Bacchides is sent again into Judea: Judas fights against him with eight hundred men and is slain. Jonathan succeeds him and revenges the murder of his brother John. He fights against Bacchides. Alcimus dies miserably. Bacchides besieges Bethbessen. He is forced to raise the siege and leave the country.
Bacchides and Alcimus returning into Iurie make great slaughter. 5. More then two partes of Iudas smal troupe flying away, he with eight hundred, setteth vpon the enemie, 14. ouerthroweth the strongest part of their armie: 16. but an other part coming at his back, with great slaughter on both parties, Iudas is slaine: 19. and most honorably buried. 23. Much euil encreaseth in Israel. 28. Ionathas is made captaine general. 36. The children of Iambrie kil his brother, which he reuengeth. 43. Being enuironed by Bacchides chaceth him away to his fensed places, killing manie. 54. Alcimus beginning to deface the temple, is striken with a palsie, and dyeth miserably. 57. So they haue peace two yeares. 58. Bacchides coming with a new armie: 62. Ionathas and Simon retyre into Bethbessen. 65. there defend themselues, and annoy the enemie. 69. who blaming his counsellers, maketh peace, and departeth.
1In the mean time, when Demetrius heard that Nicanor and his army were fallen in battle, he sent again Bacchides and Alcimus into Judea; and the right wing of his army with them.Frattanto Demetrio, udita la morte di Nicanore, e la sconfitta del suo esercito, risolvi di mandar di nuovo nella Giudea Bacchide e Alcimo, e con essi la destra ala del suo esercito.IN the meane time as Demetrius heard that Nicanor was fallen and his armie in the battel, he added to send Bacchides and Alcimus againe into Iurie, and the right wing with them.Interea, ut audivit Demetrius quia cecidit Nicanor et exercitus ejus in prælio, apposuit Bacchidem et Alcimum rursum mittere in Judæam, et dextrum cornu cum illis. 2And they took the road that leadeth to Galgal, and they camped in Masaloth, which is in Arabella: and they made themselves masters of it, and slew many people.E preser la strada, che mena a Galgala, posero il campo a Masaloth, che è in Arbelle, e la presero, e uccisero molta gente.And they went the way, that leadeth into Galgal, and camped in Masaloth, which is in Arbellis: and they wanne it, & slew of men manie soules.Et abierunt viam quæ ducit in Galgala, et castra posuerunt in Masaloth, quæ est in Arbellis: et occupaverunt eam, et peremerunt animas hominum multas. 3In the first month of the hundred and fifty-second year they brought the army to Jerusalem:Il primo mese dell'anno cento cinquantadue si avvicinarono coll'esercito a Gerusalemme:In the first moneth of the yeare an hundreth and fiftie two they brought the armie nere to Ierusalem:In mense primo anni centesimi et quinquagesimi secundi, applicuerunt exercitum ad Jerusalem: 4And they arose and went to Berea, with twenty thousand men, and two thousand horsemen.E si mossero, e andarono a Berea con venti mila fanti e due mila cavalli.and they arose, and went into Beraea twentie thousand men, and two thousand horsemen.et surrexerunt, et abierunt in Beream viginti millia virorum, et duo millia equitum. 5Now Judas had pitched his tents in Laisa, and three thousand chosen men with him:E Giuda era alloggiato a Laisa con tremila uomini scelti:And Iudas had camped in Laisa, and three thousand chosen men with him:Et Judas posuerat castra in Laisa, et tria millia viri electi cum eo: 6And they saw the multitude of the army that they were many, and they were seized with great fear: and many withdrew themselves out of the camp, and there remained of them no more than eight hundred men.E i suoi osservando la moltitudine di quell'esercito, si sbigottirono grandemente, e molti abbandonarono gli alloggiamenti, e non vi rimasero se non ottocento soldati.& they saw the multitude of the armie that they were manie, and they feared excedingly: and manie withdrew themselues out of the campe, and there remayned of them but eight hundred men.et viderunt multitudinem exercitus, quia multi sunt, et timuerunt valde: et multi subtraxerunt se de castris, et non remanserunt ex eis nisi octingenti viri.
7And Judas saw that his army slipped away, and the battle pressed upon him, and his heart was cast down: because he had not time to gather them together, and he was discouraged.E Giuda veggendo diminuito cotanto l'esercito, e il nemico, che lo stringeva dappresso, si sentì serrare il cuore e venir meno, perché non avea campo di andare a riunirli.And Iudas saw that his armie shrunke away, and the battel pressed vpon him, and his hart was broken: because he had not time to gathr them together, and he was discoureged.Et vidit Judas quod defluxit exercitus suus, et bellum perurgebat eum, et confractus est corde, quia non habebat tempus congregandi eos, et dissolutus est. 8Then he said to them that remained: Let us arise, and go against our enemies, if we may be able to fight against them.Ma disse a quei che restavano: Su via, andiamo incontro ai nostri nemici, e tentiamo la battaglia.And he sayd to them that were remayning: Let vs rise, and goe to our aduersaries, if we may be able to fight against them.Et dixit his qui residui erant: Surgamus, et eamus ad adversarios nostros, si poterimus pugnare adversus eos. 9But they dissuaded him, saying: We shall not be able, but let us save our lives now, and return to our brethren, and then we will fight against them: for we are but few.Ma quelli nel distoglievano, dicendo: Noi non abbiam forze da farlo: ma per adesso mettiamoci in salvo, e torniamo a trovare i nostri fratelli, e allora verremo a combattere con costoro, perocché ora noi siamo pochi.And they diswaded him, saying: We are not able, but let vs saue our liues now, and returne to our brethren, and then we wil fight against them: and we are few.Et avertebant eum, dicentes: Non poterimus, sed liberemus animas nostras modo, et revertamur ad fratres nostros, et tunc pugnabimus adversus eos: nos autem pauci sumus. 10Then Judas said: God forbid we should do this thing, and flee away from them: but if our time be come, let us die manfully for our brethren, and let us not stain our glory.Giuda però disse: Lungi da noi il fuggire da loro, e se è venuta la nostra ora muoiasi valorosamente pei nostri fratelli, e non si imprima questa macchia alla nostra gloria.And Iudas sayd: God forbid we should doe this thing, to flee from them: and if our time be neere, let vs dye manfully for our bretheren, and let vs not stayne our glorie.Et ait Judas: Absit istam rem facere ut fugiamus ab eis: et si appropiavit tempus nostrum, moriamur in virtute propter fratres nostros, et non inferamus crimen gloriæ nostræ. 11And the army removed out of the camp, and they stood over against them: and the horsemen were divided into two troops, and the slingers, and the archers, went before the army, and they that were in the front were all men of valour.E l'esercito nemico mosse il campo, e venne loro incontro, la cavalleria divisa in due parti, i frombolatori e gli arcieri alla testa dell'esercito, e nelle prime file tutta gente di maggior valore.And the armie moued out of the campe, and they stood to meete them: and the horsemen were diuided into two parts, and the slingers, and the archers went before the armie, and of the foreward al mightie.Et movit exercitus de castris, et steterunt illis obviam: et divisi sunt equites in duas partes, et fundibularii et sagittarii præibant exercitum, et primi certaminis omnes potentes.
12And Bacchides was in the right wing, and the legion drew near on two sides, and they sounded the trumpets:E Bacchide era nel corno destro, e le schiere si avvicinavano da due lati, e le trombe sonavano:And Bacchides was in the right wing, and the legion approched on two sides, and they sounded with trumpets:Bacchides autem erat in dextro cornu, et proximavit legio ex duabus partibus, et clamabant tubis: 13And they also that were on Judas’s side, even they also cried out, and the earth shook at the noise of the armies: and the battle was fought from morning even unto the evening.E i soldati di Giuda alzarono anche essi le grida, e la terra si mosse al rumor degli eserciti, e la zuffa durò dal mattino fino alla sera.and they also cried out that were on Iudas side, euen they also, and the earth was moued at the voice of the armies: and the battel was fought from morning euen vntil the euening.exclamaverunt autem et hi qui erant ex parte Judæ etiam ipsi, et commota est terra a voce exercituum: et commissum est prælium a mane usque ad vesperam. 14And Judas perceived that the stronger part of the army of Bacchides was on the right side, and all the stout of heart came together with him:Ma Giuda osservò, che il meglio dell'esercito di Bacchide era all'ala destra; ed egli prese seco i più valorosi:And Iudas saw that the stronger part of the armie was on the right hand, & al the stout of hart came together with him:Et vidit Judas quod firmior est pars exercitus Bacchidis in dextris, et convenerunt cum ipso omnes constantes corde: 15And the right wing was discomfited by them, and he pursued them even to the mount Azotus.Co' quali sconfisse quella destra ala, e inseguì il nemico fino al monte di Azoto.and the right side was discomfited of them, and he pursewed them euen to the mount of Azotus.et contrita est dextera pars ab eis, et persecutus est eos usque ad montem Azoti. 16And they that were in the left wing saw that the right wing was discomfited, and they followed after Judas, and them that were with him, at their back:Ma quelli dell'ala sinistra veggendo rotta l'ala destra si mossero a seguir Giuda e i suoi alle spalle.And they that were in the left wing, saw that the right wing was discomfited, and they folowed after Iudas, and them that were with him at the backe:Et qui in sinistro cornu erant, viderunt quod contritum est dextrum cornu, et secuti sunt post Judam, et eos qui cum ipso erant, a tergo:
17And the battle was hard fought, and there fell many wounded of the one side and of the other.E rincrudì la battaglia, e molti furono feriti e uccisi dall'una e dall'altra parte.and the battel grew sore, and there fel manie wounded of these and of them.et ingravatum est prælium, et ceciderunt vulnerati multi ex his et ex illis. 18And Judas was slain, and the rest fled away.E Giuda fu ucciso, e gli altri fuggirono.And Iudas was slaine, and the rest fled.Et Judas cecidit, et ceteri fugerunt. 19And Jonathan and Simon took Judas, their brother, and buried him in the sepulchre of their fathers, in the city of Modin.E Gionata e Simone presero il corpo di Giuda loro fratello, e gli diedero sepoltura nel sepolcro dei padri suoi nella città di Modin.And Ionathas and Simon tooke Iudas their brother, and buried him in the sepulcher of their fathers in the citie Modin.Et Jonathas et Simon tulerunt Judam fratrem suum, et sepelierunt eum in sepulchro patrum suorum in civitate Modin. 20And all the people of Israel bewailed him with great lamentation, and they mourned for him many days.E tutto il popolo d'Israele fece gran duolo, e lo piansero per molto tempo,And al the people of Israel lamented him with great lamentation, and they mourned manie dayes,Et fleverunt eum omnis populus Israël planctu magno, et lugebant dies multos, 21And said: How is the mighty man fallen, that saved the people of Israel!E dicevano: Come mai è perito l'eroe, che era la salute del popolo d'Israele?and sayd: How is the mightie fallen, that saued the people of Israel!et dixerunt: Quomodo cecidit potens, qui salvum faciebat populum Israël ! 22But the rest of the words of the wars of Judas, and of the noble acts that he did, and of his greatness, are not written: for they were very many.Ma altre guerre di Giuda e altre azioni grandi del suo valore non le abbiamo descritte, perché troppo grande ne è il numero.And the rest of the wordes of Iudas battels, and of the valient acts that he did, and of his greatnes are not described: for they were exceding manie.Et cetera verba bellorum Judæ, et virtutum, quas fecit, et magnitudinis ejus, non sunt descripta: multa enim erant valde. 23And it came to pass, after the death of Judas, that the wicked began to put forth their heads in all the confines of Israel, and all the workers of iniquity rose up.Ma dopo la morte di Giuda scapparon fuora gli iniqui in tutto il paese d'Israele, e alzaron il capo tutti quelli, pe' quali era un mestiere il mal fare.And it came to passe: after the death of Iudas, there came forth the wicked men in al the costs of Israel, and there arose al that wrought iniquitie.Et factum est: post obitum Judæ emerserunt iniqui in omnibus finibus Israël, et exorti sunt omnes qui operabantur iniquitatem.
