Iabin a more principal king somoneth other kinges to ioyne with him against Israel. 6. Iosue animated with Gods promise of victorie, 7. ouerthroweth them al. 16. Subdueth their countries 12. killeth also manie of the giantes stocke.
1And when Jabin king of Asor had heard these things, he sent to Jobab king of Madon, and to the king of Semeron, and to the king of Achsaph:Le quali cose avendo udito Jabin re di Asor, mandò ambasciatori a Jobab re di Madon, e al re di Semeron, e al re di Achsaph:VVHICH thinges when Iabin the king of Asor had heard, he sent to Iobab the king of Madon, and to the king of Semeron, and to the king of Achsaph:Quæ cum audisset Jabin rex Asor, misit ad Jobab regem Madon, et ad regem Semeron, atque ad regem Achsaph: 2And to the kings of the north, that dwelt in the mountains and in the plains over against the south side of Ceneroth, and in the levels and the countries of Dor by the sea side:E anche a' re di tramontana, che abitavano su' monti, e nel piano verso il lato meridionale di Ceneroth, e a quelli delle campagne, e delle regioni di Dor presso al mare:to the kinges also of the North, that dwelt in the mountaines and in the plaine against the south side of Ceneroth, in the champaine also and countries of Dor by the sea side:ad reges quoque aquilonis, qui habitabant in montanis et in planitie contra meridiem Ceneroth, in campestribus quoque et in regionibus Dor juxta mare: 3To the Chanaanites also on the east and on the west, and the Amorrhite, and the Hethite, and the Pherezite, and the Jebusite in the mountains: to the Hevite also who dwelt at the foot of Hermon in the land of Maspha.E a' Chananei di oriente, e di occidente, e agli Amorrhei, e agli Hethei, e a' Ferezei e alli Jebusei delle montagne; e parimente agli Hevei abitanti alle falde dell'Hermon nella terra di Maspha.the Chananeite also on the East and West, and the Amorrheite and Hetheite and Pherezeite & Iebuseite in the mountaines: the Heueite also which dwelt at the foote of Hermon in the Land of Maspha.Chananæum quoque ab oriente et occidente, et Amorrhæum atque Hethæum ac Pherezæum et Jebusæum in montanis: Hevæum quoque qui habitabat ad radices Hermon in terra Maspha. 4And they all came out with their troops, a people exceeding numerous as the sand that is on the sea shore, their horses also and chariots a very great multitude,E si mossero tutti colle loro schiere in numero grande oltre modo, come l'arena che è sul lido del mare: i cavalli ancora, e i cocchi erano in moltitudine immensa:And they issued forth al with their troupes, a people exceeding manie as the sand, that is in the shore of the sea, their horses also and chariottes of passing great multitude.Egressique sunt omnes cum turmis suis, populus multus nimis sicut arena quæ est in littore maris, equi quoque et currus immensæ multitudinis. 5And all these kings assembled together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel.E si raunarono tutti insieme questi re alle acque di Merom per combattere con Israele.And al these kinges assembled together in one at the Waters of Merom, to fight against Israel.Conveneruntque omnes reges isti in unum ad aquas Merom, ut pugnarent contra Israël.
6And the Lord said to Josue: Fear them not: for to morrow at this same hour I will deliver all these to be slain in the sight of Israel: thou shalt hamstring their horses, and thou shalt burn their chariots with fire.E il Signore disse a Giosuè: Non li temere: imperocché domane in questa stessa ora io darò tutti costoro ad essere trafitti sugli occhi d'Israele: tu taglierai i garetti a' loro cavalli e darai alle fiamme i loro cocchi.And our Lord said to Iosue: Feare them not: for to morrow this selfe same houre wil I deliuer al these to be wounded in the sight of Israel: their horses thou shalt hoghsinew, and their chariottes thou shalt burne with fire.Dixitque Dominus ad Josue: Ne timeas eos: cras enim hac eadem hora ego tradam omnes istos vulnerandos in conspectu Israël: equos eorum subnervabis, et currus igne combures. 7And Josue came, and all the army with him, against them to the waters of Merom on a sudden, and fell upon them.E Giosuè con tutto l'esercito andò subitamente contro di essi alle acque di Merom, e gli assalirono:And Iosue came, and al the hoste with him against them to the Waters of Merom sodenly, and ranne in vpon them,Venitque Josue, et omnis exercitus cum eo, adversus illos ad aquas Merom subito, et irruerunt super eos, 8And the Lord delivered them into the hands of Israel. And they defeated them, and chased them as far as the great Sidon and the waters of Maserophot, and the field of Masphe, which is on the east thereof. He slew them all, so as to leave no remains of them:E il Signore gli abbandonò nelle mani d'Israele; e furono sconfitti, e inseguiti fino a Sidone la grande, e fino alle acque di Maserephoth, e al campo di Masphe che è verso oriente. In tal guisa gli sconfisse, che non lasciò anima viva:and our Lord deliuered them into the handes of Israel. Who stroke them, and pursewed them as farre as great Sidon, and the Waters of Maserephoth, and the field of Masphe, which is on the East side therof. Therfore he stroke al, so that he le•t no reliques of them:tradiditque illos Dominus in manus Israël. Qui percusserunt eos, et persecuti sunt usque ad Sidonem magnam, et aquas Maserephoth, campumque Masphe, qui est ad orientalem illius partem. Ita percussit omnes, ut nullas dimitteret ex eis reliquias: 9And he did as the Lord had commanded him, he hamstringed their horses and burned their chariots.E fece come gli aveva ordinato il Signore: tagliò i garetti a' loro cavalli, e diede i cocchi alle fiamme.and he did as our Lord had commanded him, their horses he hoghsinewed, and their chariottes he burnt.fecitque sicut præceperat ei Dominus: equos eorum subnervavit, currusque combussit igni.
