Society & Politics
Sociologia E Politica · 337 articles · Principal contributors · All subjects-
Absolutism (ASSOLUTISMO)
ABSOLUTISM. - With this term, in a historical sense, one usually designates the monarchical period that extends from the 16th century to… -
Administrative Unions (UNIONI AMMINISTRATIVE)
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIONS. - This designation covers those unions of States for specific purposes of international cooperation that are… -
Advertising (PUBBLICITÀ)
ADVERTISING. - The word p. is used in two different senses: 1) as an instrument of public control over governmental activities or the… -
Anarchy (ANARCHIA)
ANARCHY. - Etymologically it means "absence of government" and therefore, by extension, "disorder, confusion." This etymological concept,… -
Apprenticeship, Contract of (TIROCINIO, CONTRATTO DI)
APPRENTICESHIP, CONTRACT OF. - The apprenticeship contract (or tirocinio) is for the most part found in manual and technical work, but it… -
Arconati Visconti, Giuseppe
ARCONATI VISCONTI, GIUSEPPE. - Politician, b. in Milan on 9 April 1797, d. there on 11 March 1873. From a noble family, a scholar of… -
Aristocracy (ARISTOCRAZIA)
ARISTOCRACY. - In Plato and Aristotle it means a form of government: one constituted by men who stand out for their intellectual and moral… -
Armistice (ARMISTIZIO)
ARMISTICE. - An armistice is the mutual agreement of belligerents, whose effect is the suspension of hostilities, total or partial, for a… -
Association (ASSOCIAZIONE)
ASSOCIATION. - The association may be defined as a group of men freely constituted within the State for the attainment of a common purpose… -
Athanasius, Enrico (ATTANASIO, ENRICO)
ATHANASIUS, ENRICO. - Priest, orator and writer, b. in Naples in 1831, d. there in 1903. A companion in studies and in tendencies of Fr.… -
Autarchy (AUTARCHIA)
AUTARCHY. - Depending on whether it derives from αὐτάρχια or αὐτάρχια, the term takes on the sense of self-government or of… -
Autocracy (AUTOCRAZIA)
AUTOCRACY. - The nominal definition defines the concept of a., which, deriving from αὐτός and κράτος, includes the idea of a force free… -
Autodecision (AUTODECISIONE)
AUTODECISION. - The faculty or right of peoples to dispose freely of themselves is designated by the term self-determination or… -
Avogadro della Motta, Emiliano
AVOGADRO DELLA MOTTA, EMILIANO. - Writer and politician, b. in Vercelli on 8 Oct. 1798, d. 9 Feb. 1865. A doctor of law, a reformer of… -
Babeuf, François-Noël
BABEUF, FRANÇOIS-NOËL. - Born at Saint-Quentin on 23 Nov. 1760. In his youth he became known for his demagogic writings in the… -
Bachem, Julius
BACHEM, JULIUS. - Lawyer, politician and publicist, b. 2 July 1845 at Mülheim on the Ruhr, d. 22 Jan. 1918 at Cologne. He was one of the… -
Bader, Karl
BADER, KARL. - Publicist, b. in Freiburg im Breisgau on 9 Dec. 1796, d. there on 19 June 1874. He defended with constancy and a spirit of… -
Bakunin, Michail
BAKUNIN, MICHAIL. - Famous 19th-century Russian anarchist, b. at Pryamukhino (province of Tver'), in 1814, d. in the hospital of Bern in… -
Balbo, Prospero di Vinadio
BALBO, PROSPERO di VINADIO. - Son of Cesare, born in Paris on 5 March 1824, died in Turin on 2 March 1894, he left the military academy as… -
Bank (BANCA)
BANK. - By bank, generally, are meant those organizations which, although without directly producing material goods or services suited to… -
Baratta, Carlo
BARATTA, CARLO. - Educator, Salesian sociologist, b. at Druogno (Novara) on 10 Oct. 1861, d. at Salsomaggiore on 23 Apr. 1909. Welcomed… -
Barilli, Giuseppe
BARILLI, GIUSEPPE. - Polymath, soldier, teacher, b. at Budrio on 20 Apr. 1812, d. at Bologna on 18 Dec. 1894. In 1848, professor of… -
Barolo, Carlo Tancredi Falletti, Marchese di
BAROLO, CARLO TANCREDI FALLETTI, marchese di. - Philanthropist and educationist, b. in Turin on 26 Oct. 1782 and d. there on 4 Sept. 1838.… -
Beggary (MENDICITÀ)
BEGGARY. - It is begging as a trade, one of the consequences of the phenomenon of pauperism. Generally accompanied by vagabondage, by the… -
Bernstein, Eduard
BERNSTEIN, EDUARD. - German politician, b. in Berlin in 1850, d. there in 1932. He was one of the principal followers of orthodox Marxism.… -
Bettazzi, Rodolfo
BETTAZZI, RODOLFO. - Teacher, educator, apostle of action for the defense of morality, b. in Florence on Nov. 14, 1861, d. in Turin, on… -