24In those days there was a very great famine, and they and all their country yielded to Bacchides.In quel tempo fu grandissima fame, e tutto il paese e gli abitanti si soggettarono a Bacchide.In those dayes was made an exceding great famine, and al their countrie with themselues yelded to Bacchides.In diebus illis facta est fames magna valde, et tradidit se Bacchidi omnis regio eorum cum ipsis. 25And Bacchides chose the wicked men, and made them lords of the country:E Bacchide fece scelta degli uomini empii, e li pose al governo del paese:And Bacchides chose the impious men, and appointed them lords of the countrie:Et elegit Bacchides viros impios, et constituit eos dominos regionis: 26And they sought out, and made diligent search after the friends of Judas, and brought them to Bacchides, and he took vengeance of them, and abused them.Eglino andavan in cerca con tutta diligenza degli amici di Giuda, e li presentavano a Bacchide ed ei si vendicava sopra di loro, e gli straziava.and they sought out, and searched for the freindes of Iudas, and brought them to Bacchides, and he tooke reuenge on them, & scorned them.et exquirebant, et perscrutabantur amicos Judæ, et adducebant eos ad Bacchidem, et vindicabat in illos, et illudebat. 27And there was a great tribulation in Israel, such as was not since the day, that there was no prophet seen in Israel.E grande fu la tribolazione d'Israele, e tale, che la simile non vi fa dal tempo, che non si vide profeta in Israele.And there was made great tribulation in Israel, such as was no• since the day, that there was no prophete seene in Israel.Et facta est tribulatio magna in Israël, qualis non fuit ex die qua non est visus propheta in Israël. 28And all the friends of Judas came together, and said to Jonathan:E si adunarono tutti gli amici di Giuda, e dissero a Gionata:And al the freinds of Iudas gathered, and sayd to Ionathas:Et congregati sunt omnes amici Judæ, et dixerunt Jonathæ: 29Since thy brother Judas died there is not a man like him to go forth against our enemies, Bacchides, and them that are the enemies of our nation.Dopo la morte di Giuda tuo fratello non si trova uomo simile a lui, che prenda la pugna contro Bacchide e contro i nemici di nostra gente.Since thy brother Iudas died, there is not a man like vnto him, to goe forth against the enemies, Bacchides, & them that are the enemies of our nation.Ex quo frater tuus Judas defunctus est, vir similis ei non est, qui exeat contra inimicos nostros, Bacchidem et eos qui inimici sunt gentis nostræ. 30Now, therefore, we have chosen thee this day to be our prince, and captain, in his stead, to fight our battles.Ora noi ti abbiam oggi eletto per principe in luogo di lui, e condottiere nelle nostre guerre.Now therfore thee haue we chosen this day to be for him our prince, and captayne to wage our battel.Nunc itaque, te hodie elegimus esse pro eo nobis in principem, et ducem ad bellandum bellum nostrum.
31So Jonathan took upon him the government at that time, and rose up in the place of Judas, his brother.E Gionata accettò allora il principato succedendo in luogo di Giuda suo fratello.And Ionathas tooke vpon him at that time the princedom, and arose in the place of Iudas his brother.Et suscepit Jonathas tempore illo principatum, et surrexit loco Judæ fratris sui. 32And Bacchides had knowledge of it, and sought to kill him.E venne ciò a notizia di Bacchide e cercò di ucciderlo.And Bacchides vnderstood it, and sought to kil him.Et cognovit Bacchides, et quærebat eum occidere. 33And Jonathan, and Simon, his brother, knew it, and all that were with them: and they fled into the desert of Thecua, and they pitched by the water of the lake Asphar,Ma se v'accorse Gionata e Simone suo fratello e tutti quelli che eran con lui, e se ne fuggirono nel deserto di Thecua, e si fermarono presso al lago di Asphar.And Ionathas vnderstood it, & Simon his brother, and al that were with them: and they fled into the desert of Thecua, and they pitched by the water of the lake Asphar.Et cognovit Jonathas, et Simon frater ejus, et omnes qui cum eo erant: et fugerunt in desertum Thecuæ et consederunt ad aquam lacus Asphar. 34And Bacchides understood it, and he came himself, with all his army, over the Jordan, on the sabbath day.E Bacchide ne fu informato, ed egli col suo esercito in giorno di sabato andò di la dal Giordano.And Bacchides vnderstood it, and in the day of the Sabbaths came him self, and al his armie ouer Iordan.Et cognovit Bacchides, et die sabbatorum venit ipse et omnis exercitus ejus trans Jordanem. 35And Jonathan sent his brother, a captain of the people, to desire the Nabutheans his friends, that they would lend them their equipage, which was copious.E Gionata mandò suo fratello capo del popolo a pregare i Nabathei suoi amici, che imprestasser loro i lor preparativi di guerra, che erano grandi.And Ionathas sent his brother captayne of the people, to desire the Nabutheians his freindes, that they would lend him their prouision, which was copious.Et Jonathas misit fratrem suum ducem populi, et rogavit Nabuthæos amicos suos, ut commodarent illis apparatum suum, qui erat copiosus. 36And the children of Jambri came forth out of Madaba, and took John, and all that he had, and went away with them.Ma i figliuoli di Jambri usciti da Madaba presero Giovanni e tutto quel che avea seco, e con questo se n'andarono.And the children of Iambri issued forth of Madaba, and tooke Iohn, and al thinges that he had, and went away hauing them.Et exierunt filii Jambri ex Madaba, et comprehenderunt Joannem et omnia quæ habebat, et abierunt habentes ea.
37After this it was told Jonathan, and Simon, his brother, that the children of Jambri made a great marriage, and were bringing the bride out of Madaba, the daughter of one of the great princes of Chanaan, with great pomp.Dopo tali cose fu riferito a Gionata e a Simone suo fratello, che i figliuoli di Jambri celebravano con solennità un matrimonio, e conducevano con gran pompa da Madaba la sposa, la quale era figliuola di uno de' principi grandi di Chanaan.After these wordes, it was told Ionathas, and Simon his brother, that the children of Iambri make a great mariage, and bring the bride out of Madaba, the daughter of one of the great princes of Chanaan with great pompe.Post hæc verba, renuntiatum est Jonathæ et Simoni fratri ejus, quia filii Jambri faciunt nuptias magnas, et ducunt sponsam ex Madaba filiam unius de magnis principibus Chanaan cum ambitione magna. 38And they remembered the blood of John, their brother: and they went up, and hid themselves under the covert of the mountain.E si ricordarono della uccisione di Giovanni loro fratello, e si mossero, e si messero a coperto dietro un monte.And they remembred the bloud of Iohn their brother: and they went vp, and hid them selues vnder the couert of the mountayne.Et recordati sunt sanguinis Joannis fratris sui: et ascenderunt, et absconderunt se sub tegumento montis. 39And they lifted up their eyes, and saw: and behold a tumult, and great preparation: and the bridegroom came forth, and his friends, and his brethren to meet them with timbrels, and musical instruments and many weapons.Quando, alzati gli occhi, videro a un tratto un gran tumulto e un grandioso apparato; e lo sposo andava incontro a quelli coi suoi amici e fratelli al suono di timpani e altri strumenti musicali, con molta gente armata.And they lifted vp their eyes, and saw: and loe a tumult, and great preparation: and the bridegrome came forth, and his freindes, and his bretheren to meete them with timbrils, and musical instruments, and manie weapons.Et elevaverunt oculos suos, et viderunt: et ecce tumultus, et apparatus multus: et sponsus processit, et amici ejus, et fratres ejus obviam illis cum tympanis, et musicis, et armis multis. 40And they rose up against them from the place where they lay in ambush, and slew them, and there fell many wounded, and the rest fled into the mountains, and they took all their spoils:E usciron dall'imboscata, e dieder loro addosso, e molti furon feriti e uccisi, e il resto fuggirono alla montagna: e quelli presero le loro spoglie:And they rose vpon them out of the embushement, and slew them, and there fel manie wounded, & the rest fled into the mountaines, and they tooke al the spoiles of them:Et surrexerunt ad eos ex insidiis, et occiderunt eos, et ceciderunt vulnerati multi, et residui fugerunt in montes: et acceperunt omnia spolia eorum:
41And the marriage was turned into mourning, and the noise of their musical instruments into lamentation.E le nozze si cambiarono in duolo, e i loro concerti di musica in lamentazioni.& the mariage was turned into mourning, and the voice of their musical instruments into lamentation.et conversæ sunt nuptiæ in luctum, et vox musicorum ipsorum in lamentum. 42And they took revenge for the blood of their brother: and they returned to the bank of the Jordan.Ed eglino vendicarono il sangue del loro fratello, e se ne tornarono verso le rive del Giordano.And they tooke reuenge of the bloud of their brother: & they returned to the banke of Iordan.Et vindicaverunt vindictam sanguinis fratris sui: et reversi sunt ad ripam Jordanis. 43And Bacchides heard it, and he came on the sabbath day even to the bank of the Jordan, with a great power.E avendo ciò risaputo Bacchide, andò con grosso esercito in giorno di sabato fino alla riva del Giordano.And Bacchides heard it, and he came on the day of the Sabbaths euen to the brinke of Iordan with a great powre.Et audivit Bacchides, et venit die sabbatorum usque ad oram Jordanis in virtute magna. 44And Jonathan said to his company: Let us arise, and fight against our enemies: for it is not now as yesterday, and the day before.E Gionata disse ai suoi: Su via combattiamo contro i nostri nemici; perocchè noi non siamo nel caso di ieri e dei giorni precedenti.And Ionathas sayd to his companie: Let vs arise, and fight against our enemies: for it is not to day as yesterday, and the day before.Et dixit ad suos Jonathas: Surgamus, et pugnemus contra inimicos nostros: non est enim hodie sicut heri et nudiustertius: 45For behold the battle is before us, and the water of the Jordan on this side and on that side, and banks, and marshes, and woods: and there is no place for us to turn aside.Perocchè in faccia è il nemico, da destra e da sinistra le acque del Giordano e le sue rive e paduli e boscaglie, e non abbiam dove voltarci.For loe battel directly against vs, and the water of Iordan on this side and on that side, & bankes, and marrises, and forests: and there is no place to turne aside.ecce enim bellum ex adverso, aqua vero Jordanis hinc et inde, et ripæ, et paludes, et saltus: et non est locus divertendi. 46Now, therefore, cry ye to heaven, that ye may be delivered from the hand of your enemies. And they joined battle.Or voi alzate le voci al cielo, affinché siate liberati dai vostri nemici. E s'attaccò lo zuffa.Now therfore crie ye vnto heauen, that you may be deliuered out of the hand of your enemies. And battel was ioyned.Nunc ergo, clamate in cælum, ut liberemini de manu inimicorum vestrorum. Et commissum est bellum.
