Other evils that shall fall upon the Jews for their impenitence.
The Babylonians spoyling Ierusalem wil cast the bones of Kinges, Priestes, Prophetes, and others out of their sepulchres, and most cruelly afflict the liuing: 5. God so permitting, because they would not repent, when the true Prophetes admonished them so to do. 18. Al which the prophet forseing lamenteth.
1At that time, saith the Lord, they shall cast out the bones of the kings of Juda, and the bones of the princes thereof, and the bones of the priests, and the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, out of their graves.In quel tempo, dice il Signore, saran gettate fuora de' lor sepolcri le ossa dei re di Giuda, e le ossa de' suoi principi, e le ossa de' sacerdoti, e le ossa de' profeti, e le ossa di quegli, che abitaron Gerusalemme:AT THAT time, saith our Lord, they wil cast out the bones of the kinges of Iuda, and the bones of the princes thereof; and the bones of priests, and the bones of the Prophets, and the bones of them that inhabite Ierusalem; out of their sepulchers.In illo tempore, ait Dominus, / ejicient ossa regum Juda, et ossa principum ejus, / et ossa sacerdotum, et ossa prophetarum, / et ossa eorum qui habitaverunt Jerusalem, / de sepulchris suis: 2And they shall spread them abroad to the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and adored: they shall not be gathered, and they shall not be buried: they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth.E le esporranno al sole, e alla luna, e a tutta la milizia del cielo, che son le cose, ch'essi hanno amato, e alle quali hanno servito, e dietro alle quali andavano, e le quali cercavano, e adoravano. Le ossa non saranno raccolte, né seppellite: saran come sterco sulla faccia della terra.And they shal spread them abrode in the sunne, and the moone, and al the host of heauen, which they haue loued, and which they haue serued, and after which they haue walked, and which they haue sought, and adored: they shal not be gathered, and they shal not be buried: they shal be as a dunghil vpon the face of the earth.et expandent ea ad solem, et lunam, / et omnem militiam cæli, / quæ dilexerunt, et quibus servierunt, / et post quæ ambulaverunt, / et quæ quæsierunt, et adoraverunt. / Non colligentur, et non sepelientur: / in sterquilinium super faciem terræ erunt. 3And death shall be chosen rather than life by all that shall remain of this wicked kindred in all places, which are left, to which I have cast them out, saith the Lord of hosts.E ameranno la morte più che la vita tutti quelli, che di questa stirpe pessima resteranno in tutti i luoghi abbandonati, dov' io gli ho cacciati, dice il Signore degli eserciti.And they shal choose rather death then life, al that shal be remaining of this wicked kinred in al places, which are leaft, to the which I haue cast them out, saith the Lord of hostes.Et eligent magis mortem quam vitam, / omnes qui residui fuerint de cognatione hac pessima, / in universis locis quæ derelicta sunt, / ad quæ ejeci eos, dicit Dominus exercituum. 4And thou shalt say to them: Thus saith the Lord: Shall not he that falleth, rise again? and he that is turned away, shall he not turn again?Ma tu dirai loro: Queste cose dice il Signore: Forse colui, che cade, non si rialza? E chi è uscito di strada non la ripiglia?And thou shalt say to them: Thus saith our Lord: Shal not he that falleth rise againe? and he that is turned away, shal he not turne againe?Et dices ad eos: Hæc dicit Dominus: / Numquid qui cadit non resurget ? / et qui aversus est non revertetur ?
5Why then is this people in Jerusalem turned away with a stubborn revolting? they have laid hold on lying, and have refused to return.E perchè adunque questo popolo di Gerusalemme si è ribellato con ribellione pertinace? Hanno stretta la menzogna, e non han voluto ricredersi.Why then is this people in Ierusalem turned away with a contentious reuolting? they haue apprehended lying, and would not returne.Quare ergo aversus est populus iste in Jerusalem / aversione contentiosa ? / Apprehenderunt mendacium, / et noluerunt reverti. 6I attended, and hearkened; no man speaketh what is good, there is none that doth penance for his sin, saying: What have I done? They are all turned to their own course, as a horse rushing to the battle.Io li considerai, e gli ascoltai: nissuno parla di quel, che è bene, nissuno è, che faccia penitenza del suo peccato, e dica: Che ho fatt'io? Si sono tutti rivolti alla loro carriera come cavallo, che impetuosamente va alla battaglia.I attended, and harkned: no man speaketh that which is good, there is none that doth penance for his sinne, saying: What haue I done? They are al turned to their owne course, as an horse going with violence to battel.Attendi, et auscultavi: / nemo quod bonum est loquitur; / nullus est qui agat pœnitentiam super peccato suo, / dicens: Quid feci ? / Omnes conversi sunt ad cursum suum, / quasi equus impetu vadens ad prælium. 7The kite in the air hath known her time: the turtle, and the swallow, and the stork have observed the time of their coming: but my people have not known the judgment of the Lord.Il nibbio nell'aria conosce il suo tempo; la tortorella, e la rondine, e la cicogna osservan costantemente il tempo del lor passaggio; ma il mio popolo non ha conosciuto il giudizio del Signore.The kite in the heauen hath knowen her time: the turtle, and the swalow, and the storke haue obserued the time of their coming: but my people haue not knowen the iudgement of the Lord.Milvus in cælo cognovit tempus suum: / turtur, et hirundo, et ciconia custodierunt tempus adventus sui: / populus autem meus non cognovit judicium Domini. 8How do you say: We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us? Indeed the lying pen of the scribes hath wrought falsehood.Come mai dite: Noi siamo saggi, la legge del Signore è nelle nostre mani? veramente lo stile bugiardo degli scribi ha vergato menzogne.How say you: We are wise, and the law of our Lord is with vs? In very deede the lying penne of the Scribes hath wrought lying.Quomodo dicitis: Sapientes nos sumus, / et lex Domini nobiscum est ? / vere mendacium operatus est stylus mendax scribarum ! 9The wise men are confounded, they are dismayed, and taken: for they have cast away the word of the Lord, and there is no wisdom in them.I saggi sono confusi, atterriti, e presi; perocché rigettarono la Parola del Signore, e non è in essi nissuna saggezza.The wise are confounded, they are terrified & taken: for they haue cast away the word of our Lord, and there is no wisedom in them.Confusi sunt sapientes; / perterriti et capti sunt: / verbum enim Domini projecerunt, / et sapientia nulla est in eis.
10Therefore will I give their women to strangers, their fields to others for an inheritance: because from the least even to the greatest all follow covetousness: from the prophet even to the priest all deal deceitfully.Per questo io darò a' forestieri le mogli loro, e i loro poderi ad altri eredi: perchè dal più piccolo fino al più grande tutti van dietro all'avarizia: dal profeta fino al sacerdote tutti sono bugiardi.Therefore wil I geue their wemen to strangers, their fildes to inheritours: because from the least euen to the greatest al folow auarice: from the prophet euen to the priest al make lies.Propterea dabo mulieres eorum exteris, / agros eorum hæredibus, / quia a minimo usque ad maximum / omnes avaritiam sequuntur: / a propheta usque ad sacerdotem / cuncti faciunt mendacium. 11And they healed the breach of the daughter of my people disgracefully, saying: Peace, peace: when there was no peace.E sanavano la piaga della figlia del popol mio con burlarsi di lei, dicendo: Pace, pace, quando non era pace,And they healed the destruction of the daughter of my people to ignominie, saying: Peace, peace, when there was not peace.Et sanabant contritionem filiæ populi mei ad ignominiam, / dicentes: Pax, pax ! / cum non esset pax. 12They are confounded, because they have committed abomination: yea rather they are not confounded with confusion, and they have not known how to blush: therefore shall they fall among them that fall; in the time of their visitation they shall fall, saith the Lord.Sono confusi, perchè hanno fatto cose abbominevoli: anzi non son veramente confusi, e non han saputo arrossire; per questo cadranno tra que', che periscono, nel tempo, in cui saran visitati, periranno, dice il Signore.They are confounded, because they haue done abomination: yea rather they are not confounded with confusion, and they haue not knowen how to blush: therefore shal they fal among them that fal, in the time of their visitation they shal fal, saith our Lord.Confusi sunt, quia abominationem fecerunt: / quinimmo confusione non sunt confusi, / et erubescere nescierunt. / Idcirco cadent inter corruentes: / in tempore visitationis suæ corruent, dicit Dominus. 13Gathering I will gather them together, saith the Lord, there is no grape on the vines, and there are no figs on the fig tree, the leaf is fallen: and I have given them the things that are passed away.Io li raunerò tutti, dice il Signore: Le viti son senza uve, e la ficaia è senza fichi, le foglie stesse sono cadute, e le cose, ch'io diedi loro, se ne son' ite.Gathering I wil gather them together, saith our Lord, there is no grape in the vines, and there are no figges on the figtree, the leafe is fallen downe: and I haue geuen them the thinges that are passed.Congregans congregabo eos, ait Dominus. / Non est uva in vitibus, et non sunt ficus in ficulnea: / folium defluxit, / et dedi eis quæ prætergressa sunt.