Biederlack, Joseph
BIEDERLACK, JOSEPH. - Jesuit, b. at Greven (Westphalia) on 27 March 1845, d. at Innsbruck on 15 Nov. 1930. Professor in the theological… -
Black Bourse (BORSA NERA)
BLACK BOURSE. - The buying and selling of goods in violation of rationing laws and at a price considerably higher than the official one or… -
Boerenbond
BOERENBOND. - I. ORIGINS. - It is a Belgian agricultural organization founded at Louvain in 1890, on the initiative of Abbot Mellaerts, who… -
Bogdanov
BOGDANOV. - This is the pseudonym of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Malinovsky, Russian revolutionary, physician and philosopher, b. 1873. A… -
Bolshevism (BOLSCEVISMO)
BOLSHEVISM. - A) Theory and practice of communism in the specific form that this assumed and put into effect in Russia following the… -
Bonetti, Antonio Maria
BONETTI, ANTONIO MARIA. - Catholic publicist, b. in Bologna in 1849, d. in Rome on 7 Aug. 1896. A volunteer in the pontifical army from… -
Bourgeoisie (BORGHESIA)
BOURGEOISIE. - According to a broadly generic meaning, the term b. designates the intermediate class between the class that holds wealth,… -
Boycott (BOICOTTAGGIO)
BOYCOTT. - A boycott consists in the agreement that several persons make to break off economic relations with a third person, as well as in… -
Bracciantato (Agricolo)
BRACCIANTATO (Agricolo). - A bracciante is the peasant laborer, without particular specialization, who finds temporary employment on the… -
Brandts, Franz
BRANDTS, FRANZ. - Sociologist and industrialist, b. at München-Gladbach on 12 Nov. 1834, d. there on 5 Oct. 1914. He has the merit of… -
Brentano, Ludwig Joseph
BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH. - German sociologist and economist b. at Aschaffenburg on 18 Dec. 1844, d. at Munich on 9 Sept. 1931. He is one of… -
Bry, Carl Christian
BRY, CARL CHRISTIAN. - It was the pseudonym of the writer Carlo Decke, b. at Stralsund on 12 April 1892, d. at Davos on 9 February 1926. Of… -
Bucholtz, Franz Bernhard von
BUCHOLTZ, Franz Bernhard von. - Austrian statesman and historian, b. 10 June 1790 at Münster (Westphalia), d. 14 Feb. 1838 at Vienna. In… -
Bukharin, Nikolaj Ivanovič (BUCHARIN, NIKOLAJ IVANOVIČ)
BUKHARIN, NIKOLAJ IVANOVIČ. - Russian revolutionary, b. in 1888, d. in 1938. He was one of the major representatives of the Bolshevik… -
Calligari, Ernesto (Mikròs)
CALLIGARI, ERNESTO (MIKRÒS). - Journalist, b. at Bonassola (Spezia) on 7 March 1858, d. at Carrodano (Spezia) on 19 Aug. 1929. Having… -
Capital (CAPITALE)
CAPITAL. - It is defined as a saved (not consumed) good allocated to further production. For the firm, every good, whether material or… -
Capitalism (CAPITALISMO)
CAPITALISM. - A word commonly used to indicate the structure of the economy of the modern and contemporary periods and understood in two… -
Cartel (CARTELLO)
CARTEL. - The cartel (or consortium) is an agreement among industrial firms in the same branch of production for the purpose of regulating… -
Casuistry (INFORTUNISTICA)
CASUISTRY. - The study of infortunistica examines accidents from the medico-legal and social point of view. The term "infortunio" derives… -
Cathrein, Viktor
CATHREIN, VIKTOR. - Moral philosopher, b. at Brig (Switzerland) on 8 May 1845, d. at The Hague on 10 Sept. 1931. A Jesuit from 1863, he was… -
Chartism (CARTISMO)
CHARTISM. - An English political movement, predominantly working-class, of the first half of the 19th century. The force sustaining it was… -
Christian Democracy (DEMOCRAZIA CRISTIANA)
CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY. - The term C. D. was used several times during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but only toward the end of the… -
Christian Social Doctrine (DOTTRINA SOCIALE CRISTIANA)
CHRISTIAN SOCIAL DOCTRINE. - In recent centuries, faced with ever more serious violations of Christian ethics in the economic and social… -
Civilization (CIVILTÀ)
CIVILIZATION. - The idea of civilization refers to an object so complex, in whose composition so many disparate elements of different… -
Classes (CLASSI)
CLASSES. - The identity of social positions, professions and activities carried out within the community, when compared with the diversity… -
Colonization (COLONIZZAZIONE)