47And Jonathan stretched forth his hand to strike Bacchides, but he turned away from him backwards.E Gionata tentò di uccider Bacchide; ma questi lo schivo tirandosi indietro:And Ionathas stretched forth his hand to strike Bacchides, and he turned aside from him backwards.Et extendit Jonathas manum suam percutere Bacchidem, et divertit ab eo retro: 48And Jonathan, and they that were with him, leapt into the Jordan, and swam over the Jordan to them.E Gionata e i suoi si gettarono nel Giordano, e lo passarono a nuoto sotto gli occhi de' nemici.And Ionathas lept aside, and they that were with him into Iordan, and they swame ouer Iordan to them:et desiliit Jonathas, et qui cum eo erant, in Jordanem, et transnataverunt ad eos Jordanem. 49And there fell of Bacchides’ side that day a thousand men: and they returned to Jerusalem,E de' soldati di Bacchide perirono in quel giorno mille uomini, e se ne tornarono a Gerusalemme;and there fel of Bacchides part that day a thousand men: and they returned into Ierusalem,Et ceciderunt de parte Bacchidis die illa mille viri. Et reversi sunt in Jerusalem, 50And they built strong cities in Judea, the fortress that was in Jericho, and in Ammaus, and in Bethoron, and in Bethel, and Thamnata, and Phara, and Thopo, with high walls, and gates, and bars.E fecero delle piazze forti nella Giudea, la fortezza di Jerico e di Ammaum e di Bethoron e di Bethet e di Thamnata e di Phara e di Thopo con alle mura e con parte e sbarre.and built fensed cities in Iurie, the fortresse that was in Iericho, and in Ammaum, & in Bethoron, and in Bethel, and Thamnata, and Phara, and Thopo with high walles, and gates, and lockes.et ædificaverunt civitates munitas in Judæa, munitionem quæ erat in Jericho, et in Ammaum, et in Bethoron, et in Bethel, et Thamnata, et Phara, et Thopo muris excelsis, et portis, et seris. 51And he placed garrisons in them, that they might wage war against Israel:E Bacchide vi pose presidj, affinché molestassero Israele:And he placed a garrison in them, that they might exercise emnities against Israel:Et posuit custodiam in eis, ut inimicitias exercerent in Israël: 52And he fortified the city of Bethsura, and Gazara, and the castle, and set garrisons in them, and provisions of victuals:E fortificò Bethsura e Gazara e la città della, e vi pose presidio e provvisioni da bocca.and he fensed the citie Bethsura, and Gazara, and the castel, and set garisons in them, and prouision of victuals:et munivit civitatem Bethsuram, et Gazaram, et arcem, et posuit in eis auxilia, et apparatum escarum:
53And he took the sons of the chief men of the country for hostages, and put them in the castle in Jerusalem in custody.E prese in ostaggio i figliuoli de' principali del paese, e li chiuse nella cittadella di Gerusalemme.and he tooke the sonnes of the princes of the countrie for hostages, & put them in the castel in Ierusalem into ward.et accepit filios principum regionis obsides, et posuit eos in arce in Jerusalem in custodiam. 54Now in the year one hundred and fifty-three, the second month, Alcimus commanded the walls of the inner court of the sanctuary to be thrown down, and the works of the prophets to be destroyed: and he began to destroy.Or nell'anno cento cinquantatré il secondo mese Alcimo comando che fosse atterrato il muro della casa santa interiore, e che si distruggessero le opere de' profeti; e cominciò a farle atterrare.And in the yeare an hundred fiftie three, the second moneth, Alcimus commanded the walles of the inner holie house to be destroyed, and the workes of the prophets to be destroyed: and he began to destroy.Et anno centesimo quinquagesimo tertio, mense secundo, præcepit Alcimus destrui muros domus sanctæ interioris, et destrui opera prophetarum: et cœpit destruere. 55At that time Alcimus was struck: and his works were hindered, and his mouth was stopped, and he was taken with a palsy, so that he could no more speak a word, nor give order concerning his house.Allora Alcimo fu percosso (da Dio), e i suoi disegni rimaser sospesi, ed egli perdè la favella e perde l'uso delle membra per paralisia, e non poté più dir parola, nè dar sesto alle cose di sua casa.In that time was Alcimus strooken: and his workes were stayed, and his mouth was stopped, and he was dissolued with the palsey, neither could he speake a word any more, and geue commandement touching his house.In tempore illo percussus est Alcimus: et impedita sunt opera illius, et occlusum est os ejus, et dissolutus est paralysi, nec ultra potuit loqui verbum, et mandare de domo sua. 56And Alcimus died at that time in great torment.E morì in quel tempo Alcimo in mezzo a grandi dolori.And Alcimus died at that time with great torment.Et mortuus est Alcimus in tempore illo cum tormento magno. 57And Bacchides saw that Alcimus was dead: and he returned to the king, and the land was quiet for two years.E Bacchide vedendo, come Alcimo era morto, se ne tornò al re: e il paese fu in calma per due anni.And Bacchides saw that Alcimus was dead: and he returned to the king, and the land was quiet for two yeares.Et vidit Bacchides quoniam mortuus est Alcimus, et reversus est ad regem. Et siluit terra annis duobus.
58And all the wicked held a council, saying: Behold Jonathan, and they that are with him, dwell at ease and without fear: now, therefore, let us bring Bacchides hither, and he shall take them all in one night.Ma tutti i cattivi uomini formaron questo disegno, e dissero: Gionata e i suoi se ne stanno tranquilli senza verun timore: ora è tempo di far venire Bacchide, il quale ti premierà tutti in una notte.And al the wicked thought saying: Behold Ionathas, and they that are with him, dwel in silence securely: now therfore let vs bring Bacchides, and he shal take them al in one night.Et cogitaverunt omnes iniqui, dicentes: Ecce Jonathas, et qui cum eo sunt, in silentio habitant confidenter: nunc ergo adducamus Bacchidem, et comprehendet eos omnes una nocte. 59So they went, and gave him counsel.E andarono a dare a lui questo consiglio.And they went, and gaue him counsel.Et abierunt, et consilium ei dederunt. 60And he arose to come with a great army: and he sent secretly letters to his adherents that were in Judea to seize upon Jonathan, and them that were with him: but they could not, for their design was known to them.Ed ei si mosse per venire con grosso esercito, e scrisse segretamente ai suoi amici, che erano nella Giudea, che mettesser le mani addosso a Gionata e alla sua gente: ma non poteron farlo, perché questi ebber vento dei loro disegni.And he arose to come with a great armie: and he sent secretly epistles to his felowes that were in Iurie, to take Ionathas, and them that were with him: but they could not, because their counsel was knowen to them.Et surrexit ut veniret cum exercitu multo: et misit occulte epistolas sociis suis qui erant in Judæa, ut comprehenderent Jonathan, et eos qui cum eo erant: sed non potuerunt, quia innotuit eis consilium eorum. 61And he apprehended of the men of the country, that were the principal authors of the mischief, fifty men, and he slew them.E Gionata fece prigioni cinquanta uomini del paese, che erano i primi autori di questa trama, e li fece morire:And he apprehended of the men of the countrie, that were the principal of the mischife, fiftie men, and he slew them.Et apprehendit de viris regionis, qui principes erant malitiæ, quinquaginta viros, et occidit eos: 62And Jonathan, and Simon, and they that were with him, retired into Bethbessen, which is in the desert: and he repaired the breaches thereof, and they fortified it.E Gionata e Simone colla loro gente si ritirarono a Bethbessen, la quale è nel deserto, e ne ristorarono le rovine, e la fortificarono.And Ionathas retyred aside, and Simon, and they that were with him into Bethbessen, which is in the desert: and he built vp the ruins therof, and they fortified it.et secessit Jonathas, et Simon, et qui cum eo erant, in Bethbessen, quæ est in deserto: et exstruxit diruta ejus, et firmaverunt eam.
63And when Bacchides knew it, he gathered together all his multitude: and sent word to them that were of Judea.E venne ciò alle orecchie di Bacchide, il quale messe insieme tutte le sue schiere, e mandò avviso a quelli che erano nella Giudea.And Bacchides vnderstood it, and gathered together al his multitude: and sent word to them that were of Iurie.Et cognovit Bacchides, et congregavit universam multitudinem suam: et his, qui de Judæa erant, denuntiavit. 64And he came, and camped above Bethbessen, and fought against it many days, and made engines.E andò a porre il campo sopra Bethbessen, e l'assedio per molti giorni, e alzò le sue macchine.And he came, and camped aboue Bethbessen, and assaulted it manie dayes, and made engins.Et venit, et castra posuit desuper Bethbessen: et oppugnavit eam dies multos, et fecit machinas. 65But Jonathan left his brother, Simon, in the city and went forth into the country, and came with a number of men,Ma Gionata lasciò nella città Simone suo fratello, e andò pel paese, e tornò con assai gente,And Ionathas left Simon his brother in the citie, and went forth into the countrie, and came with a number,Et reliquit Jonathas Simonem fratrem suum in civitate, et exiit in regionem, et venit cum numero: 66And struck Odares, and his brethren, and the children of Phaseron, in their tents, and he began to slay, and to increase in forces.E assali Odaren e i suoi fratelli e i figliuoli di Phaseron nelle loro tende, e principiava a fare strage, e a far mostra grande del suo valore:and stroke Odares, and his bretheren, and the children of Phaseron in their tabernacles, & he began to slay, and to grow in forces.et percussit Odaren et fratres ejus, et filios Phaseron in tabernaculis ipsorum: et cœpit cædere, et crescere in virtutibus. 67But Simon, and they that were with him, sallied out of the city, and burnt the engines,Quando Simone e la sua gente uscirono dalla città, e dieder fuoco alle macchine,But Simon and they that were with him, went out of the citie, and burnt the engins,Simon vero, et qui cum ipso erant, exierunt de civitate, et succenderunt machinas, 68And they fought against Bacchides, and he was discomfited by them: and they afflicted him exceedingly, for his counsel, and his enterprise was in vain.E assalirono Bacchide, e lo sconfissero, e lo rendettero molto afflitto per essere andati in fumo i suoi disegni e i suoi tentativi.and they fought against Bacchides, and he was discomfited by them: and they afflicted him excedingly, because his counsel, and his conflict was in vayne.et pugnaverunt contra Bacchidem, et contritus est ab eis: et afflixerunt eum valde, quoniam consilium ejus et congressus ejus erat inanis.