10And presently turning back he took Asor: and slew the king thereof with the sword. Now Asor of old was the head of all these kingdoms.E data subito volta indietro prese Asor, e uccise il suo re: imperocché anticamente Asor avea il principato sopra tutti que' regni.And returning immediatly he tooke Asor: and the king therof he stroke with the sword. For Asor in old time among al these kingdomes held the principalitie.Reversusque statim cepit Asor, et regem ejus percussit gladio. Asor enim antiquitus inter omnia regna hæc principatum tenebat. 11And he cut off all the souls that abode there: he left not in it any remains, but utterly destroyed all, and burned the city itself with fire.E uccise tutta la gente, che vi era dentro: non vi lasciò anima viva: ma devastò ogni cosa fino all'ultimo sterminio, e incendiò la stessa città.And he stroke al the soules, that abode there: he left not in it anie remaines, but to vtter destruction he wasted al thinges, and the citie it selfe he destroyed with fyre.Percussitque omnes animas quæ ibidem morabantur: non dimisit in ea ullas reliquias, sed usque ad internecionem universa vastavit, ipsamque urbem peremit incendio. 12And he took and put to the sword and destroyed all the cities round about, and their kings, as Moses the servant of God had commanded him.E prese tutte le vicine città, e i loro re, e gli uccise, e distrusse, come aveva ordinato a lui Mosè servo del Signore.And al the cities round about, their kinges also he tooke, stroke & destroyed, as Moyses the seruant of God had commanded him.Et omnes per circuitum civitates, regesque earum, cepit, percussit atque delevit, sicut præceperat ei Moyses famulus Domini. 13Except the cities that were on hills and high places, the rest Israel burned: only Asor that was very strong he consumed with fire.Eccettuate le città poste sulle colline, e in luoghi elevati, tutte le altre Israele le abbruciò. Sola Asor città fortissima fu incendiata.Except the cities, that were situated on hilles and higher ground, the rest Israel burnt: one onlie Asor verie wel fensed he consumed with fyre.Absque urbibus, quæ erant in collibus et in tumulis sitæ, ceteras succendit Israël: unam tantum Asor munitissimam flamma consumpsit. 14And the children of Israel divided among themselves all the spoil of these cities and the cattle, killing all the men.E tutta la preda di queste città, e i bestiami se gli spartirono tra di loro i figliuoli d'Israele, dopo averne uccisa la gente.And al the praye of these cities and the cattel the children of Israel diuided among them selues, al the men being slaine.Omnemque prædam istarum urbium ac jumenta diviserunt sibi filii Israël, cunctis hominibus interfectis.
15As the Lord had commanded Moses his servant, so did Moses command Josue, and he accomplished all: he left not one thing undone of all the commandments which the Lord had commanded Moses.Come il Signore aveva ordinato a Mosè suo servo, così Mosè ordinò a Giosuè, e questi eseguì il tutto: non trascurò nè pur un jota di tutti quanti gli ordini intimati dal Signore a Mosè.As our Lord had commanded Moyses his seruant, so did Moyses command Iosue, and he accomplished al thinges: he ommitted not of al the commandementes, not so much as one word, which our Lord had commanded Moyses.Sicut præceperat Dominus Moysi servo suo, ita præcepit Moyses Josue, et ille universa complevit: non præteriit de universis mandatis, nec unum quidem verbum quod jusserat Dominus Moysi. 16So Josue took all the country of the hills, and of the south, and the land of Gosen, and the plains and the west country, and the mountain of Israel, and the plains thereof:Giosuè adunque si fece padrone di tutto il paese della montagna e del mezzodì, e della terra di Gosen, e della pianura, e della parte occidentale, e del monte d'Israele, e delle sue pianure:Iosue therfore tooke al the hillie countrie, and south, and the land of Gosen, and plaine, and the West quarter, and the mountaine of Israel, and the champaine countrie therof:Cepit itaque Josue omnem terram montanam et meridianam, terramque Gosen, et planitiem, et occidentalem plagam, montemque Israël, et campestria ejus, 17And part of the mountain that goeth up to Seir as far as Baalgad, by the plain of Libanus under mount Hermon: all their kings he took, smote and slew.E della parte del monte che s'innalza verso Seir fino a Baalgad lungo la pianura del Libano sotto il monte Hermon. Prese tutti que' re, gli sconfisse, e gli uccise.and the part of the mountaine, that goeth vp to Seir as farre as Baalgad by the plaine of Libanus vnder mount Hermon: al their kinges he tooke, stroke, and slew.et partem montis, quæ ascendit Seir usque Baalgad, per planitiem Libani subter montem Hermon: omnes reges eorum cepit, percussit, et occidit. 18Josue made war a long time against these kings.Molto tempo durò la guerra che ebbe Giosuè con questi regi.A great time did Iosue fight against these kinges.Multo tempore pugnavit Josue contra reges istos. 19There was not a city that delivered itself to the children of Israel, except the Hevite, who dwelt in Gabaon: for he took all by fight.Non vi fu città che si arrendesse a' figliuoli d'Israele, eccettuati gli Hevei abitatori di Gabaon: tutte le preser per forza.There was not a citie that did deliuer it selfe to the children of Israel, except the Heueite, which dwelt in Gabaon: for he tooke al by fight.Non fuit civitas quæ se traderet filiis Israël, præter Hevæum, qui habitabat in Gabaon: omnes enim bellando cepit.
