Chiefe men of Salomons kingdom are recited by their names, and offices. 22. likewise the prouision of victuals for his house, 26. the number of his horses, 19. his wisedom excelleth al others. 3•. he writte manie parables and verses, and lernedly discoursed of al thinges.
1And king Solomon reigned over all Israel:Or il re Salomone regnava sopra tutto Israele:AND king Salomon was reigning ouer al Israel:Erat autem rex Salomon regnans super omnem Israël: 2And these were the princes which he had: Azarias, the son of Sadoc, the priest:E questi erano i ministri, ch'egli avea: Azaria figliuolo di Sadoc sommo Sacerdote:and these were the princes which he had: Azarias the sonne of Sadoc the priest:et hi principes quos habebat: Azarias filius Sadoc sacerdotis: 3Elihoreph, and Ahia, the sons of Sisa, scribes: Josaphat, the son of Ahilud, recorder:Elihoreph, e Ahia figliuoli di Sisa erano segretari: Josaphath figliuolo di Ahilud era scrivano:Elihoreph, and Ahia the sonnes of Sisa Scribes: Iosaph at the sonne of Ahilud, register:Elihoreph et Ahia filii Sisa scribæ: Josaphat filius Ahilud a commentariis: 4Banaias, the son of Joiada, over the army: and Sadoc, and Abiathar, priests.Banaia figliuolo di Joiada capo dell'esercito: e Sadoc, e Abiathar sommi Sacerdoti:Banaias the sonne of Ioiada, ouer the armie: and Sadoc, and Abiathar priestes.Banaias filius Jojadæ super exercitum: Sadoc autem et Abiathar sacerdotes: 5Azarias, the son of Nathan, over them that were about the king: Zabud, the son of Nathan, the priest, the king’s friend:Azaria figliuolo di Nathan era capo di quelli, che stavano attorno al re: Zabud figliuolo di Nathan, sacerdote era l'amico del re:Azarias the sonne of Nathan, ouer them that assisted the king: Zabud the sonne of Nathan priest the kinges frend:Azarias filius Nathan super eos qui assistebant regi: Zabud filius Nathan sacerdos, amicus regis: 6And Ahisar, governor of the house: and Adoniram, the son of Abda, over the tribute.E Ahisar maggiordomo: e Adoniram figliuolo di Abda avea la soprintendenza de' tributi.and Ahizar gouernour of the house: and Adoniram the sonne of Abda ouer the tributes.et Ahisar præpositus domus: et Adoniram filius Abda super tributa. 7And Solomon had twelve governors over all Israel, who provided victuals for the king and for his house hold: for every one provided necessaries, each man his month in the year.Or Salomone avea dodici uffiziali sparsi per tutto Israele, i quali somministravano il vitto al re, e alla sua casa: perocché per ciascun mese dell'anno uno di essi somministrava il necessario.And Salomon had twelue gouernours ouer al Israel, which serued out victuals for the king and for his house: for euerie one ministred necessaries, eche man his moneth in the yeare.Habebat autem Salomon duodecim præfectos super omnem Israël, qui præbebant annonam regi et domui ejus: per singulos enim menses in anno, singuli necessaria ministrabant.
8And these are their names: Benhur, in mount Ephraim.E questi sono i loro nomi: Ben-Hur, sul monte Ephraim:And these are their names: Benhur in mount Ephraim.Et hæc nomina eorum: Benhur in monte Ephraim. 9Bendecar, in Macces, and in Salebim, and in Bethsames, and in Elon, and in Bethanan.Ben-Decar a Macces, e a Salebim, e a Beth-sames, e ad Elon, e a Bethanan:Bendecar, in Macces, and in Salebim, and in Bethsames, and in Elon, and in Bethhanan.Bendecar in Macces, et in Salebim, et in Bethsames, et in Elon, et in Bethanan. 10Benhesed, in Aruboth: his was Socho, and all the land of Epher.Ben-Hesed in Aruboth: ed egli aveva anche Socho, e tutto il paese di Epher:Benhesed in Aruboth: his was Socho, and al the land Epher.Benhesed in Aruboth: ipsius erat Socho, et omnis terra Epher. 11Benabinadab, to whom belonged all Nephath-Dor: he had Tapheth, the daughter of Solomon, to wife.Ben-Abinadab, il quale avea tutto il paese di Nephathdor; egli avea per moglie Tapheth figliuola di Salomone:Benabinadab, whose was al Nepha Dor, had Tapheth the daughter of Salomon to wife.Benabinadab, cujus omnis Nephath Dor: Tapheth filiam Salomonis habebat uxorem. 12Bana, the son of Ahilud, who governed Thanac, and Mageddo, and all Bethsan, which is by Sarthana, beneath Jezrael, from Bethsan unto Abelmehula, over against Jecmaan.Bana figliuolo di Ahilud aveva ispezione a Thanac, e a Mageddo, e a tutto il paese di Bethsan, che è presso Sarthana sotto Jezrael da Bethsan sino ad Abelmehula dirimpetto a Jecmaan:Bana the sonne of Ahilud gouerned Thanach and Mageddo, and al Bethsan, which is beside Satthana vnder Iezrahel, from Bethsan vnto Abelmehula ouer against Iecmaan.Bana filius Ahilud regebat Thanac et Mageddo, et universam Bethsan, quæ est juxta Sarthana subter Jezrahel, a Bethsan usque Abelmehula e regione Jecmaan. 13Bengaber, in Ramoth Galaad: he had the town of Jair, the son of Manasses, in Galaad: he was chief in all the country of Argob, which is in Basan, threescore great cities with walls, and brazen bolts.Ben-Gaber a Ramoth di Galaad: e aveva i villaggi di Avoth-Jair del figliuolo di Manasse in Galaad; ed ei presedeva a tutto il paese di Argob, che e in Basan, a sessanta città grandi, e murate, le quali avean le sbarre di bronzo:Bengaber in Ramoth galaad: had Auothiair the sonne of Manasses in Galaad, he was chiefe in al the countrie of Argob, which is in Basan, three score cities great and walled, which had brasen lockes.Bengaber in Ramoth Galaad: habebat Avothjair filii Manasse in Galaad: ipse præerat in omni regione Argob, quæ est in Basan, sexaginta civitatibus magnis atque muratis quæ habebant seras æreas.
