The punishment of the Israelites, for their pride, intemperance, and contempt of religion. Christ the cornerstone.
Tribulations are threatned to the tenne tribes of Israel, for their pride, and voluptuosnes. (5. God stil protecting some who serue him sincerely) 7 and for contempt of Religion. 16. But God wil lay a sure fundation in Sion, 20. Wil punish the wicked, 24. and comforth the good.
1Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, and to the fading flower the glory his joy, who were on the head of the fat valley, staggering with wine.Guai alla corona di superbia, agli ubriachi di Efraim; al fiore cadente della gloria, e della allegrezza di lui, a que', che stavan sull'alto di fertilissima valle, istupiditi dal vino.VVOE to the crowne of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, and to the flowre falling downe from the glorie of his exultation, which were in the toppe of the most fatte valley, erring by wine.Væ coronæ superbiæ, ebriis Ephraim, / et flori decidenti, gloriæ exsultationis ejus, / qui erant in vertice vallis pinguissimæ, / errantes a vino. 2Behold the Lord is mighty and strong, as a storm of hail: a destroying whirlwind, as the violence of many waters overflowing, and sent forth upon a spacious land.Ecco il Signore forte, e possente come grandine impetuosa, come turbine, che devasta, come massa grande d'acque, che inondano, e allagano spazioso terreno.Behold our Lord is valiant and strong, as the violence of hayle: a whirle wind breaking, the violence of manie waters ouerflowing, & sent forth vpon a large ground.Ecce validus et fortis Dominus / sicut impetus grandinis; turbo confringens, / sicut impetus aquarum multarum inundantium / et emissarum super terram spatiosam. 3The crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim shall be trodden under feet.La superba corona degli ubriachi di Efraim sarà pestata co' piedi.The crowne of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim shal be troden vnder feete.Pedibus conculcabitur / corona superbiæ ebriorum Ephraim. 4And the fading flower the glory of his joy, who is on the head of the fat valley, shall be as a hasty fruit before the ripeness of autumn: which when he that seeth it shall behold, as soon as he taketh it in his hand, he will eat it up.E il fior cadente della gloria, e della letizia di lui, che sta sull'alto di fertilissima valle, sarà come un frutto primaticcio, maturato avanti l'autunno, il quale chiunque lo vede, subitamente lo coglie, e lo divora.And the flowre of the glorie of his exultation, which is vpon the toppe of the valley of fatte ones, shal be falling as a timely fruite before the ripenesse of autumme: which when he that seeth it shal behold, as soone as he taketh it in his hand, he wil deuoure it.Et erit flos decidens gloriæ exsultationis ejus, / qui est super verticem vallis pinguium, / quasi temporaneum ante maturitatem autumni, / quod, cum aspexerit videns, / statim ut manu tenuerit, devorabit illud. 5In that day the Lord of hosts shall be a crown of glory, and a garland of joy to the residue of his people:In quel giorno il Signore degli eserciti sarà corona di gloria, e ghirlanda di letizia alle reliquie del popol suo:In that day the Lord of hostes shal be a crowne of glorie, and a garland of exultation to the residue of his people:In die illa erit Dominus exercituum corona gloriæ, / et sertum exsultationis residuo populi sui;
6And a spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judgment, and strength to them that return out of the battle to the gate.E sarà spirito di giustizia per colui, che siede per far giustizia, e fortezza a quegli, che in città tornano dalla guerra.and a spirit of iudgement to him that sitteth in iudgement, and strength to them that returne out of battel to the gate.et spiritus judicii sedenti super judicium, / et fortitudo revertentibus de bello ad portam. 7But these also have been ignorant through wine, and through drunkenness have erred: the priest and the prophet have been ignorant through drunkenness, they are swallowed up with wine, they have gone astray in drunkenness, they have not known him that seeth, they have been ignorant of judgment.Ma questi ancora han perduto l'intelletto pel troppo bere, e per l'ubriachezza sono usciti di strada. Il sacerdote, ed il profeta han perduto l'intelletto per l'ubriachezza, sono dominati dal vino, l'ubriachezza li fe' uscire di strada, non vogliono saper nulla de' profeti, non conoscono giustizia.But these also haue bene ignorant because of wine, and by drunkennes haue erred: the priest and the prophete haue bene ignorant because of drunkennes, they are swalowed vp with wine, they haue erred in drunkennes, they haue not knowne him that seeth, they haue bene ignorant of iudgement.Verum hi quoque præ vino nescierunt, et præ ebrietate erraverunt; / sacerdos et propheta nescierunt præ ebrietate; / absorpti sunt a vino, erraverunt in ebrietate, / nescierunt videntem, ignoraverunt judicium. 8For all the tables were full of vomit and filth, so that there was no more place.Perocché le mense tutte sono piene di reciticci, e di sporcizie, sicché nissun luogo vi resti netto.For al tables were filled with vomiting and filth, so that there was no more place.Omnes enim mensæ repletæ sunt vomitu sordiumque, / ita ut non esset ultra locus. 9Whom shall he teach knowledge? and whom shall he make to understand the hearing? them that are weaned from the milk, that are drawn away from the breasts.A chi comunicherà egli la scienza, ed a chi darai intelligenza delle cose udite? A que', che son divezzati dal latte, a que', che sono staccati dalle mammelle.Whom shal he teach knowledge? and whom shal he make to vnderstand the thing heard? them that are weyned from the milke, that are plucked away from the breasts.Quem docebit scientiam ? / et quem intelligere faciet auditum ? / Ablactatos a lacte, / avulsos ab uberibus.
10For command, command again; command, command again; expect, expect again; expect, expect again; a little there, a little there.Perocché ordina, e riordina, ordina, e riordina, aspetta, e riaspetta, aspetta, e riaspetta, un poco qui, un poco qui.For command recommand, command recommand; expect reexpect, expect reexpect; a litle there, a litle there.Quia manda, remanda; manda, remanda; / exspecta, reexspecta; exspecta, reexspecta; / modicum ibi, modicum ibi. 11For with the speech of lips, and with another tongue he will speak to this people.Ma per altre labbra, e con altro linguaggio parlerà a questo popolo,For in the speach of lippe, and in an other tougue he wil speake to his people.In loquela enim labii, / et lingua altera / loquetur ad populum istum. 12To whom he said: This is my rest, refresh the weary, and this is my refreshing: and they would not hear.A cui egli disse: Qui è il mio riposo: ristorate il debole; e questo è il mio refrigerio: e non hanno voluto ascoltare.To whom he sayd: This is my rest, refresh the wearie, and this is my refreshing: & they would not heare.Cui dixit: Hæc est requies mea, / reficite lassum; / et hoc est meum refrigerium: / et noluerunt audire. 13And the word of the Lord shall be to them: Command, command again; command, command again; expect, expect again; a little there, a little there: that they may go, and fall backward, and be broken, and snared, and taken.E il Signore dirà ad essi: Ordina, e riordina, ordina, e riordina, aspetta, e riaspetta, aspetta, e riaspetta, un poco qui, un poco qui: affinchè vadano, e cadano all'indietro, e siano pestati, e diano nel laccio, e siano presi.And the word of our Lord shal be to them; command recommand, command recommand; expect reexpect, expect reexpect; a litle there a litle there: that they may goe, and fal backward, and be destroyed, and snared, and taken.Et erit eis verbum Domini: / Manda, remanda; manda, remanda; / exspecta, reexspecta; exspecta, reexspecta; / modicum ibi, modicum ibi; / ut vadant, et cadant retrorsum, / et conterantur, et illaqueentur, et capiantur. 14Wherefore hear the word of the Lord, ye scornful men, who rule over my people that is in Jerusalem.Per questo udite la parola del Signore, o uomini beffeggiatori, che dominate il mio popolo, che è in Gerusalemme.For this cause heare the word of our Lord ye scorneful men, which rule ouer my people, that is in Ierusalem.Propter hoc audite verbum Domini, viri illusores, / qui dominamini super populum meum, qui est in Jerusalem. 15For you have said: We have entered into a league with death, and we have made a covenant with hell. When the overflowing scourge shall pass through, it shall not come upon us: for we have placed our hope in lies, and by falsehood we are protected.Perocché avete detto: Abbiam contrattato con la morte, e abbiam fatta una convenzione coll'inferno: quando venga il flagello come torrente, non arriverà a noi, perchè ci siamo affidati alla menzogna, e la menzogna ci protegge.For you haue sayd: We haue stroken a league with death, and with hel we haue made a couenant. The scourge ouerflowing when it shal passe, shal not come vpon vs: because we haue made lying our hope, and with lying we are protected.Dixistis enim: Percussimus fœdus cum morte, / et cum inferno fecimus pactum: / flagellum inundans cum transierit, non veniet super nos / quia posuimus mendacium spem nostram, / et mendacio protecti sumus.
16Therefore thus saith the Lord God: Behold I will lay a stone in the foundations of Sion, a tried stone, a corner stone, a precious stone, founded in the foundation. He that believeth, let him not hasten.Per questo dice così il Signore Dio: Ecco, che io pongo ne' fondamenti di Sion una pietra, pietra eletta, angolare, preziosa, saldissimo fonda mento: chi crede, non abbia fretta.Therfore thus sayth our Lord God: Behold I wil send in the foundations of Sion a stone, an approued stone, a corner stone, pretious founded in the foundation. He that beleueth, let him not make hast.Idcirco hæc dicit Dominus Deus: / Ecce ego mittam in fundamentis Sion lapidem, / lapidem probatum, / angularem, pretiosum, in fundamento fundatum; / qui crediderit, non festinet. 17And I will set judgment in weight, and justice in measure: and hail shall overturn the hope of falsehood: and waters shall overflow its protection.E farò giudizio a peso, e giustizia con misura: e la grandine distruggerà la speranza posta nella menzogna, e la vostra difesa sarà sepolta nelle acque.And I wil put iudgement in weight, and iustice in measure: and haile shal ouerthrow the hope of lying: and waters shal ouerflow the protection.Et ponam in pondere judicium, / et justitiam in mensura; / et subvertet grando spem mendacii, / et protectionem aquæ inundabunt. 18And your league with death shall be abolished, and your covenant with hell shall not stand: when the overflowing scourge shall pass, you shall be trodden down by it.E sarà cancellato il contratto vostro colla morte, e il vostro patto coll'inferno non reggerà: allorché il flagello verrà guai torrente, vi strascinerà seco.And your league with death shal be abolished, and your couenant with hel shal not stand: when the scourge ouerflowing shal passe, you shal be troden downe of it.Et delebitur fœdus vestrum cum morte, / et pactum vestrum cum inferno non stabit: / flagellum inundans cum transierit, eritis ei in conculcationem. 19Whensoever it shall pass through, it shall take you away: because in the morning early it shall pass through, in the day and in the night, and vexation alone shall make you understand what you hear.Subito ch'ei verrà, vi porterà via: imperocché di gran mattino verrà, e continuerà i dì, e le notti: e la sola afflizione farà intendere le cose ascoltate.Whensoeuer it shal passe through, it shal take you away: because in the morning early it shal passe through, in the day and in the night, and vexation alone shal geue vnderstanding in the hearing.Quandocumque pertransierit, tollet vos, / quoniam in mane diluculo pertransibit in die et in nocte; / et tantummodo sola vexatio intellectum dabit auditui.
20For the bed is straitened, so that one must fall out, and a short covering cannot cover both.Imperocché il letto è stretto talmente, che l'uno dee cadere; e la coperta, che è piccola, non può servire per l'uno, e per l'altro.For the bed is streitened, so that one must fal out, and a short mantel can not couer both.Coangustatum est enim stratum, ita ut alter decidat; / et pallium breve utrumque operire non potest. 21For the Lord shall stand up as in the mountain of divisions: he shall be angry as in the valley which is in Gabaon: that he may do his work, his strange work: that he may perform his work, his work is strange to him.Imperocché il Signore si alzerà come già sul monte delle divisioni: si adirerà come nella valle di Gabaon: per fare l'opera sua, opera sua, ch'ei non ama, per fare l'opera sua, che è straniera per lui.For our Lord shal stand as in the mount of diuisions: as in the valley, which is in Gabaon, shal he be angrie: that he may doe his worke, his strange worke: that he may worke, his worke is strange from him.Sicut enim in monte divisionum stabit Dominus; / sicut in valle quæ est in Gabaon irascetur, / ut faciat opus suum, alienum opus ejus: / ut operetur opus suum, peregrinum est opus ejus ab eo. 22And now do not mock, lest your bonds be tied strait. For I have heard of the Lord the God of hosts a consumption and a cutting short upon all the earth.Or adunque non ischernite più, affinchè non si stringano i vostri legami: perocché dal Signore Dio degli eserciti ho udita la distruzione, che sarà in breve per tutta la terra.And now mocke not, lest perhaps your bonds be tied strayte. For I haue heard of our Lord the God of hostes consummation and abridgement vpon al the earth.Et nunc nolite illudere, / ne forte constringantur vincula vestra; / consummationem enim et abbreviationem audivi / a Domino Deo exercituum, super universam terram. 23Give ear, and hear my voice, hearken, and hear my speech.Prestate le orecchie, e udite la mia voce: ponete mente, e date retta alla mia parola.Harken with your eares, and heare my voice, attend, and heare my speach.Auribus percipite, et audite vocem meam: / attendite, et audite eloquium meum. 24Shall the ploughman plough all the day to sow, shall he open and harrow his ground?Forsechè l'aratore sempre ara per seminare, e rompe, e fende il suo campo?Wil the ploughman plowe al the day to sow, wil he cut and harrow his ground?Numquid tota die arabit arans ut serat ? / proscindet et sarriet humum suam ? 25Will he not, when he hath made plain the surface thereof, sow gith, and scatter cummin, and put wheat in order, and barley, and millet, and vetches in their bounds?Agguagliata, che ha la superficie, non vi semina egli il gith, e sparge il cumino, e mette ordinatamente, e a luoghi loro il frumento, l'orzo, è il miglio, e la vezza?Wil he not when he hath made euen the face therof, sprinkle cummine, and place the wheate by order, and the barley, and millet, and vetche, in their bondes?Nonne cum adæquaverit faciem ejus, / seret gith et cyminum sparget ? / et ponet triticum per ordinem, et hordeum, / et milium, et viciam in finibus suis ?