20For it was the sentence of the Lord, that their hearts should be hardened, and they should fight against Israel, and fall, and should not deserve any clemency, and should be destroyed as the Lord had commanded Moses.Imperocché sentenza del Signore era stata che s'indurassero i cuori di coloro, e facesser guerra contro Israele, e andassero in rovina, e non meritassero alcuna pietà, e perissero, come aveva ordinato il Signore a Mosè.For it was the sentence of our Lord, that their hartes should be indurate, and they should fight against Israel, and fall, and should not deserue anie clemencie, and should perish, as our Lord had commanded Moyses.Domini enim sententia fuerat, ut indurarentur corda eorum, et pugnarent contra Israël, et caderent, et non mererentur ullam clementiam, ac perirent, sicut præceperat Dominus Moysi. 21At that time Josue came and cut off the Enacims from the mountains, from Hebron, and Dabir, and Anab, and from all the mountain of Juda and Israel, and destroyed their cities.In quel tempo Giosuè si mosse, e mise a fil di spada gli Enacimi delle montagne, e gli sterminò da Ebron, e da Dabir, e da Anab, e da tutta la montagna di Giuda, e d'Israele, e ruinò le loro città.At that time Iosue came, and slew the Enacimes of the mountaines, of Hebron, and Dabir, and Anab, and from al the mountaine of Iuda and Israel, and destroyed their cities.In illo tempore venit Josue, et interfecit Enacim de montanis, Hebron, et Dabir, et Anab, et de omni monte Juda et Israël, urbesque eorum delevit. 22He left not any of the stock of the Enacims, in the land of the children of Israel: except the cities of Gaza, and Geth, and Azotus, in which alone they were left.Non lasciò anima della stirpe degli Enacimi nella terra de' figliuoli d'Israele, eccettuate le città di Gaza, e di Geth, e di Azoto, nelle quali sole ve ne rimase.He leift not any of the stocke of Enacimes, in the Land of the children of Israel: sauing the cities of Gaza, and Geth, and Azotus, in the which onlie they were leift.Non reliquit ullum de stirpe Enacim, in terra filiorum Israël: absque civitatibus Gaza, et Geth, et Azoto, in quibus solis relicti sunt. 23So Josue took all the land, as the Lord spoke to Moses, and delivered it in possession to the children of Israel, according to their divisions and tribes. And the land rested from wars.Giosuè adunque s'impadronì di tutto quel paese, come il Signore avea detto a Mosè, e ne diede il possesso ai figliuoli d'Israele parte per parte, e tribù per tribù: e la terra ebbe riposo dalle guerre.Iosue therfore tooke al the Land, as our Lord spake to Moyses, and deliuered it in possession to the children of Israel, according to their partes and tribes and the Land rested from battels.Cepit ergo Josue omnem terram, sicut locutus est Dominus ad Moysen, et tradidit eam in possessionem filiis Israël secundum partes et tribus suas: quievitque terra a præliis.
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Haydock
Jabin, "the intelligent," was perhaps the common name of the kings of Asor, the most powerful city in the northern parts of the country, (ver. 10.; Calmet) not far from the Caesarea, (Menochius) which was built by Philip, where Lais stood before. (Haydock)
Calmet
Josue burnt Asor to the ground; but it was rebuilt by the Chanaanites, and a powerful king reigned here, and subjugated the Israelites, about 130 years after the death of Josue, Judges 4:1. (Calmet)
Haydock
Being the most interested in this warfare, Jabin assembled all the petty kings of the country as far as Dor, to resist the common enemy. (Haydock)
He was the generalissimo, (Grotius) and went to stop the progress of Josue, who had conquered the southern parts, and was making ready to march against the north.
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St. Jerome
Ceneroth, or having the lake Genesareth on the south. They city of Cineroth, or of Tiberias, was situated on the southern borders of the lake. (St. Jerome)
Side. Dor lay on the Mediterranean, the last of the cities of Phoenicia. All below was in a manner subdued. The Philistines did not enter into this league, nor were they invited, as they bore a certain antipathy to the people of Chanaan.
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Chanaanite. Some lived near the Jordan, others upon the Mediterranean.
Calmet
Maspha. Probably where Laban and Jacob had met, Genesis 31:48. Hermon lay to the east of Libanus. (Calmet)
Menochius
There was another Hermon near the torrent of Cisson. (Menochius)
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Calmet
Shore. The Scripture sometimes uses an hyperbole, as well as the other figures of speech. (St. Augustine, City of God 16:21.) Josephus says they had 300,000 foot, 10,000 horse, and 20,000 chariots. These were frequently armed with scythes. The ancient heroes often fought on chariots of a different kind. (Calmet)
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Merom, or the lake of Semechon, according to most interpreters; though it is more probable, that the confederates would advance to meet Josue near the lake of Cisson, to the important pass 12 miles north of Samaria, in the canton of Meron, or Merone, Judges 4:10., and 5:18. This place was famous for the victory of Barac, and for the defeat of king Josias.
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Challoner
Hamstring their horses, etc. God so ordained, that his people might not trust in chariots and horses, but in him. (Challoner)
He mentions the very time, when the victory will be obtained, to inspire the Israelites with greater confidence. Josue had proceeded from Galgal to Meron, about 90 miles; or if he had to go to the Semonite lake, 120 miles. Josephus says he had marched five days.
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Thereof. Josue divided his forces, and sent some to pursue the fugitives to Sidon and Sarepta, and others he dispatched to the east side of the Jordan.
Pliny
Sihon was famous for its commerce, and for its glass works. (Pliny, [Natural History?] 5:19.)
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Calmet
Him. (Deuteronomy 7:22.) All the Chanaanites in arms, are ordered to be slain. (Calmet)
Menochius
Josue took the greatest part of the strong cities, and indeed all which he attacked. (Menochius)
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Fire. Several towns built on eminences, were reserved to keep the country in subjection. But it was thought proper to destroy Asor. Hebrew may be, "He burnt not the towns which remained standing, with their fortifications," etc., or such as had opened their gates to the Israelites. (Chaldean; Septuagint; etc.)
