PredellaVol. IX, p. 1136 PREDELLA. – In wood and marble, this is the panel or marble slab in the form of a very elongated rectangle, often divided into various compartments, which…
Predelli, RiccardoVol. IX, p. 1136 PREDELLI, RICCARDO. - Scholar, born at Rovereto on 19 May 1840, died at Venice on 1 March 1909. Forced to leave his native Trentino because of his Italian…
Predestinarianism(PREDESTINAZIONISMO)Vol. IX, p. 1138 PREDESTINAZIONISM. – Heresy that attributes both the salvation of the elect and the damnation of the reprobate solely to an eternal and unconditional decree of…
Predestination(PREDESTINAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1136 PREDESTINATION. — It is the design conceived by God to lead the rational creature to the supernatural end, which is eternal life. I. THE TEACHING OF…
Predetermination(PREDETERMINAZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1140 PREDETERMINAZIONE: V. PREMOZIONE FISICA.
Predicables(PREDICABILI)Vol. IX, p. 1140 PREDICABLES. — The term (Gr. κατηγορούμενα, whence also, in Italian, “categoremes”) means “that which can be predicated” of something else. In its technical…
Predicament(PREDICAMENTO)Vol. IX, p. 1142 PREDICAMENTO: v. CATEGORIA.
Preface(PREFAZIO)Vol. IX, p. 1142 PREFACE. — It is the solemn prayer of praise and thanksgiving, sung or recited, after the Offertory, at the beginning of the action of the Sacrifice. The word…
Prefect of Pontifical Ceremonies(PREFETTO DELLE CERIMONIE PONTIFICIE)Vol. IX, p. 1145 PREFETTO DELLE CERIMONIE PONTIFICIE: V. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA.
Prefecture Apostolic of Misurata(MISURATA, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VIII, p. 689 MISURATA, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. - It is situated in the eastern coastal part of Tripolitania. It was erected on 22 June 1939 from part of the territory of…
Prefecture Apostolic of Miyazaki(MIYAZAKI, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VIII, p. 699 MIYAZAKI, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. – Situated in the eastern part of the island of Kyushu (southern Japan), it comprises the two civil provinces of M. and…
Prefecture of Sikasso(SIKASSO, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. XI, p. 356 SIKASSO, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. — It is situated in French West Africa, specifically in the Sudan. It was erected on 27 October 1947 with the two…
Prefecture of Sikkim(SIKKIM, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. XI, p. 356 SIKKIM, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE. — It is situated in northeastern India. On 3 July 1883 and 20 March 1912, respectively, British Bhutan, constituting the civil…
Pregnancy(GRAVIDANZA)Vol. VI, p. 614 GRAVIDANZA.—This is the state of a woman who carries within herself one or more fertilized ova that develop, through the stages of embryo and fetus, to that…
Pregnancy Toxicoses (Gestosis, Pregnancy Toxemias, Pregnancy Toxicoses)(INTOSSICAZIONI GRAVIDICHE (GESTOSI, TOSSIEMIE GRAVIDICHE, TOSSICOSI GRAVIDICHE))Vol. VII, p. 92 PREGNANCY INTOXICATIONS (GESTOSIS, PREGNANCY TOXAEMIAS, PREGNANCY TOXICOSES). – This designation is intended to group together all those morbid conditions…
Prehistory (Religious Manifestations)(PREISTORIA (MANIFESTAZIONI RELIGIOSE))Vol. IX, p. 1153 PREHISTORY (RELIGIOUS MANIFESTATIONS). — By prehistory are meant the extremely ancient phases of human civilizations about which written testimonies are…
Prelate (Prae-Latus, Antistes, Praesul)(PRELATO (PRAE-LATUS, ANTISTES, PRAESUL))Vol. IX, p. 1155 PRELATO (Prae-latus, antistes, praesul). — A person superior to others in dignity. In current canon law, in the strict sense, it designates members of the…
Prelature Nullius(PRELATURA NULLIUS)Vol. IX, p. 1156 PRELATURA NULLIUS. – P. nullius (that is, nullius dioeceseos) in the general sense indicates a church which is removed from the jurisdiction of the bishop. In…
Preliminary Investigation(ISTRUTTORIA)Vol. VII, p. 235 ISTRUTTORIA. — This is the activity intended to submit, from the evidentiary standpoint, to the judge’s examination the body of knowledge necessary for the…
Preliminary Questions(PREGIUDIZIALI, QUESTIONI)Vol. IX, p. 1152 PREJUDICIAL QUESTIONS. — These are questions which, in a given judicial proceeding, must be resolved preliminarily, since the decision on them necessarily…
Premarital Examination(PREMATRIMONIALE, VISITA)Vol. IX, p. 1156 PREMATRIMONIAL, VISIT. — A medical examination imposed or recommended, according to the various nations, upon those intending to marry, involving the issue of…
Premoli, OrazioVol. IX, p. 1158 PREMOLI, ORAZIO. – Barnabite, born in Crema on 20 May 1864, died in Segni (Rome) on 22 Aug. 1928. First rector of the «Zaccaria» Institute in Milan, later…
Premoli, Paolo FilippoVol. IX, p. 1158 PREMOLI, PAOLO FILIPPO. — Barnabite, born at Crema in 1692, died there on 21 March 1771. Penitentiary and commentator on Sacred Scripture at the metropolitan…
Premonstratensians(PREMOSTRATENSI)Vol. IX, p. 1158 PREMONSTRATENSIANS. – Regular canons who took their name from Prémontré (diocese of Soissons), where in 1120 they were founded by St Norbert of Xanten (v.)…
PrepositiVol. IX, p. 1165 PREPOSITI. - They were responsible for administration in the cemetery basilicas of S. Pietro, S. Paolo, S. Lorenzo, and S. Pancrazio, and for their lighting,…
Prepositus of Cremona(PREPOSITINO DI CREMONA)Vol. IX, p. 1165 PREPOSITINO of CREMONA. - Theologian and liturgist, b. c. 1150, d. in Paris c. 1210. He studied law, perhaps at Bologna, and theology in Paris, at the school…
Presbyterianism(PRESBITERIANESIMO)Vol. IX, p. 1166 PRESBITERIANISM. – I. THE PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM. – Presbyterianism is above all a conception of the Church which, unlike episcopalism and congregationalism,…
Presbytery(PRESBITERIO)Vol. IX, p. 1168 PRESBITERIO — P. of the basilica of S. Clemente with the cathedra commissioned by Cardinal Anastasio, titular of the Basilica (1108). Rome. A general…
PrescitiVol. IX, p. 1170 PRESCITI: v. PREDESTINAZIONE.