69And he was angry with the wicked men that had given him counsel to come into their country, and he slew many of them: and he purposed to return with the rest into their country.E sdegnato con que' malvagi uomini, i quali lo avean consigliato a venir nel loro paese, ne fece morire molti: ed egli risolvè di tornarsene col rimanente de' suoi al suo paese.And being angrie against the wicked men, that had geuen him counsel to come into their countrie, he slewe manie of them: but himself thought with the rest to depart into their countrie.Et iratus contra viros iniquos, qui ei consilium dederant ut veniret in regionem ipsorum, multos ex eis occidit: ipse autem cogitavit cum reliquis abire in regionem suam. 70And Jonathan had knowledge of it, and he sent ambassadors to him to make peace with him, and to restore to him the prisoners.Lo che avendo saputo Gionata, gli spedì ambasciadori per far pace con lui, e rendergli i prigionieri.And Ionathas vnderstood it, and he sent vnto him legates to make peace with him, and to render vnto him the captiues.Et cognovit Jonathas: et misit ad eum legatos componere pacem cum ipso, et reddere ei captivitatem. 71And he accepted it willingly, and did according to his words, and swore that he would do him no harm all the days of his life.Ed ei volentieri gli ammesse, e fece quello che volle Gionata, e giurò, che per tutto il tempo di sua vita non farebbe a lui verun male.And he tooke it gladly, and did according to his wordes, & sware that he would doe him no harme al the dayes of his life.Et libenter accepit, et fecit secundum verba ejus, et juravit se nihil facturum ei mali omnibus diebus vitæ ejus. 72And he restored to him the prisoners which he before had taken out of the land of Juda: and he returned, and went away into his own country, and he came no more into their borders.E restituì a lui i prigionieri, che avea fatti per l'avanti nel paese di Giuda: e si parti, e se n'andò al suo paese, e non ritornò mai più nella Giudea.And he rendered vnto him the captiues, which he before had taken for a praye, out of the land of Iuda: and returning he departed into his owne countrie, and he added no more to come into their coasts.Et reddidit ei captivitatem, quam prius erat prædatus de terra Juda: et conversus abiit in terram suam, et non apposuit amplius venire in fines ejus. 73So the sword ceased from Israel: and Jonathan dwelt in Machmas, and Jonathan began there to judge the people, and he destroyed the wicked out of Israel.E fini in Israele la guerra. E Gionata risedeva a Machmas, e ivi diede principio ad amministrar giustizia al popolo, e sterminò da Israele gli empi.And the sword ceased out of Israel: and Ionathas dwelt in Machmas, & Ionathas began there to iudge the people, and he destroyed the impious out of Israel.Et cessavit gladius ex Israël: et habitavit Jonathas in Machmas, et cœpit Jonathas ibi judicare populum, et exterminavit impios ex Israël.
9:1
Year of the World 3843, Year before Christ 161.
Haydock
Time. About a year after Nicanor's death, (chap. 7:50., and 2 Machabees 15:38.; Worthington) or in the same year, the year [of the world] 3843; (Calmet) so that the Romans had not time to send Judas assistance. (Haydock)
Josephus ([Antiquities?] 12:17.) erroneously supposes that Alcimus was dead, and Judas his successor, while Simon was the civil ruler and general. He[Josephus] elsewhere (B.[Antiquities?] 20:8.) asserts that Jonathas was next high priest to Alcimus, who certainly officiated after the death of Judas, ver. 54.
Bacchides had been already in Judea, 1 Machabees 7:8. Now the right wing, composed of the best troops, and usually commanded by the prince when he was present, is entrusted to him.
9:2
Masaloth, or Masal, was in the tribe of Aser, Josue xvi.[xxi.?] 30.
St. Jerome speaks of Arbela, nine miles from Legion. See Osee 10:14.
9:4
Berea, or Beroth, in Benjamin, not far from Laisa, or Lesen, (Josue 18:25.) where Judas was encamped, (Calmet) with 3000 (Gorion) ; Josephus says 1000; Rufin translates 2000.
9:7
Worthington
Down. The strongest are not free from the first emotions of trouble; but trusting in God, they are assured either of a temporal or eternal victory. (Worthington)
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Haydock
Stain. Literally, "bring a crime." (Haydock)
9:12
Legion. So the Vulgate commonly renders Greek "phalanx," (Calmet) a compact body of 8000 men, used by the Macedonians. The Roman legion consisted of 6726, (Veget.) or 6666. The two phalanxes were in each wing supported by cavalry, which endeavoured to surround Judas.
9:15
Azotus. Not belonging to the Philistines, but some place unknown, which Josephus styles Asa.
9:18
Calmet
Slain. Gorionides relates that the sight of Judas made Bacchides flee towards Azotus. He lost 15,000, when the rest of the army came upon Judas now fatigued; and as Bacchides returned to the charge, the hero fell upon heaps of the slain. Thus died this great man who saved Israel, ver. 21. (Calmet)
Worthington
Gloriosiorem triumphis mortem invenit. The most mighty in the sight of men may fall; but the fortitude of Judas, proved by former heroic actions and by success, was now rendered perfect by this most glorious death. (St. Ambrose, Of. 1:41.) (Worthington)
Calmet
Never was there a more accomplished and virtuous champion. He had all the qualities of a holy priest and a valiant soldier, as well as of a religious prince, always bent on promoting the glory of his people, 1 Machabees 3:3. He was an admirable copy of Jesus Christ, the great original of all the saints. In the most dismal times he was chosen to save religion and the people. Almost alone, and wandering from place to place, he gains the most signal victories, forms a league with Gentiles, purifies the temple, acts both as high priest and as prince of the nation, and at last gives his life for his brethren. Thus Christ by his life and death unites all in one Church, and procures the remission of sin. (Calmet)
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St. Jerome
It is wonderful that they should be shewn at Antioch. (St. Jerome, loc.)
Calmet
But these were the relics of the seven brothers, 2 Machabees 7:1. (Calmet)
9:22
Many. Thus only some of our Saviour's actions are recorded, for the same reason, John 21:25.
9:24
Haydock
All. Josephus says, "Many." We find some (Calmet) joining Jonathan, ver. 28. (Haydock)
Worthington
When the people are without a ruler, they fall, Proverbs 11:14. (Worthington)
9:26
Josephus
Abused them, and "afterwards slew them all." (Josephus, Antiquities 13:1.)
9:27
Josephus
No prophet since the days of Malachi, (Calmet) or the return from captivity. (Josephus)
9:28
Worthington
Jonathan, or (Haydock) Jonathas, was the third general captain of this family, and succeeded Judas in the pontificate, though Alcimus still usurped the dignity (chap. 9:9.) as in the lifetime of Judas. (Worthington)
9:33
Calmet
Asphar, or "asphaltite lake" (Gorion) of Sodom; so called on account of the bitumen, or asphalte. (Calmet)
9:34
9:35
Worthington
Lend. Some copies read, "to entrust unto them." They wished not to be embarrassed with useless baggage. It all fell into the hands of Jambri, (Calmet) who slew John. (Worthington)
9:37
Haydock
Madaba. Greek, "Nadabath." Josephus, "Gabatha." It seems, as the sons of Jamri lived at Madaba, the spouse would not be conducted out of that place, (Calmet) unless they might reside sometimes in the country. (Haydock)
Josephus
Chanaan, or "Arabia." (Josephus)
Calmet
Chanaan denotes any infidel. (Calmet)
9:42
Worthington
Revenge. To punish faults with moderation and justice, is a virtue. Children and subjects are sometimes exposed to temporal chastisements, for the faults of their parents or leaders; yet this is for their own advancement in piety, or in punishment for the share they have had in the crime, or to prevent them from imitating it. (St. Thomas Aquinas, [Summa Theologiae] 2:2. q. 108.) (Worthington)
9:44
Before, when we were in the desert of Thecua, and could decline fighting; (Menochius) or, notwithstanding the sabbath, we must engage, 1 Machabees 2:41.
9:48
Worthington
To them. Jonathas swam to another place on the same side, otherwise there would have been no battle. (Worthington)
Haydock
But this had taken place, when a thousand were slain; though Bacchides fled from Jonathan, ver. 47, 49. (Haydock)
Haydock
The Greek and Josephus seem more full: (Calmet) "Swam over, and they (the enemies) did not cross the Jordan after them." (Haydock)
Menochius
Bacchides did not pursue the Jews. (Menochius)
Haydock
Protestant marginal note quotes Josephus, ([Antiquities?] 13:1.) who says two thousand were slain. (Haydock)
9:50
Thopo, or Taphua. The two last were in Ephraim.
9:53
Castle, on the highest part of Sion, ver. 52., and 1 Machabees 1:35.
Calmet
Custody, without doing them any farther injury. (Calmet)
9:54
Year of the World 3844, Year before Christ 160.
Haydock
Alcimus. Josephus ([Antiquities?] 12:17.) confesses that Judas was high priest. But he mistakes when he says he succeeded Alcimus, who it hence appears survived him a year, (ver. 3, 18.) and was only an usurper. He should therefore be corrected by this book, rather than it should be rejected because it differs from him, or any such authors.(Worthington; ver. 1, 28.) (Haydock)
Grotius
Walls, before the most holy place, (Josephus; Lyranus) or between the priests and people, (Salien; Menochius) or which separated the Jews from the Gentiles, as if to remove all distinction. (Grotius)
Josephus
It is probable that he removed the wall which went round the inner temple and the altar of holocausts, (Calmet) which Alexander restored. (Josephus, Antiquities 13:21.)
Calmet
Prophets. Aggeus and Zacharias had been as it were the architects and directors of the temple. (Calmet)
9:55
House. He could not make his will.
9:58
Year of the World 3846, Year before Christ 158.
9:61
He. Jonathas slew those who had given information.
9:62
Bethbessen, in the desert of Jericho, (Menochius) the same with Bethagla. Josephus, "Bethalaga."
9:66
Odares, people of the country who adhered to Bacchides.
Increase, or shew himself in the field with a large army, (Calmet) or to penetrate the army of the enemy. (Syriac; Josephus; Grotius)
9:69
Worthington
Slew. Evil counsel is prejudicial to the giver. (Worthington)
9:73
Calmet
Machmas. The capital of Sion was still in the hands of the enemy. Jonathas made good use of the alliance with the Romans, and began to lay the foundations of the national independence, and to act like the ancient judges. (Calmet)
9:1
This happened about a yeare after the death of Nicanor. ch. 7. v. 50, li. 2, c. 15, 38.