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Calmet
Spoil, excepting what was found on the idols, which was burnt, Deuteronomy 7:25. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Moses. It is not to be doubted but that the lawgiver would communicate many instructions, by word of mouth, to his successor. He would also tell him, in general, to observe whatever laws had been given to regulate the conduct of the leader, (Calmet) as they were given not only to Moses, but to all who should afterwards occupy his post. (Haydock)
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So. Here follows a recapitulation of the victories of Josue.
Haydock
Israel, or of Ephraim, which was the chief tribe of the kingdom of Israel: after the commencement of which, this seems to have been inserted; (Calmet) or having designated the southern parts by the name of Juda, (ver. 21,) the more northern countries are called the mountain of Israel, which refers particularly to Samaria, or Bethel, which might receive the appellation of Israel, among his descendants, from the vision of the ladder, with which that patriarch was favoured. (Haydock)
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Calmet
And part. Hebrew, "from Mount Halak, (Haydock; or the bald mountain, destitute of wood) going up to Seir, (which is very shady; that is, from the southern parts of Chanaan, by Seir) as far as Baalgad," on the east side of the Jordan, perhaps unto Coelosyria. (Calmet)
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Calmet
A long time. Seven years, as appears from Josue 14:10., (Challoner) where Caleb informs us that he was 85 years old. He was 40 when he went to explore the country, and 38 years were spent in the wilderness. God was pleased to allow the Chanaanites time to repent, and he would not render the country desolate all at once, lest wild beasts should overrun it, Exodus 23:19., and Wisdom 12:10. (Calmet)
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Challoner
Hardened. This hardening of their hearts, was their having no thought of yielding or submitting: which was a sentence or judgment of God upon them, in punishment of their enormous crimes. (Challoner)
Calmet
God might indeed by his all-powerful grace have changed their hearts, but their crimes caused him to withhold that grace; and thus they were suffered to shut their eyes to their true interest. (Calmet)
Worthington
They alone therefore were the cause of their own obduracy, which God only did not prevent, Exodus vii. (Worthington)
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Time. Among his other conquests, after the victory of Gabaon, Josue defeated the Enacim at Hebron, etc. Many of them fled into the country of the Philistines, and afterwards seized an opportunity of re-establishing themselves, so that Caleb had to drive them out afresh, Josue 15:14.
Cities, or inhabitants. We have seen that he did not demolish all the cities, which were built on a commanding situation, ver. 13.
Calmet
Enacim. Goliah is supposed to have been of this family, being six cubits and a span high, 1 Kings 17:4. (Calmet)
Bochart
The Phoenicians probably took their name from Enak, bene anak, "sons of Enak;" whence Phoenix might easily be formed. (Bochart)
Calmet
Carthage was founded by them, and styled Chadre-Anak, "the dwelling of Anak," (Plautus) as they chose to pass for descendants of that giant, though they were not in reality. Anak means "a chain;" and some have asserted that he wore one, as the kings of the Madianites did when they were vanquished by Gedeon, and the Torquati at Rome, as a mark of honour. But this is uncertain. (Calmet)
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Gaza, the most southern city of the Philistines, was afterwards taken by the tribe of Juda, but lost again in a short time. It was particularly addicted to the worship of Jupiter, Marnas, or "the Lord."
Geth was probably taken by David, who found a refuge with its king, 1 Kings xxi. After the reign of Solomon, it returned to its former masters.
Calmet
Azotus, or as the Hebrew writes, Asdod, on the Mediterranean, was noted for the temple of Dagon, (1 Kings 5:1,) which Jonathas destroyed. (Josephus, [Antiquities?] 22:8.) (Calmet)
Worthington
Wars, of a general nature. The different tribes had only to take some cities, Josue 15:1. (Worthington)
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Hamstring their horses, and burn their chariots with fire, etc.... God so ordained, that his people might not trust in chariots and horses, but in him.
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A long time.... Seven years, as appears from chap. 14.10.
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Hardened.... This hardening of their hearts, was their having no thought of yielding or submitting: which was a sentence or judgment of God upon them in punishment of their enormous crimes.
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These warres cōtinued nere seuen yeares. as appeareth. chap. 14. v. 10.
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For their enormious sinnes God left them in their owne reprobate sense, not imposing necessitie of sinning, but permitting them to indurate their owne hartes. See An not. Exod. 7.
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Hence forth they had not general warres but diuers tribes had particular. as appeareth. chap. 15. &c.
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san Girolamo † 420 d.C. Against the Pelagians 1.28
xi. 19, 20 . The racial guilt of the Canaanites.
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sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. A Treatise on Grace and Free Will 41
… Was it not of their own will that the enemies of the children of Israel fought against the people of God, as led by Joshua, the son of Nun? And yet the Scripture says, “It was of the Lord to harden their hearts, that they should come against Israel in battle, that they might be exterminated.”
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1. JABIN REX ASOR. — Asor erat totius Chananaae metropolis, inter omnia ejus regna tenens principatum: cessit tribui Nephtali: distat a Caesarea Philippi sex milliaribus, a mari Mediterraneo novem. Ita ex Josepho et aliis Adrichomius. Ita Masius.
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2. CONTRA MERIDIEM CENEROTH, — hoc est ad meridiem stagni Genesareth, quod alio nomine mare Tiberiadis sive Galilaeae dicitur.
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4. POPULUS MULTUS NIMIS, SICUT ARENA QUAE EST IN LITTORE MARIS, — id est magna et innumerabilis hominum multitudo. Est enim hyperbole in Scriptura usitata, pertinens ad amplificandam victoriam, ac simul terrae promissae fecunditatem (utpote quae tantam multitudinem alere potuerit) commendandam. Josephus, lib. V Antiq. cap. ii, asserit fuisse trecenta millia peditum, decem equitum et duo millia curruum.