Prescription(PRESCRIZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1170 PRESCRIPTION. – It is a means by which, through the passage of time and the concurrence of certain conditions and circumstances, a person acquires or loses a…
Presentation Brothers(FRATELLI DELLA PRESENTAZIONE)Vol. V, p. 1014 BROTHERS OF THE PRESENTATION. — In 1802, at Waterford, Edmund Ignatius Rice founded the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools of Ireland (v.) for…
Presentation of Mary, Saint, Feast of the(PRESENTAZIONE DI MARIA S.MA, FESTA DELLA)Vol. IX, p. 1171 PRESENTAZIONE DI MARIA S.MA, FESTA of.—The feast of the P. is one of the minor Marian feasts of the universal Church and is celebrated with the rite of a…
President of the Tribunal(PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNALE)Vol. IX, p. 1178 PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNALE. — He is the magistrate placed at the head of a collegiate tribunal; he is responsible for directing the proceedings and, in general,…
Preston, Thomas ScottVol. IX, p. 1179 PRESTON, THOMAS SCOTT. - Priest, b. 23 July 1824 at Hartford, in the State of Connecticut (U.S.A.), d. 4 Nov. 1891 at New York. Of strong character and great…
Presumed Right(DIRITTO QUESITO)Vol. IV, p. 996 ACQUIRED RIGHT. — Can. 10 of the CIC, in conformity with what Roman law established, namely, that a law cannot have effect with regard to facts occurring…
Presumption(PRESUNZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 1180 PRESUNZIONE. — The term p. may be understood in several senses: in the realm of feeling, it denotes an exaggerated confidence in one’s own qualities and is…
Preternatural Gifts(DONI PRETERNATURALI)Vol. IV, p. 1081 DONI PRETERNATURALI. - I. NOTION. - This expression is ordinarily used to designate the privileges that Adam and Eve received at the beginning, in the state of…
Preti, Mattia, called Il Cavalier Calabrese(PRETI, MATTIA, DETTO IL CAVALIER CALABRESE)Vol. IX, p. 1183 PRETI, MATTIA, known as the CAVALIER CALABRESE. - Painter, born at Taverna (Catanzaro) on 24 February 1613, died at Malta on 3 January 1699. When little more…
Pretoria, Archdiocese of(PRETORIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1185 PRETORIA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In the Union of South Africa. The city of P. is the seat of the civil government and capital of the province of Transvaal. In 1869,…
Prevention (Economic Problem)(PREVENZIONE (PROBLEMA ECONOMICO))Vol. IX, p. 1186 PREVENTION (economic problem). — In economics, this is the operation by which sums are set aside which, although withdrawn from ordinary consumption, do not…
Prevention (of Jurisdiction)(PREVENZIONE (DI GIURISDIZIONE))Vol. IX, p. 1185 PREVENZIONE (of jurisdiction). — It is the legal effect attached to the exercise of priority, whereby a judge, by forestalling the exercise of jurisdiction by…
Preventive Pedagogy(PEDAGOGIA PREVENTIVA)Vol. IX, p. 656 PREVENTIVE PEDAGOGY. — This is that aspect of educational method which consists in making the pupil acquainted with his duties and with the prescriptions…
Previati, GaetanoVol. IX, p. 1187 PREVIATI, GAETANO. — Painter, born in Ferrara on 31 August 1852, died at Lavagna on 21 June 1920. As a young man he attended the studio of Amos Cassioli in…
Previtali, Andrea, Also Known As Cordegliacchi(PREVITALI, ANDREA, DETTO ANCHE CORDEGLIACHI)Vol. IX, p. 1187 PREVITALI, ANDREA, also known as CORDEGLIACHI. — Painter, born c. 1470, died in Bergamo in 1528. (photo by Autor)
Previtali, Andrea, Also Known As Cordegliaghi(PREVITALI, ANDREA, DETTO ANCHE CORDEGLIAGHI)Vol. IX, p. 1188 PREVITALI, ANDREA, also called CORDEGLIAGHI — The Virgin with the Child; at the sides, portraits of the spouses Casotti — Bergamo, Galleria Carrara. In…
Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine-François(PRÉVÔST D'EXILES, ANTOINE-FRANÇOIS)Vol. IX, p. 1188 PRÉVÔST D'EXILES, ANTOINE-FRANÇOIS. — French writer, born in Hesdin in Artois on 1 April 1697, died at St-Firmin near Chantilly on 29 November 1763. The son of…
Prevost, Eugène(PREVÔST, EUGÈNE)Vol. IX, p. 1188 PREVÔST, EUGÈNE. – In religion Eugène de la Croix, founder of the Congregations of the Priestly Fraternity and of the Oblates of Bethany, b. 24 Aug. 1860 at…
Preysing, Konrad vonVol. IX, p. 1188 PREYSING, KONRAD von. — Cardinal, born on 30 August 1880 at Kronwinkel (archdiocese of Monaco and Frisinga), died on 21 December 1950 in Berlin. He studied law…
Prešov Of The Ruthenians (Lat. Fragopolis, Ukr. Prjašiv, Hung. Eperjes), Diocese of(PRESOV DEI RUTENI (LAT. FRAGOPOLIS, UCR. PRJAŠIO, UNGH. EPERJES), DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1179 PRESOV of the RUTENIANS (Lat. Fragopolis, Ukr. Prjašio, Hung. Eperjes), DIOCESE of. — Diocese (eparchy) in Slovakia, of the Byzantine-Slavonic rite. It was…