9:7
Strongest men are not free from first motions of perturbation, but reflecting vpon their ovvne infirmitie, and considing in Gods prouidence, take corege in a good cause, being assured either of temporal victorie, or of eternal glorie As now it happened to this most glorious Champion. v. 18.
9:21
The mightie may fal in the sight of men, but Iudas his fortitude proued and confirmed by former heroical actes, vvith prosperous successe, vvas now perfectly consummate by this most glorious end. S. Ambr. li. 1. c. 4•. Offre.
9:23
VVhere there is no gouernour the people shal fal. Pro. 11. v. 14.
9:28
Ionathas the third general captaine of the Macha, bees vvas also high priest after the death of Iudas. Though Alcimus by the kinges fauoure vniustly vsurped the office, (ch. 7. v. 9.) vvhiles Iudas yet liued, and vntil this time. v 54.
9:36
They also killed him. v. 38. 42.
9:42
To reuenge or punish faultes in due measure, & other right circumstances is a special vertue, moderating mans defence of his person, honour, or right vvithout crueltie, or remisnes: and so the children sometimes are temporally punished, for their parents finnes, and the communitie for their leaders, either for their consent before the fact or after; or to preuent that they doe not the like. S. Tho. 2. 2. q. 108.
9:46
Concordance 2. Par. 20. v. 3.
9:48
Ionathas and his men svvame not to the other side, but to an other place on the same side: for othervvise the armies had bene parted by the riuer: and so there had bene no conflict that time.
9:54
Iosephus li. 12. c. 17. confesseth that Iudas vvas highpriest, but erreth in saying he succeded after Alcimus: neither considering that Alcimus vvas not in dede high priest, but an vsurper: nor that he liued after Iudas: vvho vvas slaine a yeare before this time v. 3 & 18. VVherby, and by manie other such errors, vve see that Iosephus is rather to be corrected by this booke then to disalovv this booke because it differeth from Iosephus, or other like auctors.
9:69
Euil counsel hovv soeuer it happeneth to them that folovv it, is euer hurtful to them that geue it.
9:8
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 1.41
… “Let us not leave,” he says, “any stain upon our glory.” Thus, then, engaging in battle after having fought from sunrise till evening, he attacks and quickly drives back the right wing, where he sees the strongest troop of the enemy to be. But whilst pursuing the fugitives from the rear he gave a chance for a wound to be inflicted.
9:3
3. In the first month (Nisan, that is, March) of the year 152 (of the Greeks), THEY BROUGHT THE ARMY (Bacchides and Alcimus: Gorionides says it was thirty thousand armed men, lib. III, cap. xxv) TO JERUSALEM, that they might besiege and take it; but hearing that Judas was gathering his men to raise the siege, they left it and went to meet Judas.
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4. AND THEY WENT INTO BEREA TWENTY THOUSAND MEN, AND TWO THOUSAND HORSEMEN, that they might fight with Judas; for of the thirty thousand, Bacchides distributed eight thousand through garrisons, so that he led out against Judas only twenty-two thousand.
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6. AND MANY WITHDREW THEMSELVES FROM THE CAMP, namely two thousand two hundred; for of three thousand, only eight hundred remained with Judas, whom he himself led into battle against Bacchides. It is remarkable that they, unmindful of the divine aid so often experienced and of so many victories of Judas, so shamefully abandoned him! but this is the weakness, inconstancy, and infidelity of men, which fear and panic produce. Especially when added to the consciousness of evils of theft, lust, and other military crimes: for these things make soldiers timid, so that they dare not die in them.
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7. AND HE WAS BROKEN IN HEART, that is, "as if affected with weariness," says St. Thomas, "because he had great zeal, nor could he carry it out," as Christ (of whom Judas was a type) began to fear and be wearied in the garden, Matt. xxvi. Secondly and more fully, as if to say, He was struck and seized with great mental disturbance and almost collapsed: for he knew not what counsel to take in such straits, but by nature and natural strength, and counsel failing, he raised his spirit through his accustomed confidence in God and magnanimity, determining to fight with few against so numerous an enemy, and gloriously either to conquer or to die. Thus Julius Caesar did not flee from many and strong enemies, but sought them out, that he might display his military virtue in them, as St. Augustine testifies, lib. V De Civitate, cap. xii; but Julius fought with nearly equal numbers, whereas Judas fought with far unequal and very numerous forces, and laid them low.
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10. FAR BE IT FROM US TO DO THIS THING, TO FLEE FROM THEM; (for it is shameful for a noble leader to flee, and by fleeing to confess himself conquered, and to prefer to preserve life by fleeing rather than to die gloriously by fighting: although therefore Judas could have fled lawfully and prudently, and could have said with Demosthenes: "A man fleeing will fight again," yet on account of his greatness of soul, and because he had never hitherto fled, but had always fought, and by fighting had conquered, he judged it more noble and glorious not to flee, but to fight, especially because he trusted in God, by whose aid with few men he had so often routed so numerous enemies. Therefore, he wished either to conquer, or to die nobly; he says therefore:) AND IF OUR TIME (of falling and dying) HAS DRAWN NEAR (appointed to us by God, and decreed from eternity,) LET US DIE IN VIRTUE, (in fortitude, namely fighting bravely, so that we may fall not unavenged, but with great slaughter inflicted upon the enemy, piously) FOR OUR BRETHREN, fighting for altars and hearths, for country, for religion, for God. For what more glorious death can befall us? AND LET US NOT BRING A REPROACH (a mark, a stain, a disgrace) UPON OUR GLORY, so that we who have always stood gloriously in battle, and have resisted the enemy with an adamantine front, now by fleeing in fear should turn our backs to him, so that we may be slain and slaughtered by him pursuing us like fleeing sheep, cowardly. Therefore Judas here sought not the vain and empty glory of men, but the true and solid glory of God: for he determined to fight for God's religion and to conquer, or to die. Thus St. Ambrose, book I of the Duties, chapter xii: "Judas, he says, having undertaken war with nine hundred men (Our text and the Septuagint have eight hundred), when these were willing to yield, lest they be overwhelmed by multitude, he urged a more glorious death than a shameful flight: Let us not bring a reproach upon our glory. Therefore, battle being joined, from the rising of the first day until evening he fought, he attacked the right wing, in which he perceived the strongest force of the enemy, and easily routed it. But while he pursued the fleeing enemy from behind, he gave place to a wound, and thus found a death more glorious than triumphs." Thus St. Antony alone did not flee the conflict of many demons, but provoked them all to combat, preferring to be slain by them rather than to flee. For when he had been beaten by them unto death, brought home half-dead by his followers, he ordered himself to be carried to the place of the wrestling ground, and there provoking the demons: "Behold, he said, I am here, Antony, I do not flee your contests, even if you do greater things, no one will separate me from the charity of Christ," and he sang saying: If armies should stand together against me, my heart shall not fear, because the Lord is my illumination and my salvation, whom shall I fear? The Lord is the protector of my life, from whom shall I be afraid? The Lord is my helper, and I shall exult over my enemies. Thus St. Athanasius in his life. So Judas here like a lion, who never flees, however many enemies assail him, was unwilling to flee, but with few men attacked and overcame very many.
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15. AND THEIR RIGHT WING WAS BROKEN BY THEM, AND HE PURSUED THEM. Therefore Judas proved victorious in this battle the more gloriously, in that with few men he laid low so many. In this battle an error was committed, in that the other soldiers of Judas did not oppose themselves to the left wing of Bacchides, and by fighting, or rather by simulating battle, did not keep it from following Judas and the others from behind and slaying them. For this was the cause of Judas's death and the flight of his companions. Whence Vegetius, book III, chapter xx, prescribes this manner by which few can overcome many: "When drawn-up armies come to engagement, then you will separate your left wing from the right of the adversary at a greater distance, lest either missiles or arrows reach it. But join your right wing to his left wing, and there first begin the battle: so that with your best cavalry and most approved infantry you attack that left part of his to which you have joined yourself, and you encircle it, and by pushing and running over it you reach the enemy's rear. If once you begin to drive the adversaries from there, with your forces coming up you will obtain undoubted victory, and that part of your army which you have removed from the enemy will remain secure."