26For he will instruct him in judgment: his God will teach him.Imperocché il suo Dio gli dà conoscimento, e lo ammaestra.And his God wil instruct him in iudgement: he wil teach him.Et erudiet illum in judicio; / Deus suus docebit illum. 27For gith shall not be thrashed with saws, neither shall the cart wheel turn about upon cummin: but gith shall be beaten out with a rod, and cumin with a staff.Il gith non si tribbierà per via di tavole co' denti di ferro, né la ruota del carro andrà in volta sopra il cumino; ma il gith si batterà con una verga, e il cumino con uno scudiscio.For gith shal not be threshed with instruments that haue teeth, neither shal the wayne wheele turne about vpon cummine: but gith shal be beaten out with a rodde, and cummine with a staffe.Non enim in serris triturabitur gith, / nec rota plaustri super cyminum circuibit; / sed in virga excutietur gith, / et cyminum in baculo. 28But breadcorn shall be broken small: but the thrasher shall not thrash it for ever, neither shall the cart wheel hurt it, nor break it with its teeth.Le grasce poi si batteranno; ma non senza termine le batterà colui, che le batte, né sempre saran premute dalla ruota del carro, né pestate dagli zoccoli delle bestie.But bread corne shal be broken smal: but the thresher shal not thresh it for euer, neither shal the wayne wheele vexe it, nor breake it with the teeth therof.Panis autem comminuetur; / verum non in perpetuum triturans triturabit illum, / neque vexabit eum rota plaustri, / neque ungulis suis comminuet eum. 29This also is come forth from the Lord God of hosts, to make his counsel wonderful, and magnify justice.Questo pure è venuto dal Signore Dio degli eserciti, che ha renduti ammirabili i suoi consigli, ed ha segnalata la sua giustizia.And this is come forth from our Lord the God of hostes, that he might make his counsel meruelous, and magnifie iustice.Et hoc a Domino Deo exercituum exivit, / ut mirabile faceret consilium, et magnificaret justitiam.
28:1
Challoner
Ephraim. That is, the kingdom of the ten tribes. (Challoner)
Menochius
Flower. The pride of the kingdom shall thus decay. (Menochius)
Challoner
Head. Samaria, situated on a hill, having under it a most fertile valley. (Challoner)
28:2
Haydock
The Lord. By his instrument, Salmanasar. (Haydock)
Calmet
Hebrew, "behold the strong one, and the mighty to the Lord, as," etc. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint, "behold the Lord's fury....as." (Haydock)
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Up. Theglathphalassar was captivated with the beauty of the country, and made it tributary. But Salmanasar, fearing a revolt, destroyed it, 4 Kings 17:4.
28:5
People, who returned to the service of God; or it refers to the kingdom of Juda.
28:6
Calmet
Gate. Ezechias reunited the divided kingdoms, and inspired his troops with courage, bringing them back victorious, 2 Paralipomenon 30:1., and 4 Kings 18:7. (Calmet)
28:7
Challoner
These also. The kingdom of Juda. (Challoner)
Ezechias could not correct every abuse; though what is here specified, regards rather the reigns of his successors.
28:8
Place. All was defiled: they gloried in their shame.
28:9
Calmet
Breasts? St. Paul seems to allude to this text, 1 Corinthians 3:2. (Calmet)
Haydock
The abandoned Jews ask contemptuously, if they be to be taught like children? (Haydock)
28:10
Challoner
Command, etc. This is said in the person of the Jews, resisting the repeated commands of God, and still putting him off. (Challoner)
St. Jerome
They deride the prophets, speaking words of no meaning, as if their predictions were no better. (St. Jerome)
Calmet
Think they that we have to learn the first elements, or to join syllables together? (Calmet)
Haydock
Hebrew Tsav latsav, etc. (Haydock)
The Nicholaites abused these words. (St. Epiphanius 25.)
Calmet
Why do they not speak plain? Sometimes terrible things are denounced, then subjects of joy! Isaias answers, that since they pretend not to understand, God will lead them into a country where they shall indeed have to learn the language, like children, Isaias 29:11. (Calmet)
Haydock
Protestants, "for precept must be upon precept....line upon line....here a little, and there a little. For with stammering lips," etc. (Haydock)
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Hear. To leave off their wicked practices, and cruelty. The Jews would not understand: therefore Christ spoke to them in parables, Isaias 6:9., and Matthew 13:14., etc.
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Calmet
Taken. God will make his prophets speak, notwithstanding your repugnance; or he will reduce you to the necessity of learning an unknown language. (Calmet)
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Men, who make a parade of your knowledge, (Haydock) to turn the most sacred things into ridicule.
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Calmet
Protected. Their conduct spoke this language. They would not fail to make alliances with Egypt, and to trust in idols, whatever the prophets might say to dissuade them. (Calmet)
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Challoner
Stone. Christ. (Challoner)
Calmet
The Jews and Grotius would apply it to Ezechias. But he was already on the throne, and never could realize these glorious promises. The people were not to believe in him, etc. (Calmet)
Challoner
Hasten. Let him expect his coming with patience. (Challoner)
Haydock
It would be delayed some time. Hebrew may also signify "stagger;" (Calmet) in which sense the Septuagint and the authors of the New Testament seem to have taken it. "Whosoever believeth in him, shall not be confounded." See Romans 9:33. (Haydock)
Menochius
Isaias promises a Redeemer, though these people were unworthy; and then returns to his own times. (Menochius)
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Measure. In the days of the Redeemer, they shall lead a virtuous life, (Calmet) or the scorners shall be treated with rigour.
Haydock
Protection. The wall, (Menochius) or lies, (ver. 15.; Calmet) on which you depend, shall turn to your confusion. (Haydock)
28:19
Calmet
Hear. Under the last kings of Juda, the misery was continual. Captivity opened the eyes of the people, and they were afterwards more docile. The murder of Christ, and the subsequent evils which befell the nation, seem to have had a quite different effect. They will at last submit to his yoke. (Calmet)
28:20
St. Jerome
Straitened. It is too narrow to hold two: God will have the bed of our heart all to himself. (Challoner) (1 Corinthians 10:20., and 2 Corinthians 6:14.) (St. Jerome, etc.)
Calmet
The Jews explain it of the utmost distress, to which the people would be reduced, so that they would not be able to assist a friend, Amos 3:12. (Forcr.[Forerius?]) (Calmet)
28:21
Challoner
As in, etc. As the Lord fought against the Philistines in Baal Pharasim, (2 Kings v.) and against the Chanaanites, in the valley of Gabaon, Josue 10. (Challoner)
Calmet
Strange. He punished unwillingly. (Calmet)
St. Jerome
"It is not God's work to ruin what he has created." (St. Jerome)
Piscator
He will punish in an extraordinary manner those scoffers, ver. 15., and Numbers 16:29. (Piscator)
28:22
Earth. Nabuchodonosor will take a complete and speedy vengeance, Isaias 10:22.
28:24
Calmet
Sow. The works of the husbandman vary, so will God's punishments be inflicted with measure, according to each one's deserts, ver. 27., and Wisdom 6:7. (Calmet)
28:25
Menochius
Gith. Heberw ketsach. Septuagint, melanthion. (Haydock) (Pliny, [Natural History?] 20:17.) (Menochius)
St. Jerome
Septuagint have not expressed all the terms of the original, (Haydock) being perhaps ignorant of their meaning. (St. Jerome)
28:26
God. From him proceeds every useful invention. The pagans attributed the discovery of corn, etc., to their idols.
28:27
Calmet
Saws, or heavy instruments. It would be thus crushed too much. (Calmet)
28:28
Haydock
But. Septuagint, "it shall be eaten with bread. For I will not be angry with you for ever, nor shall the sounds of my bitter wrath trample upon you." (Haydock)
28:29
Challoner
This also, etc. Such also is the proceeding of the Lord with his land, and the diverse seeds he sows therein. (Challoner)
28:1
Ephraim.... That is, the kingdom of the ten tribes.—Ibid. The head of the fat valley.... Samaria, situate on a hill, having under it a most fertile valley.
28:7
These also.... The kingdom of Juda.
28:10
Command, command again, etc.... This is said in the person of the Jews, resisting the repeated commands of God, and still putting him off.
28:16
A stone in the foundations.... Viz., Christ.—Ibid. Let him not hasten, etc.... Let him expect his coming with patience.
28:20
The bed is straitened, etc.... It is too narrow to hold two: God will have the bed of our heart all to himself.
28:21
As in the mountain, etc.... As the Lord fought against the Philistines in Baal Pharasim, 2 Kings 5., and against the Chanaanites, in the valley of Gabaon, Jos. 10.
28:29
This also, etc.... Such also is the proceeding of the Lord with his land, and the divers seeds he throws therein.
28:1
The fourt part. Prophetical admonitions to both the kingdomes of Israel and Iuda.
By Ephraim is vnderstood the kingdom of Israel, whose first king Ieroboam was of that tribe.
28:5
After that the tenne tribes were caried captiues (4 Reg. 17.) God deliuered the two tribes out of imminent danger. (4. Reg 18. 19)
geuing peace to their people:
28:6
spirite of iudgement to king Ezechias:
and victorie to the souldiars.
28:13
Because Isaias & other holie prophetes often and much vrged, not only the people, but also priestes (vvhich had rule ouer the people) to kepe Gods commandments, and to expect his mercie and goodnes, they scornfully repete the same wordes, deriding such exhortations & desperatly geuing themselues to al wickednes, as if they neither feared death nor hel. v. 15.
28:16
Concordance Mat. 21. v 42.
Concordance Act. 4. 1. Pet. 2.
28:17
Concordance Rom. 9.
28:21
Concordance 2. Reg. 5. 1. Par. 14
Concordance Iosue. 10
28:24
As husbanmen dispose their workes in order: so God sometimes worketh miracles, sometimes geueth benefites, sometimes sendeth afflictions: and greater to some then to others.
28:28
But none are continually afflicted without intermission.
28:1
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 42.11
11. Lift up thine eyes round about, and see, thou critic of my words! See the crown which has been platted in return for the hirelings of Ephraim
28:7
Early Popes (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) The Epistle of Pope Anterus 1
… On account of self-seeking, or presumption, or private inclination, bishops are not to be transferred from one city to another, but only on account of public good and necessity. And this is a matter which no one denies, except those of whom it is said, “They have erred through wine; they have not known the seer; they have been ignorant of judgment.”
28:9
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 108.18
… “Ye that are weaned from the milk and drawn from the breasts, look for tribulation upon tribulation, for hope also upon hope: yet a little while must these things be by reason of the malice of the lips and by reason of a spiteful tongue.”
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 130.7
… As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.” The prophet Isaiah comforts those in like case in these words: “ye that are weaned from the milk, ye that are drawn from the breasts, look for tribulation upon tribulation, but also for hope upon hope.”
28:10
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 1.24.5
… and then they strive to set forth the names, principles, angels, and powers of the three hundred and sixty-five imagined heavens. They also affirm that the barbarous name in which the Saviour ascended and descended, is Caulacau.
St Hippolytus † AD 235 The Refutation of All Heresies 5.3
For, says he, it is necessary that the magnitudes be declared, and that they thus be declared by all everywhere, “in order that hearing they may not hear, and seeing they may not see.” For if, he says, the magnitudes were not declared, the world could not have obtained consistence. These are the three tumid expressions (of these heretics), Caulacau ,
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Tertullian † AD 220 The Five Books Against Marcion 5.8
… “Thou shalt love the Lord with all thine heart and soul, with all thy strength, and with all thy mind, and thy neighbour as thine own self.” When he mentions the fact that “ it is written in the law ,”
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 41
… and the wonder was great, a language spoken by those who had not learnt it. And the sign is to them that believe not, and not to them that believe, that it may be an accusation of the unbelievers, as it is written, With other tongues and other lips will I speak unto this people, and not even so will they listen to Me
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 15.17
30. Just as sometimes all the utterances of the Old Testament together in the Holy Scriptures are signified by the name of the Law. For the apostle, in citing a text from the prophet Isaiah, where he says, “With divers tongues and with divers lips will I speak to this people,” yet prefaced it by, “It is written in the Law.”
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St Jerome † AD 420 Against the Pelagians 2
Is. xxviii. 12 . “Receive him that is weary, and this is my rest;” and
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Tertullian † AD 220 The Five Books Against Marcion 4.27
… for the sake of private advantage joining house to house, so as to deprive their neighbour of his own; cajoling the people, loving gifts, pursuing rewards, robbing the poor of the rights of judgment, that they might have the widow for a prey and the fatherless for a spoil. Of these Isaiah also says, “Woe unto them that are strong in Jerusalem!”
