madai), the Greeks, or Ionians (v. IAVAN). …
… Jāveān). - Hebrew transcription of the name of the "Ionians" (Ἰάφεθ) of Asia Minor (Gen. 10:2, 4; 1 Chron. 1:5 agg.; Isa. 66:19; Ezek. 27:13), like the Assyrian Jāveān, Jām(a)nu, the Sanskrit Javanā, the Persian Jaunā (cf. Aeschylus, Pers., 178, 563), the Coptic Wejenin. …
SEM (Hebrew: Šēm). - One of the sons of Noah, perhaps the firstborn, since he appears in first place in the enumerations (S., Ham [v.] and Japheth [v.]: Gen. 5:32; 6:10; 9:18 etc.); but in the "Table of Nations" (ibid. 10:2-21) the brothers are mentioned first, because they are set aside from the narrator's interest, who then follows only the fortunes of the Semitic-patriarchal family (Terahites). …
… Tīrās). - Seventh of the sons of Japheth in the table of peoples (Gen. 10:2). Like the names of his brothers, e.g. Javan, Madai, etc., it indicates some Western people, perhaps Indo-European.
Thubal (Heb. Tûbhal; Septuagint Θοβήλ)
… Tûbhal; Septuagint Θοβήλ). - One of the sons of Japheth in the ethnographic table, where he is mentioned between Javan and Meshech (Gen. 10:2).
10:3
Ascenez (Heb. Aškenaz; LXX Ašqaváč)
… Aškenaz; LXX Ašqaváč). - Son of Gomer, grandson of Japheth (Gen. 10:3), designates a branch of the Japhetic stock. …
10:4
… The Greeks gave the island the name of Κύπρος, which already appears in Homer, while the Phoenicians called it Kittim (= Citium), a name adopted by the Bible (Gen. 10, 4; Num. 24, 24 [and Dan. 11, 30]; Is. 23, 1. 12; Jer. 2, 10; Ez. 27, 6).
DODANIM. - A Greek people, mentioned in the ethnological list of Gen. 10:4 (Masoretes, Peshitta, 'Onkelos, Vulgate) as the fourth son of Javan (Ionians) of the stock of Japheth (Gen. 10:2), dwelling in Dodona, between Illyria and Macedonia.
ELISA (Heb. 'Elīsa). - Firstborn of Javan (Gen. 10:4). The name returns in Ezek. 27:7: the "isles of E." carried on the purple trade with Tyre.
… extracted there (Ier. 10, 9). Often in the Old Testament there is mention of "ships of T.", large ships used for long voyages (I Reg. 10, 22; 22, 49; Is. 2, 16; Ez. 27, 25; Ps. 48, 8). In the table of nations, T. appears among the sons of Javan (Gen. 10, 4; I Par. 1, 7): "Ionians" of Greece and Asia Minor. …
10:5
GOJIM. - Hebrew term: the "nations," the "peoples" (Gen. 10:5, 20; 17:4; etc.), often used in a pejorative sense, in that "the nations" are enemies of Israel, which is usually called 'am "people." The g. are often stigmatized by the Bible as idolaters …
… The idioms were perhaps already differentiated at that time (Gen. 10:5, 20, 31); certainly languages branched out with the slow formation of peoples, as St. Gregory of Nyssa already noted (Adv. …
10:6
… By tracing the Canaanites back to Ham (Gen. 10, 6), the "table of the peoples" does not intend to speak of the ethnic origin of the "Canaanite" peoples, but of their political dependence on the Hamitic Egyptians.
Indeed, already in the genealogy of the nations (Gen. 10:6, 7), C. is presented as the firstborn son of Ham (= Hamites), whose brothers would be Mizraim (= Egypt), Phuth and Canaan. …
I. PREHISTORIC EGYPT. - While the Bible, in enumerating the descendants of the sons of Noah (Gen. 10:6, 13), limits itself to citing among those of the stock of Ham also Misraim, the name by which the Hebrews usually designated the land of Egypt, recent discoveries allow us to know with …
… Ham (v.) has four sons: Cush, Mizraim, Put, Canaan (Gen. 10:6, 20). Cush in turn has five: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Sabteca. …
10:7
… The latter is listed by Gen. 10:7 together with the Sabeans among the descendants of Cush (Ethiopians) beyond the Red Sea; on another occasion it is mentioned together with the Midianites (Gen. 35:3), whose territory …
Of Chus (Kāt) the Bible (Gen. 10:7 ff., 29) knows two, one African and the other Asiatic; the diversity of explanations (about 80) is therefore not surprising. …
Hevila (Hebrew: Ḥāwīlāh probably from ḥōl «sand»; Septuagint: Εὐαία)
HEVILA (Hebrew: Ḥāwīlāh probably from ḥōl «sand»; Septuagint: Εὐαία). - A region (v. EDEN) abounding in gold, aromatic gum and precious stones, where the river Phison flowed (Gen. 2:11). The name is recalled as that of a descendant of Chus the Hamite (Gen. 10:7; 1 Chron. 1:9) and of Joktan the Semite (Gen. 10:29; 1 Chron. 1:23), and in the formula "from H. as far as Sur" (Gen. 25:18; 1 Sam. 15:7).