Price(PREZZO)Vol. IX, p. 1189 PREZZO. – I. NOTION. – P. is the value of a unit of merchandise or service, expressed in money. In free and voluntary exchanges, the p. generally increases as…
Pride(SUPERBIA)Vol. XI, p. 951 SUPERBIA. – It is the disordered love of one’s own excellence (Sum. theol., 2a-2ae, q. 84, a. 2). By excellence is to be understood everything that elevates…
Prie, René deVol. X, p. 27 PRIE, RENÉ de. - Cardinal, b. in Touraine in 1451, d. on 9 Sept. 1519 in the abbey of Notre-Dame de Lyre (Evreux). A cousin of Cardinal Giorgio d'Amboise,…
Priest Gianni (Prete Janni)(PRETE GIANNI (PRETE JANNI))Vol. IX, p. 1181 PRETE GIANNI (PRETE JANNI). - Throughout the Middle Ages, particularly after the thirteenth century, the legend of the existence of the mysterious kingdom of…
Priest, Presbyterate(PRESBITERO, PRESBITERATO)Vol. IX, p. 1169 PRESBITERO, PRESBITERATO. – A Greek term (πρεσβύτερος: elder) denoting the second degree (priest) of the hierarchy of Order (v.). I. ORIGIN. — In the New…
Priesthood(SACERDOZIO)Vol. X, p. 908 SACERDOZIO. - From sacra dare, "to provide, to perform the sacred action," it is the religious-social office and function that an individual holds as an…
Priesthood of Christ(SACERDOZIO DI CRISTO)Vol. X, p. 914 SACERDOZIO DI CRISTO. - I. DOCU- MENTS OF REVELATION. - The religious relationship between creatures and Creator is not exhausted by internal, external, and…
Priesthood of the Faithful(SACERDOZIO DEI FEDELI)Vol. X, p. 916 PRIESTHOOD of the FAITHFUL. — It is the power to participate in acts of Christian worship conferred upon the faithful in Baptism. I. THE PRIESTHOOD OF THE…
Priestly Fraternity(FRATERNITÀ SACERDOTALE)Vol. V, p. 1024 PRIESTLY FRATERNITY. – An institution founded in Paris in 1901 on the initiative of Fr. M. E. Prevost (born in 1860, died in 1946), to provide priests with…
Priestly Friendship(AMICIZIA SACERDOTALE)Vol. I, p. 657 PRIESTLY FRIENDSHIP. — Secret society for the formation of the young clergy. In the documents it is designated by the initials A. S. It was founded in Turin by…
Priestly Society of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei(SOCIETÀ SACERDOTALE DELLA SANTA CROCE ED «OPUS DEI»)Vol. XI, p. 525 SOCIETÀ SACERDOTALE della SANTA CROCE ed «OPUS DEI». - It is the first secular institute of pontifical right, approved according to the norms of the apostolic…
Priests of Mercy(PRETI DELLA MISERICORDIA)Vol. IX, p. 1184 PRETI DELLA MISERICORDIA. - A congregation of missionary priests, initially called the “Society of the Missions of France,” founded by Fr. G. B. Rauzan…
Priests of Saint Mary of Tinchbray(SACERDOTI DI SANTA MARIA DI TINCHEBRAY)Vol. X, p. 908 PRIESTS OF SANTA MARIA OF TINCHEBRAY. – They were founded in 1851 by Fr. Carlo Duguey, then assistant parish priest of Tinchebray, in the diocese of Séez,…
Priests of the Most Holy Sacrament(SACERDOTI DEL S.MO SACRAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 908 SACERDOTI DEL S.mo SACRAMENTO. – A religious congregation commonly called the Congregation of the Sacramentine Fathers (S.S.S.), founded in Paris on 13 May…
Priests Of The Sacred Heart Of Jesus Of Bétharram(PRETI DEL SACRO CUORE DI GESÙ DI BÉTHARRAM)Vol. IX, p. 1184 PRIESTS OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS OF BÉTHARRAM. - A religious congregation founded by St. Michele Garicoits in 1832 at Bétharram for the education of youth…
Priests of the Schools of Charity(SACERDOTI DELLE SCUOLE DI CARITÀ)Vol. X, p. 908 SACERDOTI DELLE SCUOLE DI CARITÀ. - Religious congregation, also known as the Istituto Cavanis, founded in Venice by the servants of God Antonangelo and…
Priests of the Stigmata of N(PRETI DELLE STIMMATE DI N)Vol. IX, p. 1184 PRIESTS OF THE STIGMATA OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST. — They began in Verona on 4 Nov. 1816 as a private association of secular priests for the free operation of a…
PrimaVol. X, p. 28 PRIMA. — The canonical Hour recited at the beginning of the day. It consists of two distinct parts: P. properly so called (the Choir office) and the Chapter…
Primacy of Jesus Christ(PRIMATO DI GESÙ CRISTO)Vol. X, p. 29 PRIMACY OF JESUS CHRIST. — The primacy of Jesus Christ in the history of humanity is a fact attested by chronology. His appearance in the world marked the…
Primacy of Saint Peter and of the Roman Pontiff(PRIMATO DI SAN PIETRO E DEL ROMANO PONTEFICE)Vol. X, p. 29 PRIMATO DI SAN PIETRO E DEL ROMANO PONTEFICE. — The primacy that the Catholic Church recognizes in St Pietro within the college of the Apostles, and in every…