14Ahinadab, the son of Addo, was chief in Manaim.Ahinadab figliuolo di Addo sopraintendeva a Manaim:Ahinadab the sonne of Addo was chiefe in Manaim.Ahinadab filius Addo præerat in Manaim. 15Achimaas, in Nephthali: he also had Basemath, the daughter of Solomon, to wife.Achimaas (stava) a Nephtali: ed egli pure sposò Basemath figliuola di Salomone:Achimaas in Nephthali: yea he also had Basemath the daughter of Salomon in mariage.Achimaas in Nephthali: sed et ipse habebat Basemath filiam Salomonis in conjugio. 16Baana, the son of Husi, in Aser, and in Baloth.Baana figliuolo di Hasi in Aser, e in Baloth:Baana the sonne of Husi, in Aser, and in Baloth.Baana filius Husi in Aser, et in Baloth. 17Josaphat, the son of Pharue, in Issachar.Giosaphath figliuolo di Pharue in Issachar:Iosaphat the sonne of Pharue, in Isacar.Josaphat filius Pharue in Issachar. 18Semei, the son of Ela, in Benjamin.Semei figliuolo di Eia in Beniamin:Semei the sonne of Ela, in Beniamin.Semei filius Ela in Benjamin. 19Gaber, the son of Uri, in the land of Galaad, in the land of Sehon, the king of the Amorrhites, and of Og, the king of Basan, over all that were in that land.Gaber figliuolo di Uri nella terra di Galaad, nella terra di Sehon re degli Amorrhei, e di Og re di Basan; ed era il solo soprintendente in tutto quel paese.Gaber the sonne of Vri, in the land of Galaad in the land of Sehon the king of the Ammorrheite, & of Og the king of Basan, ouer al thinges that were in that land.Gaber filius Uri in terra Galaad, in terra Sehon regis Amorrhæi et Og regis Basan, super omnia quæ erant in illa terra. 20Juda and Israel were innumerable, as the sand of the sea in multitude; eating and drinking, and rejoicing.Giuda, e Israele erano un popolo senza numero, come l'arena del mare; e mangiavano, e bevevano allegramente.Iuda and Israel innumereble as the sand of the sea in multitude: eating, and drinking, and reioysing.Juda et Israël innumerabiles, sicut arena maris in multitudine: comedentes, et bibentes, atque lætantes. 21And Solomon had under him all the kingdoms, from the river to the land of the Philistines, even to the border of Egypt: and they brought him presents, and served him all the days of his life.E Salomone avea sotto il suo dominio tutti i regni del paese de' Filistei, dal fiume sino alla frontiera d'Egitto. E offerivano a lui dei doni, e furon soggetti a lui per tutto il tempo, ch'ei visse.And Salomon was in his dominion, hauing al the kingdomes with him from the riuer of the land of the Philisthijms vnto the border of Aegypt: of them that offered him presents, and serued him al the dayes of his life.Salomon autem erat in ditione sua, habens omnia regna a flumine terræ Philisthiim usque ad terminum Ægypti: offerentium sibi munera, et servientium ei cunctis diebus vitæ ejus.
22And the provision of Solomon, for each day, was thirty measures of fine flour, and threescore measures of meal;Or la provvisione per la tavola di Salomone era ogni dì trenta cori di fior di farina, e sessanta cori di farina,And the prouision of Salomon was euerie day thirtie measures of floure, & three score measures of meale,Erat autem cibus Salomonis per dies singulos triginta cori similæ, et sexaginta cori farinæ, 23Ten fat oxen, and twenty out of the pastures, and a hundred rams; besides venison of harts, roes, and buffles, and fatted fowls.Dieci bovi ingrassati, e venti bovi di pastura, e cento arieti, senza la cacciagione di cervi, di caprioli, e di daini, e di uccellame di serbatoio.tenne fat oxen and twentie pasture fed, & a hundred rammes, beside the venison of hartes, roes, and buffles, & fatted foule.decem boves pingues, et viginti boves pascuales, et centum arietes, excepta venatione cervorum, caprearum, atque bubalorum, et avium altilium. 24For he had all the country which was beyond the river, from Thaphsa to Gazan, and all the kings of those countries: and he had peace on every side round about.Perocché egli era signore di tutto il paese, che giace di là dal fiume, da Taplisa sino a Gaza, e di tutti i re di que' paesi: ed era in pace con tutti i confinanti all'intorno:For he possessed al the countrie, which was beyond the riuer, from Thapsa vnto Goza, and al the kinges of those countries: and he had peace on euerie side round about.Ipse enim obtinebat omnem regionem quæ erat trans flumen, a Thaphsa usque ad Gazan, et cunctos reges illarum regionum: et habebat pacem ex omni parte in circuitu. 25And Juda, and Israel, dwelt without any fear, every one under his vine, and under his fig tree, from Dan to Bersabee, all the days of Solomon.Onde Israele, e Giuda viveano senza timori, ognuno all'ombra della sua vite, e del suo fico, da Dan fino a Bersabea per tutto il tempo, che regnò Salomone.And Iuda and Israel dwelt without anie feare, euerie one vnder his vine, and vnder his figtree, from Dan vnto Bersabe al the dayes of Salomon.Habitabatque Juda et Israël absque timore ullo, unusquisque sub vite sua et sub ficu sua, a Dan usque Bersabee, cunctis diebus Salomonis. 26And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of chariot horses, and twelve thousand for the saddle.E Salomone avea quaranta mila greppie di cavalli da cocchio, e dodici mila cavalli da cavalcare.And Salomon had fourtie thousand stalles of chariothorses and twelue thousand for the saddle.Et habebat Salomon quadraginta millia præsepia equorum currilium, et duodecim millia equestrium. 27And the foresaid governors of the king fed them; and they furnished the necessaries also for king Solomon’s table, with great care, in their time.E gli uffiziali nominati dì sopra aveano l'incumbenza di mantenergli: ed eglino pure somministravano con gran puntualità a suo tempo tutto quello, che bisognava per la tavola di Salomone.And the foresaide gouernours of the king fed them: yea and the necessaries of king Salomons table they gaue forth with great care in their time.Nutriebantque eos supradicti regis præfecti: sed et necessaria mensæ regis Salomonis cum ingenti cura præbebant in tempore suo.
28They brought barley also, and straw for the horses and beasts, to the place where the king was, according as it was appointed them.E facevano ancora portare l'orzo, e la paglia pe' cavalli, e pe' giumenti al luogo, dov' era il re, secondo l'ordine, che ad essi era stato dato.Barley also and strow for the horses, and beastes, they brought to the place, where the king was, according as it was appointed them.Hordeum quoque, et paleas equorum et jumentorum, deferebant in locum ubi erat rex, juxta constitutum sibi. 29And God gave to Solomon wisdom, and understanding exceeding much, and largeness of heart, as the sand that is on the sea shore.Diede di più Iddio a Salomone sapienza, e prudenza oltre modo grande, e vastità di mente immensurabile, com è l'arena, che sta sul lido del mare.God also gaue wisdom to Salomon and prudence exceding much, and latitude of hart as the sand that is in the sea shore.Dedit quoque Deus sapientiam Salomoni, et prudentiam multam nimis, et latitudinem cordis quasi arenam quæ est in littore maris. 30And the wisdom of Solomon surpassed the wisdom of all the Orientals, and of the Egyptians;E la sapienza di Salomone superava la sapienza di tutti gli Orientali, e degli Egiziani.And the wisdom of Salomon passed the wisdom of al them in the east, and of the Aegyptians,Et præcedebat sapientia Salomonis sapientiam omnium Orientalium et Ægyptiorum, 31And he was wiser than all men: wiser than Ethan, the Ezrahite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Dorda, the sons of Mahol, and he was renowned in all nations round about.Ed egli era il più sapiente di tutti gli uomini: più sapiente di Ethan Ezrahita, e di Heman, e di Chalcol, e di Dorda figliuoli di Mahol: ed egli era celebrato presso tutte le nazioni circonvicine.and he was wiser then al men: wiser then Ethan the Ezralite, and Heman, and Chalcol, and Dorda the sonnes of Mahol and he was renowmed in al nations round about.et erat sapientior cunctis hominibus: sapientior Ethan Ezrahita, et Heman, et Chalcol, et Dorda filiis Mahol: et erat nominatus in universis gentibus per circuitum. 32Solomon also spoke three thousand parables: and his poems were a thousand and five.E Salomone pronunziò tre mila parabole: e le sue canzoni furono mille, e cinque.Salomon also spake three thousand parables: and his songues were a thousand & fiue.Locutus est quoque Salomon tria millia parabolas: et fuerunt carmina ejus quinque et mille. 33And he treated about trees, from the cedar that is in Libanus, unto the hyssop that cometh out of the wall: and he discoursed of beasts, and of fowls, and of creeping things, and of fishes.E ragionò intorno alle piante dal cedro, che sta sul Libano fino all'issopo, che spunta dalle pareti: e discorse delle bestie della terra, e degli uccelli, e degl'insetti e de' pesci.And he disputed of trees from the ceder, that is in Libanus, vnto the hyssop which cometh out of the wal: and he discoursed of beastes, and foules, and creeping wormes, and fishes.Et disputavit super lignis a cedro quæ est in Libano, usque ad hyssopum quæ egreditur de pariete: et disseruit de jumentis, et volucribus, et reptilibus, et piscibus.