10:8
… In Gen. 2:13 the land traversed by the river Gihon is called C. This text, like the one that connects C. with Nimrod, king of Shinar (Gen. 10:8, 12), would suggest a Mesopotamian region. …
… would probably be the ancient Araxes, today the Aras, called by the Arabs Gajhôn er-Râs, whose sources are near those of the Tigris and the Euphrates, and which empties into the Caspian Sea; and Kûš would be the region (Kûšâ) to the east of Mesopotamia (Gen. 10:8), whose name would be preserved in the first dynasty after the flood, in the city of Kûš and perhaps also in the name of the Kossaeans who in the 2nd millennium reigned at Babel.
… Nimrod (v.) is either only a mediate descendant of the sons of Cush, or what concerns him (Gen. 10:8-12) is a later addition (so thinks, e.g., Heinisch).
Nimrod (Hebr. Nimrādh, Septuagint Neṣnā)
… Nimrādh, Septuagint Neṣnā). - Son of Cush, of Hamitic stock, of whom it is said that he was a great hunter and founded an empire (Gen. 10:8-12) in Babel and other cities of the land of Shinar (= Sumer), from which he went to Asshur, to found Nineveh and other Assyrian centers (whence Assyria is called in Mic. 5:5 and the land of N.).
10:10
Akkad (Cuneiform Agade or Akkadu, transcribed by Assyriologists as Achad, Akhad or Accad)
AKKAD (Cuneiform Agade or Akkadu, transcribed by Assyriologists as Achad, Akhad or Accad). - Ancient city of northern Babylonia, one of the four founded by Nimrod in Shinar (Gen. 10:10), perhaps the present-day Tell ed-Deir; there stood the temple E-ul-maš of the goddess Anunitum. …
… There were many small city-states, often at war with one another, among them: Ur (v.), birthplace of Abraham (Gen. 15:17); Lagash (Telloh); Kish (el-Ohejmir); Umma (Gōbah); Adab (Bismajjah); Isin; Mari; Uruk (Warka); the Erech of Gen. 10:10), Larsa (Senkereh), the Ellasar of Gen. 10:10). Only at intervals did one of them dominate the whole country; thus Lagash with the kings Entemena and Urukagina (beginning of the 3rd …
CHALANNE (Hebrew Kalnēh). - In Gen. 10:10 it is the fourth city of the southern tetrapolis of Mesopotamia, which constituted the kingdom of Shinar (Šin'ār), founded by Nimrod. …
SENNAAR (Heb. Šin'ār). - A geographical term that in certain biblical passages means the land of Babylonia, e.g., Gen. 10:10 ff. (even in opposition to Assyria); ibid. 11:1-9 (Tower of Babel [v.]); Dan. 1:2; Zech. 5:11. In others, however, it would seem
10:11
Gen. 10:11 relates that Nimrod, a Hamite of Kuš, came from Sennaar (Babylonia) to A. (the region); Mi. 5:6 therefore calls A. "land of Nimrod." Indeed Assyria was first colonized by non-Semites …
In the Bible the city is named in Gen. 10:11-12 (Nimrod) and in the book of the prophet Jonah (1-3). …
10:13
and also the Vulgate adopt this twofold meaning in rendering: 1) Pâṭ (Jer. 49:9; Ex. 36:5), a territory along the coasts of the Red Sea, probably present-day Somalia; 2) Lâbhîm (Dan. 11:43; II Chron. 12:3; 16:8; cf. Lâhâbhîm of Gen. 10:13), always associated with Mîṣrâṭîm (= Egypt), designating the region west of the Nile Delta or present-day L.
2. Lâdh, Lâdhîm (Lydia, Lydii; Isa. 66:19; Ezek. 27:10; 30:5; cf. Gen. 10:13; 1 Chron. 1:13): a region and population perhaps in North Africa.
10:14
… The prevailing opinion today is that Kefivo of the Egyptian documents and Caphtor of the Bible (Gen. 10, 14) (Kaftara in the cuneiform texts) is C., the country of origin of the Philistines (Jer. 47, 7; Am. 9, 7). Archaeological explorations attest to a great commercial activity with Egypt …
Kittim (Kittijīm, in Jer. 2, 10)
In the manuscripts of 'Ajn Fešpah, the apocryphon known as the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness designates the Seleucids and the Ptolemies as K. Under the influence of the Targum (Gen. 10:14; 1 Chron. 1:7), the Vulgate translates K. as "Italy" in the oracle of Balaam (Num. 24:24) and as "Romans" (Septuagint 'Ρομώος) in Dan. 11:30.