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St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 19.9
9. When therefore thou renouncest Satan, utterly breaking all thy covenant with him, that ancient league with hell
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 147.3
… for praise does not become a sinner’s mouth. And the third belongs to persons like you who in despair have given themselves over to uncleanness, to fornication, to the belly, and to the lowest lusts; men who suppose that death ends all and that there is nothing beyond it; who say: “When the overflowing scourge shall pass through it shall not come unto us.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 6.12
… For his mind, free from that chain, was astounded at my slavery, and through that astonishment was going on to a desire of trying it, and from it to the trial itself, and thence, perchance, to fall into that bondage whereat he was so astonished, seeing he was ready to enter into “a covenant with death;”
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St Barnabas † AD 61 The Epistle of Barnabas 6
… let him draw near to the servant of the Lord.” “Woe unto you, for ye shall all wax old, like a garment, and the moth shall eat you up.” And again the prophet says, “Since as a mighty stone He is laid for crushing, behold I cast down for the foundations of Zion a stone, precious, elect, a corner-stone, honourable.” Next, what says He? “And he who shall trust
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 3.21.7
… For this stone from the earth derives existence from both the power and the wisdom of God. Wherefore also Isaiah says: “Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I deposit in the foundations of Zion a stone, precious, elect, the chief, the corner-one, to be had in honour.”
Tertullian † AD 220 An Answer to the Jews 10
And, of course, it had been meet that the mystery of the passion itself should be figuratively set forth in predictions; and the more incredible (that mystery), the more likely to be “a stumbling-stone,”
Tertullian † AD 220 An Answer to the Jews 14
… when He shall be made no longer “a stone of offence nor a rock of scandal,” but “the highest corner-stone,”
Tertullian † AD 220 The Five Books Against Marcion 5.5
… The very “stumbling-block” which he declares Christ to be “to the Jews,” points unmistakeably to the Creator’s prophecy respecting Him, when by Isaiah He says: “Behold I lay in Sion a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence.” This rock or stone is Christ.
Tertullian † AD 220 The Five Books Against Marcion 5.6
… and he that resteth thereon shall not be confounded.”
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 2.17
In Isaiah: “Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I place on the foundations of Sion a precious stone, elect, chief, a corner stone, honourable; and he who trusteth in Him shall not be confounded.”
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 1.6
… And furthermore Isaiah also prophesied beforehand with regard to this stone. For he said:— Thus saith the Lord, Behold I lay in Zion a chosen stone in the precious corner, the heart of the wall of the foundation .
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 10.3
… For the Saviour came, not as having changed the gentleness of His own nature, but as the strong Lion of the tribe of Judah , saving them that believe, but treading down the adversary. He is called a Stone, not a lifeless stone, cut out by men’s hands, but a chief corner-stone
St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 21.7
… and, when but faintly breathing, to be restored to life and left as a seed to Israel, that we might not become like Sodom and Gomorrah, whose destruction by the rain of fire and brimstone is only more notorious than their wickedness. Therefore, when we were cast down, a horn of salvation was raised up for us, and a chief corner stone,
St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 On the Baptism of Christ 1
… But Jacob alone rolls away the stone, and waters the flocks of his spouse . The thing is, I think, a dark saying, a shadow of what should come. For what is the stone that is laid but Christ Himself? for of Him Isaiah says, “And I will lay in the foundations of Sion a costly stone, precious, elect
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 1.29
142. The foundation of justice therefore is faith, for the hearts of the just dwell on faith, and the just man that accuses himself builds justice on faith, for his justice becomes plain when he confesses the truth. So the Lord saith through Isaiah: “Behold, I lay a stone for a foundation in Sion.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Paul's Epistle to the Romans 17
… “For whosoever,” he says, “believeth on Him shall not be ashamed” (
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 108.13
… and of Bethel, ‘the house of God,’ where Jacob poor and destitute slept upon the bare ground. Here it was that, having set beneath his head a stone which in Zechariah is described as having seven eyes and in Isaiah is spoken of as a corner-stone,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Catechising of the Uninstructed 23
… In this manner the doctrine of the apostle constituted some to be, as it were, soldiers, and others to be, as it were, provincial tributaries, while it set Christ in the centre of them like the corner-stone (in accordance with what had been announced beforetime by the prophet),
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 7.23
… What was done was a pointing out of Christ, so far as it behoved such a pointing out to be made, and it was Christ that was pointed out. A stone was anointed, but not for an idol. A stone anointed; why a stone? “Behold, I lay in Zion a stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on Him shall not be confounded.”
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St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 16.4
… Give a lesson, to me in the Pastor’s art, to this people of obedience. Discourse awhile on our present heavy blow, about the just judgments of God, whether we grasp their meaning, or are ignorant of their great deep. How again “mercy is put in the balance,”
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St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 40
… With Paul I shout to you with that loud voice, “Behold now is the accepted time; behold Now is the day of salvation;” and that Now does not point to any one time, but is every present moment. And again “Awake, thou that sleepest, and Christ shall give thee light,” dispelling the darkness of sin. For as Isaiah says,
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 22.20
20. I praise wedlock, I praise marriage, but it is because they give me virgins. I gather the rose from the thorns, the gold from the earth, the pearl from the shell. “Doth the plowman plow all day to sow?”
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St Gregory of Nazianzus † AD 389 Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 28
… so as not like madmen to lose our breath; and that the extent to which we may go is that to which we have ourselves advanced, or to which we are advancing. Since then these things are so, and we have broken up for ourselves the fallows of Divinity , so as not to sow upon thorns, and have made plain the face of the ground,
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1. WOE TO THE CROWN OF PRIDE, TO THE DRUNKARDS OF EPHRAIM, — that is, Woe to the proud and gluttonous kingdom of Israel! for he calls Israel "Ephraim," that is the ten tribes, he aptly says "crown," because Samaria the metropolis of Ephraim, built by King Omri on the summit of Mount Somer, was surrounded by him with admirable pride of buildings in the manner of a crown, and it exhibited a most pleasant prospect and the longest view in every direction, as Adrichomius says in his work on Samaria. WHICH ARE IN THE TOP OF THE FATTEST VALLEY. — That is, who dwelt in the city of Samaria, which is situated on the top of a mountain, beneath which lies a most fertile valley abounding in vineyards and olive groves. Allegorically, St. Jerome, Cyril, Procopius, Eusebius, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Theodoret according to Leo Castrius: Crown, they say, of glory, or, as the Septuagint has it, of injury (for the Septuagint is accustomed to put injury for pride, namely the effect for the cause; for the proud are accustomed to be injurious to others; thus St. Jerome), is Jerusalem and the Jews, especially the Scribes and Pharisees, who placed a crown of thorns upon the head of Christ, as Procopius says. These same are drunkards, not so much with wine, as with avarice and fury, or, as the Septuagint has it, are mercenaries (for the Hebrew שכור sickor or socker, with sin signifies a mercenary, with shin however signifies a drunkard) of Ephraim; because they hired Judas for a price to betray and destroy Christ; Judas, I say, who was from a village of Ephraim, to which the name Iscariot belonged, and who was once the flower of Apostolic glory, as they were of Judaic glory; but he fell drunk in Gethsemane, that is in a fat valley, when there with the Jews he was cast down and prostrated by Christ to the ground, and he betrayed Christ. Leo Castrius wishes this sense to be literal: whence he himself, translating הוי hoi, that is woe, as heu, according to the Septuagint, paraphrastically renders this verse thus: Alas, crown of ignominy imposed upon the Lord! alas, those who hired Judas for a price! alas, the flower dying, and the magnificence and glory of the father! alas, the glory of the people of Israel dying in the hands of the Jews! alas, the valley of Gethsemane! alas, the sacred feet hammered! the sacred hands hammered! But it is more true that this sense is allegorical, as I have said; especially, Thirdly, Vatablus thus translates and explains: Woe to the crown and glory, etc., which is upon the head of the fat valley of those smitten with wine, or, upon whose head is the valley of ointments, and they are smitten with wine. By valley he understands a river, which flows through valleys, that is a great abundance, as if to say: Woe to the Ephraimites, upon whose heads there descends like a river an abundance of ointments, and who are accustomed to be made drunk with wine! he calls a man wet with ointments by hyperbole a valley of ointments. But this sense is symbolic and mystical, not literal.
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2. Behold the Lord is mighty and strong (he shall strongly strike down and lay waste the fields of Samaria), AS THE VIOLENCE OF HAIL (and) A WHIRLWIND BREAKING — he is accustomed to strike down and destroy the crops: כ for "as" must be repeated before "whirlwind."
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4. As if early fruit,—that is, as if precocious fruits, such as apples, pears. Whence the Septuagint translates, as if first and premature figs (for the Hebrew בכורה biccora signifies these; whence Punic abbocoras). It is a proverb similar to that which Plautus uses: It will happen as easily as a fox eating a pear, that is to say, Just as the first fruits, for example figs being new, irritate the palate, and are devoured most eagerly before the ripeness of other fruits: so also you, O Samaritans! who on account of your steep mountains thought yourselves impregnable, will be devoured most easily, most eagerly and quickly, before you all acquire full glory and riches. This happened when the ten tribes were led away by Shalmaneser into Assyria, IV Kings XVII.
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5 and 6. In that day (that is to say, When the ten tribes have been laid waste and led away, the Lord will gird about and adorn the two remaining tribes, namely Judah and Benjamin, like a crown, and will gloriously protect them against Senna- Allegorically Cyril, Theodoret and Leo Castrius (who wishes this sense to be literal): Christ gave to the Apostles the spirit of judgment, that is the Holy Spirit, so that they might teach men judgments, that is the truth and commandments of the Gospel: indeed He gave them power through the laying on of hands to communicate this Holy Spirit to others: and "returning from battle," that is the holy Martyrs, who will return from the struggle of martyrdom as victors to the gate of the city, there will be strength and constancy, so that thrust again into prison for new contests and torments they may prepare themselves, and overcome them with equal constancy.
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7. BUT THESE ALSO HAVE BEEN IGNORANT THROUGH WINE.—From the ten tribes he turns to the two, and predicts that they have imitated the drunkenness of the Samaritans. THE PROPHET (a false prophet, under whom he understands the priests and the whole clergy; for he censures all, namely both the people and the clergy of Jerusalem, their gluttony): HAVE NOT KNOWN THE SEER,—namely God: for God is the eye, who sees all things, Proverbs cap. XV, 3. Secondly, the seer, that is those seeing, namely the Prophets, through wine did not understand, or would not hear and understand. Thirdly, from the Hebrew it can be translated, they hallucinated in seeing. For the eyes of drunkards, wet with wine and troubled in spirits, waver and hallucinate, so that they cannot see anything rightly and certainly. The Septuagint translates, they erred: this is a phantom. For the Hebrew ראה roe, which our translator renders, the seer, the Septuagint took as an abstract, so that it is the same as vision. HAVE NOT KNOWN JUDGMENT:—through drunkenness they were unable to judge rightly, to discern and decide, but in judging they erred, and, as it is in Hebrew, פקו paku, that is they stumbled. Wherefore wisely King Alfonso of Aragon, when asked why he quenched his thirst with very diluted wine: Because, he said, wisdom is obscured by wine. The Panormitan is witness, lib. I of his Life.
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8. FOR ALL TABLES ARE FULL OF VOMIT AND FILTH.—Some translate, vomit and dung; others, vomitous dung. That was among the ancients a barbarous and piggish gluttony, which we still see among some nations, even those who glory in the name of Christ, so that they do not celebrate banquets and symposia unless they intoxicate themselves and their guests, indeed they place vomitories and chamber pots under the table, into which they pour forth above and below the wines and foods which they have swallowed, so that they may again devour and drink them. Julius Caesar did this, as witness Cicero, oration for Deiotarus, and Caius Caligula, as witness Philo in his Legation to Caius, and Vitellius, as witness Suetonius in his Life. But Tiberius was so devoted to wine, that by the soldiers instead of Claudius Tiberius Nero, he was called Caldius Biberius Mero, says Suetonius in his Life. Moreover Plutarch, lib. On Healthful Precepts, near the end, teaches that this was customary, when he says: The common sort of men who fill their body for the sake of evacuation, and conversely evacuate for the sake of filling against the will of nature, are tormented no less by gluttony than by emptiness; indeed rather as if burdened by the bond of delights through gluttony: by emptiness always so that they may contrive a place for pleasures. And Seneca, Consolation to Helvia: They vomit, he says, so that they may eat: they eat so that they may vomit. The feasts which they gather from the whole world, they do not deign to digest. St. Bernard said that gluttons do nothing other than to ingest, digest, egest: but these do not digest, but only ingest and egest: wherefore they have as much foulness and torment in egesting as they have odor and pleasure in ingesting. Did not Diogenes say rightly: The belly is the charybdis of life? SO THAT THERE WAS NO LONGER PLACE—to vomit, that is to say, Tables, pavement, corners and all things are full of vomit, so that there is no clean place where one might wish or be able to vomit further.