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6. VULNERANDOS. — Alii vertunt, occidendos: utrumque significat Hebr. חללים chalalim, et utrumque hic factum; jusserat enim Deus omnes Chananaeos occidi. EQUOS EORUM SUBNERVABIS, — hoc est, equis nervos vel suffragines aut crura incides, ut videlicet inutiles reddantur, ne posthac illis utaris in bello, et fiduciam ponas in eis me neglecto. Hac enim de causa equorum copia a Deo fuit improbata et vetita Hebraeis, Deut. xvii, 16; Psal. cxlvii, 10; Psal. xx, 8. Vide dicta Exodi xiii, 13. Eadem de causa jussit et currus comburi: reliqua vero praeda camelorum, asinorum, boum, ovium, etc., Hebraeis frui permisit. Ita Abulensis, Masius, Arias, Vatablus. Vide dicta Exodi xiii, 13. Tropologice Origenes: Cum daemone pugnantes, inquit, arma ei eripiamus necesse est: equum ergo enervamus, cum lascivum corpus jejunio frangimus: corpus enim est quasi equus lasciviens, cui animus quasi eques insidet et praesidet, ut illud domet, et flagello disciplinae quasi auriga moderetur et regat.
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8. USQUE AD SIDONEM MAGNAM, — non quod alia fuerit Sidon minor, sed quod Sidon vicina Tyro cognomen habuerit magna. Sidon enim artificum industria, navium nautarumque copia et maxime portus commoditate ab omnibus celebrata fuit. Dicta est Sidon a Sidone filio Chanaan conditore, ut vult Josephus, lib. I Antiq. cap. vi, et S. Hieronymus in Quaest. in Gen.; vel, ut Justinus, lib. XVIII Histor., Strabo, lib. XII, et alii a piscium copia. Phoenices enim piscem vocant said (quod Hebraice significat venari); unde et hodie Sidon vulgo a Turcis et Syris vocatur Soid, vel Saida. Est autem haec urbs in Phoenicia, ideoque videtur olim fuisse metropolis Phoeniciae. Unde Isaiae xxiii, 12, Tyrus illa mercibus opibusque et viribus inclyta vocatur filia Sidonis. Sita est in littore maris Mediterranei sub Antilibano. ET AQUAS MASEREPHOTH. — Et משרפות misrephoth aquarum, hoc est, et ustrinas aquarum, ut vertit Masius; vel, ut alii, adustiones vel incendia aquarum; Tigurina, calefactiones aquarum: per quas Vatablus et R. David intelligunt aquas calidas, quales sunt Aquisgrani ad balnea. Alii salinas intelligunt, quod scilicet ibidem aqua ex mari per canales deducta, solis radiis excocta, et quasi exusta in salem durabatur. Ita Chaldaeus, Lyranus, R. Salomon, Adrichomius et alii. Tertio, Masius fornaces vitrarias intelligit: arenam enim vi ignis excoctam et liquatam, ex qua conflatur vitrum, hic vocari aquam: omne enim liquidum subinde aqua vocatur.
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10. ASOR ENIM ANTIQUITUS INTER OMNIA REGNA HAEC PRINCIPATUM TENEBAT. — Hinc liquet Asor fuisse metropolim Chananaae, ut dixi vers. 1, ideoque Jabin regem Asor hos omnes reges et urbes Chananaae, quae hic nominantur, non tantum habuisse faederatas, sed etiam sibi quasi principi subditas.
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11. NON DIMISIT RELIQUIAS. — Nonnullos tamen fuga, vel tum, vel antea evasisse, qui paulo post mortem Josue vires receperint, urbesque restaurarint, ac novos reges sibi crearint, qui Hebraeos vexarunt et afflixerunt, patet Judic. iv, 2, ubi post 130 annos Jabin rex Asor dicitur per viginti annos dominatus Hebraeis. Unde verisimile est Jabin fuisse commune nomen regum Asor, uti regum Aegypti commune nomen fuit Pharao, deinde Ptolemaeus, ac regum Syriae nomen erat Antiochus. Ita Masius. Simile accidit in Madianitis, qui excisi a Mose, Num. xxxi, rursum succreverunt, ac iterum bella moverunt Israelitis. Unde a Gedeone prostrati sunt Judic. vi. Sic et Hebronitae a Josue succisi, rursum vires, urbemque Hebron receperunt, ac a Caleb devicti sunt, ut patet vers. 21, conferendo cum Judic. i, 10. Porro Procopius, lib. IV De Bello Wandalorum, et ex eo Evagrius, lib. IV Hist. cap. xviii, asserunt multos Chananaorum cernentes se Josue non posse resistere, ex Chananaea profugisse in Aegyptum, Libyam et Africam, ibique novas aedificasse urbes, nonnullos quoque in Germaniam, aliasque Europae provincias pervenisse tradunt Rabbini, ac imprimis Aben Ezra, et ex iis Genebrardus in Chron.
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13. ABSQUE URBIBUS QUAE ERANT IN COLLIBUS ET IN TUMULIS SITAE, CAETERAS SUCCENDIT ISRAEL. — Hebraice, tantum urbes quae erant in tumulis suis, non succendit. Unde recte infert noster Interpres, asseritque caeteras urbes, quae non erant in collibus, a Josue fuisse succensas. Dicuntur vero urbes in tumulis sitae, quae eminentiore sunt loco, vel in collibus, ideoque loci natura munitae. Unde Theodoretus, Chaldaeus et Vatablus vertunt, urbes fortes; Masius, aggeribus munitas. Sensus est, q. d. Josue urbes non munitas succendit, eo quod timeret ne illae se abeunte rursum a Chananaeis hostibus occuparentur, cum ipse pauciores haberet milites, quam ut omnes urbes quas capiebat, valido praesidio firmare posset: urbes vero in collibus munitas non succendit, utpote quas facile parvo praesidio tenere et tutari poterat, excepta tamen urbe Asor, quae caput erat et metropolis aliarum; hanc enim exussit: quia si illa mansisset integra, fuisset continua belli materia, Chananaeis ad regiam hanc urbem repetendam, et sibi vindicandam perpetuo intentis et excubantibus. Ita Abulensis.