34And they came from all nations to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and from all the kings of the earth, who heard of his wisdom.E venivano da tutte le genti a udire la sapienza di Salomone, emessi di tutti i regi della terra, presso i quali era sparsa la fama della sapienza di lui.And there came from al people to heare the wisdom of Salomon, and from al the kinges of the earth, which heard his wisdom.Et veniebant de cunctis populis ad audiendam sapientiam Salomonis, et ab universis regibus terræ qui audiebant sapientiam ejus.
4:2
Azarias. Some translate, "grandson of Sadoc, (and son of Achimaas) was priest," to assist his father, unless he was born of some other. Cohen signifies also prince, ver. 5. Azarias was scribe, as well as the two following, though not all at the same time. The office was very important, Judges 5:14.
4:3
Sisa. Perhaps the same with Siva, who was under David.
4:4
Challoner
Abiathar. By this it appears that Abiathar was not altogether deposed from the high priesthood; but only banished to his country house; and by that means excluded from the exercise of his functions. (Challoner)
Calmet
He retained the name, as bishops still do, after they have resigned their see. (Calmet)
4:5
King. President of the council, (Menochius) steward of the household.
Haydock
Priest refers to Zabud here, though the Hebrew is ambiguous. It means also a prince. (Haydock)
He was chief officer and favourite of Solomon, (Calmet) as Chusai had been of David, 2 Kings 16:16.
4:6
Haydock
House. Septuagint, "Eliak was also director of the house," oikonomos. (Haydock)
It is impossible to mark, with precision, the extent of these offices.
Tribute, or levy of workmen, as it is expressed, 3 Kings 5:14.
4:7
Tostat
Month. The lunar year was not then in use; (Calmet) or else, the first of these governors, was in office during the 13th, or intercalary month, every third year, and the rest in succession. (Tostat)
4:8
Calmet
Benhur. Ben here, and in the following verses, may signify "the son of Hur," etc. (Calmet)
Septuagint retain both the original term, and its explanation, "Ben, the son of Or." But they afterwards read only "the son of Dakar....of Esed....of Abinadab....and Gaber."
4:11
Menochius
To wife. Not at the beginning of his reign, ver. 15. (Menochius)
Calmet
This chapter gives a general idea of the officers who lived under Solomon. (Calmet)
4:14
4:19
Calmet
Land. Hebrew, "the only officer who was in the land," (Haydock) except in the towns of Jair, ver. 13. (Calmet)
Menochius
His province had belonged to two kings. (Menochius)
4:20
Haydock
Multitude. We may suppose seven millions; though, if the calculation of Chronicles be more accurate, they were much more numerous. See 2 Kings 24:9. (Haydock)
4:21
Challoner
The river. Euphrates. (Challoner)
Haydock
To, or "of the land," terrae. (Haydock)
Haydock
This river may denote the torrent Besor, as Solomon's dominions extended not only as far as Gaza, but also to the oriental branch of the Nile, ver. 24. Thus one verse explains the other. There were, indeed, no kingdoms (Calmet) in this portion of land, which is now quite barren: but formerly it had several cities, and they belonged to various kings of Egypt, Arabia, the Philistines, etc. (Haydock)
Josue
Hebrew may be rendered "from the river, (Euphrates) the land of the Philistines, and to the border," etc., (Calmet) agreeably to 2 Paralipomenon 9:26. He exercised authority over all the kings from the river Euphrates to the land, etc. Hebrew, "the river even unto," etc. Solomon had all the kings of Syria, Ammon, the Philistines, etc., under him; so that his empire took in all that had been promised to Abraham. (Haydock) See St. Augustine, q. 21. (Josue)
4:22
Calmet
Measures, (cori.) Each of which contained little less than 300 pints. (Calmet)
Menochius
A corus is equivalent to 30 modii, and would support as many men a day; so that the family of Solomon would contain 2,700 people. (Cornelius a Lapide) (Menochius)
Villalpand calculates 48,600, and Calvisius 54,000.
4:23
Bochart
Buffaloes. Yachmur means also a sort of wild-goat, like a stag, Deuteronomy 14:5. (Bochart, Anim. 1:B. 3:22.)
Calmet
Fowls. Some Rabbins explain barburim, (or borbrim) of capons, or birds from Barbary; as if this name had been known in the days of Solomon. (Calmet)
Calmet
There was an ancient Ethiopian Barbary on the Persian gulf, (Bochart) with which the Rabbins were not acquainted. (Calmet)
4:24
Beyond. Hebrew, "on the side of," without determining on which, Deuteronomy 1:
Thaphsa. The famous Thapsacus, on the Euphrates.
Calmet
To Gazan. Hebrew Hazza. This name is written in a different manner from Gaza, and may signify a country of the Medes, on the frontiers of Armenia. But, as it is pronounced almost alike, and the parallel passage determines for the country of the Philistines, (ver. 21,) we may explain it of Gaza. (Calmet)
4:25
Calmet
Vine. this expression is often used to imply a state of peace and happiness. The people were then content with rural pleasures. (Calmet)
4:26
Calmet
Forty: 2 Paralipomenon 9:25., has four in the Hebrew. Septuagint read in both places 40,000 mares, for chariots, and 12,000 horses. (Calmet)
Haydock
The Alexandrian copy has 40 here, and 4000 in the latter place; where, instead of horses, it gives horsemen, with the Vulgate. These two words are often used as synonymous by the best authors. But it is more difficult to reconcile the number; (Calmet) as (2 Paralipomenon xiv.) we read again differently, he had 1400 chariots, and 12,000 horsemen. (Haydock)
Grotius
Forty might easily be mistaken for four, by only adding im at the end of arba. (Bochart) (Grotius)
Haydock
Instead of stalls, Calmet supposes stables to be understood, and in each he would place ten horses, which completes the number here assigned. If this be admitted, no change is necessary: but, as praesepe signifies "a stall," we may adhere to the Vulgate, which has 40,000 in both places; whereas the Hebrew varies, though the sense may be the same. The number of Solomon's chariots was 1400. As two horses were usually employed to draw them, 2800; or, allowing for accidents, changes, etc., 4000 horses would have been amply sufficient. It seems, therefore, that we should admit only so many horses or stalls. (Haydock)
Kennicott
"Vignoles conjectures, that the Jews formerly used marks analogous to our common figures; as the Arabians have done for many hundred years. And, if so, the corruption" of hundreds for tens, etc., "may be easily accounted for, by the transcriber's carelessly adding or omitting a single cypher." (Kennicott, Diss. ii.)