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9. WHOM SHALL HE TEACH KNOWLEDGE, etc., THOSE WEANED FROM MILK,—that is to say, God is accustomed to teach knowledge and wisdom to those who have been torn away from childish delights, from an imperfect and carnal life, as men capable of solid food, that is, of true knowledge: but these Jews delight in those pleasures of wine and drunkenness, and do not grasp the higher and solid things; therefore, as undisciplined children, they are incapable of divine teaching and admonition, and incapable of true wisdom. To this Paul alluded, saying to the Hebrews, cap. V: For every one that is fed with milk, is not acquainted with the word of justice. Thus St. Jerome, Haymo, Dionysius and Hugo. Secondly, Vatablus, Forerius and Sanchez, who read all these things by way of interrogation: Those weaned from milk? torn from the breast? interpret it contrariwise, that is to say, Who then will there be, who will not receive my words idly and vainly, when these priests and Prophets of the Jews, who are thought to be teachers among the people, are just like children who have just been weaned from their mother's breasts. This exposition is fitting, and aptly coheres with what follows, if you read everything by way of interrogation. Yet the Roman Bible of Plantin and others read throughout weaned from milk, etc., assertively, not interrogatively: wherefore the former sense is more apt, and is the common sense of the Fathers. Moreover, the Septuagint, reading רעה raa, that is, evil, for דעת dea, that is, knowledge, translate it, to whom do we announce evils? so that namely he might avoid and flee them through knowledge, as the Hebrew and Vulgate have it. Allegorically and tropologically Cyril: God, he says, both calls and teaches the saints, who have been weaned from the milk and breasts of the old law, and through Christ have advanced to a perfect man, so that they might boldly undergo every trial for him. Thus also St. Ambrose in Psalm CXVIII, at those words: I prevented the morning and cried: Such, he says, Isaac was weaned, who did not shrink from his father's sword of slaughter. Hence St. Paula, as testified by St. Jerome in her Life, used to repeat this passage of Isaiah according to the Septuagint in her tribulations and anguishes: You who are weaned from milk, who are withdrawn from the breast, expect tribulation upon tribulation, hope upon hope, yet a little while because of the wickedness of lips, because of a malicious tongue. And she would expound the testimony of Scripture for her own consolation, that it belongs to those weaned, namely to those who have come to manly age, to endure tribulation upon tribulation, so that they might deserve to receive hope upon hope, knowing that tribulation worketh patience, etc.
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10. Because command upon command. — He gives the reason why the Jews, like undisciplined and incorrigible children, cannot and ought not to be taught heavenly knowledge, namely because they themselves mock it and its teachers. For command upon command, in Hebrew it is צו לצו tsaf latsaf, command commanding, that is, command upon command, קו לקו kaf lakaf, expect expecting, that is, expect upon expect. St. Jerome, Haymo and Lyra note that in these words there is mimesis, or ethopoeia, which is the recitation of the words of others with mockery. For Isaiah and the Prophets often used to say: "The Lord commands this;" hence these men, given to wine in banquets, through mockery repeated these things, saying: "command upon command," that is, command again, O Isaiah, O Prophet! "Expect upon expect," that is, expect again, as if they were saying: The Prophets wear out our ears by so often repeating: "The Lord commands this," and they threaten or promise things which do not come to pass, they bid us expect a little while, now here now there, and nothing follows. Thus even now it happens that wicked men mock the sermons and threats of preachers, repeat them and scoff at them. Wherefore these words of Isaiah are rendered coldly by the Jews, R. David, R. Abraham, and after them by Vatablus, Isidore Clarius, Pagninus and Forerius thus: Line upon line, precept upon precept, a little there, a little there, as if Isaiah were saying: These men, like rude children, must be taught very slowly and gradually, line upon line, precept upon precept, just as children are taught the alphabet. For it is evident from the punishment which Isaiah threatens to their mockery in the following verse that these are the words not of those being taught like children, but of mockers and jesters. Whence the Septuagint translates thus: Expect tribulation upon tribulation, hope upon hope, yet a little, yet a little, because of the mockery of the lips, and another tongue, for they shall speak to this people saying to them: This is rest to the hungry, and this is contrition, and they would not hear. Where note: The Septuagint for צו tsaf, that is, command, read צר tsar, that is, tribulation; for vav and resch are neighboring letters to the Hebrews. From the Hebrew kaf lakaf, that is, expect upon expect, the Nicolaitans formed their foul deity Caulacam, as if the president of intercourse, as Epiphanius teaches in heresy 15, and Nicetas in book I of the Treasury of Orthodoxy, whom St. Jerome here touches upon with a silent name. Morally, Richard of St. Victor, and Delrio reciting his words in adage 747, refer these words of Isaiah to the slothful and lukewarm, even Religious, who put off the amendment of their life. Finally the Syriac and Arabic, reading צא tse instead of tsaf, that is, exit, excrement, from the root יצא iatsa, that is, it went out; and reading קא ko instead of kaf, that is, to vomit, translate: The Syriac indeed thus: Because filth upon filth, and filth upon filth, and vomit upon vomit, and vomit upon vomit, a little there, and a little there; the Arabic however thus: Among whom knowledge, or doctrine is as it were vomit upon vomit, and filth upon filth in the privy, a little in a place, a little in a place, here and there full of filth: so that it may look back to verse 8: All tables are filled with vomit and filth. Hence it is evident that the Syriac and Arabic versions were made from the Hebrew.
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11. IN THE SPEECH OF THE LIP. — In Hebrew בלעגי שפה belaage sapha, that is, as Lyra, Forerius, Pagninus render it, in the stammering of the lip; Arias, in the lisping of the lip, as mockers are accustomed to speak with a gesture of tongue and lips composed for stammering; which our translator renders Note. For the word enim is understood not properly, but adversatively for sed: for when he says, "in the speech of the lip," it is the same as if he were to say: "But, or nevertheless, in the speech of the lip, and another tongue shall speak" God through the Chaldeans "to this people," so that he may reprove it.
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12. TO WHOM HE SAID: THIS IS MY REST, REFRESH THE WEARY, etc., — as if to say: God said: I desired for a long time to rest in the Jews both then, and especially at the time of Christ, and not only did I desire it, but I also prayed and besought them, saying: "Refresh" me, by praying and beseeching you, "the weary." Secondly, and rather, "refresh the weary," that is, refresh the weak, the wretched and the fatigued; for in this mercy is my rest and consolation. Whence God through the Prophets cried out as it were nothing else: "What mercy and compassions do each one with his brother," as appears in Zechariah VII: but they would not hear me, and they despised me. Thus St. Jerome and Cyril.
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13. AND THE WORD OF THE LORD SHALL BE TO THEM: PRECEPT UPON PRECEPT (Here God punishes the mockers, and turns their mockery back upon themselves, as if to say: Because they themselves mocked the words of the Prophets, saying: Precept upon precept, therefore in turn God, when calamity and disaster press upon them, will mock them, and will say): PRECEPT UPON PRECEPT, EXPECTATION UPON EXPECTATION, EXPECTATION UPON EXPECTATION (hence it will come to pass), THAT THEY MAY GO AND FALL BACKWARD,—as if shamefully defeated by the enemy, and thrown on their backs, so that they cannot rise up, and thus they will be crushed by him and trampled under foot, and as if caught in the nets of hunters. Thus God justly mocks and punishes the mockers, according to that passage in Proverbs, chapter 1, verse 23: You have despised all my counsel, etc. I also will laugh at your destruction, and will mock, when that which you feared shall come upon you. Thus Suidas relates in the word Datis, that Datis and Artaphernes, commanders of Darius, sent legates into Greece, intending to make trial of the cities, and to demand earth and water. And indeed all the islanders assented; but the Lacedaemonians, although they promised to give both, threw them into a well and buried them with earth; testifying that they had provided what had been demanded.
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14. O MOCKERS,—you who mock the threats of the Prophets, saying: "Precept upon precept." We have made a covenant with death.—As if to say: We are secure from the Assyrians and Chaldeans, we do not fear— AND WITH HELL WE HAVE MADE A PACT.—For pact in Hebrew it is חזה chose, that is, a vision, as if to say: We have come into conversation with hell: and we have made a transaction and agreement with it. The Prophets say that many things are terrible to behold in hell: we have already seen them, and we do not fear. Thus the impious commonly say: The devil is not as black as he is painted. Thus Vatablus. Secondly, Viegas in the Apocalypse, book II, Commentary IV, section IV, number 5, translates chose as provision, provisions, which is the custom of many living together, or wishing to sail together: which they do not do unless they are in league, as if to say: We have made provisions with hell, or supplies, as if about to sail together, and to arrive at the same port of the infernal regions. Thus the cunning demon, playing with them, persuades them that it is well with him, that he is happy and joyful, and is not much tormented by the fire of hell; and therefore that they themselves after death will enjoy the same happy lot with him. Thirdly, some understand by death and hell the king of the Assyrians: for the Samaritans had made a pact with him, and were his tributaries: hence under his wings they dwelt secure, fearing nothing. Therefore the Prophet denounces to them that this pact is dangerous and destructive; because the king of the Assyrians will lay them waste, and send them to death and hell. Some add that this king is called death and hell, because he ruled over the Pontic peoples and Cimmerians, and from them gathered his army. These, however, are called the infernal regions and hell, because in Pontus there is Mount Cerberion and a town; likewise Heraclea and a cave, from which Hercules is said to have dragged out Cerberus; likewise Cocytus, Phlegethon and Tartarus. Finally, Homer places the seat of hell among the Cimmerians, either on account of perpetual darkness, or on account of frequent mining of metals, or on account of very shady valleys and inaccessible to the winter sun: hence the Gentiles believed that the gate of hell was there. Morally, St. Gregory, book VI on the book of Kings, chapter II: The impenitent, he says, like Saul, have made a covenant with death and hell. To make a covenant with death, indeed, is to perpetrate evil boldly, and to promise that it is always to be done. For they do evil incessantly; but by loving what they do, they promise themselves never to depart from the friendship of death. For indeed, the more insensible they become in the covenant of death, the more pitifully are the bowels of the mother Church shaken. WHEN THE OVERFLOWING SCOURGE SHALL PASS, IT SHALL NOT COME UPON US,—as if to say: The scourge and calamity of the Assyrians, when it shall have passed through the ten tribes, shall not come upon us. Secondly and properly, just as Attila, so Nebuchadnezzar is here called the "overflowing scourge of God," and absorbing all the nations neighboring to the Jews. BECAUSE WE HAVE MADE A LIE OUR REFUGE.—The Prophet gives the reason for the presumed security, as if you were to say: The basis of your security is nothing but a false hope, which you have either in your idols, or in excessive trust in God's mercy, or in your strength and riches: which although you call truth and security, I nevertheless call it a lie and a deception, as it truly is. Add that these are the words of mockers, who usurp the name and voice of the Prophets, as if
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16. THEREFORE THUS SAITH THE LORD. — The Prophet flies in his customary manner to Christ, whom he sets against the deception of the deceivers, so that he may teach that solid hope is to be placed in Christ, which they themselves placed in lying idols: for God is accustomed to avenge the crimes of men in the new law not by punishing, but by healing them through his clemency, and by pardoning through Christ. See Can. XLVI. Wisely Bias, and from him Ausonius: What is the work of the prudent? when he is able, to be unwilling to harm. The sense is, as if to say, Therefore, namely so that your futile pact and false confidence I may overturn by a wiser and more solid counsel, indeed correct and amend it, for this reason I mercifully send to you, though unworthy, Christ, who may build Sion, that is the Church, and whose self is the cornerstone, that is the first and lowest foundation, as the Apostle has it, Ephes. II, 20; which solid foundation firmly connects all its parts, and especially two walls, that is two peoples mutually contrary to each other, namely of the Jews and Gentiles. Thus St. Cyril, Theodoret and Augustine, in Psalm. XCIV, indeed St. Peter, epist. I, cap. II, vers. 6, and Paul to Roman. IX, 33, and Christ himself, Matth. XXI, 42. In Hebrew it is, behold I lay in Sion a stone tried of the corner, of preciousness, of foundation, that is a cornerstone, precious, foundational, most solid; for this stone on account of its solidity he sets against a reed, that is against vain and false hope, which the Jews placed in their idols; whence he says, vers. 18: Your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with hell shall not stand; because it is reedy, not founded in solid stone, namely Christ and God. Whosoever believeth, let him not make haste, — namely, wishing immediately that this stone of Sion here promised, namely Christ, be exhibited to him, let him not say with the deceivers: Command again command, a little there, as if to say, We have waited for the outcome of the oracles, and we see nothing followed; but let him wait patiently: because in his own time I shall most certainly fulfill my promise, according to that of Habacuc II, 3: If it shall make delay, wait for it: because coming it shall come, and shall not be slack. Note: The Septuagint and from them St. Peter, II epist. II, and Paul, Rom. X, for let him not make haste render, shall not be confounded, as if to say, Let him not make haste that is let him not be alarmed: for he shall not be confounded, but shall obtain his hope. Thus Virgil concerning bees says: Those within alarmed through the waxen camps Run hither and thither; so that it is a metalepsis. Thus Leo Castrius. Secondly, Sanchez, let him not make haste, he says, that is let him not flee: for he shall not be confounded. For those who are confounded and put to shame are accustomed to withdraw themselves in haste, so that they flee the eyes of men: hence it comes to pass that haste is taken for shame and confusion. There is also here a metalepsis, but drawn from another source. Finally, John Morinus, Præfat. in Septuaginta, thinks that the Septuagint for יחיש iachis, that is let him make haste, read יביש iabis, that is shall be confounded.
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17. AND I WILL LAY JUDGMENT IN WEIGHT, AND JUSTICE IN MEASURE. — From his Christ the Prophet flies back, and returns to his own times, and to those things which he said vers. 13, as if to say, I shall judge those deceiving Jews rightly and accurately, as it were with just weight and measure, punishing them now through the Chaldeans, and in the time of Christ through the Romans and eternal damnation. It is evident from the following. The Septuagint, for justice in measure, ver- AND THE HAIL SHALL BEAT DOWN THE HOPE OF LYING. — "Hail" by catachresis signifies sudden and strong punishment from God, which he exercised through the Chaldeans, Romans and others, by which he beat down the false hopes of the Jews, which they placed in idols and the kings of Egypt and others. The same is signified by the waters, which by their inundation overthrew the protection, that is the wall, by which they thought themselves to be protected, which vers. 18 clearly called "a scourge of inundation."