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17. And Judas fell, not so much from wounds as from the labour and weariness of fighting and slaying, says Gorionides. Josephus asserts the same, whom hear: "When those who held the left wing perceived this, they attacked Judas from behind and surrounded him: and when he saw that no escape remained, with enemies pressing in on all sides, he took his stand with his men in that place, and having slain many of the enemy, worn out more by weariness than by wounds, he fell not unavenged. When he was laid low, the soldiers, having no longer anyone to follow, bereft of so great a commander, at last turned to flight. Thus the victory fell to Bacchides: not only a bloody one, but also a shameful one, in that eight hundred men out of twenty-two thousand not only resisted the whole day, but broke the very strength of the army, routed it, put it to flight, and their brothers carried off their slain commander unharmed from the battle. Allegorically, Judas the hero was a type of Christ, who falling and dying on the cross conquered death itself, sins, the devil and hell, and most mightily vanquished all enemies. The first leaders of the Gentiles imitated the fortitude of Judas. Leonidas the Spartan, with three hundred men opposing Xerxes with two hundred thousand thousands of soldiers in battle at Thermopylae, preferred to fall conquering rather than to preserve his life by fleeing; wherefore turning to his men he spoke thus: "Breakfast, fellow soldiers, as if you were about to dine in the underworld." Thus Valerius Maximus, book IV, chapter vii. Plutarch in the Laconian accounts brings forward the following. The same Leonidas, when asked by Eporis whether he had determined to do anything else, replied: "I am doing nothing else than to hinder the passage of the barbarians by word, but in truth I am about to die for the Greeks." The same man, when the soothsayer said that the entrails portended victory for the army but death for the leader, gladly engaged in the naval battle and fell conquering, and by his death brought victory to his country. Codrus, king of the Athenians, did the same, changing his appearance and provoking the enemy, by whom when he was slain he secured victory for the Athenians according to the oracle. Again, Leonidas, when asked why brave men prefer glorious death to inglorious life, replied: "Because one is the property of nature, the other is peculiarly their own. For by the benefit of nature even the most cowardly live, and it is not granted to die honourably except to those endowed with virtue and strength. For to flee is shameful both to the leader and to the country; against this, to remain, or to die, or to conquer is most honourable for both." The Lacedaemonians, says Plutarch, taught their youth nothing else than to obey the magistrate, and despising all dangers to life, either to conquer in battle or to fall bravely. Agesilaus, when asked by what means glory was to be prepared for a leader, replied: "If he despises death," for nothing great can be done by one who fears for his own life and consults it. Bias, when besieged by Iphicrates, being asked what ought to be done in that crisis, replied: "What else," he said, "than that you be saved, and I die fighting?" A Lacaenian woman placing a shield upon her son: "My son," she said, "either with this, or upon this," that is to say, Conduct yourself in battle so that either you return victorious with the shield, or you are brought home dead upon it. Pelopidas, about to go into conflict, when his wife besought him to take care of his life, said that this ought to be said to a private citizen, not to a leader. For it is the duty of a leader to fall bravely fighting for his country. All these things Plutarch relates in the Laconian accounts. Epaminondas, says Valerius Maximus, book III, chapter ii, in the battle, "at Leuctra pierced by a spear, failing in blood and breath, those attempting to revive him, first asked whether his shield was safe; then, whether the enemies were completely routed. When he learned these things according to his wish: The end," he said, "my fellow soldiers, of my life has not come, but a better and higher beginning has arrived. For now your Epaminondas is born, because thus he dies. I see Thebes made the head of Greece by my leadership and auspices, and the brave and spirited city of Sparta lies cast down by our arms, Greece is freed from bitter domination, and I die not only without children: since I leave behind wonderful daughters, Leuctra and Mantinea." He then ordered the spear to be drawn from his body, and expired from that wound. But if the immortal gods had allowed him to enjoy his victories, he would not have entered the walls of his country more glorious and safe." Thus the leaders of the world: what now should the leader and soldier of Christ do, not fighting and contending for vain and fleeting glory, as they did, but for true and eternal glory? AND THE REST FLED, as soldiers flee when the leader is slain, and sheep when the shepherd is slain, and as the Apostles fled when Christ was crucified, of whom Judas was here a type: for in him consisted all the strength of Israel. You ask: Whence came such great disaster upon Judas and the Jews, who were so strong and unconquerable? I answer. The first cause was the fear and treachery of the soldiers, in that two thousand two hundred of them deserted Judas their leader, and only eight hundred remained with him, who by human strength could not long resist twenty-two thousand of the enemy. Add to this the plundering of the soldiers, their debaucheries and other crimes which God wished to punish. The second cause was human weakness and inconstancy, by which it comes to pass that even the most valiant and most skilled in their art sometimes err in it: just as it is impossible that an archer, most skilled in archery, so that he almost always hits the mark with his arrow, should not once miss the mark if he shoots at it many times, for example a hundred times; so it is impossible that generals and soldiers, most warlike, should always fight and conquer in such a way that they are never conquered. Hence just as the most skilled swimmers perish by swimming, so the best generals and soldiers perish by fighting. Third, because battle is a most dangerous thing; for weapons and arrows fly about through the air on all sides like hail: wherefore now they strike this one, now that one, and kill them. For as it is said in Ecclesiasticus, chapter III, verse 27: "He that loveth danger shall perish in it;" and as David said concerning Urias slain in battle: "Now this one, now that one the sword consumeth," II Kings xi, 25. I knew in Belgium a most audacious general, whose axiom this was, that a noble soldier could not live long; because when he boldly exposes himself continually to the dangers of life, he can scarcely escape without soon being slain by some lethal blow. Whence also the Poet: It is shameful for an old man to be a soldier: shameful is an old man's love. For God permits secondary causes to run their course: and although He often protects His own, yet at length He permits them to run their natural course, especially because all must die once. He permits therefore each one to die in his own work and exercise, as a soldier in war, a farmer in farming, a craftsman in crafting, a teacher in study, etc. Thus God preserved many of the martyrs unharmed from fire, lions, waters, etc.; but at length He permitted them to be slain by the sword, that the laurel of martyrdom might crown them. Fourth was that Judas, seeing himself deserted by the flight of his men, being dismayed, was unwilling to flee, as he could prudently have done, but from greatness of soul preferred to fall fighting. For this is becoming to a general, and so this death is glorious to him: whence noble soldiers desire no other death than to die fighting. Therefore this death of Judas was glorious, inasmuch as he met it in battle, in which with few men he broke the right wing of a great multitude of enemies, and so many thousands of them fell, and pursuing the fleeing enemy he received a lethal wound from behind, and died victorious. Wherefore this death of Judas was like a triumph, and a trophy of so many victories, as it was for Samson, Jonathan, Josias, and other heroes, says Serarius. The Talmudists add: "In this sacred war, many, while they lived, were sons of the devil and of sin. But after death, sons of God, their sins being expiated by their martyrdom;" and Genebrardus adds in Psalm LXXVIII: "Do you hear how great is the power of sacred war against the Turks and heretics, so that it makes even the scarcely good into saints and martyrs: where to be conquered is salutary, to conquer is glorious." Yet this is to be understood with proper caution, as those things teach which were answered to the Emperor Phocas, wishing that to all soldiers falling against the enemies of the faith the name and honor of martyrs should be given; the Bishops answered, as Balsamon writes in Canon xiii, and Baronius in vol. VIII of the Annals, in the year of the Lord 610. Thus Serarius. Fifth, that Judas, broken in spirit, when he saw himself placed in such great straits, did not expressly take refuge in God, nor implore His aid, as he was accustomed to do, but prepared himself and his men entirely for the impending and pressing conflict. Although indeed implicitly and virtually he placed all his confidence in God, yet explicitly and formally he did not beseech God: wherefore God permitted him to himself and to nature, according to which he alone succumbed to so many enemies. Hence learn that men placed in tight circumstances are often so absorbed by their straits, that they do not think of invoking God; which yet they ought to do then especially, when by no one else save God can they be delivered. Wherefore by the example of Judas let us be wise, so that when placed in great dangers or temptations we immediately and humbly implore God's grace and aid with great confidence; for thus shall we obtain it, and through it shall be saved. Sixth, God by this event wished to humble Judas, lest he should grow proud in his own strength and victories. Thus God permits holy men to fall into some minor sins, that they may avoid graver ones, especially vainglory and pride. Seventh. God wished to show to Judas and the others that all things in this world are vain, fragile and perishable, and to transfer him from them through death to true life and blessed immortality: for death leads to this, as it were a way, and it often appears in the guise of something miserable, abject, and as it seems to men unworthy of such great men. Thus God permitted the princes of the Apostles, St. Peter and Paul, to be killed ignominiously by Nero, so that through this they might merit to receive a greater crown of patience in heaven. Thus Jordan, who succeeded St. Dominic in the generalate of the Order of Preachers, God permitted to be submerged in the sea, and when some grieved and almost murmured that a man so holy had undergone so vile a death, he himself appearing to some rebuked them, asserting that through that death he had been purified from all faults and blemishes and had passed over to blessed immortality. For the just man, whatever death may overtake him, shall be in refreshment, because he dies in his justice and in God's grace. Thus St. Francis Xavier, striving for the conversion of the Chinese at the very entrance to their lands, abandoned by all in extreme destitution of all things, underwent a miserable death, as it seemed to men, but worthy of an Apostolic man. Ruperus gives another reason, lib. X De victor. verbi Dei cap. ult., Peter of Blois, Epist. CXLVI, Emmanuel Sa and some others, namely that the covenant made by Judas and Jonathan with the Romans displeased God, because they had not sufficiently trusted in God alone, and therefore after this covenant all things went unhappily for them, and they quickly fell. But I showed above that this covenant was prudently made by them; for thus one must trust in God, so that human aids are not neglected: thus Serarius at the end of the book, Quæst. XXIII. Furthermore, Judas ruled over Israel for only six years, in which he accomplished so many and such great things as scarcely any accomplished who presided over the Republic for fifty years. For he began his leadership in the year 146 of the Greeks, in which his father Mattathias died, I Maccab. II, 70; but he fell in the year 152 of the Greeks, as is evident from this chapter iii, which was the second year of Demetrius king of Syria, the twentieth of Ptolemy Philometor king of Egypt, before the birth of Christ the year 159. Thus Salianus and others.
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22. AND THE REST OF THE WORDS (that is, the deeds and acts to be expressed in words and histories) OF THE WARS OF JUDAS AND OF THE VIRTUES (in Greek ἀνδραγαθιῶν, that is, of manly deeds, or heroic exploits) WHICH HE DID, AND OF HIS GREATNESS ARE NOT DESCRIBED: FOR THEY WERE VERY MANY, as if to say, I have recounted a few of the many heroic deeds of Judas, so that from the claw you may recognize the lion: for he accomplished far more, which it would be too long to narrate. Hence it is evident that Judas was an incomparable leader in war, than whom none was superior, scarcely any equal and peer; for no one with so few men so often overcame and prostrated such great multitudes of enemies; no one for his country, for the faith, for the temple, for the worship of God even unto death throughout his whole life labored so, fought so, and finally fell fighting, as Judas did. Wherefore it is not doubtful that he was inscribed by God in the catalogue of Holy Leaders (if not of martyrs, which however some wish), to be adorned in heaven with merits through so many exploits with crowns, even if we do not read his name inscribed in the martyrologies of Christians. Yet the Scholastic History and Peter of Natalibus, Bishop of Esquilinus, call Judas Saint, and inscribe him in the catalogue of Saints in the month of October. See him in lib. IX of the Catalogue of Saints, cap. ii, where he narrates at length the life of Judas, as of a holy man, and in the following chapter the lives of his brothers Jonathan and Simon, as well as of his father Mattathias, whom he all calls saints, and recounts their heroic virtues as those of Saints.
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23. After the death of Judas the wicked emerged, that is, apostates, who did not dare to open their mouths while he lived, but when he was dead raised their horns, so as to introduce the paganism and idolatry of king Demetrius into Israel. These therefore urged the Jews to surrender themselves to Bacchides, the leader of Demetrius, especially because, as follows:
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24. IN THOSE DAYS THERE WAS A VERY GREAT FAMINE, both from God's vengeance punishing apostates, and because Bacchides had either consumed or destroyed the grain: for these reasons the whole region of theirs surrendered itself to Bacchides, except Jonathan and Simon and their followers, at whose choice and request.
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31. JONATHAN TOOK UP THE LEADERSHIP AT THAT TIME, both civil and sacred, namely both the Dukedom and the Pontificate.
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35. And Jonathan sent his brother (John, of whom cap. II, 2, a leader of the people created by Jonathan, so that he would be his vicar and leader in war:) AND ASKED THE NABUTHÆANS (inhabitants of the city of Nabo, noble and renowned, situated in the tribe of Reuben, Numer. xxxii, 38,) HIS FRIENDS, THAT THEY WOULD LEND THEM THEIR EQUIPMENT, of arms and war machines, which Jonathan and the Jews lacked, who had fled almost unarmed into the wilderness of Thecua, as was said verse 33.
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36. And the sons of Jambri went forth from Madaba, favoring Bacchides rather than Jonathan. Madaba was in the tribe of Reuben not far from Nebo and the Nabutheans. Hear Adrichomius: "Madaba, or Madeba in Hebrew, means the same as waters of sorrow, or flowing waters, once a principal city of the Ammonites, situated in a plain, to which the Amorites also gave the name afterwards, because they had taken it by right of war and surrounded it with walls. It has mountains, marshes and forests round about it. When its citizens had killed John the Maccabee, many of them were killed by Jonathan in vengeance for his death. Which city afterwards Hyrcanus took not without labor, finally in the sixth month; it remained until the time of Jerome, retaining its ancient name." THEY SEIZED JOHN, despoiled and killed him; but Jonathan avenged his death gloriously, as follows in verse 37.