COLONIZATION. - The history of modern c. begins with the discovery of the lands beyond the ocean, in search of which the Portuguese and… -
Cominform (KOMINFORM)
COMINFORM. - The dissolution of the Comintern (May 1943) led to a new policy of the communist parties: in the international field to a… -
Commerce (COMMERCIO)
COMMERCE. - By commerce is meant human activity directed toward the exchange of consumer goods and factors of production. The economic… -
Common Good (BENE COMUNE)
COMMON GOOD. - The concept of the common good has a fundamental importance in Catholic sociology, which recognizes in it the essential and… -
Communism (COMUNISMO)
COMMUNISM. - A name given to several doctrinal currents, not always in agreement with one another, except in their aspiration to make the… -
Competition (CONCORRENZA)
COMPETITION. - It is, substantially, the convergence upon the same market and at the same moment of individual plans (drawn up by natural… -
Consumption (CONSUMO)
CONSUMPTION. - I. GENERAL NOTION. - C. (actus consummandi) is the concluding act of the entire economic process, the end and object of all… -
Corporation (CORPORAZIONE)
CORPORATION. - It can be defined as the voluntary and organized union of those who practice the same profession, for the purpose of… -
Corporativism (CORPORATIVISMO)
CORPORATIVISM. - By corporativism one may understand every theoretical tendency and every legislative and practical implementation aimed at… -
Cosmopolitanism (COSMOPOLITISMO)
COSMOPOLITANISM. - The etymological derivation of the term (from cósmos and pólis) also expresses its concept. C. is that conception which… -
Cost of Living Index (SCALA MOBILE)
COST OF LIVING INDEX. - It is the technical-legal instrument for preserving intact over time the purchasing power of the working and… -
Craftsmanship (ARTIGIANATO)
CRAFTSMANSHIP. - Small industry carried on by the owner with the help of a few employees. I. DEFINITION. - Several attempts have been made… -
Credit (CREDITO)
CREDIT. - It is an exchange of wealth by means of which wealth available at the present moment is transferred in return for a promise of… -
Credit Instruments (TITOLI DI CREDITO)
CREDIT INSTRUMENTS. - These are the legal symbols of capital lent by contract of loan (bills of exchange, IOUs, bonds, interest-bearing… -
Cultivating Property (PROPRIETÀ COLTIVATRICE)
CULTIVATING PROPERTY. - The land system based on small peasant property makes it possible to unite in the same hands all the factors of… -
Cyprian of Eggolsheim (CIPRIANO DA EGGOLSHEIM)
CYPRIAN OF EGGOLSHEIM. - A Capuchin friar of the province of Bavaria, in the world Franz Xaver Fröhlich, b. 20 March 1853, entered the… -
Deflation (DEFLAZIONE)
DEFLATION. - A phenomenon whereby the volume of means of payment comes, for various causes, to diminish relative to the mass of goods that… -
Delation (DELAZIONE)
DELATION. - The disclosure of a person's actions, made to another, for the purpose of arousing or nourishing in the latter's mind feelings… -
Demagoguery (DEMAGOGIA)
DEMAGOGUERY. - Demagogy, according to its etymological sense the art of leading the people, has not always had the pejorative meaning that… -
Democracy (DEMOCRAZIA)
DEMOCRACY. - According to its etymological sense, government of the people, or, according to the definition of St. Thomas, potestas populi.… -
Demography (DEMOGRAFIA)
DEMOGRAPHY. - In a broad sense, it is the application of statistical, that is, quantitative, methods to the phenomena of population: it… -
Despotism (DESPOTISMO)
DESPOTISM. - In contemporary political science the term has a pejorative sense and serves to signify an absolute authority that governs… -
Devas, Charles Stanton
DEVAS, CHARLES STANTON. - English economist, of the Christian social school, b. at Woodside (Old Windsor) on 26 Aug. 1848, d. in London on… -
Dialectical Materialism (MATERIALISMO DIALETTICO)
DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM. - D. m. is a form of materialism which asserts, in contrast to mechanistic m., the specific difference of the… -
Disarmament (DISARMO)
DISARMAMENT. - The common good, the essential end of the State, imposes on public authority the duty of providing for internal order and of… -
Diseases, Insurance Against (MALATTIE, ASSICURAZIONE CONTRO LE)
DISEASES, Insurance Against. - Insurance against i. is the last to be incorporated into modern systems of social insurance, and this is… -