14Why do we sit still? assemble yourselves, and let us enter into the fenced city, and let us be silent there: for the Lord our God hath put us to silence, and hath given us water of gall to drink: for we have sinned against the Lord.Perchè stiamo a sedere? Raunatevi, e andiamo nella città forte, ed ivi stiam in silenzio; perocché il Signore Dio nostro ci ha condannati al silenzio, e ci ha dato a bere acqua di fiele: perchè contro il Signore abbiam peccato.Why doe we sitte? come together and let vs enter into the fenced citie, and let vs be silent there: because the Lord our God hath made vs to be silent, and hath geuen vs water of gaule for drinke: for we haue sinned to our Lord.Quare sedemus ? / convenite, et ingrediamur civitatem munitam, / et sileamus ibi: / quia Dominus Deus noster silere nos fecit, / et potum dedit nobis aquam fellis: / peccavimus enim Domino. 15We looked for peace and no good came: for a time of healing, and behold fear.Aspettavamo la pace, e questo bene non venne: il tempo di guarigione, ed ecco terrori.We expected peace and there was no good: a time of medicine and behold feare.Exspectavimus pacem, et non erat bonum: / tempus medelæ, et ecce formido. 16The snorting of his horses was heard from Dan, all the land was moved at the sound of the neighing of his warriors: and they came and devoured the land, and all that was in it: the city and its inhabitants.Da Dan si è udito il nitrire de' suoi cavalli, al romore strepitoso de' suoi combattenti è stata scommossa tutta la terra. E son venuti, e han divorata la terra, e le sue ricchezze; le città, e i loro abitatori.From Dan was the snoring noyse of his horses heard, with the voice of the neyinges of his fighting horses al the land was moued: and they came and deuoured the land, and the fulnes thereof: the citie and the inhabitants thereof.A Dan auditus est fremitus equorum ejus; / a voce hinnituum pugnatorum ejus commota est omnis terra: / et venerunt, et devoraverunt terram et plenitudinem ejus; / urbem et habitatores ejus. 17For behold I will send among you serpents, basilisks, against which there is no charm: and they shall bite you, saith the Lord.Imperocché ecco che io manderò contro di voi de' serpenti, e de' basilischi, che non s'incantano; e vi morderanno, dice il Signore:For behold I wil send you serpents basaliskes, for which there is no inchantment: and they shal bite you, saith our Lord.Quia ecce ego mittam vobis serpentes regulos, / quibus non est incantatio: / et mordebunt vos, ait Dominus. 18My sorrow is above sorrow, my heart mourneth within me.Il mio dolore passa ogni dolore: io porto un cuore angustiato.My sorow is aboue sorow, my hart mourning within me.Dolor meus super dolorem, / in me cor meum mœrens.
19Behold the voice of the daughter of my people from a far country: Is not the Lord in Sion, or is not her king in her? why then have they provoked me to wrath with their idols, and strange vanities?Odo la voce della figlia del popol mio: Non è egli più il Signore in Sionne? O il suo Re non è egli più dentro di lei? E perchè adunque mi provocarono a sdegno co' loro simolacri, e con vanità forestiere?Behold the voice of the daughter of my people from a farre countrie: Is not our Lord in Sion: or is not her king in her? Why then haue they prouoked me to wrath in their sculptils, and in strange vanities?Ecce vox clamoris filiæ populi mei de terra longinqua: / Numquid Dominus non est in Sion ? / aut rex ejus non est in ea ? / Quare ergo me ad iracundiam concitaverunt in sculptilibus suis, / et in vanitatibus alienis ? 20The harvest is past, the summer is ended, and we are not saved.La mietitura è passata, l'estate è finita, e noi non siam liberati.The haruest is past, sommer is ended: and we are not saued.Transiit messis, finita est æstas, / et nos salvati non sumus. 21For the affliction of the daughter of my people I am afflicted, and made sorrowful, astonishment hath taken hold on me.L'afflizione della figlia del popol mio mi affligge, e mi contrista; l'orrore si è impossessato di me.For the affliction of the daughter of my people I am afflicted, and made sorowful, astonishment hath taken me.Super contritione filiæ populi mei contritus sum, et contristatus: / stupor obtinuit me. 22Is there no balm in Galaad? or is there no physician there? Why then is not the wound of the daughter of my people closed?Non vi è egli resina in Galaad? O non hai tu verun medico? Perché adunque non è ella rammarginata la ferita della figliuola del popol mio?Is there noe rosen in Galaad? or is there no phisition there? Why then is not the wound of the daughter of my people closed?Numquid resina non est in Galaad ? / aut medicus non est ibi ? / quare igitur non est obducta cicatrix filiæ populi mei ?
8:1
Graves. They might suppose that they would find treasures in them, as the tombs of Semiramis, Cyrus, etc., were thus enriched. This inhumanity seems to have taken place before the last siege, Baruch 2:24. (Calmet) Quaeque carent ventis et solibus ossa Quirini Nefas videre dissipabit insoleas.--
Horace
(Horace, epod. 16.)
Worthington
Cruelty and avarice cause persecutors to act thus. (Worthington)
8:4
Again. Why then do not the people strive to repent?
8:7
Stork. These birds retire at the approach of winter to warmer climates. In Poland swallows plunge into marshes, like frogs. If instinct teach them to do so, for their preservation, is it not strange that men should be so inconsiderate?
8:8
Calmet
Falsehood. The impostors have deceived you, and they are themselves taken prisoners. (Calmet)
8:9
Worthington
Them. Those who understand, and do not observe the law, are not wise. (Worthington)
8:10
Calmet
Others. Idumeans, etc. Yet most part of the land remained uncultivated. (Calmet)
Haydock
The rest, to ver. 13., "they will collect their fruits, says," etc., is supplied by Grabe. (Haydock)
8:12
St. Jerome
They are. Or, "are they?" etc. (St. Jerome)
No, they are too hardened, Jeremias 6:14.
8:13
Calmet
Gather into Jerusalem, to be butchered. (Calmet)
Haydock
Away. They are now in the greatest distress. (Haydock)
This probably happened a little before the last siege, Jeremias 14.
8:14
Silent, in utter destruction, 1 Kings 2:9. We cannot be in a worse condition.
8:16
Calmet
Dan, by which the Chaldeans must pass, Jeremias 4:15. Many have hence inferred that antichrist will be the serpent (ver. 17.) of the tribe of Dan, Genesis 49:17. (Calmet)
8:17
Worthington
Charm. The Chaldeans will not be moved to pity (Menochius) by any words. (Worthington)
8:18
Calmet
Me. God, Jeremias, the people, or rather Jerusalem bewails her children. (Calmet)
8:19
Calmet
Sion. Thus the people complain, (Menochius) or God answers them that they had no reason to have recourse to idols for protection. (Calmet)
8:20
Haydock
Saved. Our hopes of redress are vanished. We must still pine away for want of food. (Haydock)
Calmet
The siege continues, though we had been assured it would shortly be terminated. (Calmet)
Haydock
It commenced January 30, the year of the world 3414. Soon after Nabuchodonosor went to meet Pharao, and having defeated him, returned about June, the year of the world 3415, and after 390 days took the city, 27th of July, the year of the world 3416. (Usher) (Chap. 39:2.) (Calmet) (Ezechiel 4:5.) (Haydock)
8:21
Menochius
1:Jeremias. (Menochius)
The prophet continues to speak in the next chapter.
8:22
Balm, (resina) "turpentine," (Calmet) which was much used. (Dioscor. 1:66.)
Galaad was famous for the best, Jeremias 46:11., and Genesis 37:25.
Calmet
Closed? Have I not sent prophets? But they will not be healed. (Calmet)
8:1
Persecuters spoile the shrines of kinges and other principal persons of crueltie; & also of auarice if they be richly adorned.
8:9
Those that professe knowlege of the law, & obserue it not in workes, haue not true wisdom.
8:17
As serpents can not be hindered by inchantments from hurting men, no more can the furious Chaldees be disswaded by anie speach from killing, spoyling, and ransaking the Israelites.
8:1
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 2.17
17. What thinkest thou of Nabuchodonosor? Hast thou not heard out of the Scriptures that he was bloodthirsty, fierce , lion-like in disposition? Hast thou not heard that he brought out the bones of the kings from their graves into the light
8:4
St Ignatius of Antioch † AD 108 Epistle to the Ephesians: Shorter and Longer Versions 10
And pray ye without ceasing in behalf of other men; for there is hope of the repentance, that they may attain to God. For “cannot he that falls arise again, and he that goes astray return?”
Tertullian † AD 220 On Repentance 8
… upbraids the Laodiceans for trusting to their riches; and yet gives them all general monitions to repentance—under comminations, it is true; but He would not utter comminations to one un repentant if He did not forgive the repentant. The matter were doubtful if He had not withal elsewhere demonstrated this profusion of His clemency. Saith He not,
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.115
… “But in the grave who will confess unto Thee?” Also in the twenty-ninth Psalm: “Shall the dust make confession to Thee?” Also elsewhere that confession is to be made: “I would rather have the repentance of the sinner than his death.” Also in Jeremiah: “Thus saith the Lord, Shall not he that falleth arise? or shall not he that is turned away be converted?”
St Methodius † AD 311 From the Discourse on the Resurrection, Part I 1
… because it is not that which remains standing, but that which has fallen and been laid down, that is set up; according to that which is written, “Does not he who falls rise again, and he who turns aside return?”