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19. IN THE EARLY MORNING HE SHALL PASS THROUGH IN THE DAY AND IN THE NIGHT, — that is to say, This hail, this scourge will seize you swiftly and opportunely, as it were at the break of dawn, and will last continuously through entire days and nights. Thus is signified here both the swiftness and the continuance of the scourge. Only vexation shall give understanding to the hearing, — that is to say, This calamity of the Chaldeans will cause the Jews to understand the oracles, and the threats which they hear from the Prophets, will teach them to fear and worship God, not idols: for indeed the love and worship of both cannot be compatible, as follows. Just as therefore an ass is not moved by threats nor by promises, but by the rod: so also these people. Thus it was said of the Phrygians of old: "A Phrygian is corrected only by blows." For vexation in Hebrew is זעוה zaavaa, which others translate as terror. For thus indeed stubborn children are compelled by threats and terror to their duty from time to time. But our version is more apt and genuine. Thus in chapter XXVI, verse 9, he said: "When thou shalt execute judgments upon the earth, the inhabitants of the world shall learn justice." And Psalm LXXVII, 34: "When he slew them, then they sought him." So also Plato in the Symposium: "The fool," he says, "becomes wise after receiving a blow." Hence Agesilaus said of certain peoples of Asia: "If they enjoyed freedom, they would be wicked; if they served, they would be good." Prudently St. Bernard, book I On Consideration, chapter III: "It is," he says, "a sign of a hardened heart not to feel one's own continual vexation. Vexation gives understanding to the hearing, but if it be not excessive: for if it be, it does not plainly give understanding, but contempt. Finally the impious man, when he has come into the depths of evils, despises them." Morally St. Ambrose, book III On Intercession, chapter II, teaches that a just man is like a farmer of God: For, he says, this man as a good farmer ploughs his field with a certain ploughshare of stricter abstinence; he uproots with a certain sickle of virtues, cutting off vices; he fertilizes by humbling himself even to the earth, knowing that God raises up the needy from the earth, and lifts the poor from the dunghill; he guards his fruits, so that he may store them up more abundantly there.
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20. FOR THE BED IS STRAITENED. — First, the Jews thus expound it: By the Chaldeans you shall be reduced, O Jews! to such straits, that two spouses shall not have a place where they may lie together, but one of them shall be thrust out from place and bed; and that you shall not have coverings and bedclothes so large as to cover both together. But this sense is cold and Jewish. Second therefore and genuinely, that is to say, God: You, O Jews! besides me your spouse, admit other lovers, namely idols and the devil; therefore you cannot remain with me in wedlock, because the bed of my love is so narrow that it admits only one spouse and one bridegroom, and wholly excludes a third, namely an adulterer: nor can it hold God and the devil, God and the world, Allegorically, Leo Castrius: The bed of God, he says, that is the Church, does not hold shadow and truth, Moses and Christ, the burdens of the law and the sweet yoke of grace. THAT THE OTHER MAY FALL. — In Hebrew it is מהשתרע mehistarea, that is from overflowing, or from being superfluous, that is to say, So that no other place may remain, but the other may fall, as St. Jerome rightly translated it. 21. FOR AS IN THE MOUNTAIN OF DIVISIONS (that is to say, As in Baal Pharasim, which means "the place of divisions," God for David cast down the Philistines, II Kings chapter V, and there God divided and separated David the victor from the Philistines vanquished and dispersed: so shall he rise up and) STAND (against you) the Lord, — so that he may scatter, divide and disperse you: and as for Josue in the valley of Gabaon he stood still the sun, and smote the Amorrheans, not so much with arms, as with hail and stones cast down upon them from heaven, Josue X; so likewise he himself against you, O Jews! as against adulterers and apostates shall be angry, and being angry shall cast you down and smite you. Thus St. Jerome, who allegorically refers these things to the destruction of the world: for then there will be Baal Pharasim, that is the place of divisions in the valley of Josaphat, where Christ shall separate the sheep from the goats, and to the sheep, that is the saints, shall assign heaven, to the goats and the wicked shall assign hell. THAT HE MAY DO HIS WORK (his work decreed by himself, namely vengeance and punishment, as the sins of the Jews demand, which work however is not proper to God, if you regard his nature and innate goodness, but) STRANGE (and as it were) FOREIGN TO HIM, — because unwillingly and as it were forced by the wicked he does this. Thus when he brought the flood upon the world, he did this touched with sorrow of heart within, Genesis VI; thus about to punish he groans saying: Alas! I will comfort myself over my enemies, Isaiah I, 24. Second, a strange and foreign work is a work, namely a punishment unusual and wonderful. For because God had been kind and beneficent to the fathers of the Jews on account of their piety; hence to their impious descendants it seemed an unusual thing, and foreign to God's manner, to experience God's wrath and vengeance. Again because this vengeance was to be severe and unheard of, inasmuch as it was to bring about the destruction of the nation and people of God; hence it seemed to them wonderful, and plainly extraordinary. Whence the Septuagint translates it, destruction (σαπρία, for which the Complutensian editors read πικρία, that is bitterness) of him is foreign.
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22. AND NOW DO NOT (ye mockers, who have mocked the Prophets, and said, verse 10: "Command and command again," likewise) MOCK (these my threats), LEST PERCHANCE YOUR BONDS BE MADE TIGHT (Vatablus translates it, become stronger) — that is, lest you be more quickly and tightly constrained by the enemy, lest God through him punish you more severely and with heavier captivity. For just as a fox which has fallen into a snare, the more it tightens the knot and snare, the more it strives to free and extricate itself from it: so the impious by evasion, and the mockers by deriding God's threats and punishments, involve and bind themselves more and more in the same. Whence it follows: For I have heard a consumption and an abbreviation (that is to say, a consumption and destruction, and that soon to come upon the whole earth, namely of the Jews) FROM THE LORD, — that is to say, You shall no longer say: "Command and command again," because shortly God will inflict the calamity which he has threatened to you: for your mockeries and crimes will shortly fill up the measure of sins appointed to you by God, and thus will hasten his vengeance.
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24. Does he plough all day long? — Note: From this place to the end of the chapter is a continuous parable of the farmer, by which he exhorts the Jews and all nations to good works and to fruit, as if to say: The ploughman does not plough all day in order to sow, but first, he ploughs; second, when he has ploughed for several days, afterwards he unyokes the oxen, and breaks up the clods, and levels and harrows the surface of the earth; third, when he has done this, he casts the seed, and when it germinates, he weeds it, that is, cleanses it from tares; fourth, he reaps and gathers the ripe harvest; fifth, he threshes each thing according to its condition, namely all legumes, such as fitches and cummin, lightly, for instance by rod or staff; but grains, which are more difficult to thresh, more heavily, namely in Palestine by wagons, which have as it were saws and teeth underneath, by which being driven over the sheaves the grain is beaten out; or also by oxen, which by treading with their hooves press it out. Now apply these things thus to the Jews and to men. First, the farmer is God; second, the field is Israel; third, God sows this field; the seeds are the law, grace and the gifts of God; fourth, then he reaps and gathers the fruits of good works, which in order to draw forth, he threshes, that is, he afflicts us, some indeed more heavily, others more lightly according to the steadfastness and strength of faith. The sense therefore is, as if to say: Just as the farmer in each place, in order, in times, in ways sows, reaps and threshes: so God in Israel, and in this great field of the world now sows grace, now admonishes, now corrects, now punishes, now shows mercy. You therefore, O Jews! and every nation should carefully observe and reflect, what God does in you at each time: nay, let each one observe in himself, what God works in him on this day and hour: whether he sows, whether he reaps, whether he threshes, and let him strive to cooperate with God working and to respond, and through his winnowing fan and affliction to yield grains of patience, charity and other virtues. Thus St. Jerome, Vatablus and others. Wherefore the Saints carefully and attentively received all the inspirations, admonitions, corrections, tribulations of God, etc., and either cooperated with them, or patiently endured them, and from them drew forth the fruit which God willed. Thus Samuel to God: "Speak, said he, Lord, for thy servant heareth." Thus David: "I will hear, said he, what the Lord will speak in me." And Paul: "Lord, what wilt thou have me to do?" And Isaias, cap. VI: "Behold me, send me." Thus St. Francis, hearing some inspiration of God, would stop, and would gather himself wholly to perceive it, and when perceived, immediately he would put into execution what he had heard. Wherefore with justice our holy Father Ignatius said, few know how much they themselves impede the operation of God in themselves, and The Gentiles saw the same thing through a shadow; whence Alexander the Great in Egypt heard Psammon the Philosopher, and greatly approved that saying of his, by which he affirmed that all men are ruled by God: for it is divine, that which presides over and commands in each one. And he himself felt more philosophically about the same matter, when he asserted that God is a common father to all men, but adopts as his own sons those who are the most excellent of men, these namely he forms, polishes, perfects. Thus Plutarch in Alexander. Scripture often uses this metaphor of agriculture when speaking of God and divine things, as is evident from John IV, 35; Matthew XXI, 33; John XV, 1. Thus first, you, O Jews! he cultivated with assiduous and paternal indulgence. Then in you he sowed the seeds of the law and Holy Scripture. See therefore that you render him fruits worthy of virtues and merits. But afterwards he will call to the threshing floor and to the threshing of tribulation, from which nevertheless he will free you, and will lead you back to your homeland, just as the farmer stores the grain purified by hard threshing in barns. For this immediately preceded, and in this threshing, its examination, and end and fruit the Prophet especially presses in this parable. When therefore God threshes and chastises you, so that he may draw forth and beat out grains of penance and virtues and change of life, see that you do not overturn this work of God by your hardness and obstinacy, and force him to thresh you even unto consumption and cutting off, which I heard impends upon you in the parable verse 22. But rather receive this tribulation patiently, and through it return to your heart and to God; thus be threshed grain and children of the threshing floor of the Lord, as he said cap. XXI, verse 10. For this threshing is of love; not of hatred. Allegorically, Leo Castrius, as if to say: God now ploughs, harrows, weeds, that is, prepares the fields, that is, the souls of the Jews, so that in the time of Christ he may sow the Gospel in them, and reap Christian works, worthy of Christ, worthy of the Gospel. Allegorically, St. Jerome says that gith and cummin, that is, the rude people, will be corrected gently with a rod: but wheat, that is, priests and the wise, will be trampled with the hard wheel of a wagon, and the powerful will suffer torments powerfully. 26. And he will instruct him in judgment, — that is to say, God will teach the farmer with judgment, and wisely distribute all these things. Thus St. Jerome. 28. But bread will be broken. — It is a metonymy. "Bread," that is, wheat and grain, from which bread is made, is accustomed in Palestine to be broken by the wagon wheel and the teeth of the threshing sledge, and shaken out with greater force, yet with measure and moderation: for it is not threshed forever or perpetually; but thus the threshing sledge itself is drawn around, or the hoof of an ox treads, until the grains fall from the husks, but not so that the grains of wheat are broken, that is to say, Thus likewise God does not afflict you, O Jews! and his other faithful ones, so as to destroy and cut them off, but so as to purge them from the chaff of vices, and like choice grains in a storehouse, that is, in His Church, to store them up. Thus St. Jerome. NOR WILL HE BREAK IT WITH HIS HOOVES. — From this it appears that in Judaea, in the time of Isaiah, they also threshed with the hooves of horses or oxen treading on the grain: for these by treading shook out the grains from their husks, as still happens in some provinces; although St. Jerome seems to deny this, perhaps because in his time this manner of threshing among the Jews had already fallen into disuse; or, as Sanchez holds, because the grain was not threshed by horses alone, but by the hooves of horses, which at the same time drag toothed threshing sledges, or cutting wagons. 29. THAT HE MIGHT MAKE WONDERFUL COUNSEL, AND MAGNIFY JUSTICE. — For justice the Chaldean translator renders wisdom. Note: In a parable there are three things. First, there is the προμύθιον, or proparable, as it were a prologue to the parable; second, there is the μῦθος itself, that is, the fable or parable; third, there is the ἐπιμύθιον, or postparable, applying the parable to our morals or instruction, from which the sense and scope of the parable is to be gathered. The proparable here was verse 22: Be not mockers, lest your bonds be made strong. The parable was the various works of the farmer, which he narrated from verse 24 to here. The postparable is here. Thus Forerius. The sense therefore is, that is to say, Just as in agriculture, for instance in breaking up the field, sowing, reaping, threshing in their proper places and times, God shows great wisdom and justice, as it were distributive, so as to give to each what the matter and time demand; thus likewise he himself in the prophecy of this chapter shows various
THAT HE MIGHT MAKE WONDERFUL COUNSEL, etc. — Others translate, who is wonderful in counsel, and magnificent in work.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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In parte ista comminator contra illos qui contemnebant prophetarum vaticinia; et primo contra contemptentes in praesenti; secundo contra futuros temporibus Jerem. 50 cap. Vae filii deseriorres etc. Prima in duas. In prima contra illos de decem tribubus; in secunda contra illos de duabus, ibi, Verum hi quoque prae vino nescierunt. Circa primum tria facit. Primo arguit culpam superbiae. Vae coronae, quia de multitudine superbient, quae est corona vel gloria regis. Secundo culpam gulæ, Ebriis Ephraim, Nahum 3: « Inebriaberis, » et eris despecta, et quaerens tu auxilium ab ini- « mico. » Flori decenti . . . . qui erant, temporibus latrìae, errantes a vino, scilicet idolatria. Ezech. 7: « Floruit virga, germinavit amygdalus. » Secundo comminator poenam, ibi, Ecce validus et fortis Dominus. Et circa hoc duo facit.
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Primo ponit hostium fortitudinem, Ecce validus, quantum ad fortitudinem hostium, quos immitet; sicut impetus, quantum ad multitudinem.