Primary Qualities(PRIMARIE, QUALITÀ)Vol. X, p. 28 PRIMARY QUALITIES. - According to the common meaning after Locke (v.), these are the qualities (v.) of bodies without which the body itself would be…
Primasius(PRIMASIO)Vol. X, p. 28 PRIMASIO. — Bishop of Hadrumetum (Byzacena), who lived in the sixth century and died shortly after 552. In the “Three Chapters controversy,” he followed the…
Primatial See(PRIMAZIALE, SEDE)Vol. X, p. 36 PRIMAZIALE, SEDE. – This is the cathedral church presided over by a bishop bearing the title of primate over a given region. As such, the primate takes…
Primato of S.(PRIMATO DI S)Vol. X, p. 30 PRIMACY OF ST. PETER AND OF THE ROMAN PONTIFF direct and universal over all the faithful. As Vicar of Christ and supreme arbiter of Christendom, the Roman…
Primicerius and Secundicerius(PRIMICERIO E SECUNDICERIO)Vol. X, p. 36 PRIMICERIUS AND SECUNDICERIUS. — P. (qui primus cerae seu matriculae erat inscriptus), originally denoted one who occupied the highest office in a given order…
Primitives(PRIMITIVI)Vol. X, p. 37 PRIMITIVES — Stone knives (on the right and on the left), finely chipped and with serrated edges, used for subincision, employed by the Boorungoo indigenous…
Primo and Feliciano, Saints, Martyrs(PRIMO E FELICIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. X, p. 41 PRIMO E FELICIANO, saints, martyrs. — They are commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 19 June as buried in a sand-pit at the fifteenth milestone of the…
Primo Die Quo TrinitasVol. X, p. 41 «PRIMO DIE QUO TRINITAS». – Hymn of Matins of the ordinary Sunday Office; by an unknown author; it is found in manuscripts of the ninth century (C. Dreves – C.…
Prince Albert, Diocese of(PRINCE ALBERT, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 42 PRINCE ALBERT, DIOCESE of. — In the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The Catholic population numbers 32,475 souls, gathered in 44 parishes and 78 secondary…
Prince-Rupert, Apostolic Vicariate of(PRINCE-RUPERT, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 42 PRINCE-RUPERT, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - Situated in the extreme north-west of Canada; it is entrusted to the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. Hunters and forest…
Principle(PRINCIPIO)Vol. X, p. 42 PRINCIPIO. — From primum-capere (caput), it is that which comes first, the origin, the beginning (initium, exordium, origo); it corresponds to the Greek ἀρχή:…
Prisca, Saint(PRISCA, SANTA)Vol. X, p. 44 PRISCA, saint. - In Rome, in the 7th century, a martyr P. was commemorated on 18 January, also mentioned in the Gregorian Sacramentary. The Itineraries of the…
PriscillaVol. X, p. 48 PRISCILLA (PRISCA): v. AQUILA E PRISCILLA (PRISCA).
Priscilla, Cemetery of(PRISCILLA, CIMITERO DI)Vol. X, p. 44 PRISCILLA, CEMETERY of. — On the Via Salaria nuova (today, entrance at Via Salaria 430). It is mentioned in the Depositio martyrum and in the Leonine…
Priscillian and Priscillianism(PRISCILLIANO E PRISCILLIANISMO)Vol. X, p. 49 PRISCILLIANO and PRISCILLIANISM. – Heresiarch, intruder bishop of Avila (ca. 345–85), whose tragic history criticism is progressively clarifying. The…
Prisco, GiuseppeVol. X, p. 49 PRISCO, GIUSEPPE. – Cardinal, born at Boscotre-case (Naples) on 8 September 1833, died in Naples on 4 February 1923. He studied at the Seminary of Naples under…
Prison(CARCERE)Vol. III, p. 465 CARCERE. – The Romans called carcer the place of custody for those condemned to death or to corporal punishment; and, both among them and among nearly all…
Priuli, AlviseVol. X, p. 49 PRIULI, ALVISE. — Man of letters and prelate, born in Venice at the beginning of the sixteenth century, died in Padua on 15 July 1560. He belonged to the…
Privation(PRIVAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 50 PRIVAZIONE: V. PENA; PENE VENDICATIVE.
Priverno, Diocese of(PRIVERNO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 50 PRIVERNO, DIOCESI di: V. TERRACINA, DIOCESI di:
Privilege(PRIVILEGIO)Vol. X, p. 52 PRIVILEGIO. – A legal norm contained in a law or issued by a superior to the advantage of a category or a person. The sources of Roman law show that the…
Privileges of the Clergy(PRIVILEGI DEI CHIERICI)Vol. X, p. 50 PRIVILEGES OF CLERICS. — These are special immunities that constitute part of the broader category of ecclesiastical immunity (v.) and collectively represent…
Prizren, Diocese of(PRJASEV, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 56 PRJASEV, DIOCESE of: v. PREŠOV dei RUTHENI, DIOCESE of.
Pro Apostolic Prefects and Pro Apostolic Vicars(PRO PREFETTI APOSTOLICI E PRO VICARI APOSTOLICI)Vol. X, p. 101 PRO PREFETTI APOSTOLICI e PRO VICARI APOSTOLICI: v. PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA; VICARIATO APOSTOLICO.