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41. AND THE NUPTIALS WERE TURNED INTO MOURNING, with the bridegroom slain together with his followers, and the others despoiled. Thus often in this world applause is turned into lamentation, singing into weeping, and sorrow occupies the extremes of joy. Whoever is wise, therefore, let him despise the world and seek heaven.
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43. IN GREAT STRENGTH, that is, with a great and mighty army; for this is what δύναμις signifies, that is, strength, vigor, power, fortitude.
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44. LET US RISE UP AND FIGHT AGAINST OUR ENEMIES: FOR IT IS NOT TODAY AS YESTERDAY AND THE DAY BEFORE, so that we can freely depart, or decline battle, or escape by flight. For we are neighbors to numerous enemies, and are almost surrounded by them; for on the other side of the Jordan, we are shut in by marshes and forests in the ways, so that we cannot escape; wherefore it is necessary to engage with Bacchides. Let us therefore make a virtue of inevitable necessity, and fight most fiercely not so much for life as for our country, the temple and God, so that we may conquer, or die fighting, as my brother Judas did, verse 9. That this is the meaning is clear from what he adds: 45. For behold war is opposite us (from Bacchides pressing upon us it threatens), and the water of the Jordan on this side and that surrounds us and prevents our crossing. This is a sharp spur to the soldier to fight, which the commanders set before him, so that he may fight generously, either he must conquer or die. In a similar way Hannibal, as Livy testifies in book XXI: "On the right and left two seas shut us in, we do not even have a ship for escape, etc., here you must conquer or die, soldiers." The same in book XXII, concerning the Romans reduced to a narrow place: "Mountains and lakes on the sides; the line of the enemy shut them in from front and rear, and it appeared that there was no hope of safety except in the right hand and the sword."
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47. AND JONATHAN EXTENDED HIS HAND TO STRIKE (that is, to kill) BACCHIDES, AND HE TURNED AWAY FROM HIM BACKWARDS, that is to say, Bacchides by turning himself and leaping backwards avoided the blow of Jonathan.
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48. And leaped (some Greek and Latin manuscripts and Hugo have "leaped down") Jonathan and those who were with him into the Jordan, and they swam across the Jordan to their own, that is to say, Jonathan, having repelled the force of the enemy, with a thousand men slain, and the commander Bacchides himself nearly so, and seeing that he with so few and poorly armed could not long engage with so many thousands of the enemy most heavily armed, had time to withdraw himself and his men safely. For he leaped into the Jordan, and swam across it clothed and armed; nor did the enemies, being beaten by him and having turned back, dare to pursue him or prevent the crossing of the Jordan. And so Jonathan and the Jews safely "swam across the Jordan;" namely to their own, who had crossed the Jordan a little before. "They swam across," I say, "the Jordan;" whence the Greek text more clearly and fully has: And Jonathan and those who were with him of the Jews leaped and swam across to the far bank, and the enemies (namely, the soldiers of Bacchides) did not cross the Jordan to them. And Josephus: "When," he says, "Bacchides carefully avoided the blow of Jonathan, Jonathan with his men leaping down committed themselves to the river, and swam to the opposite bank, the enemies not daring to cross." Hence Salianus suspects there is an error in the Vulgate, and for "they swam across to them," should be read "they did not swim across to them;" that is to say, the enemies did not dare to swim across the Jordan, and pursue Jonathan and the Jews, who had swum across it, lest they be killed by them or suffocated in the waters. But all Latin manuscripts read affirmatively "they crossed to them," according to the sense stated at the beginning. Thus Sanchez.
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49. AND THERE FELL OF BACCHIDES' SIDE ON THAT DAY A THOUSAND MEN. Josephus increases the number in his usual manner and counts two thousand. AND THEY RETURNED TO JERUSALEM, not Jonathan, but Bacchides with his forces. For he held the city of Jerusalem, indeed the citadel of Zion, and almost all of Judea. Thus Josephus, Salianus, Sanchez and others, and this is evident from what follows.
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50. AND HE BUILT (Bacchides and his associates sent by King Demetrius to occupy Judea) FORTIFIED CITIES IN JUDEA, so that through them he might hold the rest of Judea subject to himself, lest Jonathan coming upon them should expel them from it.
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51. AND HE SET A GUARD IN THEM. By guard he means a garrison of soldiers, which Bacchides placed in the cities already mentioned, so that they might guard and defend them against the incursions of Jonathan.
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52. And he placed in them helps (namely, the military garrisons already mentioned) and a supply of food, that is, abundant provisions, so that they could sustain the siege by Jonathan in his absence for a long time, lest pressed by hunger they would be forced to surrender.
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53. AND HE TOOK (Bacchides) THE SONS OF THE PRINCES OF THE REGION AS HOSTAGES, lest the Princes, or the leading men of Judea, should rebel against him and conspire with Jonathan, and therefore he shut up their sons, as it were as hostages, in the citadel of Sion, so that they might be guarded there, lest they should flee to their own people.
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54. And in the year 153 (of the Greeks) in the second month ALCIMUS COMMANDED (the false High Priest and wicked apostate and traitor, who had stirred up King Demetrius to send Bacchides against Judas Maccabeus and his brothers, and to confer the High Priesthood upon himself with Judea excluded, cap. vii, 1 et seq.) THE WALLS OF THE INNER HOUSE OF THE SANCTUARY TO BE DESTROYED, so that he might show himself as High Priest and lord of the temple. In Greek: He commanded the wall of the inner sanctuary to be torn down. Some understand this wall to be the one which Judas Maccabeus, cap. IV, 60, placed before the temple for its protection, lest the Demetrians occupying the nearby citadel of Sion should rush into it. But this wall was of the outer court, not the inner, nor was it the work of the prophets, as follows, but of Judas Maccabeus. Wherefore this wall is to be understood as that of the temple, namely of the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies; or rather of the court of the priests, adjoining the temple or Holy Place. For this court is called the inner house or inner sanctuary in respect to the court of the laity, which was called the outer house or outer sanctuary. For between these two courts was interposed this wall of the height of three cubits, which Josephus calls the Gysum, so as to separate the priests from the laity, lest the laity should approach the court of the priests and the altar of holocausts, which was in it, and sacrifice there equally as the priests. Alcimus therefore began to destroy this intermediate wall, both so that he might profane the priests and sacrifices, and so that the laity and gentiles might approach the altar of holocausts, and sacrifice there equally as the priests. Thus Salianus, Sanchez and others. AND THE WORKS OF THE PROPHETS TO BE DESTROYED, namely the wall of the court of the priests already mentioned: for this wall, equally as the rest of the temple, was commanded to be built by the will of God by the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, who also urged the people constantly by their oracles to continue and complete the begun work of building the temple, so that the temple and the works made in the temple for its adornment can be said to be, and ought to be, the work equally of these prophets and of Ezekiel, who also in cap. xl described the plan of building the temple, according to which they might build. Perhaps also there were certain particular monuments of these and other prophets in this court, by which it was signified both their sanctity and prophecy, and that they were the authors and promoters of the building of the temple.
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55. AT THAT TIME (when namely he was laying sacrilegious hands upon the demolition of the sacred wall already mentioned) ALCIMUS (the sacrilegious one) WAS SMITTEN (by God the guardian of His temple and the avenger of sacrilege), AND HIS WORKS WERE HINDERED (in demolishing the wall of the court of the temple), AND HIS MOUTH WAS SHUT (the blasphemous mouth by which he had commanded this wall to be torn down as High Priest), AND HE WAS DISSOLVED BY PARALYSIS, AND COULD NO LONGER SPEAK A WORD AND COMMAND CONCERNING HIS HOUSE, as if to say: He could not make a will, nor dispose of the things of his house, he who had wickedly disposed of the house of God and wished to destroy it. Just therefore and fitting to the crime and sacrilege of Alcimus was this punishment inflicted by God. This wicked Jew and apostate, so as to please Demetrius and the Greeks, assumed a Greek name near to the Hebrew Joacim, which was his own, and called himself Alcimus, in Greek ἄλκιμον, that is, strong, mighty, vigorous, fierce, so that Demetrius might use him as it were as a leader to overcome Judas and Jonathan, and he indeed used him; but God soon punished the sacrilegious man and dissolved him with paralysis; thus He weakened and prostrated him, so that he could not even speak a word, namely: God the avenger follows the proud from behind, so as to make ἄλκιμον, that is, the strong one, ἄλγιστον, that is, most troublesome, most sorrowful, worn out with pains and torments.
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56. AND ALCIMUS DIED AT THAT TIME WITH GREAT TORMENT, namely in the year 153 of the Greeks, as was said in verse 54, which was the second year of Jonathan's leadership. Wherefore Josephus errs when he writes that Judas Maccabeus succeeded Alcimus when he died in the High Priesthood. For Judas had already fallen in the preceding year, namely in the year 152 of the Greeks, as was said in cap. ix, 3 et seqq. Therefore Alcimus enjoyed his impiety and false High Priesthood for a short time only, namely for two years only. For he began it in the year 151 of the Greeks, as was said in cap. vii, 1 and 5; but he ended it in the year 153 of the Greeks, in the second month, as is said here. So brief is the joy of the wicked, so brief is impiety, to which soon succeeds the longest eternity of hell.
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57. And the land was silent (Judea rested from wars and the harassment of Bacchides) for two years, during which Jonathan raised himself and his men and armed them.
9:58
58. AND ALL THE WICKED THOUGHT, the apostate Jews, and the rivals of Jonathan, and his enemies and traitors, who called upon Bacchides secretly, that he might seize Jonathan by night, thinking nothing of evil, and crush him, but in vain: for God directing, their betrayal became known to Jonathan.
9:61
61. AND HE APPREHENDED (not Bacchides, as Josephus wishes, but Jonathan his traitors) OF THE MEN OF THE REGION, WHO WERE PRINCES OF WICKEDNESS (of betrayal) FIFTY MEN AND SLEW THEM.
9:62
62. AND JONATHAN AND SIMON AND THOSE WHO WERE WITH HIM WITHDREW INTO BETHBESSEN, WHICH WAS IN THE DESERT: AND HE BUILT UP THE RUINS THEREOF, AND THEY STRENGTHENED IT. Jonathan, excluded from all Judea by the fraud of apostates and traitors, and by the strong forces of Bacchides, withdrew with his brother Simon and a few followers into the city of Bethbessen situated in the desert of Jericho in the tribe of Benjamin, not far from the Jordan, and fortified it, that he might defend himself and his men therein against Bacchides. Bacchides heard of this, and gathering all his forces besieged Bethbessen, that he might crush Jonathan with all his men gathered there, and thus end all the war. What did Jonathan and Simon do to this?
9:65
65. AND JONATHAN LEFT HIS BROTHER SIMON IN THE CITY (that he might defend it against Bacchides), AND WENT OUT INTO THE REGION (nearby to gather soldiers), and came with a number, with a numerous army.