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Supra 17: « Sonas » bunt populi sicut sonitus aquarum. » Secundo ponit poenae inflictionem, scilicet dejectionem superbiae, Pedibus conculcabitur; et evanitionem gloriae, Et erit flos quasi temporaneum, idest tempestivus vel primitivos fructus. Supra 18: « Ante messem enim » totus effloruit. » Nahum 3: « Omnes munitiones » tuae sicut ficus cum grossis suis. » Tertio ponit justorum gloriam, scilicet illorum de duabus tribubus, In die illa, scilicet temporibus Ezechie, destructis decem tribubus: quantum ad tria; quantum ad populi laetitiam, Corona, ex auro vel argento,
contra hoc quod dicit, Coronae superbiae. Sertum, de floribus, contra hoc quod dicit, Flori decenti: infra 61: « Et darem eis coronam pro cinere, o » leum gaudii pro luctu, pallium laudis pro spiri- « tu moeroris. » Quantum ad regis justitiam, Et erit, ipse Dominus, spiritus: Jerem. 25: « Regna- « bit rex, et sapiens erit, et faciet judicium et » justitiam in terra: » Quantum ad militem potentiam, Et fortitudo, quia Dominus ad eis pugnabit.
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Supra 25: « Quia factus est fortitudo mea. » Verum hi quoque prae vino nescierunt. Hic com- minator contra illos de duabus tribubus: et prima contra principes: secundo contra civitatem vel contra populum. Cap. 29: Vae Ariel etc. Prima in duas. Primo ponit comminationem; secundo consolationem, Auribus percipite. Circa primum duo. Primo arguit peccatum, et comminatur simul interitum: secundo excludit, ibi, Propter hoc audite verbum Domini, viri illosores. Circa primum duo. Primo arguit in eis defectum scientiae; secundo contemptum doctrinae, ibi, Quia manda remanda. Circa primum primo arguit culpam, ponens primo errorem omnium communiter, Verum hi quoque prae vino nescierunt. Oscae 4: « Vinum et ebrie- » tas apostatare faciunt a Deo. » Secundo docto- rum, Sacerdos et propheta nescierunt, quantum ad ignorantiam credendorum, erraverunt quantum ad ignorantiam agendorum, videntem, idest Deum qui omnia videt. Unde est expositio ejus quod habetur Ezech. 22: « Sacerdotes contempserunt le- » gem meam, et polluerunt sanctuaria mea. » Tertio ponit ignorantiae modum: Omnes enim mensae, quia in templis idolis dediti: sordiunque, scilicet omnium vitiorum turpium. Prov. 26: « Sicut » canis qui revertitur ad vomitum, et sus lota in » volutabro luti. » Secundo comminator poenam execationis: Quem docebit?
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Unde primo ponitur quaestio, Quem docebit? quasi dicat, ex quo vos scientiam repulstis. Auditum, scilicet quod audivi a Domino. Secundo ponitur responsio, Ablactatos idest humiles et parvulos simplices. Matth. 11: « Abscondisti haec a sapientibus et prudentibus, » et revelasti ea parvulis. » Vel quoscumque bonos separatos a lacte concupiscentiae.
Nota super illo verbo, Ebriis, quia mali inebriantur vino, primo materialis liquoris. Eph. 5: « Nolite inebriari vino, in quo est luxuria. » Secundo carnalis delectationis. Prov. 7: « Venite, in- » ebriemini vino. » Tertio spiritualis erroris. Supra 19: « Et errare fecerunt Aegyptum in omni » opere suo sicut errat ebrius et vomens. » Quarto divinae punitionis. Thren. 3: « Inebriavit » me absynthio. » Item inebriantur sancti primo lacrymis compunctionis. Supra 16: « Inebriabo te » lacryma mea. » Secundo calice compassionis. Ps. 22: « Calix meus inebrians quam praeclarus est! » Tertio incentivo amoris. Cant. 4: « Comedite amici, » et inebriamini. » Quarto torrente felicis delectationis. Psal. 55: « Inebriabuntur ab ubertate do- » mus tuae. »
Item nota super illo verbo, Coronae superbiae, quia coronantur mali et boni. Mali coronantur primo corona vanæ laetitiæ. Sap. 2: « Coronemus » nos rosis. » Secundo opulentiae rerum. Supra 25: « Quis cogitavit hoc super Tyrum quondam « coronatam? » Tertio mundanae potentiae. Job 19: « Spoliavit me gloria mea, et abstulit coronam de capite meo. » Quarto superstitiones observantiae. 2 Mach. 6: « Cum Liberi sacra celebrarentur, cogebantur hedera coronati Libero circuire Item coronantur sancti corona nuptiali. Infra 61: « Quasi sponsum coronavit me corona. » Secundo triumphali. ? Timoth. 2: « Non coronabitur nisi qui legitime certaverit. » Tertio regali. Infra 62: « Eris corona gloriae in manu Dei tui. » Psalm. 20: « Posuisti, Domine, in capite ejus coronam de lapide pretioso. » Quarto sacerdotali. Eccl. 45: « Corona aurea super caput ejus, expressa signo sanctitatis. »
Item nota super illo verbo, Ablactatus a lacte, quia est quoddam lac quod debet deseri; et istud est multiplex. Primo carnalis concupiscentiae. Supra 11: « In caverna reguli, qui ablactatus fuerit manum suam mittet. » Secundo imperfectae justitiae. Gen. 21: « Crevit puer, et ablactatus est. » Tertio rudis doctrinae. 1 Cor. 3: « Tamquam parvulus in Christo lac potum dedi vobis. » Et est lac quod debet amplecti, primo purae conscientiae. Thren. 4: « Candidiores nive, nitidiores lacte, » propter nitorem. Secundo sanae doctrinae proper dulcorem. Can. 4: « Mel et lac sub lingua ejus. » Tertio aeternae gloriae propter facilem absorptionem. Levit. 20: « Possidete terram fluentem lac et mel. »
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Quia manda remanda. Hic ponit contemptum doctrinae: et primo per blasphemiam, qua prophetas deridebant, dicentes, Manda, quia comminando utebantur. Supra 13: « Mandavi sanctificatis meis, et vocavi fortes meos in ira mea. » Et supra 25: « Dominus mandavit adversus Chanaan, ut contereret fortes ejus. » Supra 5: « Mandabo nubibus ne pluant super eam imbrem. » Expecta. Hic promittendo. Habacuc 2: « Si moram fecerit, expecta eum, quia veniens veniet. » Et addit poenam, in loquela; idest, ita carebitis intellectu prophetarum ac si aliquis loqueretur vobis motu labii tantum, et lingua extranea. Vel statim inferent vobis plagas. De ista locutione, Sap. 2: « Contumelia et tormento interrogemus illum. » Secundo quantum ad obedientiam, Cui dixit: unde primo ponit praeceptum, Hare requies. Matth. 25: « Quod uni ex minimis meis fecistis, mihi fecistis. » Secundo contemptum, Et notuerunt. Ezech. 5: « Domus autem Israel noluit audire te, quia nolunt audire me. » Tertio comminatur interitum. Et erit eis; idest, pro verbis suis hane poenam patientur. Matth. 12: « Ex verbis tuis te judicio, serve nequam. » Ut vadant, in interitum.
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Propter hoc audite verbum Domini, viri illusores. Hic excludit remedium: et primo ponit duo remedia: idest unum in quo confidebat, scilicet pactum cum idolis: unde ponit pactum, Percussimus foedus cum morte, idest cum diabolo. Job 40: « Numquid feriet tecum pactum, et accipies eum servum sempiternum? »
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Et pacti fructum: Flagellum inundans, idest per secuiu: mendacium, idest idolum, quod vos prophetae dicitis mendacium. Psalm. 72: « In labore hominum non sunt, et cum hominibus non flagellabuntur. » Secundum est remedium quod Deus sanctis parat, scilicet Christum, Ecce ego. Psalm. 117: « Lapidem quem reprobaverunt aedificantes.
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Qui crediderit non festinet, sed expectet Habac. 2: « Si moram fecerit, expecta eum. » Et hoc contra malorum blasphemiarn. Et ponam in pondere judicium. Hic excludit utrumque dictorum remedium: et primo primum; secundo secundum, ibi, Coangustatum est enim stratum. Circa primum tria.
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Primo ponit exclusionis justum judicium, Ponam in pondere judicium. Sap. 11: « Omnia in numero et pondere fecisti. » Secundo excludit pactum, Et subvertet grando, tribulationis. Et ponit quatuor contra omnia quae supra dixerat. Job 8: « Spes hypocritae peribit. » Tertio exclusionis fructum, Et tantummodo.
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Supra 26: « Domine, in angustia quaesierunt te. » Coangustatum est enim stratum. Hic excludit secundum remedium: et primo ponit in eis impedimentum quare non valeat eis.
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Coangustatum: loquitur secundum similitudinem adultarae, quae non potest eodem loco habere virum et adulterum; ita nec ipsi idolis cultum exhibere et divinum auxilium obtinere. 1 Cor. 10: « Non potestis mensae Domini participes esse, et mensae daemoniorum. » Secundo ponit liberantis adventum, Sicut in monte divisionum. Tangit historiam quae habetur 2 Reg. 5. « Sic in valle. » Tertio excludit misericordiae auxilium. Ut faciat opus suum, idest ut miseretur nobis? sicut tune interrogative. Et respondet, Alienum. Psalm. 144: « Miserationes ejus super omnia opera ejus. » Et nunc nolite illudere. Hic concludit sanum et salubre consilium: et primo prohibet illusionem, Nolite illudere. Vincula, captivitatis. Prov. 5: « Ipse deludet delusores, et mansuetis dabit gratiam. » Et assignat rationem.
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Consummationem enim et abbreviationem audivi a Domino Deo exercituum super universam terram.
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Auribus percipite, et audite vocem meam. Hic ponit consolationem. Et primo excitat attentionem, Audite.