Calmet
Yet, if 40,000 horses must be admitted, we may say that they were not all intended for the chariots of war, but some for draught-horses, to convey the stones and other materials for the numerous buildings, which Solomon carried on. This might serve to excuse him for having so many horses, (Haydock) contrary to the letter of the law, and the example of Josue and of David. His subjects were thus, perhaps, engaged in too much commerce with the Egyptians: and the king was forced to burden them with taxes, which at last proved so fatal. (Serarius) (Pineda) (Calmet)
Bochart
Yet some undertake his defence, by saying that he did not act against the spirit of the law; that many of the horses were imposed as a tribute, and Solomon did not place his trust in them, Proverbs 21:31., and 2 Paralipomenon 9:24. (Tostat) (Bochart, B. 2:9.)
His empire was become more extensive, and his works more splendid; so that what might appear an useless parade in some, might be worthy of praise in Solomon. The law is not so precise. He shall not multiply horses to himself, nor lead back the people into Egypt, being lifted up with the number of his horsemen, Deuteronomy 17:16. There is a like prohibition of many wives and treasures.
4:27
Haydock
Fed them and is omitted in Hebrew and Septuagint. (Haydock)
4:28
Beasts. Racesh denotes horses of extraordinary swiftness, (Bochart) or dromedaries, etc. Junius translates, "post-horses."
Haydock
King: so also the Septuagint. Protestants, "the officers were, every man according to his charge." The twelve governors employed others to bring all necessary provisions, (Haydock) to the places where the king was travelling; (Calmet) or they took care not only of the king's table, but they had also the general inspection over his stables. (Haydock)
Calmet
Few oats are grown in the East. They feed their horses on barley and straw. (Calmet)
4:29
Calmet
Hart; magnanimity, which pride often attempts to imitate, and is therefore designated by the same expression, Proverbs 21:4. The genius of Solomon was also most penetrating and comprehensive. (Calmet)
Haydock
Aenomaus thus addresses Apollo, "Thou who knowest, both the number of the sands and the extent of the sea---who understandest the dumb, and hearest the man who has not spoken." (Eusebius, praep. 5:34.) (Haydock)
4:30
Haydock
Orientals of Chaldea, Arabia, Idumea, etc., Daniel 2:2., Abdias viii., Numbers 22:5. Job and his friends were of this description. The Greeks acknowledged that they had received their philosophy from the barbarians; (Laert. proem.) and Casaubon observes, that the ancient defendants of the Christian faith proved the same truth. (Not. Ibid.) They shewed that all true saving knowledge had been derived from the Hebrews. (Haydock)
Calmet
The Chaldeans maintain that their countrymen were the fountains of science; and many suppose that Abraham communicated these treasures to the Egyptians; whereas the latter pretend, that a colony from their country had imparted that blessing to the Chaldeans. Diodorus (B. i.) says that Belus conducted such a colony, and the Greeks chiefly owed their information to the Egyptians. God had communicated to Solomon all that was of real use in those sciences, in a superior degree, Wisdom 7:17. (Josephus, [Antiquities?] 8:2.) He was eminently skilled in natural philosophy, etc. (Calmet)
4:31
Munster
All men, of his time (Lyranus) and nation. (Munster)
Haydock
But why should we limit these general expressions? (Calmet) See 3 Kings 3:12, 13. (Haydock)
Calmet
Ethan is the same as Idithun. The title of Ezrahite does not seem to belong to him; and Chalcol and Dorda seem to be inserted here by some transcriber from 1 Paralipomenon 2:6., where we read, the sons of Zara....Ethan and Eman, and Chalchal and Dara, of the tribe of Juda. But they were different from these men, who were probably Levites. (Calmet)
We find Chalcol and Dorda mentioned no where else. Heman was an Ezrahite, (Psalm lxxxvii.) and a seer of the king, presiding over the singers, (1 Paralipomenon 15:19., and 25:4., and 5.; Menochius) who stood in the middle. Ethan's band surrounded the altar, (1 Paralipomenon 6:44.) while Asaph's were on the right hand.
Calmet
Mahol was the mother of the four, unless the word denote their profession, as sons of "the choir," singing and playing on musical instruments. (Calmet)
Sanctius
Solomon was eminent in both respects, as well as in poetry; as he is compared with those who were most noted for compositions and music. (Sanctius)
4:32
Challoner
Three thousand parables. These works are all lost, excepting some part of the parables extant in the book of Proverbs; and his chief poem called the Canticle of Canticles. (Challoner)
Clarius
The title of Psalm cxxvi., attributes it to Solomon. But its authority is not sufficiently established. The book of Proverbs contains at present only 658, (Cornelius a Lapide) or 800 parables. (Clarius)
Josephus exaggerates, when he reads 3000 volumes of parables.
Menochius
Five. Septuagint read, "5000 odes," which is adopted by many interpreters. Josephus (Calmet) and the Chaldean agree with the Hebrew. (Menochius)
4:33
Sanctius
Wall. Some deny that ezob means hyssop. (Kimchi; Levinus, etc.) But there is a species which grows on mountains, and even out of walls. (Bochart) (Sanctius)
Calmet
It is a small odoriferous plant; whereas the cedar was the largest tree with which the Jews were acquainted. (Calmet)
Maundrell
On Libanus there are found such trees above 36 feet in circumference; which extend their branches 111 feet around them. (Maundrell, Jerus. p. 239.)
Calmet
Solomon examined all, Wisdom 7:17, etc. Many works have been falsely attributed to him, which Origen rejects: hom. 35, in Matthew. See Josephus, [Antiquities?] 8:2.; Pineda 3:29. (Calmet)
Salien
Perhaps he might have composed some magical works, while he was an idolater. (Salien)
4:34
Wisdom. The Scriptures relate the coming of the queen of Saba, 3 Kings 10. Thus Livy attracted the attention of distant nations, who neglected the grandeur of Rome, to visit him. (St. Jerome, Ep. ad Paulin.) Solomon's wisdom is compared to a great river, inundating the whole earth. (Ecclesiasticus 47:16.)
4:4
Abiathar.... By this it appears that Abiathar was not altogether deposed from the high priesthood; but only banished to his country house, and by that means excluded from the exercise of his functions.
4:21
The river.... Euphrates.
4:32
Three thousand parables, etc.... These works are all lost, excepting some part of the parables extant in the book of Proverbs; and his chief poem called the Canticle of Canticles.
4:32
These bookes are not extant.
4:25
Tertulliano † 220 d.C. An Answer to the Jews 7
… For who could have reigned over all nations but Christ, God’s Son, who was ever announced as destined to reign over all to eternity? For if Solomon “reigned,” why, it was within the confines of Judea merely: “from Beersheba unto Dan” the boundaries of his kingdom are marked.