Pro Ecclesia et PontificeVol. X, p. 73 PRO ECCLESIA ET PONTIFICE. - Decoration (cross) instituted by Leo XIII by the apostolic letter Quod singulari Dei concessi of 17 July 1888 (Acta Leonis XIII, 8…
Pro Juárez, Miguel AgustínVol. X, p. 85 PRO JUÁREZ, MIGUEL AGUSTÍN. - Jesuit, b. at Concepción del Oro (Zacatecas) on 18 Jan. 1891, d., executed by firing squad, in Messico on 23 Nov. 1927. Having…
ProbaVol. X, p. 56 PROBA. - A poetess, daughter of the consul Petronio Probiano (322) and wife of the praefectus urbi Adelio (351), she introduced into Christianity the fashion…
Probabiliorism(PROBABILIORISMO)Vol. X, p. 56 PROBABILIORISM. — From the Latin comparative probabilior (more probable); it denotes the moral system which, when there is doubt about the licitness of an…
Probabilism(PROBABILISMO)Vol. X, p. 57 PROBABILISM. — I. MORAL THEOLOGY. — The term is used in theology to designate the moral system that admits, as a legitimate norm of conduct in the face of…
Probability(PROBABILITÀ)Vol. X, p. 59 PROBABILITY. – In the sense commonly attributed to it today, a fact is probable when, although it does not present itself as absolutely certain, it may…
Probability, Calculus of(PROBABILITÀ, CALCOLO DELLE)Vol. X, p. 60 PROBABILITY, CALCULUS OF. — Science concerned, from both the theoretical and practical points of view, with the study of causal or random events, that is,…
ProbaticaVol. X, p. 63 PROBATICA. - The “sheep” gate (προβατική), in Jerusalem. An ancient tradition, Eastern and Western, has identified P., on the basis of certain Greek codices…
Probation(PROBANDATO)Vol. X, p. 62 PROBANDATO. – By p. is understood that period of time which the aspirant to religious life undergoes before postulancy (v.) or novitiate (v.), when postulancy…
Probinus, Roman Senator(PROBINO, SENATORE ROMANO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBINO, Roman senator. — Consul in 489, together with Festo (v.), he headed the opposition against Pope Simmaco. He received praise from Ennodio di Pavia…
Problematicism(PROBLEMATICISMO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBLEMATICISMO. — “Problematica” is generally used to designate every “critical philosophy,” that is, every method that intends to begin philosophizing with…
Probst, Ferdinando(PROBST, FERDINANO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBST, FERDINANO. - Liturgist, b. at Ehingen (Württemberg) on 29 March 1816, d. at Breslavia on 26 Dec. 1899. He pursued his first studies in his native town…
Probus, Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Probus), Roman Emperor(PROBO, MARCO AURELIO (M. AURELIUS PROBUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. X, p. 63 PROBO, MARCO AURELIO (M. Aurelius Probus), ROMAN EMPEROR. - B. at Sirmio on 19 Aug. 232, d. there in Sept. 282. He made a rapid and brilliant career in the…
ProcacciniVol. X, p. 63 PROCACCINI. — Family of Bolognese painters, later transferred to Milano. ERCOLE ILVECCHIO, the founder of the family, born in Bologna in 1515, died in Milano…
Procaccini, Giulio CesareVol. X, p. 64 PROCACCINI, GIULIO CESARE - Marriage of St. Catherine - Milan, Pinacoteca di Brera. CAMILLO, the eldest of his sons in age, born in Bologna between 1550 and…
Process(PROCESSO)Vol. X, p. 65 PROCESSO. – By p. in the broad sense is understood a body of norms regulating and governing any procedure directed toward the ascertainment and determination,…
Procession(PROCESSIONE)Vol. X, p. 64 PROCESSIONE. – From pro, “forward,” and cedere, “to walk,” it is, in general, the ceremonial proceeding in public, with measured steps, of a group that…
Processus and Martinianus, Saints, Martyrs(PROCESSO E MARTINIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. X, p. 70 PROCESSO and MARTINIANO, saints, martyrs. — According to P. Franchi de' Cavalieri, their alleged status as jailers of the apostles Peter and Paul, indicated in…
Prochiro(PRÓCHIRO)Vol. X, p. 70 PRÓCHIRO. - An Eastern compilation, consisting of a proem and forty titles, probably promulgated in 879, during the reign of Basilio I, Costantino, and Leone.…
Prochorus (Prochorus, Πρόχορος)(PRÓCORO (PROCHORUS, ΠΡΌΓΟΡΕΣ))Vol. X, p. 71 PRÓCORO (Prochorus, Πρόγορες). — One of the seven deacons (Act. 6:5) ordained by the Apostles for the service of the community of Jerusalem (ibid. 6:1–6),…
Proclus, Saint(PRÓCLO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 70 PRÓCLO, saint. — Bishop of Constantinople, d. 446; in 426 he was appointed bishop of Cyzicus, but had to remain in Constantinople because of the refusal of his…
Procopius of Caesarea(PROCOPIO DI CESAREA)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO of CESAREA. — Byzantine historian, born around the end of the fifth century, died after 563. Little is known about his life: he studied jurisprudence…
Procopius of Gaza(PROCOPIO DI GAZA)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO of GAZA. - A notable representative of the Christian school of Gaza, d. ca. 530; author of extensive biblical commentaries in the form of “chains”…
Procopius of Sázava (Prokop), Saint(PROCOPIO DI SÁZAVA (PROKOP), SANTO)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO of SÁZAVA (PROKOP), saint. - B. at Chotouf in Bohemia, d. 25 March 1053. Educated at Vyšehrad in Hungary, in the Slavic rite, he returned to Bohemia…
Procopius the Great(PROCOPIO IL GRANDE)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCOPIO the GREAT. — Commander of the Hussites, born about 1380, died at Lipany on 30 May 1434. Ordained a priest, he sided with the most radical party of the…
Procopius, Saint, Martyr(PROCOPIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 70 PROCOPIO, saint, martyr. — He is commemorated by the Greeks and Latins on 8 July. According to Eusebius, he was the first martyr of Caesarea in Palestine…
Procula, ClaudiaVol. X, p. 71 PROCULA, CLAUDIA. — Name attributed to Pilate’s wife by an ancient tradition. She was probably of the gens Procula, belonging, according to Tacitus, to the…
Procuracy(PROCURA)Vol. X, p. 71 PROCURA: v. RAPPRESENTANZA.