Economic Policy (POLITICA ECONOMICA)
ECONOMIC POLICY. - It represents perhaps the most important sector today, and the most sought-after task of practical politics; its purpose… -
Economic Systems (SISTEMI ECONOMICI)
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. - The totality of the economic activities of individuals and the action of political authority, which tends to coordinate… -
Economic Value (VALORE ECONOMICO)
ECONOMIC VALUE. - Economic value, in its most general meaning, is the importance of things insofar as they answer to the needs of men. It… -
Education (EDUCAZIONE)
EDUCATION. - The art of forming the man in the child, as such: that is, with all the perfection that his nature entails. SUSCHARO: I.… -
Emigrant, Emigration (EMIGRANTE, EMIGRAZIONE)
EMIGRANT, EMIGRATION. - In its proper meaning it is the abandonment of the national territory by one or more members of the community, who… -
Emphyteusis (ENFITEUSI)
EMPHYTEUSIS. - I. CONCEPT. - Emphyteusis (from the Greek ἐκράτευσις = planting) is a real right over an immovable property (usually rural)… -
Engels, Friedrich
ENGELS, FRIEDRICH. - German socialist, b. at Barmen on 28 Nov. 1820, and d. in London on 5 Aug. 1895. Of a well-to-do family, he completed… -
Eurasianism (EURASISMO)
EURASIANISM. - A political-spiritual orientation that developed within the Russian emigration, but which also finds its connections and… -
Exchange (SCAMBIO)
EXCHANGE. - A basic phenomenon of associated life and the specific object of economic science, which could even be defined as "the science… -
Exchange Rate (CAMBIO)
EXCHANGE RATE. - By foreign exchange rate, or simply by exchange rate, is meant the price in national currency at which a certain quantity… -
Fabianism (FABIANISMO)
FABIANISM. - A movement of English theorists belonging to the middle class, whose leading exponents are Bernard Shaw and Sidney Webb, who… -
Family (FAMIGLIA)
FAMILY. - It is the institution that brings together the spouses and the children born of their union or assimilated to them. SUMMARY: I.… -
Family Allowances (ASSEGNI FAMILIARI)
FAMILY ALLOWANCES. - In Italy this name has been given to the indemnities paid to employees of private firms, in addition to the… -
Family Pact (PATTO DI FAMIGLIA)
FAMILY PACT. - It is the political alliance concluded between the dynasties belonging to the House of Bourbon, reigning in the 18th century… -
Fascism (FASCISMO)
FASCISM. - Political movement founded by Benito Mussolini (v.). The origins of fascism go back to the period immediately preceding the… -
Fashion (MODA)
FASHION. - From the Latin modus (form, manner, measure), it differs from usage, custom, costume, because it changes almost daily, it… -
Fatherland and Patriotism (PATRIA E PATRIOTTISMO)
FATHERLAND AND PATRIOTISM. - Patria comes from pater, "father": it is the land in which one is born and in which one's forebears have lived… -
Federalist Idea (IDEA FEDERALISTA)
FEDERALIST IDEA. - Under the name of federalist idea, or more properly of federalism (from Latin foedus, alliance), are comprised the… -
Feigenwinter, Ernst
FEIGENWINTER, ERNST. - Catholic politician and sociologist, b. in Reinach (Basel) on 13 March 1853, d. in Bern on 15 Sept. 1919. He… -
Feminism (from Fr. Féminisme) (FEMMINISMO (DAL FRANC. FÉMINISME))
FEMINISM (from Fr. Féminisme). - It is the complex of theories, issues and struggles agitated and conducted on the feminist front for the… -
Firm (AZIENDA)
FIRM. - An organic combination of the factors of production carried out for the purpose of producing goods or rendering services in the… -
Fisher, Irving
FISHER, IRVING. - American economist, b. at Sawgertes (New York) on 27 Feb. 1867, d. at New York on 29 Apr. 1947. Professor of mathematics… -
Foreigners (In Italy) (STRANIERI (IN ITALIA))
FOREIGNERS (IN ITALY). - Foreigners are admitted to enjoy in Italy the civil rights attributed to citizens on condition of reciprocity; the… -
Foundling Hospital (BREFOTROFIO)
FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. - From βρέφος "newborn" and τρέφω "I nourish." An institution devoted to the care of illegitimate children who have not… -
Fourier, François-Charles
FOURIER, FRANÇOIS-CHARLES. - French economist, of socialist tendency, of that socialism which Marx characterized as "utopian." Born at… -