4:27
Afraate † 346 d.C. Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 6.16
… And also when the Shunamite came to him because of her son that was dead, he said thus to her:— The Lord hid it from me and did cause me not to know it .
4:29
Origene † 254 d.C. Origen Against Celsus 3.45
… And Solomon spake three thousand proverbs, and his songs were five thousand. And he spake of trees, from the cedar that is in Lebanon even to the hyssop which springeth out of the wall; and also of fishes and of beasts. And all nations came to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and from all the kings of the earth who had heard of the fame of his wisdom.”
san Gregorio Nazianzeno † 389 d.C. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 43.73
… Among the kings, David is celebrated, whose victories and trophies gained from the enemy are on record, but his most characteristic trait was his gentleness, and, before his kingly office, his power with the harp, able to soothe even the evil spirit. Solomon asked of God and obtained breadth of heart,
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. The Homilies on the Statues to the People of Antioch 17.11
… Yea rather, not only the perfection of art, but also the wisdom of God assisted in that building. For Solomon had learned all, not intuitively and from himself, but from God;
Giovanni Cassiano † 435 d.C. The Conferences of John Cassian 16.27
… for “a man who is long-suffering is great in prudence; but a coward is very foolish.” And therefore Scripture says of him who to his credit asked the gift of wisdom from the Lord: “God gave Solomon wisdom and prudence exceeding much, and largeness of heart as the sand of the sea for multitude.”
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sant'Ippolito † 235 d.C. On the Song of Songs 1
… and where are the books? For the only ones extant are Proverbs, and Wisdom, and Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs. What then? Does the Scripture speak falsely? God forbid. But the matter of his writings was various, as is shown in the phrase “Song of Songs;” for that indicates that in this one book he digested the contents of the 5,000 songs.
Origene † 254 d.C. Origen's Commentary on the Gospel of John 5.4
… If this be the case, and if he who makes use of many salutary words is guilty of “multitude of words,” then Solomon himself did not escape this sin, for “he spoke
san Dionigi di Alessandria † 265 d.C. Exegetical Fragments 1.1
… Consequently he shows the vanity of it, as what follows in like manner demonstrates: “And my heart uttered many things: I knew wisdom, and knowledge, and parables, and sciences.” But this was not the genuine wisdom or knowledge, but that which, as Paul says, puffeth up. He spake, moreover, as it is written,
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san Girolamo † 420 d.C. The Letters of St. Jerome 22.12
… Then repenting, he says to the Lord: “Against thee, thee only, have I sinned and done this evil in Thy sight.” Being a king he feared no one else. So, too, with Solomon. Wisdom used him to sing her praise, and he treated of all plants “from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall;”
4:34
sant'Ireneo di Lione † 202 d.C. Against Heresies 4.27.1
… and he said, “Will God whom the heavens cannot contain, really dwell with men upon the earth?” And he pleased God, and was the admiration of all; and all kings of the earth sought an interview with him ( quærebant faciem ejus ) that they might hear the wisdom which God had conferred upon him.
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4. Sadoc autem et Abiathar sacerdotes, scilicet summi, id est pontifices. Dices: Salomon jam ablegarat Abiathar, eumque pontificatu privarat, cap. II, vers. 27. Respondeo, recensentur hic omnes officiales Salomonis, sive qui jam tum erant, sive qui fuerant, sive qui futuri erant, ut patebit vers. 11 et 15. Voluit enim eos omnes Scriptura hic simul enumerare. Nominat ergo Abiathar, quia is tempore Davidis fuerat Pontifex, eumque ut sibi fidelem David Salomoni commendarat: sed quia ipse cum Adonia contra Salomonem conspiraverat, hinc eum Salomon pontificatu privavit. Ita Abulensis. Alii respondent Abiathar ab exilio a Salomone revocatum, non ad pontificatum, sed ad simplex sacerdotium, uti Deus minando prædixerat ejus abavo Heli, I Reg. II, 36: «Futurum est ut quicumque remanserit in domo tua, etc., dicat: Dimitte me ad unam partem sacerdotalem.» Ita Theodoretus et Procopius. Tertio, Serarius respondet Abiathar vocari sacerdotem, quia fuerat sacerdos.
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5. Zabud filius Nathan sacerdos, id est princeps intimus regi, ut vertunt Septuaginta. Sic filii David vocantur sacerdotes, id est aulæ principes et proximi regi, II Reg. cap. VIII, vers. ultim.
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11. Taphet filiam Salomonis habebat uxorem. Est prolepsis, necdum enim eam habebat, sed postea habuit. Nam Salomon hoc tempore erat duntaxat 20 annorum circiter. Unde non poterat habere filiam quæ esset nubilis. Idem dico de Achimaas, qui alteram habuit Salomonis filiam vers. 15. Recensentur enim hic omnes officiales et principes Salomonis simul, sive qui tum erant, sive qui postea facti sunt, uti dixi vers. 4.
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20. Juda et Israel innumerabiles sicut arena maris, q. d. Tempore Salomonis crevit tribus Juda et cæteræ undecim tribus Israelis in innumerabilem quasi multitudinem: eratque tum summa rerum omnium abundantia, ita ut omnes in suis opibus et deliciis gauderent et exultarent. Allegorice regni Salomonis felicitas repræsentavit felicitatem summam regni Christi in Ecclesia per gratiam, in cœlo per gloriam.
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21. Salomon autem erat in ditione sua habens omnia regna a flumine terræ Philistiim, usque ad terminum Ægypti. Quæres, quodnam sit flumen terræ Philistiim? Primo, Gaspar Sanchez censet esse mare Philistinorum, huic enim adjacent Philistini. Secundo, Abulensis censet esse Rinocoluræ rivum, qui disterminat Philistæam ab Arabibus. Tertio, alii censent esse Jordanem, vel potius originem Jordanis in Libano: ubi oriuntur duo rivi Jor et Dan; qui mox confluentes faciunt Jordanem. Vero dico flumen hoc esse Euphratem. Nam to terræ Philistiim non est referendum ad to flumine, ut patet ex Hebræo (in Hebræo enim est נהר nahar in absoluto, non נהר nehar, uti esse deberet in regimine genitivi, si regeret genitivum terræ) sed ad to regna, q. d. Salomon obtinebat omnia regna terræ Philistiim, a flumine, id est quæ interjacent a flumine Euphrate usque ad terram Philistiim inclusive, sive Salomon obtinebat omnia regna regionum inchoando a flumine Euphrate usque ad terram Philistiim. Maluit dicere terræ, quam usque ad terram; tum ut indicet in terra Philistinorum non fuisse finitum regnum Salomonis, sed per illam extensum usque ad fines Ægypti, q. d. a flumine tendendo per terram Philistiim usque ad fines Ægypti; tum quia loquitur concise, et ex aliis Scripturæ locis quasi pervulgatis, concise terminos regni Salomonis a Deo promissos consignat. Scriptura enim terminos terræ sanctæ Judæis promissos assignat flumen Euphratem ab Oriente, et Philistæam ab Occidente, Ægyptum a Meridie. Hoc enim promiserat Deus Abrahæ, Genes. XV, 18, dicens: «Semini tuo dabo terram hanc a fluvio Ægypti usque ad fluvium magnum Euphratem.» Itaque se explicat Auctor hujus libri Regum mox vers. 24, dicens: «Ipse enim obtinebat omnem regionem, quæ erat trans flumen, a Thapsa usque ad Gazan,» quæ est ultima satrapia Philistinorum. Ita clare non tantum intelligit, sed et legit S. Augustinus in Quæst. in Josue, Quæst. XXI: «Et erat dominans, inquit, in omnibus regibus a flumine usque ad terram Philistiim, et usque ad fines Ægypti. Ecce ubi impletum est, quod in Genesi Deus ad Abraham loquens promittensque prædixerat. A flumine quippe hic intelligitur ab Euphrate.» Neque enim de Jordane hic accipi potest, cum et citra Jordanem, et ultra Jordanem jam terras Israelitæ obtinerent etiam ante regnum Salomonis. Sic et Chaldæus, a Perath (id est Euphrate), inquit, terræ Philistiim, usque ad fines Ægypti. Sic et Benedictus: A flumine terræ, inquit, id est, usque ad terram Philistiim. Et Isidorus clarius: A flumine usque ad terram Philistiim. Sic et Lyranus ac Mariana Vatablus: A flumine et terra Palæstinorum usque ad Ægyptum. Dat enim hic tres terminos regni Salomonis, scilicet Euphratem ab Oriente, Philistinos ab Occidente, et Ægyptum a Meridie, ut dixi.