St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 44
… Though it be but two legs or a lobe of an ear, spring back from the beast that has wounded you. Remember the mercies of God and how He cures with oil and wine. Do not despair of salvation. Recall your recollection of how it is written in the Scriptures that he who is falling rises and he who turns away returns;
St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 46.5
5. In such a state of things as this, “Shall they fall and not arise? Shall he turn away and not return?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 An Exhortation to Theodore After His Fall 1
… For to have fallen is not a grievous thing, but to remain prostrate after falling, and not to get up again; and, playing the coward and the sluggard, to conceal feebleness of moral purpose under the reasoning of despair. To whom also the prophet spoke in perplexity saying “Doth he who falleth not rise up, or he who turneth away not turn back?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 An Exhortation to Theodore After His Fall 2.4
… “Slay me, smite me, spare not?” “Does he who falls not rise up again?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 26
7. Let us not then be confident, who stand, but let us say to ourselves, “Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall;” neither let us who are fallen despair, but let us say to ourselves, “He that falleth, doth he not arise?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 64
How many other such changes wouldest thou see, both to have taken place of old, and now taking place every day? For this reason then I say, Neither let him on the stave despair, nor let him in the church be confident. For to this last it is said, “Let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he fall;” and to the other, “Shall not he that falleth arise?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 82
But about not despairing, it is said, “Doth he fall, and not arise? Doth he turn away, and not return?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on First Corinthians 23
… To him that committeth extortion every day? Nay, he lies prostrate with a mighty fall. To the fornicator? He too is cast down to the ground. To the drunkard? He also is fallen, and knoweth not even that he is fallen. So that it is not the season for this word, but for that saying of the prophet which he spake even to the Jews, (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 9
… And this is evident from many places. “For,” says one, “doth not he that falleth rise again? or he that turneth away, doth not he turn back to [God]?” (
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 41.3
… No doubt their object is to make their religion more pretentious by putting that last which we put first. Again they close the doors of the Church to almost every fault, whilst we read daily, “I desire the repentance of a sinner rather than his death,” and “Shall they fall and not arise, saith the Lord,”
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 122.1
… One who despairs of salvation can have no expectation of a judgment to come. For if he dreaded such, he would by doing good works prepare to meet his Judge. Let us hear what God says through Jeremiah, “withhold thy foot from a rough way and thy throat from thirst” and again “shall they fall, and not arise? Shall he turn away, and not return?”
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 13.3
… “Shall he that falleth, not rise again? and he that is turned away, shall he not turn again? Why then is this people in Jerusalem turned away with a stubborn revolting? They have stiffened their necks and refused to return.”
Early Popes (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) The Epistles of Pope Callistus 2.6
… But be that as it may , we believe without hesitation, that both the priests of the Lord and other believers may return to their honours after a proper satisfaction for their error, as the Lord Himself testifies by His prophet: “Shall he who falls not also rise again? and shall he who turns away not return?”
Pseudo-Cyprian Exhortation to Repentance 1
Also in the same: “Thus saith the Lord, Does not he that falleth arise? or he that turns away, shall he not be turned back? Because this people hath turned itself away by a shameless vision, and they have persisted in their presumption, and would not be converted.”
8:5
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 16.15
… One of the prophets, speaking of Israel, whose heart was hard and uncircumcised, says, Lord, Thou hast stricken them, but they have not grieved, Thou hast consumed them but they have refused to receive correction; and again, The people turned not to Him that smiteth them; and Why is my people slidden back by a perpetual backsliding,
8:6
Pseudo-Cyprian Exhortation to Repentance 1
Also in the same: “There is no man that repenteth of his iniquity, saying, What have I done? The runner has failed from his course, as the sweating horse in his neighing.”
8:7
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 1.4
… the sparrows of the field keep the time of their coming in; but my people doth not know the judgment of the Lord. How say ye, We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us? The false measurement has been made vain; the scribes are confounded; the wise men have trembled, and been taken, because they have rejected the word of the Lord.”
St Ephrem the Syrian † AD 373 Ephraim Syrus: The Pearl. Seven Hymns on the Faith 4.2
With the swallow and the crow did He put men to shame; with the ox, yea with the ass, did He put them to shame; let the pearl reprove now, O ye birds and things on earth and things below.
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies on the Statues to the People of Antioch 12.6
… yet your heavenly Father feedeth them.” The prophet also, to shame the ungrateful Jews, thus speaks; “The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master’s crib; but Israel doth not know me.” And again; “The turtle and the swallow and the crane observe the time of their coming, but my people knoweth not the judgment of the Lord his God.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 21
… Yea, for the old covenant likewise sends to the bee, and to the ant, and to the turtle, and to the swallow.
8:11
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 51.11
… they pour out that of which they are full; they preach peace, and they have peace. They are not as those of whom it was said, “Peace, Peace, and there is no peace.”
8:13
St Methodius † AD 311 The Banquet of the Ten Virgins; or Concerning Chastity 10.2
… For the fig-tree, on account of its sweetness and richness, represents the delights of man, which he had in paradise before the fall. Indeed, not rarely, as we shall afterwards show, the Holy Spirit
8:16
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 5.30.2
… the whole earth shall be moved by the voice of the neighing of his galloping horses: he shall also come and devour the earth, and the fulness thereof, the city also, and they that dwell therein.”
St Hippolytus † AD 235 Treatise on Christ and Antichrist 15
… Well, the prophecy had its partial fulfilment in Samson, but its complete fulfilment is reserved for Antichrist. For Jeremiah also speaks to this effect: “From Dan we are to hear the sound of the swiftness of his horses: the whole land trembled at the sound of the neighing, of the driving of his horses .”
St Hippolytus † AD 235 A discourse by the most blessed Hippolytus, bishop and martyr, on the end of the world, and on Antichrist, and on the second coming of our lord Jesus Christ 19
… That, however, was only partially made good in the case of Samson; but this shall be fulfilled completely in the case of Antichrist. For Jeremiah, too, speaks in this manner: “From Dan we shall hear the sound of the sharpness of his horses; at the sound of the neighing of his horses the whole land trembled.”
8:17
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 18.16
… For it is the plague of which it is figuratively said by the prophet: “Behold I will send among you serpents, basilisks, against which there is no charm: and they shall bite you.”
8:22
St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 46.5
… is there no physician there? Why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered?”
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 79.3
… In Isaiah we read of camels, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah and Sheba, which carry gold and incense to the city of the Lord. On like typical camels the Ishmaelitish merchantmen bring down to the Egyptians perfume and incense and balm (of the kind that grows in Gilead good for the healing of wounds
John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 3.8
… it so glorious, that it may well hear from the prophet “And the king shall have pleasure in thy beauty,” or so black, and foul, and ugly, that it must surely acknowledge the stench of its shame, and say “My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness,” and the Lord Himself says to it “Why is not the wound of the daughter of my people closed?”
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1. IN THAT TIME, — when Jerusalem shall be taken by the Chaldeans, and the Jews shall be slain in Topheth. THEY SHALL CAST OUT THE BONES OF THE KINGS OF JUDA. — Note: The Jews burned the corpses of their dead princes, as appears in Jeremiah cap. XXXIV, verse 5; and they buried the bones with gold, silver, garments, arms, crowns and sceptre, if they were kings, says St. Jerome; but if they were Prophets or men of the first rank, with garments and precious vessels, just as in our time we have seen in the sepulchres of the Jews. Thus writes Josephus, lib. XIII Antiq. XV, that Hyrcanus drew from the sepulchre of David three thousand talents, and Sozomenus, lib. IX, at the end, relates that in the sepulchre of the prophet Zacharias there was found a boy of royal stock bound with a golden crown and clothed in royal garments. Thus also the Gentiles did, as appears from the funeral of Misenus in Virgil, lib. VI Aeneid: But pious Aeneas with a mighty mass of earth / Raised up a tomb, and placed therein the warrior's arms, his oar and trumpet. And lib. XI, in the funeral of Pallas: for they cast upon the pyre his garments, helmet and arms. The Livonians still do the same, who, pressed hard by the servitude of the Germans, place food, drink, an axe, and some money at the monuments of the dead, saying: "Pass on, O wretched one, from this harsh state into a better world; where the Germans shall no longer rule over you, but you over them; you have arms, food, provisions." Witness is John Lasicius in Samogitia. Alexander the Great, hearing that the sepulchre of Cyrus was filled with gold and silver, ordered it to be opened: "But besides his decayed shield, and two Scythian bows and an acinaces, he found nothing. However, a golden crown placed upon a cloak, which he himself had sewn to it, covered the pillow on which the body lay, marveling that a king of such great name, endowed with such riches, was buried no more preciously than if he had been of the common people," says Q. Curtius, lib. X On the Deeds of Alexander. Paul relates the matter somewhat differently, as I shall say presently. Alexander the Great, says Plutarch in his Life, when he found the monument of Cyrus opened, put to death the author of the deed, one named Polymachus. The inscription on the monument was: "Whoever you are and from wherever you have come (for I knew someone would come), I am Cyrus, who sought empire for the Persians. Do not begrudge me, I pray you, this small plot of earth that covers my body." These things greatly moved Alexander, as he reflected upon the uncertainty and vicissitude of affairs. Hence also that complaint of Horace concerning the destruction of the Romans in book Epodes, ode XVI: Therefore Jeremiah predicts that the Chaldeans' avarice shall break open these sepulchres, first, for plunder. Thus St. Jerome, Hugo, Lyran, Isidore. Secondly, as Theodoret, for contempt and punishment, namely that the bones of Manasseh and of impious kings be exposed to light, and that the heavens and stars, to which they served forsaking God, be open to their sight. Finally, that their bones exposed to the air and consumed by it, be dissolved into dung and ashes. Hence he says: "They shall spread them out;" that is, scatter them, not gather them under a roof; for even this is some honor; wherefore we are accustomed to place the skulls and bones of the dead in an honest place in a cemetery in a charnel house or ossuary. But this was not granted to the Jews by the Chaldeans, as God here threatens. How inhumane and barbarous this violation of sepulchres is, the deed of Nitocris showed (although Plutarch attributes it to Semiramis), queen of Babylon. For she built a sepulchre for herself above the gates of the city in a lofty place, and inscribed it with these letters: "If any of the kings of Babylon who come after me shall be in want of money, let him open the sepulchre and take as much money as he wishes, provided he be in need; otherwise let him not open it, for it will not be better for him." This sepulchre remained undisturbed until Darius Hystaspes, who, thinking money was hidden there in vain, opened the monument, in which he found no money, but letters saying thus: "If you were not insatiable for money and greedy for base gain, you would not have opened the urns of the dead." Thus Herodotus, lib. I. Barbarian! alas! the victor shall tread upon the ashes, and the horseman / Shall strike the city with resounding hoof: / And the bones of Quirinus, which lack winds and suns, / The insolent foe shall scatter, a sacrilege.