Free Zone and Free Port (ZONA FRANCA E PORTO FRANCO)
FREE ZONE AND FREE PORT. - This is the term for those privileged centers which enjoy customs exemption for all goods coming from abroad… -
Genocide (GENOCIDIO)
GENOCIDE. - The term is etymologically a neologism, derived from two Latin words (gens and caedes) and means the slaughter of a people, of… -
German Catholic Center (CENTRO CATTOLICO TEDESCO)
GERMAN CATHOLIC CENTER. - In German parliamentary and political history the name of the G. C. C. appeared for the first time in 1859, when… -
Government (GOVERNO)
GOVERNMENT. - The term does not have a univocal meaning, covering different, though connected, concepts, of which it will be appropriate to… -
Guilds (MAESTRANZE)
GUILDS. - Term used in Sicily to designate the guilds of arts and crafts, which, numerous though under different names and with special… -
Haller, Karl Ludwig
HALLER, KARL LUDWIG. - Historian and jurist, b. in Bern on 1 Aug. 1768; d. in Solothurn on 21 May 1854. Professor of law at the University… -
Hallesism (HALLESISMO)
HALLESISM. - The Genoese merchant Agostino Maria Trucco (1865-1940) called Hallesint (from Halles = food markets, and int = international)… -
Hamilton, Alexander
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER. - American statesman, b. on the island of Nevis (Antilles) on 11 Jan. 1757, d. in New York on 12 July 1804. Of… -
Harmel, Léon-Pierre-Louis
HARMEL, LÉON-PIERRE-LOUIS. - Catholic industrialist, implementer and advocate of social reforms, b. at Neuville-les-Wesigny (Ardennes) on… -
Harrington, James
HARRINGTON, JAMES. - English political writer, b. at Upton in January 1611, d. at Westminster on 11 September 1677. He spent a long time in… -
Historical Materialism (MATERIALISMO STORICO)
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM. - The term h. m. habitually designates the materialistic conception of history, founded by C. Marx and F. Engels,… -
History (STORIA)
HISTORY. - The Slovenes (Sclaueni, Stlauene in the ancient texts), as the westernmost fraction of those > (from K. Hielscher, Jugoslavien,… -
Hitze, Franz
HITZE, FRANZ. - German Catholic politician and sociologist. Born on 16 March 1851, at Hänemicke (Westphalia), he was ordained a priest in… -
Hoarding (INCETTA)
HOARDING. - It is the total or substantial acquisition of the goods existing on a certain market in order to resell them later on… -
Humanitarianism (UMANITARISMO)
HUMANITARIANISM. - H. is a concept with an indefinable content, not to be confused with the sentiment of humanity and with humanism. The… -
Human Rights (DIRITTI DELL'UOMO)
HUMAN RIGHTS. - The declaration of human rights, which has exercised great influence on later orientations of social and juridical thought,… -
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
HUMBOLDT, WILHELM von. - Statesman and thinker, b. at Potsdam on 22 June 1767, d. at Tegel on 8 April 1835. Devoting himself to study, he… -
Imperialism (IMPERIALISMO)
IMPERIALISM. - The name imperialism should be given to a specific mode of action inspired by a precise theory: to speak of imperialism for… -
Income (REDDITO)
INCOME. - It is the increase of wealth, referred to the period of one year, deriving from the productive employment of labor or capital,… -
Industrialism (INDUSTRIALISMO)
INDUSTRIALISM. - It can be defined as that complex of phenomena which characterize the formation of modern large-scale industry. I. is… -
Inflation (INFLAZIONE)
INFLATION. - By monetary i[nflation] is meant the increase in the quantity of money in circulation beyond what is the market's need for… -
Intellectual Professions (PROFESSIONI INTELLETTUALI)
INTELLECTUAL PROFESSIONS. - The contract whose object is the performance of intellectual work is a species of the genus of the contract of… -
Interest (INTERESSE)
INTEREST. - From the Latin interesse, "to be included, to matter," it is the price of a service: that of the lending of capital. Measured… -
International (INTERNAZIONALE)
INTERNATIONAL. - An association made up of intellectuals and workers with the aim of coordinating the anti-capitalist struggle… -
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) (ORGANIZZAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE DEL LAVORO (INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION; SIGLA: I.L.O.))