9:66
66. And he smote Odaren. This was one of the friends and commanders of Bacchides. Some, reading "Oduren" for "Odaren," think this name is not proper, but appellative, so as to signify a besieger of roads, or a robber and brigand; for this is what the Greek ὁδοῦρος signifies. And he began to smite (the companions and friends of Bacchides scattered through the plains, and dwelling there securely in their tents, attacking them unexpectedly) and to grow in virtues. In Greek ἐν δυνάμεσι, that is in armies, as if to say Jonathan, having gathered a force, attacked Odaren with his men, and slew other companions of Bacchides; thence, with more running to him, and his forces and spirits increased equally, he attacked the very camps of Bacchides, which were besieging Bethbessen, having given a signal to his brother Simon, that bursting forth from the city he might attack the besieging enemies from the front, whom he himself attacked from behind, so it came to pass that the enemies attacked from both sides were slain with such force on both sides by each, and thus Simon burned their machines, with which they were attacking the city, as follows. Thus Josephus, book XIII, chapter i, whom hear: "Leaving his brother Simon for the protection of the town, Jonathan secretly went out, and gathering men of his faction in the neighboring region, rushed by night into the camps of Bacchides, and having slain many, he caused his brother to learn of his arrival. For as soon as he perceived a tumult in the camps of the enemy, making a sortie he burned their machines, having also inflicted no small slaughter." Thus also Hugh, Salianus, Sanchez and others. Gorionides adds that Bacchides fled into the desert, and there captured by Jonathan, became a suppliant to him and swore that he would restore all that he had taken from Judea; and thus peace being established he was sent free into Syria to return to his men. But Scripture has nothing of this sort, indeed it indicates the contrary, namely, that Jonathan first sought peace from Bacchides, and therefore accepted conditions not very favorable to the Jews, as will appear in verse 70.
9:69
69. AND HE SLEW MANY OF THEM. Bacchides, beaten by Jonathan, turned his wrath upon the apostate Jews, who had called him from Syria into Judea against Jonathan, promising him a secure victory over him, as one not thinking of war; wherefore seeing himself deceived by them, and beaten by Jonathan, he slew them, as if the authors of his misfortune. See here how evil counsel is most evil to the counselor, and returns upon his own throat. AND HE HIMSELF THOUGHT TO DEPART INTO HIS OWN COUNTRY. This one thing thinking, says Josephus, how he might be able to lead back his army to Antioch to King Demetrius without shame, under the pretense of imposing a siege, from his own and the king's dignity, and therefore he immediately accepted the conditions of peace offered by Jonathan.
9:70
70. AND JONATHAN KNEW, AND SENT LEGATES TO HIM TO MAKE PEACE, AND TO RESTORE TO HIM THE CAPTIVITY, that is the captives. For this was the condition of peace, that captives on both sides should be exchanged and restored. Jonathan first sought peace, because the affairs of himself and the Jews were afflicted, and therefore he dared not ask from him either Jerusalem which Bacchides held, or other cities of Judea.
9:73
73. And the sword ceased in Israel, that is the war and battles ceased, in which many are slain by the sword, and indeed many were slain here in Israel. AND JONATHAN DWELT IN MACHMAS. The proper seat of Jonathan as Prince and Pontiff was Jerusalem and the temple; but since Bacchidians occupied this, Jonathan chose a seat for himself in the city of Machmas, which was situated on the border of the tribes of Benjamin and Ephraim, and there he began to administer justice to the people, and to exterminate apostates from Israel, and to restore the whole Commonwealth of Israel, just as Samuel, judge and prince, had done there, I Kings VII, 5.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
9:1
… A. was finally able to lord it over all and even attempted a reform of the cult; but while he was demolishing "the wall of the inner court of the Sanctuary" he was struck by apoplexy (159 B.C.). I Mach. 7, 5-50; 9, 1-57; II Mach., 14, 3-27.
… cunning, in breaking up the party of Judas Maccabeus (I Mach. 7:8-25). Having returned to Judea with an army to avenge the defeat of Nicanor, at Elasa (perhaps near el-Bireh) he defeated the few (800) soldiers of Judas, who was killed in the fighting (I Mach. 9:1-18). Having reestablished Syrian rule, B. had long to sustain an exhausting guerrilla war against the nationalists gathered in the southern mountains around Jonathan Maccabeus. …
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… succeeded in breaking through the enemy's right wing and pursuing it for a long time; but a concentric turning of the left wing took him from behind and with many other warriors he remained dead on the field, while the remnants of his troops scattered (I Mach. 9, 1-22).
9:2
Arbela (Ἀρβήλα [τὰ]) of Galilee
ARBELA ("Αρβηλα [τὰ]) of GALILEE. - A locality in northern Palestine stormed by the Syrian Bacchides (v.), who captured there many Jews who had taken refuge in it, at the beginning of the campaign in which Judas Maccabeus perished (1 Macc. 9:2). According to the indications of Flavius Josephus (Antiq. …
9:4
… Bě'ěrah, Vulg. Bera (Judg. 9, 21; cf. I Chron. 7, 37) and Bě'ěrath, Vulg. Beroth "wells" (Josh. 9, 17). There Bacchides and Alcimus, generals of Demetrius Soter, encamped shortly before the battle in which Judas Maccabeus met his death (I Macc. 9, 4; Vulg. Berea).
9:9
… Cf. I Mach. 9, 9-10, 50; II Mach. 14-15.
9:15
Ashdod (Hebrew: ʾAšdādh; Akkadian: Ašdādh; Greek: ʾAšdōr; modern: Esdūd)
In 1 Macc. 9:15, in place of "mountain of A.," which is unknown and conflicts with the context, it has been proposed to read "mountain of Hazor," which would be the Baal-Hazor of 2 Sam. 13:23, the …
9:19
Modin (Seventy ΜΟΔΕΙ͂Ν and ΜΩΔΕΙ͂Ν)
MODIN (Seventy ΜΟΔΕΙ͂Ν and ΜΩΔΕΙ͂Ν). - A city of Judea, birthplace of the Maccabees (1 Macc. 2:1, 15, 23), where Mattathias and his two sons Judas and Jonathan were buried (1 Macc. 2:70; 9:19; 13:25, 30). The Talmud places it 15 miles from Jerusalem, and the Onomasticon near Diospolis (Lydda), where the tombs were to be seen.
9:23
Jonathan (Heb. Jēhōnāthān and Jōnāthān; Vulgate I. and Ionathas)
… But Tryphon, who aspired to the throne, took him prisoner by treachery and killed him (I Macc. 9:23-13:23). Another J. was sent by Simon Maccabeus to occupy Joppa (ibid. 13:11); he may be the same warrior who distinguished himself at Hazor (ibid. 11:70), or a brother of his.
9:27
… The true authors could not proclaim themselves prophets, considering the prophetic age to have long been closed (1 Macc. 4:46; 9:27); nor could they make it believed that God entrusted his secrets to obscure contemplatives.
9:32
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… The crime was immediately avenged by Jonathan who, having crossed the Jordan, suddenly fell upon Madabath (Hirbet et-Tejm, 2 km south of Madaba) during a wedding feast (1 Macc. 9:32, 35-42). On the return, after a brief clash with the troops of Bacchides, who had come to await him at the fords of the Jordan, he made his escape by swimming across the river together with …
9:33
Thecua (Heb. Tēqōā; Septuagint Θεκώ and Θεκούς)
… the exile, it collaborated in the restoration of the walls of Jerusalem (Neh. 3:5, 27). In the desert of T. near the spring of Asphar (Hirbet ez-Zafan), Jonathan and Simon Maccabeus gathered with their fighting men to escape the snares of Bacchides (1 Macc. 9:33).
9:36
… against Bacchides, was killed by the sons of Jambri, a powerful family of M. Jonathan and Simon avenged the affront on the occasion of a solemn wedding that was being celebrated in the surroundings of M., at Nadabah, probably the present-day et-Tejm (I Mach. 9:36-
9:37
… On the death of Alcimus he returned to Antioch, leaving many garrisons in fortified strongholds; but in 157 B.C. he was again in Judea, where, being unable to get the better of Jonathan, who always eluded him, he came to a settlement (I Mach. 9:37-73).
Although allusions to accessory or ceremonial elements are not lacking (cf. Gen. 29:22, 27; Ecclus. 14:10; Ps. 18:6; Is. 61:10; Jer. 7:34; 16:9; Cant. 3:11; I Mach. 9:37; Mt. 25:1 etc.), in the Bible only in Tob. 8:24 is there mention of a written document drawn up at the time of the marriage.
The city of N., today commonly identified with Mehajjet, is mentioned in Num. 32:3; 33:47, in the stele of Mesha, in Is. 15:2; Jer. 48:1; 1 Macc. 9:37, in the Onomasticon, and in the Life of Peter the Iberian (5th century). …
9:45
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… Macc. 9:32, 35-42). On the return, after a brief clash with the troops of Bacchides, who had come to await him at the fords of the Jordan, he made his escape by swimming across the river together with his men and dispersing once again into the desert (ibid. 9:45-49), where he set about organizing a new army.
9:50
… Being on one of the ancient roads that linked Jerusalem to the coast, the two cities had great strategic importance, which explains the care taken at all times to fortify them (I Kings 9:17; I Macc. 9:50). Near B. Joshua won the famous victory over the confederate Canaanite kings (Josh. 10:10). The two B. were identified by Clarke in 1801: the first, upper B. (Bejt 'Ur el-Föq), is …
EMMAUS. - 1. A city famous in the history of the Maccabees (1 Macc. 3:40; 4:3; 9:50), capital of a toparchy in 47 B.C. (Fl. Josephus, Bell. …
9:52
In 166 B.C. G. is within the border of the province of Judea (I Mach. 4, 15; 7, 45). In 160 B.C. it is fortified by Bacchides (I Mach. 9, 52); in 142 it is conquered by Simon Maccabeus, who drives out the pagans in order to settle Jews there (I Mach. 13, 43-48). To that period belong some Hebrew-Greek inscriptions of minor importance. …
9:57
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… Jonathan, informed of the intentions of his adversaries, made a sortie from the desert, killing about fifty of the chief agitators (ibid. 9:57-61), and then withdrew to the fortress of Bethbesse (Hirbet Bejt Başşah southeast of Bethlehem), which withstood the assaults of Bacchides. …
9:62
Maccabees (Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, Vulgate Machabaei)
… Bacchides accepted, and so Jonathan was able to establish himself freely at Machmas (Muhmâs, 15 km north of Jerusalem), fortifying himself there and settling in as master (ibid. 9:62-73).
9:73
Machmas (Hebrew Mikmās and Mikmās; Greek Μαϊζᾶζ; Arabic Muḥmās)
M. appears in Isaiah's prophetic description, which sees the Assyrian army marching on Jerusalem (Isa. 10:28-9). Jonathan Maccabeus, having defeated Bacchides, the Greek-Syrian general, around 158 B.C., made it his residence there while administering justice (1 Macc. 9:73). A Greek mosaic inscription, dated to around the 6th century, speaks of a Valentinus who, together with his wife and children, contributed to the erection and adornment of the local church. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.