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2. AND ALL THE HOST OF HEAVEN, — and all the stars, which are, as it were, armed and equipped soldiers of God, especially because the cones of helmets are wont to glitter like stars, as Maldonatus says. WHOM THEY SERVED — with latria, by adoring them. Note: The Gentiles adored the sun and stars, both on account of their splendor and beauty, and because almost all the first philosophers thought them to be animate. Whence St. Augustine, lib. XVIII of the City of God, cap. IV, relates that Anaxagoras was prosecuted for having said "the sun is a burning stone," and also because they believed that in the stars the events and fate of each person were written. Of which more in cap. X, vers. 2.
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3. THEY SHALL CHOOSE RATHER DEATH THAN LIFE. — This will be more truly allegorical on the day of judgment and the destruction of the world, when the impious shall say to the mountains: "Fall upon us," and to the hills: "Cover us." IN ALL PLACES WHICH ARE FORSAKEN, TO WHICH I HAVE CAST THEM OUT, — in Babylon, says Lyra. Secondly and better, in the mountains and hidden places of Judea, says Vatablus. Or thirdly, in the deserts of Moab and Idumea, to which the Jews fled for fear of the Chaldeans. Thus from Castro. Otherwise Sanchez: "Which are forsaken," that is, he says, in all places in which the Jews are forsaken, so that it is a hypallage.
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4. SHALL NOT HE THAT FALLETH, RISE AGAIN? — as if to say: All who fall desire to rise again, and strive to do so with all the effort of body and soul: in like manner those who have turned away from the right way and path, when they know it, hasten to return to it; what then is the madness of the Jews, to wish to persist in falling and error? Thus Lyra, Dionysius, Isidore and St. Jerome: "For it is human to fall, but it is diabolical not to rise again."
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5. WITH A CONTENTIOUS TURNING AWAY, — that is, strong, continual, persistent, so that they will not return. Whence in Hebrew it is, with perpetual turning away. THEY HAVE LAID HOLD OF DECEIT. — In Hebrew תרמית hormit, that is, deceits and frauds of the false prophets who mocked the threats of Jeremiah, for they believed them. Thus Vatablus, Pagninus, Lyra, Dionysius. Secondly, St. Jerome, Rabanus, Hugo, St. Thomas translate "deceit," that is, iniquity, depravity. Thus elsewhere on the contrary truth is often called every habit or office of virtue; and thus the devil is said not to have stood in the truth, that is, not to have persevered in the angelic office, or in that which it behooved an angel to do, John VIII, 44.
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6. ALL ARE TURNED TO THEIR OWN COURSE, — so that they follow the proneness of their depraved nature and will toward evil, just as an unbridled horse runs with impetuosity, whither the spur or fancy drives it, for example into battle, even with certain danger to life. Somewhat differently, but more effectively, the Septuagint translates: The runner fails from his course, and the weary horse in his neighing, as if to say: The runner, running for a long time, at length becomes exhausted and ceases to run: the horse likewise neighing for the course into battle, being exhausted by it, ceases to neigh and run; but these in the continual labor of sinning and course toward crimes are not wearied, but as if tireless and insatiable they continually hasten to one thing and another. Thus Theodoret. Here is stupor immersed in the vices of the sinner, here is fury.
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7. THE KITE IN THE SKY (from the sky, from the temperature and quality of the sky) KNEW ITS TIME. — "Kite" namely the white one, that is the stork, for this is called in Hebrew חסידה chasida from piety toward parents, that is pious, and is called white from its whiteness. Whence Virgil, Georgics II: When with blushing spring / The white bird comes. For the stork returns in spring from colder places to its nest; which the kite does not do, and hence the stork is the hieroglyphic of a guest who dwells nowhere. Thus Castro, Maldonatus and the Hebrews. But, because the kite is never called a stork, and because the stork follows; hence you would better take the kite properly here, which in Hebrew is called chasida by antiphrasis, because it is by no means pious, but a most rapacious bird. For the names of animals among the Hebrews are common to many. Whence chasida they interpret as kite first, St. Jerome, Zechariah cap. V, vers. 9, where in his Commentary he thus says: "The Hebrews think chasida is a kite, a most rapacious bird, and always lying in wait for domestic birds." Second, Symmachus, and the sixth edition, Psalm CIII, 18, chasida they translate as kite, where the Septuagint translates it as heron. Third, the Talmudists, as Pagninus says, say that chasida is דיה לבנה daia lehana, that is the white kite; so called, because it shows mercy or benefits to its companions, to whom it distributes from the foods which it has seized. Beautifully Baptist Mantuan, book V of Alphonsus on the nature of birds thus sings: The stars also and rains teach, and the certain / Times of days and years, thus the swallow knows spring, / The kingfishers winter, winds and lightnings they sense, / And timely rains to thirsty fields. ITS TIME, — the spring time, mild and suitable for returning, nesting, generating eggs and chicks, as if to say: And you, O Jews, O mortals, do you not know the time, that is the opportunity of repenting, of reconciling yourselves with God, of sowing good works by which you reap eternal glory. Again, you do not know the time, namely the severe winter of the wrath and vengeance of God impending over you, so that you flee it like the kite and the stork. Time or opportunity Ausonius depicts beautifully in this way: I am a goddess, whom rare and few / Opportunity know, / Why do you stand on a wheel? I cannot stay in one place. / Why do you have winged sandals? I am swift: what Mercury / Is accustomed to make fortunate, I give, when I wished. / Why do you cover your face with hair? I do not wish to be known, but hey you, / Are you bald in the back? lest I be seized while fleeing. Whence he thus describes the companion of Opportunity, Metanoia, or late repentance: I am a goddess, who exact punishment for deed and non-deed, / Namely so that one repents, thus I am called Metanoia. "Bees," says Pliny, lib. XI, cap. VI and X, "accomplish their work not on fixed days, but whenever the favorableness of the sky invites; thus each thing must seize its opportunity in its own time." The same, lib. XV, cap. XXIV: "The laurel," he says, "germinates last of all, and yet bears fruit among the first; thus those who lose the suitable time for accomplishing a thing, even if they begin later, nevertheless accomplish it more quickly." And Hesiod: "Summer will not always be, build your nests." This is what Paul says: "While we have time, let us work good," let us sow good works from which we may live in eternity. THE TURTLE DOVE. — Mystically St. Chrysostom, hom. On the Turtle Dove, cap. X, vers. 5: "The turtle dove," he says, "he calls every chaste Church, but the swallow John the lover of men, but the cicada (for thus he himself reads it for stork) the most eloquent Paul, the organ of the Church." See him on the turtle dove. St. Ambrose adds, lib. VI Hexameron cap. IV: "Do you see," he says, "how much the Lord pours into even the tiniest little animals of prudence? The turtle dove, lest a wolf attack its chicks in its nest, places leaves of the squill over them: for it knows that wolves are accustomed to bring such leaves, the little bird knows how to cherish its posterity; and you do not know, and you neglect, how against the wolf of spiritual wickedness you might have a safer possession of this life!" But concerning the turtle dove others doubt. For what does the turtle dove fear from the wolf, and for itself, nesting in trees? Gladiolus, or, as others read it, iris, Aelian adds to place on nests; but Philes to eat the same, as an amulet against fascination, and for the protection of chicks. But hear similar and wonderful things about the prudent sagacity of birds, and imitate them: "The hawk repels impending disease with the herb hiera, swallows have shown celandine most salutary for sight, healing the troubled eyes of their young with it; the stork heals itself with oregano; the eagle with the stone actite; the hare with chicory; the kite with buckthorn; the hoopoe with adiantum; the Indians with a branch of myrtle; the peacock with the root of flax; the heron with crab; the wood-pigeons, jackdaws, blackbirds, and partridges purge their yearly disgust with a branch of laurel; doves, turtledoves and fowl with the herb called helxine; ducks, geese and other aquatic birds with the herb siderite; cranes and similar birds with marsh rush; the raven, having slain the chameleon, which also harms its conqueror, extinguishes the noxious poison hostile to it with laurel," says Aldrovandus in the Prolegomena to his Ornithology. Where he also adds that the nightingale changes both color and voice equally at the summer solstice. THE SWALLOW. — In Hebrew סוס sus, which Vatablus, Pagninus and others translate as crane, which is similar to the horse in stature and voice, which in Hebrew is called sus. But the Septuagint, the Chaldean, our Vulgate and others, in Isaiah chapter XXXVIII, verse 14, translate sus as swallow; for the swallow is the first of birds to return in spring, whence the saying: "One swallow does not make a spring." Hear wonderful things about the swallow, its diligence and its sense of spring. Swallows gather together before winter and cold, entwining themselves with wings and feet, and plunge themselves into a pond, where they rest as if drowsy and lifeless, until the spring warmth approaches, which when they feel it, they return to themselves and revive. Thus attesting eyewitnesses, the Poles testify. The