Procurator(PROCURATORE (PROCURATOR))Vol. X, p. 71 PROCURATORE (procurator). — A term designating certain officials of the Roman imperial period. Their institution dates back to Augustus, who had appointed…
Procurator General(PROCURATORE GENERALE)Vol. X, p. 72 PROCURATORE GENERALE. – In canon law, this is the religious who ordinarily conducts the affairs of the religious society to which he belongs with the Roman…
Profession of Faith(PROFESSIONE DI FEDE)Vol. X, p. 73 PROFESSIONE DI FEDE. – In the broad sense, it is any external act of Christian virtue that presupposes faith; in the proper and formal sense, it is the…
Professional Orders and Colleges(ORDINI E COLLEGI PROFESSIONALI)Vol. IX, p. 174 ORDINI E COLLEGI PROFESSIONALI. – P. o. and p. c. (the former for professions requiring a doctoral degree for their practice, and the latter for those for…
Professional Representation(RAPPRESENTANZA PROFESSIONALE)Vol. X, p. 318 PROFESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. — Alongside the notion of political representation, that of professional representation, considerably different from it, has…
Professional Unions(UNIONI PROFESSIONALI)Vol. XII, p. 535 UNIONI PROFESSIONALI : V. ORDINI E COLLEGI PROFESSIONALI. UNITY OF THE CHURCH. – The Church is one, that is, undivided in itself and distinct from every other…
Profit(PROFITTO)Vol. X, p. 83 PROFITTO. — This term generally denotes the entrepreneur’s net income, corresponding to the interest accruing to the capitalist and the wage owed to the…
Profumo, AttilioVol. X, p. 84 PROFUMO, ATTILIO. - Archaeologist and historian, born in Genova in 1859, died in Roma in 1945. He first studied architecture in Napoli; then, having moved to…
Progeny(PROLE)Vol. X, p. 86 PROLE. – From proles, meaning offspring, that is, the group of children, the subjects of rights and duties within the family. The natural instinct that places…
Program I(PROGRAMMA I)Vol. X, p. 572 PROGRAMMA I. Negli indiani della religione, di cui è moderatore e committente il Pontefice di Roma. II. Negli indiani della civiltà, di cui è ancora una…
Progress(PROGRESSO)Vol. X, p. 84 PROGRESSO. — Without reference to particular activities (e.g. economic, spiritual, industrial, juridical, etc.), the word commonly summarizes two convergent…
Progressive Paralysis(PARALISI PROGRESSIVA)Vol. IX, p. 517 PARALISI PROGRESSIVA: V. DEMENZA.
Prohibited Societies (Secret Societies)(SOCIETÀ PROIBITE (SÈTTE))Vol. XI, p. 524 PROHIBITED SOCIETIES (SECTS). — By their very nature, prohibited societies are those that pursue an illicit purpose, or that, while pursuing a good end, intend…
Prohibited Time(TEMPO PROIBITO)Vol. XI, p. 1148 FORBIDDEN TIME. — Can. 1108 § 1 of the CIC lays down the principle of freedom to contract marriage at any time, abolishing the local prohibitions still…
Prohibitionism(PROIBIZIONISMO)Vol. X, p. 85 PROIBITIONISM. – In its modern meaning, this term denotes legislation aimed at prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages through bans on their sale…
Prohászka, OttokarVol. X, p. 84 PROHÁSZKA, OTTOKAR. - One of the greatest Hungarian writers of the 20th century, b. at Niytra on 10 October 1858, d. at Budapest on 2 April 1927. He completed…
Prokopović, Feofan (Trofane)Vol. X, p. 85 PROKOPOVIĆ, FEOFAN (TROFANE). – Ecclesiastic and politician, adviser to Peter the Great, leading exponent of the Protestantizing tendency in the Russian Church…
Proletariat(PROLETARIATO)Vol. X, p. 88 PROLETARIAT. — Proletarians or capite censi were, in ancient Rome, those who were registered in the census only for their person and not for their possessions…
Promise(PROMESSA)Vol. X, p. 89 PROMESSA. – It is the cause of the obligatory relationship, unilateral or bilateral, produced by the will of one or more persons who freely and spontaneously…
Promoter of Justice(PROMOTORE DI GIUSTIZIA)Vol. X, p. 91 PROMOTORE DI GIUSTIZIA. – The promoter of justice is an official of the Tribunal who, under the direction of the Ordinary (or, in the tribunals of the Holy…
Promoter of the Faith(PROMOTORE DELLA FEDE)Vol. X, p. 90 PROMOTER OF THE FAITH. — The Promoter of the Faith (quaesitor de honoribus caelestium) is the priest whose office it is to safeguard the rights of the faith…
Promotion(PROMOZIONE)Vol. X, p. 93 PROMOTION. — An Italianized English word, frequently used to signify the advancement of workers both in the technical-professional sense (the scale of…
PropagandaVol. X, p. 93 PROPAGANDA. – If certain truth (whether revealed, scientific, or moral) gradually wins over minds and therefore requires dissemination and popularization,…
Propagation of Christianity(PROPAGAZIONE DEL CRISTIANESIMO)Vol. X, p. 93 PROPAGATION OF CHRISTIANITY. — I. THE APOSTOLIC WORK. — It is easy to trace the stages of the growing spread of the faith in the apostolic age: the first to be…
Proper of Saints(PROPRIUM SANCTORUM)Vol. X, p. 111 PROPRIUM SANCTORUM : v. SANTORALE.
Proper of Time(PROPRIUM DE TEMPORE)Vol. X, p. 111 PROPRIUM DE TEMPORE : v. TEMPORALE.