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MONTEMQUE ISRAEL. — Quaeres, quis sit hic mons? Masius et Arias censent montem hic vocari loca montosa circa Samariam. Mons enim Samariae dictus est mons Israelis, postquam decem tribus facientes schisma a Juda et Roboam rege, nomen Israelis sibi appropriarunt, regnique sui caput fecerunt Samariam, ac regem sibi crearunt Jeroboam. Hinc colligit Masius hunc librum non a Josue, sed diu post eum ex Diariis a Josue relictis fuisse conscriptum. Alii per montem Israelis accipiunt montem Sion, in quo aedificatum fuit templum, ut ille ob templum antonomastice vocetur mons Israelis. Alii accipiunt montem Bethel, ubi Jacob, qui alio nomine dictus est Israel, vidit scalam e terra in caelum porrectam, Deumque scalae innixum, ac ab eo promissionem Chananaae a posteris suis possidendae accepit, Genes. xxviii, 12. Alii cum Cajetano et Saliano intelligunt montem Garizim, vel similem juxta Sichem, situm in agro, quem Jacob ibidem emerat, Genes. xxxiii, 19.
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17. ET PARTEM MONTIS QUAE ASCENDIT SEIR, — id est, in Idumaeam. Recte vertit noster Interpres, si in Hebraeo moderna puncta a Rabbinis substituta commutes, ac loco החלק hechalach, legas huchelec, id est, istam partem. Aquila quoque, Chaldaeus et Vatablus vertunt montem divisionis, id est, divisum et dividentem, quia Chananaam dividit et distinguit ab Idumaea. Recentiores cum Symmacho et Masio vertunt αιο, id est levem, politum, glabrum, id est, nudum et arboribus vacuum. Septuaginta retinuerunt nomen Hebraeum quasi proprium.
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18. MULTO TEMPORE PUGNAVIT JOSUE CONTRA REGES ISTOS. — Josephus, lib. V Antiq. cap. ii, asserit Josue quinquennio subegisse Chananaam. Verius est eum id fecisse septennio, saltem inchoato. Id enim diserte tradunt Chronologi Hebraeorum in Seder Olam, ac Theodoretus, Abulensis, Masius, Serarius, Torniellus et alii, idque satis colligitur ex annis Caleb, cap. xiv, 7, ut ibi ostendam.
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19. NON FUIT CIVITAS QUAE SE TRADERET. — Corrige cum Romanis, quae se traderet. Hebraice enim est, quae pacem faceret, vel offerret, aut oblatam acceptaret. Tradunt enim Rabbini, quos sequitur Masius, Josue obtulisse pacem singulis urbibus Chananaae, sed omnes pacem abnuisse, quod nollent conditionem pacis, scilicet subjectionem et servitutem Hebraeorum subire. Alii tamen negant Josue obtulisse eis pacem, eo quod Deus vellet omnes occidi. Locus enim Deuter. xx, 40, ubi jubetur ut pax offeratur urbibus hostilibus, ambiguus est et dubius, an ad exteros duntaxat, an vero etiam ad Chananaeos pertineat.
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20. DOMINI ENIM SENTENTIA FUERAT, UT INDURARENTUR CORDA EORUM. — Hebraice, a Domino erat ut indurarent cor suum. Ita Masius. Ipsi ergo Chananaei se indurabant ut nollent cum Hebraeis pacisci, non vero, ut ait Calvinus hic, ipse Deus qui veniam Chananaeis negari jusserat, eos in caecum furorem impulit, ne locum darent misericordiae. Id tamen Domini sententia et judicio factum est, ob nefaria eorum scelera; factum, inquam, non active et impulsive, sed permissive et objective: illa nimirum providentia, quam circa peccata, sanctissima Dei majestas habet: quae, qualis et quanta sit, explicui Exodi vii, 3. Hinc elicitur quod, si Chananaei pacem a Josue et Hebraeis petiissent, ac paenitentes in unius veri Dei castum cultum cum Hebraeis transire voluissent, Deus decretum suum de illis occidendis revocaturum fuisse, aut potius declaraturum illud non comprehendere Chananaeos paenitentes, sed tantum impaenitentes et in sua impietate obduratos. Ita Abulensis, Masius et alii.
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21. INTERFECIT ENACIM, — id est gigantes posteros Enac gigantis. Quaeritur, quomodo Josue gigantes, eorumque urbes Hebron, Dabir et Anab deleverit, cum post mortem Josue id fecerit Caleb et Othoniel, ut dicitur cap. xiv, 12, et Judic. cap. i, vers. 10, 11 et 12? Abulensis, Quaest. lxxxv, respondet esse hic anticipationem, tribuique hic Josue illa quae ipse inchoavit, sed posteri ejus perfecerunt. Melius respondet Masius utrumque contigisse: gigantes enim a Josue partim caesos, partim pulsos esse ex Hebron, Dabir et Anab, cum ipse illas urbes victor percurreret; pulsos vero ac profugos, qui scilicet Josue manus evaserunt, fugisse, et sese recepisse in Gazam, Geth et Azotum, quae erant urbes Philistinorum. Unde post mortem Josue viribus resumptis, majorum suorum sedes, scilicet Hebron, Dabir et Anab recuperarunt, rursumque occuparunt donec tandem a Caleb et Othoniele funditus fuere deleti. Id insinuat versus sequens. Porro Enacim hebraice idem est quod torquati, torque ornati. Sic Manlius apud Romanos cognominatus est Torquatus, quod Gallo in praelio torquem ademisset. Porro torques aurei militibus ob rem strenue gestam donari ab Imperatoribus solebant: unde torquati dicti qui duorum generum erant, simplares duplaresque. Vegetius, lib. II: Torquati, inquit, duplares, torquati simplares erant, quibus torques aureus solidus virtutis praemium fuit: quem qui meruisset, propter laudem interdum duas consequebatur annonas, duplares duas, simplares unam. Torquati tamen hodie vocitari debent equites, qui vulgo cochleati dicuntur, quos Rex noster gestamine suo regioque insignivit, quique ordinem regium gestare dicuntur. Ita Budaeus. Sic tradunt Rabbini gigantes hosce bellipotentes vasta sua corpora torquibus implesse et ornasse. Enacim enim erant colossaei gigantes et monstra hominum.