10:15
… But L. Dürr, E. Kalt, and others, basing themselves on the genealogical classification of Gen. 10:15, 16, link the A. with the Hamites. …
… "Sons of Canaan" (that is, members of the Canaanite family) are Sidon, the Hittites, the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites and the Hamathites (Gen. 10, 15-18), that is, the non-Israelite peoples of Palestine and Syria. …
Its origin is obscure, but the designation of Sidhôn, in the table of nations, as the firstborn of Canaan (Gen. 10:15) and the practice adopted in the biblical texts (Josh. 13:6) and in the Homeric poems of calling the Phoenicians by the name of Sidonians (Il., VI, 289; XXIII, 743; Odyss., XV, 415; …
10:16
Girgashites (Hebrew Girgāshī; Septuagint Germachai, Latinized as Gergesites)
… In the table of nations (Gen. 10:16) the G. are presented as descendants of Ham; but this does not prejudice the ethnological classification of this people, since in that document particular principles are followed, …
JEBUSITES. - Gentile name of an ancient clan (Heb. [ha]-Jēbhūti, always with the article, except in II Sam. 5:8; I Chron. 11:6; Zech. 9:7, and in the singular; Septuagint: ὁ Ἰεβουσαῖς), settled in Canaan (Gen. 10:16; I Chron. 1:14), always included, as a secondary group, in the northern list of the peoples that Israel was to conquer (Deut. 7:1; 20:17; cf. Gen. 15:21; Ex. 3:8, 17, etc.). …
10:18
Arvad (Hebrew 'Arvād; Assyrian 'Arvada; Septuagint Ἀράδιοι, Ἀρσάοι; Vulgate Aradii, Aradus)
… Aradii, Aradus). - A small Phoenician island (800 by 500 m) with a city of the same name (today Ruvād, with 2500 inhabitants), two and a half km from the coast, about 60 km north of Tripoli in Syria, inhabited by the Aradians, descendants of Canaan (Gen. 10:18). According to Strabo (XVI, 2, 133) it was founded by fugitives from Sidon. …
10:19
ADAMA (Hebrew 'Adamah). - A city of the Pentapolis (v.), named alongside Zeboiim, on the border of Canaan (Gen. 10:19). Its king Shinab, in coalition with the other kings of the Pentapolis, was defeated in the valley of Siddim by Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, aided by three other kings (Gen. 14:1-9). …
Gaza (Hebrew Azzah, Arabic Ghazzah)
GAZA (Hebrew Azzah, Arabic Ghazzah). - A Canaanite city (Gen. 10:19; Deut. 2:23) in the southwestern corner of Palestine, 4 km from the sea, on the only route leading from Egypt into Syria. …
Gerar (Hebrew Gerar, Septuagint Germar)
GERAR (Hebrew Gerar, Septuagint Germar). - Ancient city of the Negeb in Palestine, on the road to Egypt, southeast of Gaza and west of Beersheba (Gen. 10:19; 20:1). Capital of a principality called, by anticipation, Philistine. …
Girgashites (Hebrew Girgāshī; Septuagint Germachai, Latinized as Gergesites)
… In the Bible the G. are mentioned very few times (Gen. 10:19; 15:21; Deut. 7:1; Ios. 3:10; 24:11; Neh. 9:8) and always with a stereotyped phraseology, which lists the various clans or tribes of pre-Israelite Palestine. …
… Even when the powerful rival Tyre prevailed, the name of Sidonians remained synonymous with Phoenicians (1 Kings 16:31). In the Bible S. is remembered both as a city (Judg. 1:31; 18:28; Isa. 23:2; Ezek. 27:8) and as a territory that marked the northern frontier of Canaan (Gen. 10:19) and bordered on the tribes of Zebulun (ibid. 49:13) and of Asher (Josh. 19:28). It is called "great S." (ibid. 11:8; 19:28) with its suburbs and surroundings, as opposed to the original …
10:21
… ancestor (I Reg. 15, 11, 24; in the plural it is frequent: Gen. 15, 15; Num. 14, 18; etc.), whence 'abbôthêm' "our fathers" (Eccli. 44, 1), frequent in the prayers of the Jews (cf. Berachoth, IX, 1), is equivalent to "Israel." 2) Progenitor of a people (Gen. 10, 21; 17, 5; 19, 37; 36, 9, 43), originator of a craft or art (Gen. 4, 20 ff.). 3) Creator (Iob 38, 28; cf. Jer. 2, 27), hence God (Deut. 32, 6; Is. 63, 16; Eccli. 51, 10). 4) Benefactor …
… Grandson of Arphaxad, son of Shem, forefather of Abram hā-'ibhrī (Gen. 14:13): Gen. 10:21, 24f.; 11:14-17; 1 Chron. 1:18f., 25. Also the head of a priestly family, in the time of Jehoiakim (Neh. 13:20); one of the tribe of Gad (1 Chron. 5:13, 5-6); two of the tribe of Benjamin …
Japheth (Heb. Jepheth, Jāpheth, Septuagint: Iapheth)
… Jepheth, Jāpheth, Septuagint: Iapheth). - Son of Noah, younger than Shem (Gen. 10:21, according to the Hebrew) and older than Ham (Gen. 9:24), progenitor of the peoples to the west and north of Palestine (Gen. 10:2-5), among them the Cimmerians (Gomer), the Medes (Madai), …
The postdiluvian P. in the Masoretic text are 9; in the Septuagint and in Luke 3:36 they are 10 because of the addition of Cainan (cf. also 1 Chron. 24:27). In Gen. 11:10-26 they are presented as the genealogy of Shem; in Gen. 10:21 ff. there is another descent from Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, Aram. …
In Gen. 10:21-31 the sons and grandsons of S. are mentioned,
10:22
1. A. (Heb. 'Arpahšad), son of Shem, born 2 years after the flood (Gen. 10:22; 11:10), grandfather or great-grandfather of Heber (v.). …
… But the people of A. is rightly said to be descended from Shem (Gen. 10:22).