4:22
Vers. 22. Erat autem cibus Salomonis (hoc est aulæ, sive aulicorum, puta principum, asseclarum et famulorum Salomonis) triginta cori similæ et sexaginta cori farinæ, decem boves pingues, et viginti boves pascuales (aliti et saginati in pascuis) et centum arietes. Hinc patet multitudo eorum quos alebat Salomon, ejusque magnificentia. Simila est flos, sive albior et purior farina tritici, ex qua fit panis similiganeus et delicatus, de qua Martialis, lib. XIII: Non poteris similæ dotes numerare nec usus. Et Plinius, libro XVIII, cap. X: «Similago ex tritico fit laudatissimo. Ex Africo justum est e modiis redire semimodios, et pollinis sextarios quinque. Ita enim appellant in tritico, quod florem in siligine.» Unde Seneca, epist. 119: «Utrum panis hic, inquit, plebeius sit, an similiganeus ad naturam nihil pertinet.» Sic nobiles comedunt panem similiganeum, plebei et rustici triticeum et siligineum. Porro corus est mensura continens modios Romanos triginta. Vide dicta De Mensuris, in fine Pentateuchi. Excepta venatione cervorum, caprearum atque bubalorum. Bubalus hic non est is quem vulgus Buffalum vocat, animal stolidum et pauperum cibus, cum hic inter delicias cervorum et caprearum venatione captas ponatur. Unde bubalum esse a caprearum genere asserit Oppianus, lib. II De Venatione. Et Plinius, lib. VIII, ait «Africam gignere bubalos, vituli, cervive potius similitudine, bobus autem sylvestribus imperitum vulgus nomen bubalorum imponere.» Hebraice est יחמור iachmur, quod Rabbinus Jona vertit, capram magnam; Tigurina, ibicem, alii, damam; alii, hircum sylvestrem.
4:24
Vers. 24. Ipse enim obtinebat omnes regiones trans flumen a Thaphsa usque ad Gazan. Thaphsa opponitur hic Gazæ; unde videtur sita fuisse juxta Euphratem. Hic enim limitabat regnum Salomonis ad Orientem, sicut Gaza ad Occidentem. Nonnulli suspicantur Thaphsa esse illam quæ Tharsacus dicitur a Ptolemæo, Strabone, Xenophonte et Stephano. Alia fuit Thaphsa cis Jordanem, cujus incolas Manahem occidit, IV Reg. XV, 16. Hinc videtur Salomon regnasse ultra flumen, scilicet ultra Euphratem, ac partem Mesopotamiæ obtinuisse, a Thaphsa scilicet usque ad Gazam.
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Vers. 26. Et habebat Salomon quadraginta millia præsepia equorum currilium, et duodecim millia equestrium, hoc est, habebat 40 millia equorum in præsepiis. Sic enim explicatur II Paralip. IX, 25: «Habuit, inquit, Salomon quadraginta millia equorum in stabulis, et curruum equitumque (tum ad pompam, tum ad bellum) duodecim millia.» Est hypallage: «Habebat præsepia equorum,» id est habebat equos in præsepiis, sive in equilibus. Aut certe per «præsepia,» intellige septa, quæ in equili cuique equo ad manducandum assignantur: præsepium enim commune in varia septa, quæ cuique equo deputantur, dividitur, ut unus equus ab alio sive muro exiguo, sive trabe interjecta separetur, ne equi vicini septum et pabulum invadat, cum eoque pugnet et calcitret. Ita Vatablus. Porro II Paral. IX, 25, in Hebræo jam est: Habebat Salomon quatuor millia præsepium, quia scilicet in quolibet præsepi sive equili habebat decem equos, ita ut universim haberet 40 millia equorum currilium, ut vertit Noster et Septuaginta. Nam quatuor millia multiplicata per decem faciunt 40 millia. Ita Vatablus. Curriles equi vocantur, qui currus trahunt, equestres qui equitem sustinent. Currilibus tot opus habuit Salomon ad vehendum suas reginas, quas habuit 700, et concubinas, id est secundarias uxores, quas habuit trecentas. Item ad annonam, aquam, ligna, lapides, etc., ad fabricam templi et palatiorum suorum convehenda. Equestribus ad milites et equites, item ad principes et famulos honorarios, qui in iis se honoris et magnificentiæ causa stiparent et comitarentur. Censent nonnulli Salomonem in copia tot equorum peccasse contra legem Deuter. cap. XVII, 16: «Cum fuerit constitutus rex, non multiplicabit sibi equos,» sed magis peccavit in causa, scilicet in multiplicatione tot reginarum et uxorum, tantoque fastu et pompa regia, quam alere debebat populus. Unde et murmuravit contra Roboam Salomonis filium, imo ab eo defecit ad Jeroboam, ut audiemus cap. XII, vers. 4. Abulensis tamen excusat Salomonem a peccato, saltem graviore, quod bona intentione id fecerit, et ob necessitatem, idque in rerum omnium abundantia et summa opulentia. Volebat enim Deus in Salomone suam et Israelis gloriam et magnificentiam toti mundo ostendere.
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Vers. 29. Dedit quoque Deus sapientiam Salomoni et prudentiam multam nimis, et latitudinem (Chaldæus, dilatationem) cordis, quasi arenam, quæ est in littore maris. «Latitudinem cordis» vocat magnificentiam et magnanimitatem, puta cor regium, amplum, magnificum, magnanimum; ad tantum regimen ac tanta onera et opera, fabricarum præsertim, magno animo sustinenda et superanda, ut sicut arena plurima est et latissime se porrigit, sic et cor Salomonis plurima etiam minutissima complecteretur, et ad omnia quæ mente concipiebat opere exequendum sese extenderet. Parum enim prodest multa mente concipere et intelligere, nisi adsit virtus et strenuitas ad ea in praxim redigendum.
4:31
31. Sapientior Ethan. Hic Ethan fuit insignis poeta et musicus, ut patet I Paralip. XV, 19; unde et Psalm. LXXXVIII, hoc titulo prænotatur: «Intellectus Ethan.»