Property(PROPRIETÀ)Vol. X, p. 101 PROPERTY. - A legal term indicating the relationship of eminent sovereignty or dominion that a person (individual or collective, private or public) acquires,…
Prophet(PROFETA)Vol. X, p. 74 PROPHET. — I. IN HOLY SCRIPTURE. — (Hebr. nābhi; Lat. propheta from the Gr. προφήτης). One who, by divine vocation, speaks in the place and in the name of God…
Propitiatory (Heb. Happōreth, Septuagint Ἐναστήρων)(PROPIZIATORIO (EBR. HAPPŌRETH, SETTANTA ἘΝΑΣΤΉΡΩΝ))Vol. X, p. 99 PROPITIATORY (Hebr. happōreth, Septuagint ἐναστήρων).—A sheet of gold that covered the upper part of the ark of the covenant (v.). Of unspecified thickness, it…
Proposition(PROPOSIZIONE)Vol. X, p. 100 PROPOSITION. — From Lat. pro-ponere, “to place before.” The corresponding Greek term is πρότασις (προκτίθημι), referring for the most part to the proposition…
Proposition, Breads of the(PROPOSIZIONE, PANI DELLA)Vol. X, p. 101 PROPOSIZIONE, PANI della.—Twelve ritual loaves offered to God every Sabbath on a special table in the Holy Place, where they remained throughout the week. They…
Prosdocimo, Saint(PROSDOCIMO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 111 PROSDOCIMO, saint. — According to what is commonly related about him, he is said to have been a disciple of St. Peter and to have been sent by him to Padua as…
Proselyte(PROSELITO)Vol. X, p. 111 PROSELITO. — A believer of non-Israelite origin who had embraced the Mosaic religion (προσέλωτος “newly arrived, added”). Philo (v.) considers Jewish law…
ProserpinaVol. X, p. 112 PROSERPINA : v. ORFICI MISTERI.
Prosper of Aquitaine(PROSPERO DI AQUITANIA)Vol. X, p. 112 PROSPERO di AQUITANIA. – Gallo-Roman theologian, b. at the end of the 4th century, d. around 455. Around 426, he composed his Carmen de ingratis in 1002…
Prospero Antichi, called Il Bresciano(PROSPERO ANTICHI, DETTO IL BRESCIANO)Vol. X, p. 112 PROSPERO ANTICHI, known as il BRESCIANO. - Sculptor, born in Brescia, active in Rome from about 1580, died there in 1599. He belonged to the group of Lombard…
Prostitution(PROSTITUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 113 PROSTITUTION. — This is sexual activity carried out outside marriage, especially by women and usually for profit, with anyone who requests it. It is said…
Prostration (Προσκύνησις)(PROSTRAZIONE (ΠΡΟΣΚΎΝΗΣΙΣ))Vol. X, p. 116 PROSTRAZIONE (προσκύνησις). — It is the act of throwing oneself to the ground and touching it with the forehead, a sign of the deepest humiliation and…
Protagoras(PROTAGORA)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTAGORA: v. SOFISTI.
Protasius, Saint Martyr(PROTASIO, SANTO MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTASIO, holy martyr: v. GERVASIO E PROTASIO, santi, martiri.
Protection of Workers(PROTEZIONE DEI LAVORATORI)Vol. X, p. 127 PROTECTION OF WORKERS. — The protection or safeguarding of labor is a principle common to contemporary States, often proclaimed in constitutional charters or…
Protection of Young Women, International Catholic Association of Works for the(PROTEZIONE DELLA GIOVANE, ASSOCIAZIONE CATTOLICA INTERNAZIONALE DELLE OPERE per la)Vol. X, p. 129 PROTECTION OF YOUNG WOMEN, INTERNATIONAL CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION OF WORKS FOR THE. — The Association carries out work not of redemption but of preservation on…
Protectionism(PROTEZIONISMO)Vol. X, p. 130 PROTEZIONISMO. — Protectionism forms part of that artificial system of expedients and manoeuvres which constitutes economic policy. I. PROTECTIONISM AND FREE…
Protectorate(PROTETTORATO)Vol. X, p. 125 PROTECTORATE. - I. NATURE AND ORIGIN. - The religious or missionary protectorate consists in an agreement by which Christian powers protect Christians or…
Proterius, Saint(PROTERIO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTERIO, saint. - Unknown to the Latin Martyrologies, he is commemorated by the Greeks on 28 February. He was elected patriarch of Alexandria after the…
Protestant Confessions of Faith(CONFESSIONI DI FEDE PROTESTANTI)Vol. IV, p. 157 CONFESSIONI DI FEDE PROTESTANTI. — Formulas or summaries in which the various Protestant churches officially set forth their principal religious doctrines.…
Protestant Diets(DIETE PROTESTANTI)Vol. IV, p. 916 PROTESTANT DIETS. – Assemblies of religious-political representatives of the States of Germany, of the primates of the Kingdom of Hungary, and of emissaries…
Protestant Ecumenism(ECUMENISMO PROTESTANTE)Vol. V, p. 65 PROTESTANT ECUMENISM. - I. TENDENCIES. - The pseudo-Reformation of the sixteenth century gave rise among Protestants to two divergent and opposed tendencies…
Protestant Missionary Societies(SOCIETÀ MISSIONARIE PROTESTANTI)Vol. XI, p. 523 SOCIETÀ MISSIONARIE PROTESTANTI: V. PROTESTANTESIMO.
Protestant Missions(MISSIONI PROTESTANTI)Vol. VIII, p. 679 MISSIONI PROTESTANTI: V. PROTESTANTESIMO.
Protestant Reformation(RIFORMA PROTESTANTE)Vol. X, p. 534 RIFORMA PROTESTANTE: V. PROTESTANTESIMO.