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (International Labour Organisation; abbreviation: I.L.O.). - It is a tripartite institution in which… -
International Treaties (TRATTATI INTERNAZIONALI)
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. - In a broad sense, a treaty is any juridical act stipulated between two or more States or other subjects of… -
Irredentism (IRREDENTISMO)
IRREDENTISM. - Irredentism, an almost exclusively Italian phenomenon, was, more than a doctrine, a political movement animated… -
Italian People’s Party (PARTITO POPOLARE ITALIANO)
ITALIAN PEOPLE’S PARTY. - Political party, arisen after the First World War, with a strong democratic content, inspired by the doctrines of… -
Jefferson, Thomas
JEFFERSON, THOMAS. - American statesman, b. at Shadwell (Virginia) on 13 Apr. 1743, d. at Monticello (Virginia) on 4 July 1826. For some… -
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior de
JOVELLANOS, GASPAR MELCHIOR DE. - Statesman, man of letters, economist, b. at Gijón (Spain) on 5 February 1744, d. at Puerto de Vega on 27… -
Judicial Order (ORDINE GIUDIZIARIO)
JUDICIAL ORDER. - The question, more formal than substantive, whether the judiciary constitutes > ORDER OF THE MOST HOLY SAVIOR AND OF ST.… -
Kautsky, Karl
KAUTSKY, KARL. - German socialist, b. in Prague on 16 Oct. 1854, d. in exile in Amsterdam on 17 Oct. 1938. He was secretary to F. Engels… -
Keynes, John Maynard
KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD. - English economist, b. in Cambridge on 5 June 1883, d. in London on 21 Apr. 1946. He became known as early as 1912… -
Kirchesch, Franz
KIRCHESCH, FRANZ. - German economist and sociologist, b. at Wissen an der Sieg on 2 March 1873, d. at Mayen on 11 Sept. 1931. Ordained a… -
Kolping, Adolf
KOLPING, ADOLF. - Priest, organizer of the first Catholic workers' associations in Germany, called for this reason the Gesellenvater, b. at… -
Labourism (LABURISMO)
LABOURISM. — The latter can be considered as the beginning and subsequent development of that phase of the English workers' movement which… -
Labriola, Antonio
LABRIOLA, ANTONIO. - Theorist of socialism, b. at Cassino on 2 July 1843, d. at Rome on 12 Feb. 1904. He was professor of moral philosophy… -
Lampertico, Fedele
LAMPERTICO, FEDELE. - Economist and jurist, b. at Vicenza on June 13, 1833, d. there on Apr. 6, 1906. He taught at the University of Padua.… -
Land Reclamation (BONIFICA)
LAND RECLAMATION. - In its etymological meaning (bonum facere) it sums up the work accomplished by man to "make good" an environment that… -
Lassalle, Ferdinand
LASSALLE, FERDINAND. - Socialist agitator and philosopher, b. of a Jewish family at Breslau on 11 April 1825, d. at Geneva on 31 Aug. 1864… -
Latifundium (LATIFONDO)
LATIFUNDIUM. - Property of great extent, belonging to a single owner. From the technical-economic aspect, the latifondo can be more exactly… -
Lemire, Jules
LEMIRE, JULES. - French sociologist, b. at Vieux Berquin on 23 April 1853, d. at Hazebrouck on 7 March 1928. Having become a priest in… -
Lenin
LENIN. - Pseudonym of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, founder and leader of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), and of the Russian… -
Lensing, Lambert
LENSING, LAMBERT. - Apostle of the good press and exponent of the German Catholic Centre Party, b. at Emmerich on 14 June 1851, d. at… -
Leogesellschaft
LEOGESELLSCHAFT. - A Catholic scientific society of Austria, founded in Vienna on 28 January 1892 for the advancement of the sciences and… -
Leonrod, Franz Leopold von
LEONROD, FRANZ LEOPOLD von. - Bishop of Eichstätt, b. at Ansbach on 26 Aug. 1827, d. at Eichstätt on 5 Sept. 1905. He was a strenuous… -
Le Play, Frédéric
LE PLAY, FRÉDÉRIC. - Engineer and professor, precursor of the Catholic social movement, but on a plane of pure observation, b. at… -
Liberalism (LIBERALISMO)
LIBERALISM. - A movement inspired by the principle of liberty in every field, spiritual and political, which prevailed in Europe after the… -
Liberism (LIBERISMO)
LIBERISM. - Liberism is an economic liberalism and designates at one and the same time a doctrine and an economic policy: the economic… -