4:32
32. Locutus est (dictavit et scribi fecit) quoque Salomon tria millia parabolas. Partem earum habemus in Proverbiis, ubi a cap. X incipiunt parabolæ, et se porrigunt ad libri finem per versus 658, qui totidem quasi continent parabolas. Et fuerunt carmina ejus quinque et mille. Vatablus, quinque super mille. Sic et Hebræus, Chaldæus et Josephus, q. d. Liber Odarum Salomonis continebat mille odas et quinque. Septuaginta vero vertunt, erant carmina ejus quinque millia. Hinc patet Salomonem fuisse Poetam. Poesis prisca Hebræorum intercidit: nec jam numeros carminis in psalmis aliisque carminibus advertimus, nisi in rhythmo.
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33. Et disputavit super lignis a cedro quæ est in Libano, usque ad hyssopum quæ egreditur de pariete, hoc est a maximis usque ad minimas. «Hyssopum» hic intellige parietariam, quam nonnulli apud Abulensem vocant origanum vel spartum. Levinus Lemnius, cap. XXVI De Herbis, et Pineda vocant adianthum, Serarius saturtiam, quæ idcirco Arabice nuncupatur tsatar. Et disseruit de jumentis, et volucribus, et reptilibus, et piscibus. Verisimile est hæc olim in libris fuisse conscripta, uti de iisdem nuper fuse scripsit Ulysses Aldrovandus, Conradus Gesnerus, Gulielmus Rondeletius, Julius Scaliger et alii. Verum hæc omnia pene interciderunt tot sæculorum intervallo, præsertim quia tum non erat typographia, sed pauca exemplaria manuscripta duntaxat, quæ facile intereunt. Sic et interciderunt omnia Patriarcharum et Sapientum Hebræorum, Ægyptiorum, Chaldæorum, Arabum, Græcorum scripta ante Moysen, cujus fere solius ex prisco illo ævo libri et scripta exstant. Addit Abulensis Dei providentia eos interiisse, eo quod nimis curiosa continerent, vel quod nos tanta scientiarum luce, quam ipse per revelationem acceperat, indigni essemus. Glossa censet eos combustos fuisse a Chaldæis; Eusebius vero, et ex eo Glycas ab Ezechia rege. Hinc patet Salomonem tum privatim suos, tum publice omnes docuisse Physicam et scientiam rerum naturalium, hoc enim significat to disputavit et disseruit. Ad hoc enim ipse ædificavit scholam sive academiam in monte Sion, in qua ipse docebat, ut dixi Proverb. IX, 1; unde ab eo suam doctrinam hauserunt Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristoteles, teste Eusebio, S. Ambrosio, Clemente Alexandrino et aliis. Addit Psellus Salomonem scripsisse libros de gemmis, et geniis sive dæmonibus evocandis, certo loco affigendis, et ad opera cogendis. Sed et magi nonnulli proferunt Salomonis incantationes, claviculam et annulum: verum hæc magica sunt et Salomone indigna. Vide Pinedam.
4:1
Quanto al governo di S., un documento amministrativo conservato in I Reg. 4, 1-24 riferisce la divisione che egli introdusse nel suo Regno, in parte a carattere innovatore (la ripartizione non coincide con quella antica delle 12 tribù), e durata poi in sostanza …
4:2
AZARIA (EBR. 'AZARJAH[Ú] « JAHWEH SOCCORRE »)
1) A., figlio di Achimaas (v.), era ministro di Salomone, e fu probabilmente il successore immediato del suo avo Sadoe nel pontificato (I Reg. 4, 2; I Par. 6,9-10 [testo masor. 5,35 sg.]; il vers. 10ᵈᵉ è spostato, e deve riferirsi al primo A.), che Achimaas sembra non aver esercitato. …
RE, I E II (III E IV) LIBRO DEI
Delle fonti non citate esplicitamente nel libro dei R. alcune dovevano essere d'origine aulica, da cui deriverebbero l'elenco dei ministri e dei prefetti di Salomone (I Reg. 4, 2-19), il panegirico della grandezza del medesimo (ibid. 4, 20-34), il racconto della visita della Regina di Saba (ibid. 10, 1-29); altre di origine sacerdotale, che narrano la costruzione …
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… Questa, che figura nei cataloghi dei diversi censimenti con un numero ora di 41.500 (Num. 1, 41), ora di 53.400 (Num. 26, 47) uomini, non esercitò mai molta influenza nella storia del popolo ebraico: perciò è raramente nominata (Iudc. 5, 17; 7, 23; I Par. 12, 36; I Reg. 4, 6). Il suo territorio occupava il nord-ovest della Palestina, dal Carmelo (incluso) alla Fenicia, cioè il versante occidentale dei colli che dalle falde del Libano degradano fino alla …
… Avendo R. spedito ai rivoltosi, per ricondurli all'obbedienza, quell'Adonitam che era stato esattore dei lavori di servitù negli ultimi anni di David e per tutto il regno di Salomone (II Sam. 20, 24; I Reg. 4, 6; 5, 13), il messo reale fu lapidato dal popolo furente.
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ACHIMAAS (EBR., PROB. «FRATELLO DELL'IMPERO»)
… truppe di David, A., velocissimo, portò al re la notizia della vittoria sui ribelli, ma lasciò al nunzio cuñita, ch'egli aveva preceduto nella corsa, l'ingrato incarico di comunicargli la morte di Absalom (ibid. 18, 19-31). Molti ritengono che l'A. di I Reg. 4, 7-15, ufficiale delle imposte su Nephtali e genero di Salomone, sia il nostro A. Francesco Spadafora
… Nella organizzazione amministrativa di Salomone (I Reg. 4, 7-19), le antiche città cananee divennero in gran parte sede del governatore israelitico. …
4:8
SICHEM (EBR. ŠĒHHEM « NUCA »; GR. ΣΥΧΈΜ O ΣΎΧΗΜΑ)
… moneta per assoldare i partigiani ai suoi disegni politici (ibid. 9, 2-6); e causa l'avversione dei Sichemiti, marciò contro la città e la distrusse (ibid. 9, 23-45). Riedificata, divenne probabilmente la residenza del prefetto «della montagna d'Ephraim» (I Reg. 4,8). Dopo lo scisma del Regno, S. fu la capitale di Ieroboam (ibid. 12, 1-9,25), e restò città sacra per i Samaritani (v.). …
4:12
ABEL (EBR. ABHÈL «PRATO»; FORSE PERÒ È ARAMAIZZAZIONE DAL CANANEO ABIL «CANALE»)
… Patria di Eliseo (Iudc. 7, 22; I Reg. 4, 12; 19, 16); forse è l'odierno Tell Abu Sifri, a ca. 15 km. a sud di Beisan.