swallow therefore, revived from the waters, returns to us in early spring, seeks out its former nests, and upon finding them applauds and congratulates itself wonderfully, with varied and almost articulate song. The roofs of Thebes, according to Pliny, book X, chapter XXIII, are said not to be entered by swallows, because that city was often captured and laid waste. Solinus, repeating this from Pliny in chapter XV of his Polyhistor, gives this reason: "For among other things, that swallows possess something prescient is known from this, that they do not seek roofs about to fall, and they shun buildings destined to perish in any way." It is truly wonderful what Pliny writes, in book X, chapter XXXIII, that swallows at the mouth of the Nile in Heracleotic territory oppose an impregnable mass to the inundation of the Nile by the continuity of their nests over a space of one stadium, so that it can scarcely be believed that this could be accomplished by human labor. And in Egypt near the town of Coptos, they say there is an island sacred to Isis, which, lest the Nile inundate it, swallows, as spring begins, strengthen with straw and material by continuous nights for three days, with such labor that many are known to die in the work, and this military service returns to them with the year always. Other birds also return in spring, but he names swallows before them. For these return certainly in early spring, and as it were announce spring. Again, because this is more wonderful in the swallow, which scarcely admits discipline, scarcely allows itself to be tamed. Whence Pliny, book X, chapter XV: "Among flying creatures," he says, "swallows are unteachable; among terrestrial creatures, mice, when elephants obey commands, lions submit to the yoke, in the sea calves, and so many kinds of fish become gentle." And Plutarch, in the eighth book of Symposiacs, Question VII: "Concerning those," he says, "which dwell with us, the swallow alone and the fly are not tamed by man, nor do they allow themselves to be touched, nor do they admit familiarity or society in any work or play, which the fly does from fear of harm, and which is continually driven away; but the swallow because by nature it hates men, and on account of faithlessness always remains suspicious, and is averse to taming." Ludovicus Ariostus writes in his satires that the swallow dies if it is held enclosed in a cage for even a single day alone; whence also in Hebrew it is called דרור deror, that is, free, says Rabbi David. Albert the Great, however, writes that he has seen swallows tamed and flying to the hand. But these are rare. Furthermore, the swallow is a symbol of the piety of parents (and especially of God) toward children. For, as Horus Apollo says, book II of Hieroglyphics, chapter XXIX: "Wishing to signify all the wealth of parents left to children, the Egyptians paint a swallow. For it, now near to death, rolls itself in mud, and prepares hiding places for its young." And St. Ambrose, book V of the Hexameron, chapter XVII: "The swallow," he says, "small in body, but remarkably sublime in pious affection, needy of all things, builds nests more precious than gold." The swallow therefore here denotes God as pious toward the Hebrews as toward children, having bestowed all his goods upon them, when they themselves were ungrateful and impious toward him. From this return of his in spring, the swallow is called "the herald of spring." Ovid, in the Fasti, book I: Then gentle suns, and the unknown swallow comes forth, / And fashions yellow work beneath the lofty beam. And: Are we deceived, or does the herald of spring come, / Or does she fear lest the reversed winter return? Hence the Rhodians, as Athenaeus testifies, at the end of winter are accustomed to invite swallows, so that they might bring spring, which they called χελιδονίζειν, that is, τῇ χελιδόνι ἀγείρειν, that is to gather straw for the swallow, going around the houses of the townspeople, and singing this little song (χελιδονίσμα, which they called as it were a swallow-song): "Comes, comes the swallow, bringing fair hours, and fair years." Theognis testifies the same thing, in book III of the Sacrifices, and from him Aldrovandus. Mystically, Cardinal James of Vitry explains the entire nature of the swallow in the Second Sunday of Advent: The swallow, he says, which is reddish in the neck and breast, signifies the Saints, in whom the faith of Christ's passion is in the heart and on the lips, while they believe with the heart unto justice, and confess with the mouth unto salvation. Second, by its droppings, as with Tobias, worldly men are blinded, that is, by temporal goods, which the Saints regard as droppings, as the Apostle says. Third, the swallow flees winter and passes to warm regions; thus the saint, fleeing the frost of sins and the torpor of sloth, tends toward the South of the Holy Spirit, so that he might dwell in the fervor of charity. Fourth, the swallow is solicitous in building nests and rearing young; thus the holy man places his hope in Christ's aid and grace, and there hides the young of good works, and is intent on rearing and nourishing his neighbors. Fifth, the swallow abandons the heights that are about to fall, and the Saints flee the ruin of the present age, lest they be oppressed and fall with what is falling. Sixth, the swallow flies across the sea, and the Saints, crossing the bitterness of this world, serve God outside the world. Seventh, the swallow returns after the cold of winter to announce the beginning of spring; thus the just man, after temptations, arrives at mildness under the Lord's guidance, and shows himself to others as an example of good conduct and the verdure of virtues. Eighth, the swallow seeks spring, which is the middle between winter and summer, and the saint maintains in himself the measure of discretion and temperance. Ninth, the swallow does not take food while resting, but eats the food it catches in the air, and the just man seeks heavenly things on earth. Tenth, the swallow neither harms other birds nor is itself seized by others, and just men neither harm others nor ever become prey to demons. Eleventh, swallows are preachers of God's word; to these indeed this similitude of St. Chrysostom is referred: "Swallows," he says, "draw food for their young from mouth to mouth, but ours do not, but from mouth to ear: for those proceed to corruption, but ours to incorruption; those nourish the body, but ours the soul." Twelfth, the swallow diligently building a nest and restoring sight to its young through the herb chelidonia, designates the just man as not despairing in any need, nor ceasing from work, but bearing children to Christ, and illuminating them through the medicine of truth. AND THE STORK KEPT THE TIME OF HER COMING,—namely the time of her migration to another place, so that she might flee the rigors of winter and seek mild spring. Second, these birds know where and when to build nests and rear their young. BUT MY PEOPLE KNEW NOT THE JUDGMENT OF THE LORD,—that is, the time of vengeance, defined and promulgated by the law in general, and by me in particular, as if imminent, so that Jerusalem might flee the winter of desolation through penance. Moreover, "knew not," that is, was unwilling to esteem, did not care, did not believe the threats of the Lord. Others say "knew not," namely practically, that is, was unwilling to do the judgment of the Lord, that is, the precepts, so that it might reap the fruit of the law. Thus Theodoret. God compares the Jews to birds, sins to winter, his mercy to spring, and teaches them that they are more imprudent than those birds, which, although they depart, nevertheless return at fixed times, as if teaching us to do penance. For, as Pliny says in book VIII, chapter XXVI, men learn medicine from beasts, so Tertullian, in the book On Penance, says that penance ought to be learned from the same. Hear Tertullian, in the book On Penance, at the end: "Why do you hesitate to undertake what you know will heal you? Mute indeed and irrational animals recognize in time the medicines divinely assigned to them. The stag pierced by an arrow, so that it might expel the iron and its irreversible delays from the wound, knows that it must be healed by dittany. The swallow, if it has blinded its young, knows how to restore their sight again from its own chelidonia. Does the sinner, knowing the exomologesis instituted by the Lord for his restoration, pass it by?" St. Pacianus has the same thing in the Exhortation to Penance. St. Barlaam in Damascene's History, chapter I, comparing idolaters to fowlers, has a charming story about the ingenuity of birds. For when that bird, captured by the fowler, saw that she must slay herself, she said to him: What manner of benefit do you obtain from my death? For you will not be able to fill your belly: if you set me free, I will give you three precepts, which if you keep throughout your whole life, will bring you great advantages. He promised her freedom, if he would learn something new and useful from her. Then she said: "Never attempt a thing which you cannot obtain, never repent of a thing past, never give credence to an incredible thing." He, admiring her wisdom, let her go. Having been let go, therefore, she tried the fowler, to see whether he would keep these precepts, and said: O man, what a treasure have you lost today! For I have within my body a pearl, exceeding the size of an ostrich egg. Hearing this, the fowler attempted to draw himself back with vehement repentance. To whom she said: Now I see that you are foolish. For I taught you not to repent of a thing past, and behold you have repented that you let me go. I commanded you not to attempt things which you could not obtain, and yet you try to capture me, when you cannot follow my path. I decreed that you should not give credence to an incredible tale, and behold you believed that within my body there is a pearl exceeding the size of an ostrich. Thus, she said, are the idolaters foolish, because they worship idols of which they themselves are the makers.