Lieber, Ernst Maria
LIEBER, ERNST MARIA. - German statesman, b. at Camberg (Nassau) on 16 Nov. 1838, d. there on 31 March 1902. He studied philosophy and law.… -
Lincoln, Abraham
LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. - American statesman, b. at Big South Fork (Kentucky) on 12 Feb. 1809, d. at Washington on 15 Apr. 1865. Of very humble… -
Lockout (SERRATA)
LOCKOUT. - Suspension of work in factories, workshops, and industries, decided by the owners in order to combat strikes or to oppose… -
Lorin, Henri
LORIN, HENRI. - French Catholic sociologist, b. in 1858, d. in Paris on 19 Nov. 1914. He devoted himself to the Œuvre des cercles… -
Los von Rom (Via da Roma)
LOS VON ROM (Via da Roma). - The L. v. R. was an anti-Roman political, cultural and religious movement, which arose in Vienna in 1897 under… -
Ludovico da Bessa
LUDOVICO DA BESSA. - Capuchin, sociologist, in the world Alphonse Élisée Chaix, b. at Besse-sur-Issole on 17 Oct. 1831 and d. at San Remo… -
Malthus, Thomas Robert
MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT. - English economist, b. at Rookery (Surrey) on 17 February 1766, d. at St. Catherine's (Bath) on 29 December 1834.… -
Manacorda, Emiliano
MANACORDA, EMILIANO. - Bishop, b. at Penangro in Monferrato on 6 Aug. 1833, d. at Fossano on 29 July 1909. Ordained priest in 1859, he… -
Management Councils (CONSIGLI DI GESTIONE)
MANAGEMENT COUNCILS. - Also called factory councils, they are the technical bodies through which the participation of workers in the… -
Mangano, Vincenzo
MANGANO, VINCENZO. - Journalist and politician, an authoritative member of the regional and national organizations of Catholic Action. Born… -
Marx, Karl
MARX, KARL. - Materialist philosopher, originator with Engels of so-called scientific socialism, b. at Trier on 5 May 1818 to Jewish… -
Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue
MASARYK, TOMÁŠ GARRIGUE. - Czech politician and sociologist, b. 7 March 1850 at Hodonín (Moravia), d. 14 Sept. 1937 at Lány (Bohemia). His… -
Matriarchy (MATRIARCATO)
MATRIARCHY. - A social institution in which, for membership in the tribe, the name, and property, matrilineal descent is followed. SUMMARY:… -
Mattei Gentili, Paolo
MATTEI GENTILI, PAOLO. - Journalist and politician, b. at Pennabilli (Pesaro) on 15 Oct. 1874, d. at Rome on 28 Nov. 1935. While still very… -
Mauri, Angelo
MAURI, ANGELO. - Lawyer and professor, b. in Milan on 21 Dec. 1873, d. there on 17 Nov. 1936. He was active in the young members' Catholic… -
Mayor (SINDACO)
MAYOR. - In Italian public law the mayor is the head of the local administration, both autonomous and governmental, given that he holds the… -
Meda, Filippo
MEDA, FILIPPO. - Statesman and publicist, b. in Milan on 1 Jan. 1869, d. there on 31 Dec. 1939. As a high-school student he began… -
Medolago Albani, Stanislao
MEDOLAGO ALBANI, STANISLAO. - A Bergamasque nobleman, born in Bergamo in 1852, died there on July 3, 1921. Together with Rezzara and… -
Mercantilism (MERCANTILISMO)
MERCANTILISM. - M. is the theory that subjects the entire economic activity of a nation to state intervention, so that through the active… -
Mičurin, Ivan Vladimirovich (MIČURIN, IVAN VLADIMIROVIC)
MIČURIN, IVAN VLADIMIROVICH. - Soviet biologist, b. 27 Oct. 1855, d. 7 June 1936, author of a doctrine of heredity, further elaborated… -
Militarism (MILITARISMO)
MILITARY- SMO. - Militarism can be defined as: the stable, actual disposition of a State toward war, together with the simultaneous… -
Moderati
MODERATI. - Those who, in the era of the Risorgimento, opposed on the political-social plane both total change and total preservation.… -
Molmenti, Pompeo Gherardo
MOLMENTI, POMPEO GHERARDO. - Writer, historian and parliamentarian, b. in Venice on 1 Sept. 1852, d. in Rome on 24 Jan. 1928. He practiced… -
Monarchomachs (MONARCOMACHI)
MONARCHOMACHS. - With this term (from μοναρχία and μάχημαι: those who fight monarchy), are designated those political writers, mostly… -
Monarchy (MONARCHIA)
MONARCHY. - In the classification of forms of government, monarchy (under this or an analogous name, such as empire, principality, etc.)… -