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Deuter. 25: « Audite caeli quae loquor, audiat terra verba oris mei. » Secundo ponit consolationem sub similitudine agriculatoris: Numquid iota die arabit arans, ut serat? per quam ostendit tria: scilicet punientis Dei intentionem, quia ut fructificemus, sicut arator, Ut serat. Gith, genus leguminis simile cymino. Secundo judicii discretionem: quia alio modo ponit hoc et illos, sicut rusticus alio modo exeunt triticum et gith, Et erudiet. Panis, idest frumentum. Tertio poenarum cessationem quantum ad hos qui corrignuntur. Verumtamen non in perpetuum tritu-rans triturebit illum. 1 Cor. 9: « Debet in spe arare qui arat. » Tertio ponit expositionem: Et hoc a Domino. Ps. 118. « Mirabilia opera tua. »
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v. 4 « Vae coronae superbiae, ebriis Ephraim et flori decidenti gloriae exsultationis eius, qui erant in vertice vallis pinguissimae errantes a vino »! — hebr. vae coronae superbiae ebriorum Ephraim ; corona haec elationis et flos decidens (macidus) decoris ornament? eius qui est super verticem vallis pingium (pinguissimae) vino obtusorum (hebr.) est Samaria; erat enim sita in vertice montis, cui vallis fertilissima vinetis et olivetis abundans subiacet, uti iam Lap. notat (sim. Mar. Men. Tir. Gord.) ; mons igitur ipsa urbe amoena tamquam corona magnifica ornatur et de urbis pulchritudine ac splendore gloriantur et exsultant ebrii Ephraim i. e. magnates regni israelitici quod ex tribu potentissima designatur; iidem vino obtusi, vino percussi appellantur i.e. luxuriae et voluptatibus maxime dediti e& malarum cupiditatum imperio plane subacti. Verum splendorem illum urbis vates cernit jam interitui devotum: et ipsa sua interna corruptione labilem ac deciduum ; unde urbs appellatur flos, qui quidem oculis adhuc illustri pulchritudine, decore, ornamento esse videtur et cum in cacumine positus sit, longe lateque fulget et vallis amoenissimae et fertilissimae vicinitate novam sibi iucunditatem conciliàát ; attamen jam est marcescens et deciduus. De Samariae opibus et luxu vide Am. 3, 12; 5, 11; 6, 4. Simul cum Samaria populo interitum nuntiari patet; id in versione vulg. praecipue effertur, item Ephraimitas spem ac gloriationem in Samariae magnificentia posuisse. Verum quomode haec pompa sit deiicienda et fiduciae humanae fulcra sint subvertenda, in sequentibus vates declarat vae explicans
In exemplo Samariae discant, qua via necessario ad excidium perveniatur. Illorum pompam, superbiam, luxuriem vates traducit quam suo vae interitul ignominioso esse devovendam dicit
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v. 2 « ecce validus et fortis Dominus, sicut impetus grandinis, turbo confringens, sicut impetus aquarum multarum. inundantium et. emissarum super ierram spatiosam »; — iribus comparationibus exitium irruens et irreparabile denotatur : grandine, qua messes destruuntur, turbine quo arbores evelluntur, domus subvertuntur, inundatione, qua tota regio devastatur et campi luto et arena et lapidibus obruti inepti redduntur frugibus gignendis. Insuper adverte tria haec ita efferri, ut magna vi et impetu irruere exhibeantur; membra per modum exclamationis ponuntur et citato quasi cursu inter se subsequuntur, quo impetus ruinae repetitis ictibus ad vivum proponatur. Poenae genus iam delineatum cernit S. Hier. : « poenam illis comminatur Dominus, quod sicut grandinis turbo universa confringit et impetus aquarum inundantium quidquid obvium invenerit rapit, sic ab. Assyriorum deleantur exercitu, et quod reliquum fuerit, in montes sive urbes Mediae : transferatur » !'. In comment. S. Hier. habetur ecce validus et fortis Domini i. e. habet Dominus validum et fortem quem vindicem mittat in Samariam ; et ita quoque hebr. intelligitur (cf. For. Mald. Malv. Mar. Calm.); hebr. verte similis procellae grandinis, turbini exitiali, similis inundationi aquarum validarum exundantium. deiciet in terram manu i. e. facile, sine negotio ? (cf. Malv. For. Mald. Mar. Calm.), de comparationibus cf. 8, 8; 1'1, 12. 13. Et ruina haec erit plena opprobriis
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v. 3 « pedibus conculcabitur corona superbiae ebriorum Ephraim »; — repetitio ex v. 1 emphasi non. caret; « optime extrema extremis et infimis summa coniungit; nam coronam quae supra altissimam corporis partem eminet et radiat, infimae id est pedibus caleandam subiecit » (Sanct.); ita breviter ac nervose ex quanta pompa ad quantam ignominiam urbs superba detrahenda sit exprimitur ; « est elegans antithesis inter coronam quae super : caput ferri solet et pedes : inter superbiam et conculcationem » (Mald.. Quanta vero aviditate et sedulitate hostes munere suo destructionis ac conculcationis functuri sint, vel quanta vi lapides eius in vallem detrahendi sint, ut Michaeas loquitur (1, 6), explicatur alia similitudine :
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v. 4 « et erit flos decidens gloriae exsultationis eius qui est super verticem vallis pinguium, quasi temporaneum ante maturitatem. autumni, quod cum aspexerit videns statim ut manu tenuerit, devorabit illud » ; — ficus praecoces in deliciis habebantur et inter cupedias recensebantur ; cf. Os. 9, 10. Mich. 7, 1. Ier. 24, 2. Non sine acri ironia repetitur, quanta gloria et magnificentia Samaria fuerit conspicua; hac pulchritudine et pompa hostes allexit et magna aviditate ad suam ipsius perniciem attraxit. Samaria tribus annis obsidebatur (4 Reg. 171, 5) ; aviditas ergo et velocitas ad id refertur, ut post expugnationem celeriter conculcetur et gloria Samariae regnique israeliticl repentino ictu concidat nunquam resurrectura ; unde devorabit illud ; ad quod confer quod legitur 4 Reg. 17, 93 : usquequo auferret Dominus Israel a facie sua, sicut locutus fuerat in manu omnium servorum suorum prophetarum ; translatusque est Israel de terra sua in Assyrios usque in diem hanc. In ruina Samariae cernitur quo exitu pompa hamana sit finienda. Iam ubi vera sit gloria et beatitas reposita, pulcherrima antithesi vates exsequitur
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v. 9 « Zn die illa erit Dominus exercituum corona. gloriae et sertum exsultationis residuo populi sui,
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v. 6 et spiritus iudicii sedenti super iudicium et fortitudo revertentibus de bello ad. portam » ; — Ephraimitae coronam gloriae et diadema magnificentiae in se, in urbe principali, in Samaria eiusque opibus ac fortitudine quaerebant (v. 1); sed haec misere intereunt; verum reliquiis populi ipse Dominus maximam quam exoptare possunt gloriam concedet. Iuda enim quia ibi aeternus Davidis thronus (2 Reg. '1, 14) est firmatus interire nequit; unde iam a priore clarum est Iudam salate donari; hanc autem salutem ita vates describit, ut dicat ex una parte omnem eloriationem in solo Domino esse collocandam, ex altera autem magnifice promittat eos qui ita Domino adhaeserint ad summam gloriae divinae magnificentiae participationem admissum iri; uti 4, 2 germen Domini, ita h. l. ipse Dominus suis erit corona gloriae. Tamquam talem autem se praebebit populo suo, dum everso regno israelitico regem pium et theocraticum populo suo concedet, qui iustitiam administrabit, cui etiam fortitudinem praestabit ad hostes superandos. Sunt enim duo haec officia regis inter praecipua, ut ubique iustitiam vel tueatur vel reducat et populum vera iustitia omnia peragentem valide et efficaciter ab hostium incursu defendat ; ita enim iustitia et pax, duo illa bona summa (cf. Ps. 111, 2. 3), consistent. Et. quantopere paratus sit Dominus ad talem opem ferendam, eo declaratur quod ipse dicitur esse in spiritum iudicii sedenti super iudicium et in fortitudinem | convertentibus | bellum ad. portam usque(hebr.) i. e. ut convertant hostes in fugam usque ad urbium suarum portam (cf. 2 Reg. 11, 23. 4 Reg. 18,8. 1 Mach. 5, 21. For. Mald. Malv. Vat. Rohl. Net. Troch.). Promissio haec adeo ampla est et magnifica, ut plene non adimpleatur nisi in regno messianico. Atque optime quidem post ruinam Samariae vaticinium inducitur messianicum, quia ultima ratio cur Iuda non sit eodem modo interiturus in promissione messianica sita est. Ex hac autem divina dispositione etiam maxime congrue fit, ut quo tempore regnum israeliticum concidit, in regno iudaico adsit rex pius ac theocraticus, qui fide sua ac pietate civitatem populumque labantem sustineat et erigat. Undein v. 6 Ezechiam regem describi haud immerito censent (cf. S. Hier. Ephr. Sanct. Lap. Calm.); id quod eo sensu admitti debet, ut promissio detur ampla et generalis, quae e(iam in Ezechia rege sit impleta, verum una hac re minime sit exhausta. Contra ruinam Samariae Deus potius statuit et effert normam generalem qua in regendis rebus regni iudaici ipse utatur; prophetarum enim est a rebus particularibus ascendere ad normas universales et leges fundamentales, quibus ordo divinae providentiae constituitur. Transitus hic est idem qui habetur 2, 5. 6. Ad quale gloriae fastigium Iuda vi promissionum messianicarum a Deo invitetur, vates modo dixit v. 5. 6; verum quam diversi sint et contrarii populi mores, quantopere populus ex sua parte impedimenta et obstacula obiiciat divinis consiliis, vates sacra cum indignatione perstringit describens ac lamentans, quomodo eadem quae in regno israelitico vitia etiam apud Iudaeos et apud eos ipsos serpant qui magistri et duces esse debebant ;
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v. 1 « Verum hi quoque prae vino nescierunt et prae ebrietate erraverunt ; sacerdos et propheta nescierunt prae ebrietate, absorpti sunt a vino, erraverunt in ebrietate, nescierunt videntem, ignoraverunt iudicium » ; — sicut Ephraimitae accusantur ebrietatis (v. 1; cf. Os. 4, 41. Am. 2, 8; 4, 1; 6, 4-1), ita Iudaei; haec autem ebrietas et ingluvies indicium est menlis a Deo aversae et rebus infimis immersae et signum stupiditatis, qua solis inhiantes voluptatibus divina spernunt. Quam altas radices vitium egerit, cumulo verborum et repetitione ad vivum describitur : at etiam hi prae vino oberrant et prae sicera ! titubant ; sacerdos et propheta oberrant prae sicera (hebr.) ; certe pseudoprophetae intelliguntur qui nunquam non deerant auram popularem captantes et turpis lucri gratia vitiis populi blandientes (cf.. Mich. 3, 5. 11; 2, 41 hebr.) ; unde qui nati erant duces et exempla populi, sacerdotes, et qui tale munus praetendebant, pessimo exemplo praeibant, obruti sunt vino, plane ebrietati dediti atque immersi, ita ut sensus pariter ac mentes vino plane captiventur et obnubilentur ; immo oberrant in videndo, impingunt in fure dicendo (hebr.), in ipso muneris exercitio ebrietatem ostentant ; prophetae si consulantur, in visionis quam praetendunt se habuisse explanatione titubant, se vino onustos esse produnt; sacerdotes quibus ius dicere etiam incumbebat (Deut. 47, 9; 49, 47) impingunt et fere cadunt in tribunali, quamvis iis praescriptum esset, ne ante functionem vino indulgerent, « ut habeatis scientiam discernendi inter sanctum et profanum, inter pollutum et mundum » (Lev. 10, 10). Atque sacerdotes eo maiore reprehensione digni sunt, quia solum graviores causae ad tribunal sacerdotale referebantur (cf. Deut. l. c.); in iis autem vino madere eo graviori culpae vertitur, quia iudices nomine et auctoritate Dei iudicium Dei statuunt, ergo spiritu Dei imbuti esse debent (ef. Ex. 18, 15. Deut. 4, 1'1. 2 Par. 19, 6). Et accusationis documentum et argumentum addit irvefragabile
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v. 8 « omnes enim mensae repletae sunt vomitu sordiumque, ita ut non esset ultra locus » ; — i. e. locus vacuus et purus à sordibus et immunditie ipsorum (Malv.); ubique testimonia ebrietatis patent. Haud infrequens erat apud Romanos, ut in conviviis et compotationibus se vomitu ad epulas et potationes instaurandas redderent aptos, de qua re vide testimonia apud Sanct. Lap.; « quae morum atque epularum intemperantia videtur quoque irrupisse in Iudaeorum mensas, ut docet hic locus non obscure et alia non pauca quae vomitum cum epulis saepe coniungunt; neque tamen improbo, si quis putet, quia copiosas epulas sequi solet vomitus, vomitum pro ingluvie sumi et nimia ciborum intemperantia » (Sanct.). Vide ad 5, 22. 23; sed de artificio illo helluonum vix erit cogitandum. Et quantopere vino madidi indigne ferant quod corripiuntur et quam rebelles sint et contumaces in Deum eiusque legatum, vates describit
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v. 9 « quem docebit scientiam? et quem intelligere faciet auditum? ablactatos a lacte, avulsos ab uberibus »? — i. e. sacerdotes illi et « prophetae » cum irrisione a propheta quaerunt, nesciatne, quinam sint? Sunt scil. viri docti, sapientes, qui minime indigeant edoceri; e& cum magno contemptu muneris prophetici addunt, habeatne ipsos quasi pro infantulis trium vel quattuor annorum, qui modo sint ablactati — per tres enim annos matres Iudaeorum proli lac suum praebere solebant — ; pro eiusmodi puerulis monita prophetae fortasse salutaria esse vel necessaria! lam quid ipsis bilem praecipue commoveat indicant acri subsannalione impudenter vati occinentes et turpi et truncata imitatione monitis eius illudentes