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8. THE LYING PEN OF THE SCRIBES HATH WROUGHT LIES. — The Chaldean: The scribe hath made his pen in vain, to falsify the scriptures, because when the law threatens transgressors with punishments and destruction, the Scribes say: "Peace, peace," promising redemption from punishments and salvation to the Jews through external oblations alone; and thus by false interpretation they corrupt the law, and thus "heal," that is, wish to heal, "the breach of the daughter of my people," that is, the wound of the people unto "shame" and confusion. But "they are confounded, terrified and taken," that is, they shall be confounded and struck with fear when they are taken by the Chaldeans. The Lord hath turned it: Truly also the pen of the scribes hath wrought lies in vain, as if to say: The scribes are in vain, who exercise the office of scribes in Jerusalem, because they themselves pervert the law in words and deeds; or, as Maldonatus says, as if to say: The scribes labor in vain in transcribing the law, when you, O Jews, do not at all keep it.
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10. THEIR FIELDS (I WILL GIVE) TO THEIR POSSESSORS. — In Hebrew יורשים ioreschim, that is, to possessors, namely to strangers, such as the Chaldeans, who shall invade and occupy the fields of the Jews. ALL OF THEM COMMIT FALSEHOOD, — that is, deceits and frauds, so that by the false interpretation of the law, they may gain profits for themselves. Secondly, "falsehood," that is, any kind of wickedness; for this is falsehood not vocal, but practical: whence it is often called "falsehood" in Scripture.
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13. GATHERING I WILL GATHER THEM, — namely to destruction and captivity, that is, I will utterly destroy and ruin them, say Castro and Sanchez. Or more simply, I will gather them in Jerusalem and other cities of Judea, so that there they may suffer a most strict siege from the Chaldeans, by whom not a grape shall be left on the vines, nor a fig on the fig tree; nay, even the leaf shall fall from the trees. Thus St. Jerome, Rabanus, Lyra and Maldonatus. St. Jerome notes that by these words it is signified that the siege shall be long, so that it shall be drawn out from autumn, when is the time of figs, into winter, when the leaves fall. Otherwise the Chaldean translates: The Jews shall be finished, as grapes are finished from the vine, and as a fig falling from the fig tree, and as a leaf from a tree. Symbolically, by figs and grapes are signified proverbially the riches of the Jews, which shall all pass from them to the Chaldeans, so that even "those that have passed by," that is, vile and neglected things, such as the few clusters left in the vineyard after the vintage, shall again be sought out and plundered by them. This is what he said in chapter VI, 9: "They shall glean the remnants of Israel as a vine, even to the clusters." Thus Sanchez. I HAVE GIVEN THEM THOSE THAT HAVE PASSED BY. — That is, I will give to the Jews grapes and figs, which shall pass by them, that is, shall pass from them to the Chaldeans, and shall be gathered by them. Thus St. Jerome, Vatable, Hugo and Lyra. Others explain it, as if to say: I will give to the Jews only those fruits which the Chaldeans in laying waste shall have passed by, so that they themselves may secretly gather them. But the former sense is required by the affixed pronoun in יעברום iaabrum, which refers to the Jews, not to the Chaldeans, inasmuch as no mention has been made of them here.
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14. LET US ENTER INTO THE FORTIFIED CITY. — Jerusalem; the Septuagint, let us enter into fortified cities. It is a mimesis, for these are the words of the Jews, fearful on account of the impending Chaldeans. AND LET US BE SILENT THERE. — That is, let us wait anxiously and sorrowfully for the outcome of this matter and war; or, as Lyra and Hugo say, let us be silent there, listening to the hostile trumpets, whether the Chaldeans come: let us do nothing, let us not provoke the enemy, let us only defend ourselves by the walls, since the Lord has brought us into these straits, and, as the Septuagint says, has cast us away; the Chaldean has put us to shame. This silence therefore signifies great fear and consternation; for thus do fearful mice remain silent before a cat: thus the earth was silent before Alexander the Great, I Maccabees cap. 1, 3. Otherwise Vatablus, Pagninus and a Castro: "Let us be silent," that is, let us die and perish; it is a catachresis: for the dead are silent. Thus cap. XXV, 37, he says: "The fields of peace were silent," that is, perished; and cap. XLIX, 26: "All the men of war shall be silent," that is, shall perish, and thus hell and the grave in Hebrew is called דומה duma, that is, silence. Thirdly, St. Jerome: God, he says, has imposed an inexorable silence upon us, so that we do not dare to beseech him: for the custom of sinning begets despair of pardon. Fourthly, others: "Let us be silent," that is, let us rest from such great evils in which we are here involved; but how did God make them silent whom he afflicted with such great evils? Morally, silence is manifold, says the Divine Thomas. First, of stupor: Amos cap. VIII: "In every place silence shall be cast." Second, of security: Isaiah cap. XXXII: "And the work of justice shall be peace, and the service of justice silence, and security forever." Third, of longsuffering: Lamentations cap. III: "It is good to wait with silence for the salvation of God." Fourth, of quietness of heart: Ecclesiastes XII: "The words of the wise are like goads, and as nails fastened on high." Thus far St. Thomas or rather Thomas Anglicus. AND HE GAVE US TO DRINK WATER OF GALL. — Vatablus, water mixed with gall, and therefore bitter: the Chaldean, water of curse; that is, he filled us with bitterness, so that we might learn by experience that it is evil and bitter to have forsaken and provoked to bitterness the sweet Lord. Thus St. Jerome. So it is said Psalm LIX, 5: "Thou hast shown thy people hard things: thou hast made us to drink the wine of compunction;" and Psalm LXXIX, 6: "Thou shalt feed them with the bread of tears, and shalt give them tears to drink in measure." It can secondly be rendered: He gave us to drink water of deadly poison, that is, the Lord led us into anguish and dangers of death, as if he had given us aconite to drink. Morally, learn here what sin is and its allurements; namely, it is a drop of honey which turns into a sea of gall: for a small pleasure is punished by eternal pain and fire. WE LOOKED FOR PEACE, — believing false prophets, who said: "Peace, peace." AND THERE WAS NO GOOD, — of peace, namely, which we looked for. Thus Vatablus, St. Thomas, Lyra. Otherwise St. Jerome, there was no good, that is, merit by which we might deserve peace. A TIME OF HEALING, — that is, of deliverance; the Chaldean, of propitiation: repeat we looked for.
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16. FROM DAN WAS HEARD THE SNORTING OF HIS HORSES, — as if to say, From Dan, or from Caesarea Philippi, Nebuchadnezzar will come with his cavalry against Jerusalem. See what is said cap. IV, vers. 15. Many interpret these things allegorically with Irenaeus, lib. V, cap. XXX, concerning the Antichrist to be born from the tribe of Dan, and thus expound that passage Genesis XLIX: "Let Dan be a serpent in the way," and therefore in Apocalypse VII, among the tribes sealed, Dan alone is omitted. Thus St. Augustine, Gregory, Theodoret, Ambrose, Damascene, Anselm, Rupert, Bede and others, whom Lipomanus relates, Genesis XLIX, 16. Whence Ribera, Apocalypse cap. VII, num. 13: "Why," he says, "will the Antichrist come from Dan? because from the tribe of Dan dwelling in the city of Dan, and perhaps he will be born in the same city." DEVOURED THE EARTH AND ITS FULLNESS, — that is, its fertility, namely all the fruits with which it was full.
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17. BEHOLD I WILL SEND AMONG YOU SERPENTS, BASILISKS. — The Septuagint: deadly serpents. Note that regulus, according to Pliny, lib. VIII, XXI, Solinus, cap. XXX, Aelian, lib. IX, cap. XVIII, is in Latin the same as basiliscus in Greek, namely a serpent of the size of a finger or palm, having a head marked with what is almost a white crown; it crawls on the middle part of its body, walks upright on the middle part, and is so harmful that it infects the air, so much so that "no bird can fly through the air with impunity, infected by its pestilent breath," as Solinus says in cap. XXX; it burns herbs, kills men by its very breath and spirit, puts to flight all serpents by its hiss; whence regulus, that is, king of serpents, is said. Such were the Chaldeans to the Jews, in that they would kill them by mere appearance, hissing and voice. Whence the Chaldean translator renders: Peoples destroying, like basilisk serpents, which have no charming, and they shall destroy you. WHICH HAVE NO CHARMING. — That is, who are so barbarous and cruel that they cannot be bent to mercy by any prayers. Thus St. Jerome and the Chaldean, but the Septuagint renders: which have no drawing out, namely of the sting of deadly poison, and they shall bite you incurably with the pain of your heart failing. Tropologically, such basilisks to the impious and damned are demons. Thus St. Gregory, lib. XXXIV Moral. V: "I will send, he says, among you basilisk serpents, which have no charming, as if to say: By just judgment I will deliver you to such unclean spirits, who cannot be cast out from you by the exhortation of preachers, as if by the speech of charmers." Again, such basilisks are detractors, says Hugh.