ELAM IN THE BIBLE. - Some biblical books recall the country and the people of E. In Gen. 10:22 and in 1 Par. 17 (the sons of Shem are "E., Assur ..."), the Bible attributes a Semitic origin to the Elamite people, which agrees at least in part with profane history. …
LYDIA. - 1. Heb. Lâdh, Gk. Λάδω (Gen. 10:22; 1 Chron. 11:17; 1 Macc. 8:8): a region of western Asia Minor on the coasts of the Aegean, situated between Mysia to the north, Phrygia to the east and Caria to the south, in a …
… It became the capital of the glorious Elamite Empire (cf. Gen. 10:22; 14:1) and later of the Neo-Elamite Kingdom.
10:23
… According to the tradition recorded by Flavius Josephus, D. would have been founded by Uz (Gen. 10, 23), son of
… affirms; the indications concerning Job's friends (Job 2:11) agree in this sense as well: Eliphaz (v.) of Theman, a region certainly Idumean (Gen. 36:11-15; Jer. 49:7), and Bildad of Shuah in northern Arabia (Gen. 25:2). But the traditions diverge; Gen. 10:23, which names 'Uš among the sons of Aram, contributed to having him sought in Syria and especially in the Hawrān.
10:24
… Some believe that Gen. 10:24 is to be supplied in the Hebrew text on the basis of the Greek (thus, for example, Kittel suggests in the Biblia Hebraica [3rd ed., Stuttgart 1920]), or, as regards St. Luke, that …
10:25
Jectan (Hebrew Jōqṭān, Septuagint: Iektán)
JECTAN (Hebrew Jōqṭān, Septuagint: Iektán). - Son of Eber of the line of Shem (Gen. 10:25), whose sons (Gen. 10:26-30) bear names recognizable in tribes or localities of Yemeni Arabia, e.g., Sheba, Hazarmaveth (Ḥadramūt), etc.
… He was called P. "because in his time the world was divided" (Gen. 10:25).
10:26
Jectan (Hebrew Jōqṭān, Septuagint: Iektán)
JECTAN (Hebrew Jōqṭān, Septuagint: Iektán). - Son of Eber of the line of Shem (Gen. 10:25), whose sons (Gen. 10:26-30) bear names recognizable in tribes or localities of Yemeni Arabia, e.g., Sheba, Hazarmaveth (Ḥadramūt), etc.
10:29
Hevila (Hebrew: Ḥāwīlāh probably from ḥōl «sand»; Septuagint: Εὐαία)
… Septuagint: Εὐαία). - A region (v. EDEN) abounding in gold, aromatic gum and precious stones, where the river Phison flowed (Gen. 2:11). The name is recalled as that of a descendant of Chus the Hamite (Gen. 10:7; 1 Chron. 1:9) and of Joktan the Semite (Gen. 10:29; 1 Chron. 1:23), and in the formula "from H. as far as Sur" (Gen. 25:18; 1 Sam. 15:7).
1. A Semite, thirteenth and last son of Joktan (Gen. 10:29; 1 Chron. 1:23). Ancestor of an Arab tribe, in Yemen (E. Glaser, see bibliography); others identify it with the Ḥaḏāpīrān of Ptolemy (VI, 7, 24).
… The indication in Gen. 10:29 (a very ancient table of the East with the names of the ancestors) seems to point in particular to southern Arabia; it places O. among the "sons of Joktan," almost all of whom can …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.