BETHSAN (EBR. BETH-ŠĒ'AN O BETH-ŠĀN; SETTANTA ΒΑΤΘΆΓ, ΒΗΘΆΓ, ARABO BEJĀN)
… in mano ai Filistei, i quali appesero il cadavere di Saul e dei suoi tre figli alle mura di B. (I Sam. 31, 8-12; II Sam. 21, 12). Sotto Salomone appare annessa al regno d'Israele, e forma parte della quinta prefettura insieme a Megiddo e Ta'annak (I Reg. 4, 12). All'epoca ellenistica fu chiamata Scitopoli (Σωθάπολις, cf. Iudc. 1, 27 dove è una glossa; Iudc. 3, 10; II Mach. 12, 29) e soprannominata Nysa fu occupata nel 107 a. C. da …
… Giosuè ne uccise il re (Ios. 12, 21), ma M., quantunque assegnata ai Manassiti (Ios. 17, 11; I Par. 7, 29), restò cananea fino alla battaglia di Sisara « nelle acque [Cison] di M. » (Iudc. 5, 19). Fortificata da Salomone (I Reg. 9, 15), divenne sede amministrativa di prefettura (ibid. 4, 12). Due re di Giuda, Ochozia e Iosia, vi trovarono la morte (II Reg. 9, 27; 23, 30).
4:13
2. Regione del Basan, appartenente al regno di Og (Deut. 3, 4-5, 13). Conquistata dagli Israeliti, toccò in eredità a Jair della tribù di Manasse (Deut. 3, 14), che occupò i paesi che da lui presero nome Ḥawwōth Jā'ir, ancora menzionati al tempo di Salomone (I Reg. 4, 13). Si discute se fossero città fortificate o villaggi di tende; se nel Galaad o nel Basan; se 60 (Ios. 13, 30; I Reg. 4, 13), 30 (Iudc. 10, 4), o 23 (I Par. 2, 23). Sotto Salomone, …
I. conquistò le trenta città amorrite, a sud del Jarmūq, in Galaad, che chiamò havadith I. cioè attendamenti abitati da seminomadi (Num. 32, 41; Iudc. 10, 4; I Reg. 4, 13; I Par. 2, 22). Meno esatta e secondaria la tradizione che pone nel Basan queste città (Deut. 3, 14; Ios. 13, 30). Le 60 città nel Basan, che I Par. 2, 23 sembra attribuire …
RAMOTH in GALAAD. - Città levitica e di rifugio nella tribù di Gad (Deut. 4, 13; Ios. 20, 8; 21, 38; I Par. 6, 66), capoluogo del distretto salomonico a nord e a sud del Jarmùk (I Reg. 4, 13), causa di aspre lotte fra Israeliti ed Aramei, che a lungo se ne contesero il possesso strategico (ibid. 22, 3-24; II Reg. 8, 28; 9, 1-14).
4:16
Altri personaggi biblici portano egual nome: uno dei 37 prodi di David (ibid. 23, 29); uno dei reduci dall'esilio (Eid. 2, 2; Neh. 7, 7; 10, 27); uno dei 12 intendenti di Salomone, preposto su Aser e Balot (I Reg. 4, 16; ebr. però Ba'ānāh, come in Neh. 3, 4).
le misure opportune, salvandogli la vita e il regno (II Sam. 17, 1-14). Probabilmente C. è da identificarsi con il padre di Baana, uno dei prefetti di Salomone (I Reg. 4, 16).
4:17
THANACH (EBR. TA'ANĀKH E TA'NĀKH; SETTANTA GEVEZ)
Dichiarata città levitica (ibid. 21,25), fu ridotta a tributo dei Manassiti (Iudc. 1,27). Nelle vicinanze di T. fu combattuta la guerra fra l'esercito di Sisara e Barac (ibid. 5,19). Incorporata nel Regno davidico, fu capoluogo del 5° distretto salomonico (I Reg. 4,17).
4:19
Si parla ancora del « paese di S. l'amorcro », per dire regioni già suo dominio, all'età salomonica (I Reg. 4, 19) e probabilmente ancora all'età di Geremia (Ier. 48, 45, alludendo a Num. 21, 28: in Geremia invece che « di mezzo [mibbên] a S. » è probabilmente da leggere « della casa » [mibbêth], …
4:20
RE, I E II (III E IV) LIBRO DEI
Delle fonti non citate esplicitamente nel libro dei R. alcune dovevano essere d'origine aulica, da cui deriverebbero l'elenco dei ministri e dei prefetti di Salomone (I Reg. 4, 2-19), il panegirico della grandezza del medesimo (ibid. 4, 20-34), il racconto della visita della Regina di Saba (ibid. 10, 1-29); altre di origine sacerdotale, che narrano la costruzione del Tempio (ibid. 6, 1-7, 50), la rivolta contro Athalia, …
4:24
… XV) e di el-Amârnah, fu la metropoli della pentapoli filistea e teatro delle gesta di Sansone, del suo trionfo e della sua morte sotto il tempio del dio Dagon (Indc. 16). Salomone (I Reg. 4, 24) e più tardi il re Ezechia (II Reg. 18, 5) cercarono di consolidarvi il dominio israelita; ma G. fu occupata nel 734 da Theglathphalasar III e rimase tributaria dei re assiri. …
4:25
La formula « da D. a Bersabea » indica i limiti estremi della Palestina (Iudc. 20, 1; I Sam. 3, 20; II Sam. 3, 10; 17, 11; 24, 2.15; I Reg. 4, 25; I Par. 21, 2; II Par. 12, 35; 27, 37). La tribù è omessa nelle genealogie di I Par. 2-12; sembra che fosse estinta dopo l'emigrazione della maggior parte dei suoi componenti per Lais. …
4:29
… letteratura sapienziale è in parte nota, il Re diede insigni saggi letterari con la composizione di «3000 proverbi», detti sentenziosi e morali, e di «1005 canti» o composizioni liriche, utilizzando le sue ampie conoscenze delle piante e degli animali (ibid. 4, 29-34). I detti del genere mālāl sono in parte confluiti nel libro dei Proverbi (v.), ove sotto il nome di S. si trovano le due collezioni 10, 1-22, 16 e 25, 1-29, 27. Il titolo della …
4:31
… Era figlio, come Chalcol e Dorda, di Mahol (metatesi per Hamul: I Par. 2, 5), in I Reg. 4, 31 (Settanta 4, 27; ebr. 5, 11); ma in I Par. 2, 6 è detto, come Ethan, figlio di Zara della tribù di Giuda.
ETHAN (EBR. 'ETHĀN = FERMO, STABILE ')
… In I Reg. 4, 31 (ebr. 5, 11), per magnificare il sapere di Salomone, lo si antepone a quello di E. Nel titolo di Ps. 88 (ebr. 89), E. viene designato come autore dell'inno. È poco probabile che si …
IDITHUN (EBR. JĒDHITHĀN E JĒDHITHĀN «LODANTE»)
Secondo alcuni, Ethan ezrahita, famoso per la sua sapienza (cf. I Reg. 4, 31) ed al quale è attribuito il salmo 88, sarebbe da identificarsi con I. L'identificazione si poggia su I Par. 15, 17, 19, ove Ethan figura insieme a Herman ed Asaph (cf. I Par. 25, 1).
4:32
… Sono mēdālim le brevi sentenze sapienziali: esse insegnano dottrine morali e precetti per la vita, con paragoni e immagini presi dalla natura e dall'esperienza (I Reg. 4, 32 sg.; v. PROVERBI); e così pure i componimenti didattici più sviluppati (Job 27, 1; 29, 1; Ps. 48 [49], 5; 77 [78], 2). Viene anche chiamato m. un detto popolare (I Sam. 24, 14); un apologo, …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.