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18. MY SORROW IS ABOVE SORROW. — Note that this is the voice of Jeremiah, as the Chaldean translator, Hugh, St. Thomas, Lyra teach, or, as St. Jerome and Rabanus, of God, grieving and lamenting the destruction of Jerusalem, so that from sorrow he almost stretches his mouth open in a gape. For the Hebrew מבליגיתי mabligiti, which is not said in Greek as ἀλγεῖν, but πληγεῖσα, is the gaping of the mouth, partly contracted from sorrow, partly distended, and having the appearance of a laugh. Thus St. Jerome. But Maldonatus and Sanchez think these are the words of the grieving people, which are recited by the Prophet through mimesis. Whence tropologically Sanchez adds that sinners rejoice and laugh in their sins; but this laugh is sardonic, which is a sign or cause of death. Yet in the following verse the voice of the people is explained. Therefore the exposition of St. Jerome is more true. Otherwise Vatable renders: The strengthening or recovery of my breath above sorrow, in me my heart is sad, as if to say: When in sorrow I wished to console myself and to strengthen myself against it, I could not, because my heart is oppressed with grief.
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19. BEHOLD THE VOICE OF THE CRY OF THE DAUGHTER OF MY PEOPLE. — Jeremiah calls the synagogue of his people a daughter, because he loved her, reared her and admonished her as a daughter. Whence the Chaldean translator renders: the voice from my people, as if to say: I, Jeremiah, grieve, because I seem to hear the voice of my people being led into captivity far away, into Chaldea; or rather the people fearing the coming and siege of the Chaldeans. Whence for from the land far away, in Hebrew it is מארץ meerets, on account of the land, מרחקים marchakkim, that is, of distances. Thus Pagninus. So often de for propter is taken, as we say, I weep, I wail, I mourn de the death of my son, that is, on account of. It is a Hebraism and enallage, as if to say: I grieve and am struck down on account of those coming from the land far away, that is, the Chaldeans. For that the siege of Jerusalem is being discussed here, not the captivity, as Theodoret, Lyra, Thomas and Castrius wish, is evident from what follows. Thus St. Jerome, Rabanus, Hugh, Vatable and Maldonatus. IS NOT THE LORD IN SION? — These are the words of the people besieged by the Chaldeans, as if to say: Is not God as it were king in Sion; why therefore did he permit it to be besieged? why does he seem to have delivered it to the Chaldeans to be laid waste? The Lord responds: Why also have you provoked me with your idols? why, abandoning me, have you sought help from foreign gods and nations, as if there were no God in Jerusalem, nor a king? as he said in cap. II, 18. He notes the worship of Moloch, that is, of the king to each man and god. For the Jews had preferred this foreign king and god to their native and true one. Otherwise the Chaldean; for he thinks that "is not the Lord," etc., are the words of God, as if to say: Since you have me as Lord, lord and king in Sion, why do you flee to idols?
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20. THE HARVEST IS PASSED. — This is the voice of the Jewish people lamenting a prolonged calamity, namely the siege endured throughout the summer and year, and that the allies did not bring the help which they had promised to relieve it: for they thought they would come after the harvest in May or June, when men are less occupied, and they did not come. Then they thought they would come after summer when the vintage was made, and they did not come. God therefore laughs at them here, reciting their words. Thus St. Jerome, Vatable, Lyra and Maldonatus. Otherwise St. Thomas, as if to say: The harvest has passed, and yet we still perish from hunger. Otherwise also Theodoret, as if to say: Seventy harvests and summers have already passed, that is, years of captivity, and yet we still remain captive in Babylon. But this is more remote and foreign: whence the prior sense is not about captivity, but about the siege.
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21. UPON THE BREAKING OF THE DAUGHTER OF MY PEOPLE I AM BROKEN — that is to say, I God, says St. Jerome, or rather, as the Chaldean, Theodoret, Lyra, St. Thomas and Vatablus hold, I Jeremiah, am fixed and amazed that the people cannot heal themselves of such great evils. IS THERE NO BALM IN GILEAD? — "Balm" is a tear or drop, flowing either naturally or from the incision of trees, as from pine, cypress, cedar, terebinth, which is called terebinthine. That which is gathered in "Gilead" is celebrated in Scripture: for "Gilead" is a part of Arabia, which is most fertile in aromatics. Moreover balm mitigates pain, binds up wounds, and covers them with a scar. The Greeks call it ῥητίνην: for ῥέτσος is said of whatever distills or flows. Vatablus and Pagninus translate it as theriac; the Chaldean, as balm. IS THERE NO PHYSICIAN THERE? — Vatablus and Pagninus translate it, is there no surgeon there? Note: In the art of medicine and surgery the Gileadites and Arabs excelled on account of their aromatics and simples, namely herbs, woods and fruits, which they possess of the highest quality. Again he names Gilead, because Elijah and other Prophets dwelt there, III Kings XVII, 1, that is to say, Are there no medicines for Jerusalem and Judea? that is, sound counsels, doctrine, instruction; or, as Vatablus and the Chaldean hold, prayers and supplications of pious men, and physicians, namely spiritual ones, such as Prophets and priests, by whose medicine and counsel his wounds, that is his sins, and such great disaster and devastation might be healed? that is to say, They are not lacking, but he does not wish to hear them. Thus Theodoret. Otherwise Vatablus: I marvel, he says, in this region, which says it worships God, that there is not found some pious one who by his prayers might heal the evils of my people. From this place Bachiarius, in his epistle to Januarius, proves that every sin is remissible in this life. Otherwise also by Castro, so that it be sarcasm, that is to say, Where are your medicines, that is your arms, counsels, aids; and your physicians, that is your princes and priests, whom you boasted would heal your wound of siege and destruction? See, because without God, nay against God, there is no counsel, there is no wisdom, there is no medicine, there is no health. Tropologically, balm and medicine of the soul is penance, says St. Jerome, and, as the Chaldean holds, it is prayer. Whence he himself thus translates: "The prophet Jeremiah said: Perhaps there are not good works for me to intercede for the house of Israel: I desired indeed the doctrine of Elijah the prophet, who was of Gilead, whose words were medicine, because in that they did not convert, therefore the medicine of the wound of the assembly of my people did not grow," that is to say, God withdrew medicine from the Jews, because they were unwilling to use it. Again, balm is the Sacraments, which distill into the soul the blood of Christ, most efficacious for healing the wounds of the soul: Gilead is the Church: physicians are priests, who administer these Sacraments as remedies: the terebinth, from which this balm flows, is the body of Christ crucified, of which Ecclesiasticus cap. XXIV: "I as a terebinth have stretched out my branches." Moreover, that Hippocrates, at the beginning of the Aphorisms, concerning medicine and physicians who heal the wounds and diseases of the body, writes and complains: "Life is short, art is long, opportunity fleeting, experiment dangerous, judgment difficult;" this is far more truly said of medicine and spiritual physicians, who strive to cure the wounds and diseases of the soul. Finally, most excellently St. Augustine, in the Sentences, Sentence 131: "As," he says, "there are two offices of medicine, one by which infirmity is healed, another by which health is preserved: so there are two gifts of grace, one which removes the desire of the flesh, another which makes the soul persevere in virtue."
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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Hic comminatur cadaverum effossionem: et primo ponit ipsam effossionem: dicent ossa, credentes aurum, vel aliquid talium invenire. Isa. 14: tu autem projectus es de sepulcro tuo, quasi stirps inutilis, pollutus, et obvolutus cum his qui interfecti sunt gladio, et descenderunt ad fundamenta laci, quasi cadaver putridum. Secundo effossorum dispersionem: et expandent ea. 4 Reg. 17: adoraverunt universam militiam caeli. Sap. 11: per quae peccat quis, per haec et torquetur. Tertio eorum vilitatem. Non colligentur. Isa. 5: facta sunt morticina eorum quasi stercus in medio platearum.
Hic ostendit oppressionem remanentium significata ex ipsa mortis electione; quae quidem in se non est eligibilis, sed inquantum malorum terminus est. Apoc. 9: in diebus illis quaerent homines mortem, et non invenient eam; et desiderabunt mori, et fugiet mors ab eis.
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Hic ostendit eorum obstinationem, et duritiam in peccato: unde dividitur contra totum praecedens: et primo ostendit obstinationem in peccatis quae committuntur in Deum, vel in seipsum, et in proximum. Deinde de illis quae committuntur directe in proximum, cap. 9: quis dabit capiti meo aquam, et oculis meis fontem lacrymarum? Circa primum duo. Primo arguit duritiam; secundo comminatur poenam, ibi, congregans congregabo eos. Circa primum quatuor. Primo ostendit eorum duritiam quantum ad idolatriam; secundo quantum ad superbiam, ibi, quomodo dicitis: sapientes nos sumus, et lex domini nobiscum est? Tertio quantum ad avaritiam, ibi, propterea dabo mulieres eorum exteris; quarto quantum ad inverecundiam, ibi, confusi sunt, quia abominationem fecerunt et cetera. Circa primum ostendit eorum duritiam admirabilem ex tribus. Primo ex communi consuetudine, proponens consuetudinem: numquid qui cadit non resurget? Spiritualiter, vel etiam corporaliter, quantum ad conversionem peccati, qui aversus est, quantum ad aversionem: quasi dicat: haec est consuetudo. Psalm. 40: numquid qui dormit non adjiciet ut resurgat? Amos 5: virgo Israel projecta est in terram suam, non est qui suscitet eam. Et concludit admirationem: quare ergo aversus est populus iste in Jerusalem, quantum ad peccatum, aversione contentiosa? Quasi contendentes contra dominum, vel contemnentes ipsum. Deuter. 31: ego scio contentionem tuam, et cervicem tuam durissimam. Apprehenderunt, quantum ad conversionem mendacium dolum. Isa. 28: posuimus mendacium spem nostram, et mendacio protecti sumus.