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23. CEPIT ERGO JOSUE OMNEM TERRAM — Chananaae. «Omnem,» id est, potiorem et quasi omnem; pauca enim intacta reliquit; vel «omnem,» scilicet quam bello tentavit, quam adire et expugnare voluit: nullam enim adiit, quam non expugnarit, uti Deus illi promiserat cap. i, vers. 3. Aliquas tamen in Chananaea urbes non adiit, intactasque reliquit aeque ac Gazam, Geth, Azotum et caeteras urbes Philistinorum, perinde ac Tyrum, Sidonem caeterasque Phoeniciae urbes, quae tamen ambitu terrae a Deo Hebraeis promissae continebantur. Cur id fecerit, causas afferam Judic. ii, 21. SECUNDUM PARTES ET TRIBUS. — Et significat, id est, q. d. Secundum partes, id est, secundum tribus. Hebraice, juxta partitiones eorum, ad tribus eorum, id est, prout Hebraei per suas tribus erant divisi et dispertiti. QUIEVITQUE TERRA, — id est, habitatores terrae a Josue vel occisi, vel suppressi subactique, nullum Israeli bellum moverunt. Ita Arias, Vatablus et alii.
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1. Piazzaforte cananea, che Giosuè espugnò ed incendiò (Ios. 11, 1. 10. 13), detta Aser in Tob. 1, 2 (testo greco), assegnata alla tribù di Neftali (Ios. 19, 36). Situata presso Cades di Neftali (I Mach. 11, 63. 67, 73), a nord del lago di Semacontide …
DÉBORA (EBR. DĒBHORĀH «APE»; SETTANTA ΔΕΒΒΌΡΖ; VOL. DEBORA)
ai tempi di Giosuè (cf. Ios. 11, 1-13 con 19, 36), come
IABIN (EBR.: JĀBHĪN «EGLI CONSIDERA»)
IABIN (ebr.: Jābhīn «egli considera»). - Re di Asor (Ḥāṣōr), nella tribù di Nephthali, animatore e capo della federazione cananca del nord, sconfitto ed ucciso da Giosuè che occupò tutta la regione fino alle pendici dello Hermon ed incendiò Asor (Ios. 11, 1-17).
… Partecipò alla confederazione del nord, auspice Iabin, contro Giosuè che la sconfisse (Ios. 11, 1.7 sg.).
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… Designa (in opposizione alla «montagna» har, alla «pianura bassa» šēfēlāh, al «mezzogiorno» nēgēbh: Ios. 11, 16; 12, 8) la depressione (o tratti di essa) estendentesi dal sud dell'Hermon al Golfo Elanitico (p. es.: Ios. 8, 14; 11, 2. 16; 12, 1. 3. 8; 18, 18) lungo la valle del Giordano, il Mar Morto, e da questo al Mar Rosso. …
SEPHELA (EBR. HAŠ-ŠEPHĒLAH « BASSOPIANO »)
SEPHELA (ebr. haš-Šephēlah « bassopiano »). - Termine (spesso tradotto dai Settanta ἡ πεδινὴ [τῆ] = Volgata campestris [terra], o τὸ πεδίον = campus), che designa nella geografia della Palestina (Deut. 1,7; Ios. 11,2; I Mach. 3,24) la zona di colline che si estende dal sud, Lachis e Eglon, sino alla piana di
Ebbe vari nomi: « mare di Cenereth » (Num. 34,11; Deut. 3,17; Ios. 11,2), dalla città oggi seppellita su Tell el-Orejmeh, a 25 km. a nord di T.; stagno di Genesareth (v.) o Genesar (I Mach. 11,67; Lc. 5,1), probabilmente dal villaggio costituitosi …
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… sempre con l'articolo e al singolare, Settanta 'Αμορραῖοι, onde Volgata Amorrhaei). È sempre incluso dalla Bibbia nell'enumerazione dei popoli preisraelitici (Gen. 15,21; Ex. 3,8; 13,5; 23,23; 32,2; 34,11; Deut. 7,1; 20,17; Ios. 3,10; 5,1; 9,1; 11,3; 12,8; 24,11; ecc.), talora come nucleo precipuo del gruppo etnico accanto agli Hittiti (Num. 13,30), sicché rappresenta anche il complesso delle popolazioni palestinesi preisraelitiche …
… degli abitanti della Palestina propriamente detta, cioè quella che dimora nella montagna (Deut. 1, 7.19.20.44: popolo dimorante nel sud della Palestina; Ios. 10, 5 sg.), mentre ai Cananei si attribuiscono la pianura e la valle del Giordano (Num. 13, 29; Ios. 11, 3). Non di rado la Bibbia chiama tutta la popolazione preisraelitica Amorriti (cf. Gen. 15, 16; Ios. 24, 15.18; Iudc. 6, 10); ma nei tempi posteriori gli Amorriti, o estirpati o assimilati …
FEREZEI (EBR. PĒRIZAI; SETTANTA ΦΕΡΕΙ͂ΑΊΟΙ)
… Ivi furono sconfitti da Giosuè (Ios. 11, 3; 17, 15) e, più tardi, dalla tribù di Giuda (Iud. 1, 4-5). Tuttavia ancora al tempo di Salomone si parla dei F. come dei tributari del regno (I Reg., 9, 20-21; II Par. 8, 7-8); …
… Nella Bibbia l'H. viene designato come il confine nord-est della conquista palestinese sotto Mosè e Giosuè (Deut. 3, 8; Jos. 11, 3, 7; 12, 5; 13, 11; I Par. 5, 23). Nella poesia ebraica l'H. viene associato al Thabor (Ps. 88, 13), al Sion (Ps. 132, 3), all'Amana e Sanir (Cant. 4, 8).