Protestantism(PROTESTANTESIMO)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTESTANTISM. - The term "Protestantism" enters history on 19 April 1529, when the Diet of Speyer confirmed the decree of the Diet of Worms against Luther and…
Prothesis(PROTESI)Vol. X, p. 116 PROTESI. – Like “diaconicon,” this term is used to designate, in Byzantine architecture or architecture derived from it, one of the two minor apses flanking…
Prothyron(PROTIRO)Vol. X, p. 131 PROTIRO. - A small structure attached to the entrance of a church building, a quadriportico, or a portico is called a p.; in its simplest form it consists of a…
Proto-Canonical Books(PROTOCANONICI, LIBRI)Vol. X, p. 131 PROTOCANONICI, LIBRI: v. BIBBIA.
Protocol(PROTOCOLLO)Vol. X, p. 131 PROTOCOLLO: v. DOCUMENTO.
Protoevangelium(PROTOEVANGELO)Vol. X, p. 131 PROTOEVANGELIUM. - This term is commonly used to designate Gen. 3,15, because it contains the "first good news" of salvation for humanity after the fall (phot.…
Protus and Hyacinth, Saints, Martyrs(PROTO E GIACINTO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. X, p. 132 PROTO AND HYACINTH, saints, martyrs. — They are already recorded in the Depositio Martyrum on 11 September, buried in the cemetery of Bassilla on the old Via…
Proudhon, Pierre-JosephVol. X, p. 133 PROUDHON, PIERRE-JOSEPH. — French political thinker and economist, b. at Besançon on 15 January 1809, d. at Paris on 19 December 1864. Of humble origin, he had…
Proust, MarcelVol. X, p. 134 PROUST, MARCEL. — Writer, born in Paris on 10 July 1871, died there on 18 November 1922. His life may be summed up in his assiduous visits to the most elegant…
Provencher, Joseph-NorbertVol. X, p. 135 PROVENCHER, JOSEPH-NORBERT. - Missionary bishop, b. 12 Feb. 1787 at Nicolet, in Lower Canada, d. at St-Boniface on 7 June 1853. Ordained priest on 21 Dec.…
Provençal, Language and Literature(PROVENZALE, LINGUA E LETTERATURA)Vol. X, p. 135 PROVENÇAL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. – Strictly speaking, there is no p. language today, but only a system of dialects of southern France, distinguished from…
Proverbs, Book of(PROVERBI, LIBRO DEI)Vol. X, p. 138 PROVERBI, LIBRO dei. — The third (after Job and the Psalms) of the didactic books of the Old Testament, and the first of the “sapiential” books. Ecclesiasticus…
Providence(PREVIDENZA)Vol. IX, p. 1187 PREVIDENZA : V. ASSICURAZIONE; PREVENZIONE; RISPARMIO.
Providence(PROVVIDENZA)Vol. X, p. 142 PROVIDENCE. – I. NOTION AND EXISTENCE. – In general, this indicates the divine governance of the world, insofar as the divine intelligence embraces the entire…
Providence, Diocese of(PROVIDENCE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 141 PROVIDENCE, DIOCESE of. - City and diocese in the State of Rhode Island (U.S.A.), suffragan of Boston, today covering an area of 1,085 sq. miles, with a total…
Providentissimus DeusVol. X, p. 141 « PROVIDENTISSIMUS DEUS ». — Encyclical Letter of Leo XIII (18 Nov. 1893), intended to promote and regulate the study of Sacred Scripture (Acta Leonis XIII, 13…
Prudence(PRUDENZA)Vol. X, p. 147 PRUDENZA. - I. NATURE. - It was defined by Aristotle (Ethica, I, VI, ch. 5; Sum. Theol., 2ᵃ-2ᵃ, q. 47, a. 2, arg. Sed contra) as sound judgment concerning what…
Prudentius(PRUDENZIO)Vol. X, p. 149 PRUDENZIO. – Latin Christian poet (born in 348, died after 405). Of Saragossa and Calahorra, both of which claim to have given him birth, preference should be…
Prudentius of Troyes(PRUDENZIO DI TROYES)Vol. X, p. 150 PRUDENZIO of TROYES. - Theologian and writer of Spanish origin, d. at Troyes on 6 April 861, he changed his name from Galindo to P. and was educated in France,…
Prudenzani, Simone (Simone di Golino di Prudenzano)Vol. X, p. 149 PRUDENZANI, SIMONE (SIMONE di GOLINO di PRUDENZANO). — From Di Prodo (Orvieto), he took part in the public life of Orvieto from 1387 to about 1440. He is known…
Pruner, Johann EvangelistVol. X, p. 150 PRUNER, JOHANN EVANGELIST. — Moral theologian, born in Nuremberg on 25 February 1827, died in Eichstätt on 11 July 1907. Having completed his theological…
Przemyśl(PRZEMYSL)Vol. X, p. 152 PRZEMYSL: V. PREMISLIA.
Przemyśl Of The Latins, Diocese of(PREMISLIA (PRZEMYSL) DEI LATINI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 1157 PREMISLIA (Przemysl) OF THE LATINS, DIOCESE OF—Diocese of the Latin rite in Poland. Already in the 13th century there is record of an episcopatus Russiae…
Przemyśl Of The Ruthenians(PREMISLIA DEI RUTENI)Vol. IX, p. 1157 PREMISLIA dei RUTENI. - With the united titles of Sanok and Sambor (in Ukrainian Peremysl-Sanok i Sambor; in Polish Przemysl-Sanok-Sambor), a Ruthenian diocese…
Prümmer, DominikusVol. X, p. 150 PRÜMMER, DOMINIKUS. - Dominican moral theologian, b. at Kalterherberg on 3 Sept. 1866, d. at Fribourg (Switzerland) on 9 June 1931. A religious from 1884, he…