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Secundo peccatorum universalitatem, ostendens universalem negligentiam quantum ad bona agenda: attendi, et auscultavi, nemo quod bonum est loquitur, et multo minus agit. Ps. 13: non est qui faciat bonum, non est usque ad unum. Et universalem impoenitentiam de malis commissis: nullus est qui agat poenitentiam. Rom. 2: tu autem secundum duritiam tuam, et impoenitens cor, thesaurizas tibi iram in die irae. Et irrefrenatam concupiscentiam: omnes conversi sunt. Eccl. 30: equus indomitus evadet durus, et filius remissus evadet praeceps. Job 15: cucurrit adversus Deum recto collo, et pingui cervice armatus est. Et 40: abscribit fluvium, et non mirabitur, et habet fiduciam quod influat Jordanis in os ejus. Tertio ex irrationabilium comparatione, ponens eorum cognitionem: milvus in caelo, idest in aere, cognovit tempus, aptum operibus suis, adventus, quia transeunt in hyeme ad loca calida et redeunt in vere, et hoc instinctu naturalis aestimationis. Job 12: interroga jumenta, et docebunt te; et volatilia caeli, et indicabunt tibi.
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Et ponit populi ignorantiam: populus autem meus non cognovit judicium, sibi superventurae propitiationis. Isa. 1: Israel autem me non cognovit.
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Hic ostendit eorum superbiam ex jactantia sapientiae: et circa hoc tria. Primo ponit jactantiam: sapientes nos sumus. Isa. 5: vae qui sapientes estis in oculis vestris, et coram vobismetipsis prudentes. Secundo ostendit injustitiam: vere mendacium, vel mala Scripturas exponendo, vel iniquas leges condendo. Isa. 10: vae qui condunt leges iniquas, et scribentes: injustitiam scripserunt, ut opprimerent in judicio pauperes, et vim facerent causae humilium populi mei. Tertio ponit poenam: confusi sunt, praeteritum pro futuro. Job 12: adducit consiliarios in stultum finem, et judices in stuporem.
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Hic ostendit avaritiam: et primo ponit poenam, haeredibus, idest qui fortiter, et secure quasi hereditatem propriam tenent. Deut. 28: uxorem accipies, et alius dormiet cum ea. Secundo ponit culpam: et primo avaritiae desiderium: quia a minimo usque ad maximum omnes avaritiam sequuntur, quasi finem. Isa. 1: omne caput languidum, et omne cor maerens; a planta pedis usque ad verticem non est in eo sanitas. Secundo ponit dolum in consequendo, a propheta. Tertio doli modum, et sanabant. Ezech. 13: vivificabant animas eorum, et violabant me ad populum propter pugillum hordei, et fragmen panis, ut interficerent animas quae non moriuntur, et vivificarent animas quae non vivunt, mentientes populo meo credenti mendacis.
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Hic ostendit inverecundiam: et primo verecundiae causam, confusi sunt; quasi dicat: poenas patiuntur, quibus confundi deberent. Eccl. 4: et confusio adducens peccatum. Secundo ostendit inverecundiam: quinimmo confusione non sunt confusi. Supra 3: frons mulieris meretricis facta est tibi, noluisti erubescere. Tertio poenam; idcirco cadent inter corruentes, ut supra 6 Thr. 1: cum caderet populus ejus in manu hostili, et non esset auxiliator.
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Hic ponit poenam supra poenam praedictam simul: et primo ponit domini sententiam quantum ad hominum afflictionem, congregabo in Jerusalem, obsidendo. Infra 12: congrega eos quasi gregem ad victimam, et sanctifica eos in die occisionis. Et quantum ad fructuum direptionem. Non est uva, vobis, sed hostibus, qui vestra, vobis videntibus, comedunt. Praetergressa, ab eis in manus hostium. Habac. 3: ficus enim non florebit, et non erit germen in vineis. Secundo populi miseriam: quare sedemus? Vel ponit eorum praeparationem, ponens mutuam exhortationem: quare sedemus? In locis urbium quasi quieti. Sileamus, quasi stupentes, vel a tumultu belli. Supra 4: congregamini, et ingrediamur. Et exhortantium rationem, dum praevident poenam: quia dominus Deus noster silere nos fecit, stupore. Thren. 3: replevit me amaritudine, inebriavit me absinthio. Et confitentur culpam, peccavimus. Psal. 105: peccavimus cum patribus nostris: injuste egimus, iniquitatem fecimus. Et recognoscunt expectationis stultitiam: et expectavimus, secundum dicta pseudoprophetarum, bonum, meritum pacis. Prov. 10: expectatio justorum laetitia, spes autem impiorum peribit. Ponit etiam hostium persecutionem, et famam, a Dan. Supra 4: vox annuntiantis.
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Ponit etiam effectum famae: a voce hinnituum pugnatorum ejus commota est omnis terra, hyperbolice, vel methonimice. Psal. 17: commota est, et contremuit terra. Et etiam inflictam per eos poenam: et venerunt, et devoraverunt terram, et plenitudinem ejus, scilicet fructus. Ps. 78: comederunt Jacob; et locum ejus desolaverunt.
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Et excludit medicinam: quia ecce ego mittam vobis serpentes, Chaldaeos, quibus non est incantatio, quia nullo modo placari poterunt. Psalm. 57: furor illis secundum similitudinem serpentis, sicut aspidis surdae, et obturantis aures suas. Apoc. 9: cruciatus eorum ut cruciatus scorpii, cum percutit hominem. Tertio ponit compatientis misericordiam, et primo super populi afflictionem ponens compassionem, dolor, ex persona domini; et est antropospatos: vel ex persona prophetae. Thren. 1: o vos omnes qui transitis per viam, attendite, et videte si est dolor similis sicut dolor meus. Et populi afflictionem: ecce vox, hostium de terra longinqua; vel populi contra eosdem hostes; vel de terra captivitatis. Supra 4: vocem quasi parturientis audivi.
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Et afflictionis rationem: numquid dominus non est in Sion? Immo ipse Deus posset dare et consilia et auxilia et responsa: unde nullam causam habetis alios deos quaerendi. 4 Reg. 1: numquid non est Deus in Israel, ut eatis ad consulendum Beelzebub Deum Accaron?
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Secundo compassionem super diuturnitatem, ponens afflictionis diuturnitatem: transiit messis, finita est aestas, et salvati non sumus, a famis periculo, quia fructum non recollegimus: ex persona populi. Sic 4 Reg. 6: unde salvare te possum? Tertio compassionem: super contritione; ex persona domini, ut supra. Isa. 63: factus est eis salvator in omni tribulatione eorum. Vel ex persona prophetae. Thren. 2: conturbata sunt viscera mea. Quarto assignat diuturnitatis rationem, quia scilicet a peccato curari noluerunt: numquid resina, per quam medicina poenitentiae contra culpam, vel divinae sapientiae, medicus, propheta, vel sacerdos, non est in Galaad? Ubi vigebat medicinae studium. Infra 4: ascende in Galaad, et tolle resinam, virgo filia Aegypti.
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Quare igitur non est obducta, curata, cicatrix, peccati? Isa. 1: vulnus, et livor, et plaga tumens non est circumligata, nec curata medicamine, neque fota oleo. Nota, quod multiplex est silentium: scilicet stuporis. Amos 8: in omni loco projicietur silentium. Securitatis. Isa. 32: eritque opus justitiae pax, et cultus justitiae silentium, et securitas usque in sempiternum. Longanimitatis. Thren. 3: bonum est praestolari cum silentio salutare domini. Et quietis cordis. Eccl. 12: verba sapientum sicut stimuli, et quasi clavi in altum defixi. Item nota, quod fugienda est societas malorum, quia alliciunt verbis. 1 Cor. 15: corrumpunt bonos mores colloquia mala. Trahunt exemplis. Ps. 17: cum viro innocente innocens eris, et cum perverso perverteris. Afficiunt quantum ad famam. Eccl. 13: qui tangit picem inquinabitur ab eo. Involvunt quantum ad poenam. Num. 16: recedite a tabernaculis impiorum, et nolite tangere quae ad eos pertinent, ne involvamini in peccatis eorum.
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… The prophets therefore, combating these deviations, set forth the essence of the Sinaitic covenant, announce its consequences, and give its ultimate purpose: a) Judah, for the honor and the justice of Yahweh, must be destroyed (Ez. 7; 14, 12-21; 15; 16; etc.; Jer. 8, 4-12; 11, 9-17; 16, 10-17; etc.); b) in order to realize his designs (Is. 48, 9 ff.; Ez. 20, 22-44; 36, 21-32), Yahweh however does not annihilate it; he reserves a "remnant," which he …
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… on earth, in struggle with his own passions and with the seductions of the external world (Job 7:1; 14:17; II Cor. 10:4; I Tim. 1:18; Jas. 4:1; I Pet. 2:11), and compares the heavenly hierarchies to armed hosts (Deut. 17:3; II Par. 33:3; Isa. 24:21; Jer. 8:7; Luke 3:13; Acts 7:42).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.