… con uno stratagemma ottennero un trattato di amicizia con gli Israeliti, ma, riconosciuto l'inganno, furono obbligati agli umili servizi di spaccioligna e di acquaioli (Ios. 9, 7; 11, 19). Altro centro importante era nel nord ai piedi del monte Hermon (Ios. 11, 3; Iud. 3, 3) e vi ebbero villaggi propri sino al tempo di David (II Sam. 24, 7). Con gli altri popoli cananei rimasti nel paese, furono al tempo di Salomone costretti a prestar la loro …
MASPHA (EBR. MĪSPĀH « VEDETTA »)
3. Luogo situato ai piedi dell'Hermon (Ios. 11, 3), detto anche terra di M. (ibid. 11, 8). L'identificazione è incerta; sono proposte Metullah e Qal'at es-Subejbeh.
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… Presso le acque di M. (= mē-Mērōm, Ios. 11, 5.7) Giosuè batté la coalizione nemica dei re del nord di Canaan.
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MASPHA (EBR. MĪSPĀH « VEDETTA »)
3. Luogo situato ai piedi dell'Hermon (Ios. 11, 3), detto anche terra di M. (ibid. 11, 8). L'identificazione è incerta; sono proposte Metullah e Qal'at es-Subejbeh.
… ricordata sia come città (Iudc. 1,31; 18,28; Is. 23,2; Ez. 27,8) sia come territorio che delimitava la frontiera settentrionale di Canaan (Gen. 10, 19) e confinava con le tribù di Zabulon (ibid. 49,13) e di Aser (Jos. 19, 28). È detta « S. grande » (ibid. 11,8; 19,28) con i suoi sobborghi e dintorni, in opposizione alla primitiva « piccola città », distinta nella lista delle città conquistate nella gloriosa campagna di Sennacherib. …
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… Designa (in opposizione alla «montagna» har, alla «pianura bassa» šēfēlāh, al «mezzogiorno» nēgēbh: Ios. 11, 16; 12, 8) la depressione (o tratti di essa) estendentesi dal sud dell'Hermon al Golfo Elanitico (p. es.: Ios. 8, 14; 11, 2. 16; 12, 1. 3. 8; 18, 18) lungo la valle del Giordano, il …
11:17
GAD (EBR. GADH « FORTUNA », « FELICITÀ »)
… Gadh « fortuna », « felicità »). - Divinità pagana, [di cui nella Bibbia si parla solo in Is. 65, 11; tuttavia essa risulta come componente di taluni nomi teoforici, come Baalgad (Ios. 11, 17; 12, 7; 13, 5) e Magdalgad (ibid. 15, 37).
… invase poi il centro del paese, donde gruppi singoli d'Israeliti cominciarono a dilagare a sud, raggiungendo la linea meridionale della Palestina, fino a Gaza, sul Mediterraneo (Ios. 10, 41) e a nord, estendendosi fino al Libano nei pressi di Cades (Ios. 11, 17). L'occupazione avveniva probabilmente in
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… In Gabaon formarono una confederazione di 4 città retta da anziani, e con uno stratagemma ottennero un trattato di amicizia con gli Israeliti, ma, riconosciuto l'inganno, furono obbligati agli umili servizi di spaccioligna e di acquaioli (Ios. 9, 7; 11, 19). Altro centro importante era nel nord ai piedi del monte Hermon (Ios. 11, 3; Iud. 3, 3) e vi ebbero villaggi propri sino al tempo di David (II Sam. 24, 7). Con gli altri popoli cananei …
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ENACIM (ebr. 'Anāqīm). - Popolazione autoctona cananea, cacciata dal paese da Giosuè (Jos. 11, 21). La cacciata dei figli di Enac da Hebron, Dabir (Cariath Sepher) a Anab fu opera di Caleb, figlio di Iephone (Jos. 15, 13 sgg.). …
GOLIA (ebr. Goljath). - Eroe filisteo, sconfitto e ucciso da David (I Sam. 17). Era di Geth (v.) ma la desinenza del suo nome farebbe pensare che non fosse né cananeo né filisteo d'origine; discendeva forse dagli 'Anāqim, sterminati da Giosuè (Ios. 11, 21).
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GETH (EBR. GATH, ACCAD. GIMTU, « PRESSOIO »)
GETH (ebr. Gath, accad. Gimtu, « pressoio »). - Città cananea, menzionata nelle lettere di el-'Amārnah, capoluogo di una delle cinque satrapie filistee (Ios. 13, 3). Era stata dimora degli Enacim e dei Rephaim (v. DIGANTI NELLA BIBLIA): Ios. 11, 22; I Sam. 17, 4; II Sam. 21, 19 sgg.; I Par. 20, 6. Fu punita per aver tenuto l'arca di Jahweh, che vi seminò la morte (I Sam. 5, 7-10; 6, 17). Vi si rifugiò due volte David …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.