Monetary Devaluation (SVALUTAZIONE MONETARIA)
MONETARY DEVALUATION. - A truthful and innocent index of an evolution, which would not be harmful in itself if it occurred uniformly for… -
Montanelli, Giuseppe
MONTANELLI, GIUSEPPE. - Politician, b. at Fucecchio on 21 Jan. 1813, d. there on 17 June 1862. Anticlerical and rationalist in his youth,… -
Mounier, Emmanuel
MOUNIER, EMMANUEL. - Philosopher, b. at Grenoble on 1 April 1905, d. at Paris on 22 March 1950. He abandoned his youthful studies in… -
Murri, Romolo
MURRI, ROMOLO. - Priest and sociologist, b. at Montesampietrangeli (province of Ascoli Piceno, diocese of Fermo) on 27 Aug. 1870, d. in… -
Mutuality (MUTUALITÀ)
MUTUALITY. - The concept of mutuality is closely connected to those of social insurance and insurance. In a technical sense, mutuality… -
Narodniki
NARODNIKI. - A kind of pre-Marxist socialism in Russia; it was especially widespread between 1870 and 1880. The N. believed they could… -
Nation (NAZIONE)
NATION. - In the field of sociology and public law there is no concept more confused than that of the nation, nor any word more difficult… -
National Entity for the Distribution of Aid in Italy (E.N.D.S.I.) (ENTE NAZIONALE PER LA DISTRIBUZIONE DEI SOCCORSI IN ITALIA (E.N.D.S.I.))
NATIONAL BODY FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF IN ITALY (E.N.D.S.I.). - It arose through the concordant impulse of the Italian Government,… -
Nationalism (NAZIONALISMO)
NATIONALISM. - It is that sentiment of attachment to the national nucleus which arises spontaneously in the souls of its members. Its… -
Nationality, Principle of (NAZIONALITÀ, PRINCIPIO DI)
NATIONALITY, PRINCIPLE OF. - The origin of the p. of n. is linked to that of contemporary nationalism. Sprouting from the trunk of agnostic… -
National Minorities (MINORANZE NAZIONALI)
NATIONAL MINORITIES. - All the uncertainties in which juridical speculation finds itself entangled with respect to the concept of nation… -
National Socialism (NAZIONALSOCIALISMO)
NATIONAL SOCIALISM. - A movement, generically socialist in tendency, but with a hierarchical and centralized structure, which arose in… -
Naturalization (NATURALIZZAZIONE)
NATURALIZATION. - It can be considered as the effect of a prior abandonment of the political organism of which a subject was originally a… -
Nava, Cesare
NAVA, CESARE. - Engineer, parliamentarian, minister, b. in Milan on 7 Oct. 1861, d. there on 27 Nov. 1933. He was active in the Gioventù… -
Nicora, Luigi
NICORA, LUIGI - Bishop, sociologist, b. in Milan on 13 Sept. 1829. Ordained in 1852, he was a parish curate until 1882, then honorary canon… -
Nolens, Willem Hubert
NOLENS, WILLEM HUBERT. - Dutch sociologist and politician, b. at Venlo on 7 Sept. 1860, d. at The Hague on 27 Aug. 1931. Ordained a priest… -
Pacifism (PACIFISMO)
PACIFISM. - Pacifism is both a doctrine and a movement. Under the first aspect it presents itself as the most open antithesis of… -
Pact of Proof (PROVA, PATTO DI)
PACT OF PROOF. - The employment contract presupposes in the worker the existence of the technical capacity necessary for the duties he must… -
Pan-Americanism (PANAMERICANISMO)
PAN-AMERICANISM. - A term coined toward the end of the last century, on the occasion of the first International Conference of American… -
Pan-Germanism (PANGERMANESIMO)
PAN-GERMANISM. - By this expression, used outside Germany in an essentially polemical sense, it is customary to designate a movement, at… -
Panizzi, Domenico
PANIZZI, DOMENICO. - Publicist and poet, b. at Reggio Emilia on 3 July 1839, d. there on 16 Feb. 1896. Having left in 1869 his military… -
Panslavism (PANSLAVISMO)
PANSLAVISM. - The term "P.", in its common acceptation, has always signified a plurality of currents and tendencies which, more precisely,… -
Pantaleoni, Maffeo
PANTALEONI, MAFFEO. - Italian economist, b. at Frascati on 2 July 1857, d. at Milan on 29 Oct. 1924, professor of political economy at the… -
Parents (GENITORI)
GENITORI. - I. DEFINITION. - Parents, from the Latin genitor, are those who generated us into life. St. Thomas calls them: "the particular…