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v. 10 « quia : manda remanda, manda.remanda, exspecta FTeezxspecta, exspecia reerspecta, modicum ibi, modicum ibi »! — « prophetis ventura annuntiantibus et nisi fecissent quae praecepta erant tormenta minitantibus solebant dicere subsannantes : manda, mTemanda i. e. praecipe, praecipe, impera que facere debeamus; cumque abuterentur Dei patientia qui differt iram ut praebeat misericordiam, solebant etiam hoc ex persona prophetarum ludentes dicere : exspecta paulisper, exspecta modicum, venient quae futura praediximus »; ita S. Hier. versionem suam explicat. In hebr. ipsa ebriorum et prae ebrietate balbutientium lingua imitatione exprimitur : £zav latzav, tzav latzav; qav laqav !... i.e. praeceptum ad praeceptum, normam (lineam) ad normam prophetae addunt; continuis suis monitionibus et minutis praeceptis de omni re molesti sunt et fastidiosi. Ita prophetae ab impiis irrisioni habentur; cf. Am. B, 18. Ier. 93, 33; haud absimili modo S. Paulus a philosophis epicureis et stoicis exspuoAéyeg appellabatur (Act. 41, 18. Roh. Troch.). Aliter veteres interpretes nexum interpretati sunt. Intelligunt enim v. 9 quasi quaestionem a propheta positam : hoc rerum statu, quando omnes vino dediti sunt, quem docebit Deus vel propheta scientiam ? cui Deus suorum consiliorum arcana mysteria revelabit ? Quod sequitur ablactatos a lacte ete. alii accipiunt, ut ii tantum capaces sint coelestis disciplinae, qui solido nutriuntur cibo et ab uberibus depulsi sunt i. e. humiles, simplices, a malis cupiditatibus alieni (cf. S. Hier. Thom. Pint. Lap. etc.) ; unde sententiam legunt assertive, uti fert quoque interpunectatio vulg. — Alii melius legunt interrogative, uti Vat. For. Sanct. : illosne docebit quibus infantile ingenium est, et mores ita leves, ut nunc primum depulsi videantur a lacte et à maternis uberibus avulsi (Sanct. cf. Sasb.) ? E recentioribus ita quoque Drechsl. explicat. Sed cum in v. 10 fatentibus omnibus verba exhibeantur irridentium illusorum et versus particula quia adeo arcte cam antecedentibus cohaereat, explicatio illa sustineri nequit. Irrisio in v. 10 expressa quaestionibus illis v. 9 indignatione plenis bene praeparatur et inducitur. — Notat S. Hier. ad verba brevia illa hebr. in v. 10 : « his abuti Solet immundissima haeresis apud simplices quosque atque deceptos, ut terrorem faciat novitate sermonum, quod scil. qui haec verba cognoverit et in coitu eorum meminerit, absque ulla dubitatione transeat ad regna coelorum » ; alludit scil. ad Nicolaitarum haeresin, qui ex hoc loco spareum suum KeuJoxaoy formaverint ; ef. Epiphan. haer. 25 ; apud Basilidianos quoque Caulacauas aeon no- Sed irrisionem hanc ultio divina consequetur. Quia illi illudentes et prae ebrietate gravi lingua balbutientes sonos edunt inconditos, propterea Deus immittet hostes, qui similiter sonis barbaris loquentur iis, ut qui prophetas ludibrio habuerint perversa vocum imitatione, iam a barbaro ferocium hostium clamore et strepitu contremiscant :
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v. 44 « in loquela enim labii et lingua altera. loquetur. ad. populum istum.» ; — hebr. ?n balbutientibus labiis i. e. per eos qui barbara, blaesa, quae intelligi nequeant jis occlamabunt Deus sua loquetur iudicia ad contemptores istos. Unde bene Lap. : « mea exhortatio vobis visa est molesta et ridicula, quare subsannando blaese ac balbutientes dicitis ac repetitis : manda remanda; quare ego per Chaldaeos, qui videntur vobis blaesi ac balbi, milites et ministros iustitiae meae vos puniam, ut sannis peregrinae suae linguae vos incredulos arcessant et compescant, vos irrideant » etc. ; at intellige id fore ab Assyriis, quorum lingua quamvis pertineat ad familiam semiticam et multa habeat verba cum hebr. communia, tamen a ludaeis intelligi non poterat; adde in exercitibus variarum gentium ac tribuum viros et saepe turbam valde promiscuam adfuisse collectam ex gentibus subiectis. Terror invasionis hostilis augetur, si hostium sermo non intelligitur. Loquetur ergo Dominus eis in lingua altera, quia priorem et suaviorem audire et. intelligere renuerunt. Quae fuerit illa prior, declaratur
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v. 49 « cui dixi : haec est requies mea ; reficite lassum, et hoc est meum refrigerium, et noluerunt audire »; — i. e. clare et aperte iis annuntiatum erat, qua via requiem ac prosperitatem consequi possint ac debeant. Cum sermo sit de populi ducibus, sacerdotibus et prophetis (cf. v. 1), et propheta mox a v. 15 et in subsequentibus capp. saepius foedera cum extraneis reprobet ac reprehendat, admonitio reficite lassum ad id referri videtur, ne populum bello et tributis sub Achaz satis superque afflictum denuo bellis obiiciant suis consiliis ac foederibus contra Dei voluntatem initis; ita iam Mald. rem concipit : « vos sacerdotes et pseudoprophetae sinite in pace populum, date requiem fesso huic populo ; desinite fallere » et Kn. Del. Roll. — Alii tamen sententiam uti generali ratione enuntiatur, de operibus caritatis et, misericordiae explicant (cf. Osor. Sanct. For. Mald. Mar. Tir. Lap. Calm. Schegg, Troch.), quae si praestiterint, quietem et refrigerium a Deo iri concessam. Unum instar omnium iis praecipitur ; est enim plenitudo legis dilectio vel potius, cum alias populi duces oppressionis et iniustitiarum frequenter et graviter accusentur (cf. 5, 8 seq.), hoc vitio tamquam multorum peccatorum fonte sublato reliqua facillime ad Dei legem componi posse innuitur. Aliis demum placet lassum intelligere ipsum Deum quem suis fatigant peccatis, recreant virtutibus (cf. Sasb. et apud Lap. Calm.). Sed frustra sunt admoniti. Unde cum sarcasmo Deus illusoribus verba reddit eadem et seriem tribulationum iis annuntiat v, 13 « et erit eis verbum. Domini : manda remanda, manda vemanda, exspecta reexspecta, exspecta reexspecta, modicum ibi, modicum ibi : ut vadant et cadant retrorsum. et conterantur et. illaqueentur. et. capiantur »; — quia Domini monita iis sunt series quaedam molesta ac putida praeceptorum, aliam seriem iis immittet Dominus miseriarum, quibus veluti laqueis cadant, veluti saxorum pondere conterantur, veluti retibus illaqueentur, veluti decipula capiantur : ita enim « sanniones punit et sannas in ipsos retorquet » (Lap. Men.); « vide quantum intersit inter humana atque divina scommata; nam a conviciis hominum nihil prophetis in quos iactabantur adversi accidit, a Dei vero maledictione id nacti sunt homines ut cadant etc. » (Sanct.). Plures modi enumerantur, ut si una via se salvos esse putent, alia eo certius puniantur. Cum Sennacherib rex Assyriorum ad universas civitates munitas Iuda ascenderet easque caperet(4 Reg. 18, 13), vel, ut ipse narrat, quadraginta sex urbes munitas, arces et oppida innumera oppugnaret et caperet et ducenta millia hominum centum et quinquaginta in captivitatem abduceret (cf. der, Keilinschriften u. A. T. ad 2 Reg. 18), ea tempestate illusores illi
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v. 14 « Propter hoc audile verbum Domini viri illusores qui dominamini super populum meum qui est in. Ierusalem!
Etiam clarius ostendit propheta, in quanam re duces populi potissimum a doctrina prophetae recedant eamque irrideant. Contra pericula humana seseque hisce tutos putant. Aliud autem est consilium Dei. Unde propheta antecedentia magis declarans pergit
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v. 45. díxistis enim : percussimus foedus cum morte et cum inferno fecimus pactum : flagellum inundans cum transierit non. veniet super nos, quia posuimus mendacium spem noslram et mendacio protecti sumus » ; — illusores cf. v. 9, 10; ad dominatores, duces populi etiam « sacerdos et propheta » v. '| accensendi sunt, Dominus suum vocat populum miserans conditionem vexatam et ipsa appellatione spem et auxilium spondens. Commemorata civitate sancta et centro theocratiae eo magis v. 15 effertur ducum arrogantia et insolentia, qua confidunt inundationem illam assyriacam et flagellum, quibus Samaria interlerit, nihil funesti sibi esse allatura, quia spem suam posuerint in Aegypto et ab Aegypto revera protectisint; Aegyptum enim intelligi tacite, ex 30, 9 seq. indubie colligitur. Atque ut. prophetae illudant ex eius quasi mente et verbis spem illam vocant mendacium : quia collocavimus spem nostram in auxilio humano et idolis quae tu soles mendacia et vanitates appellare (cf. Sanct. Mald. Malv. rum contumaciam declarat, quam quod alii explicant ab ipso propheta statim spem eorum nomine mendacii tamquam inanem designari ; sed cum ipsi illusores loquentes inducantur et in tali locutione qua verba prophetae irrisorie usurpent maior contineatur illusio, prior acceptio es! praeferenda. Adeo se esse tutos iactant, quasi pacto inito cum morte, ne eos invadat aut occupet, et cum inferno, ne eos admittat ; etiam in hac locutione irrisio prophetae contineri videtur, quippe qui saepius iam mortem ingruere, infernum aperire os comminatus erat (cf. 5, 14). In flagello inundante — vide paronomasiam in hebr. schot schoteph — duae comparationes coaluisse videntur, quae singulae saepius de invasione Assyriorum adhibentur ; cf. 8, 1 seq.. 10, 8. 229. 94. 96; 171, 13. Ceterum verbis istis confirmatur explicatio ad v. 19 proposita. Consiliis illis perversis et antitheocraticis Deus suum agendi modum opponit et ubi sit vera salus ex divina dispositione docet; Deus enim prudentiam illam humanam reprobat neque eo quo illi volunt modo salvabit; unde
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v. 16 « idcirco haec dicit Dominus Deus : ecce. ego mittàm in fundamentis Sion lapidem probatum, angularem, pretiosum in fundamento fundatum; qui crediderit, non festinet » ; — praedixerat ruinam Samariae; ostenderat firmamentum illud fallax, mendacium, in quo illusores principes spem salutis collocabant : his duobus excitatur veri et stabilis fundamenti memoria (cf. Sanct.), quod in Sion positum inconcussam firmitatem theocratiae praebet. Lapis ille describitur in se et in effectu quem praestat : in se probatus i. e. electus et ad munus suum aptissimus, habens scil. exploratam soliditatem, ut illi tota moles incumbat (Men.) ; haec aptitudo ea est quae in angulari lapide requiritur, qui non solum firmum praebet fundamentum, sed et parietes iungit et totius aedificii ordinem ac normam dirigit; lapis in se est, pretiosus i. e. prae aedificio habet in se dignitatem et pretium maius atque nobilius ceteris aedificii lapidibus, est igitur ordinis quasi altioris et eminentior ceteris. Et qua talis est fundationis fundatae (hebr.) i. e. immotam praebet stabilitatem et eam fundationem fundat, quam nemo evertat aut commoveat. Bis effertur eius soliditas, quo efficacior cernatur oppositio àd mendacium illusorum (cf. Lap.). Iam fundamentum illud immotum quod a Deo in Sion est collocatum et in quo ipsa urbs firma consistit et permanet est promissio messianica, urbi Ierusalem et Sion monti adnexa, quae promissio in rege messianico continetur et absolvitur. Propter theocratiam quae ex Ierusalem sese diffundere debet per orbem universum et propter Messiam oriundum ex domo David, qui thronum sempiternum Davidi promissum (2 Reg. "1, 14; cf. de Hummelauer in comment ad h. 1l.) oceupaturus est, urbs Ierusalem et regnum iudaicum periculo eripietur. Consideratur ergo Sion hoc loco, quemad- - modum saepe (cf. 2, 9 et vide quae notavi ad Ioel 2, 32; 3, 1. Mich. 1, 3. Zach. 12, 2. seq.), tamquam centrum ac sedes theocratiae. Unde facile concipitur, lapidem illum probatum, pretiosum, angularem intelligi, uti ss. Patres et interpretes catholici semper explicarunt, ipsum Messiam, qui in se est dignitatis altissimae et totius firmitatis et splendoris theocratiae est ratio ultima et fundamentum inconcussum. Ad eam enim metaphoram iam 8, 14 Isaias viam stravit Dominum appellans lapidem offensionis pro incredulis et via quoque paratur crebris illis locis, in quibus Deus petra vocatur tamquam certissimum ac firmissimum populi refugium et firmamentum (cf. Deut. 32, 18. 371. Ps. 171, 3. 39; 41, 10; 72, 26; 88, 21 etc.). Quam merito autem Messias ita vocetur, non indiget explanatione; est enim ipse, ut S. Cyr. ait, basis et spes et fulerum et fundamentum immotum Sion sub intelligentiam cadentis i. e. Ecclesiae. Quare promissione messianica exhibita norma statuitur eadem quae supra 71, 9 : qui hac fide imbutus est, in hoc uno lapide omnia praesidia collocet, huic ita innitatur, ut nunquam in rebus adversis tumultuetur, nunquam metu trepidet, nunquam huc vel illuc sollicite discurrat, sed animo quieto ac tranquillo auxilium divinum exspectet (Osor). Haec ergo salutis norma ac regula statuitur, in qua iudicium de incredulitate iam continetur. Unde v. 16 enumerata illusorum impietate pergitur idcirco, quae particula ad v. 14 propter hoc intime refertur. Fide enim statuta damnatur infidelitas. Sed simul magna Dei benignitas cernitur, quod, dum illusores se populumque perdere omni conatu festinant, misericordiae suae consilia aperit. Quare ea consideratione facta haud immerito Sasb. rem perpendit : « idcirco... mirabilis est consequentia; videbatur enim ita debere dicere atque hoc exspectabatur : quia vos tales estis, quia tam supina est vita vestra, idcirco vos semel perdam.. nunc vero ait : quia vos tam inhumani estis, tam supini et securi, idcirco.. i. e. licet vos indigni sitis quibus praestetur misericordia, ego tamen quid fides mea et veritas exigat considerans mittam vobis Messiam » (sim. Pint.). ' (cf. 3 Reg. 11, 11-13. 32-39 ; 45, 4. 5. 4 Reg. 8, 19; 19, 34. 9 Par. 91, 7) res iudaicae servabantur et prospere gerebantur, ita etiam in ea rerum conditione rex vere pius et theocraticus ad salutem reipublicae iudaicae a Deo concedebatur ; Ezechias ergo non est ille lapis, sed propter lapidem illum Deus ita res , disposuit, ut Ezechias rex pius et theocraticus exsisteret. Vide quae dicta sunt ad 16, 5 et cf. 32, 4 seq. — Aliqui lapidem probationis interpretantur active : ad quem quasi ad lapidem lydium homines probentur quales sint ; ita ex recentioribus Drechsl. et iam apud Mald. Malv. : at id hoc loco abesse videtur, cum lapis in fundamento positus non sine catachresi simul considerari possit ut talis ad quem offendunt et impingunt. — Ad explicationem de Christo vide 4 Petr. 2, 4-8. Rom. 9, 33; 10, 11. Eph. 2, 20-22. 1 Cor. 3, 11. Dau. 2, 34. 44. Matth.
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v. 18 «et delebitur foedus vestrum cum morte et pactum vestrum cum inferno non stabit; flagellum | inundans cum transierit, eritis ei àn conculcationem ;
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v. 49 quandocumque | pertransierit, tollet vos; quoniam mane diluculo pertransibit in die et in nocte, et tantummodo sola vexatio 4ntellectum. dabit auditui » ; — in invasione Assyriorum cum civitates munitae caperentur multique captivi abducerentur, flagello illo sane percussi et contriti sunt ; erat enim tempus illud dies tribulationis et increpationis. (4 Reg. 19, 3. Is. 37, 3); atque satis diu durabat: mane, mane irruet (hebr.) i. e. quolibet mane irruet, dein interdiu et noctu, proinde sine interruptione atque diu affligentur. Hac autem calamitate pressi agnoscent multi solius Domini opem esse exquirendam, inania esse hominum conamina ; tune calamitate vexati et edocti intelligent auditum 1. e. annuntiationem propheticam ; « malo coacti sapitis, non aliter » (Mar.) i. e. non solum videbunt vera praedixisse vatem (qua explicatione multi contenti sunt ; cf. S. Hier. Malv. For. Tir.), sed doctrinam ab eoinculeatam quam antea percipere nolebant ipsa rerum experientia edocti veram esse confitebuntur. Fructus igitur ex calamitate oriundus assignatur, qui etiam ad ius et iustitiam pertinet, qua Dominus regnum suum exstruere spondet (v. 17); « tantum magna aliqua vexatio efficere potest, ut intelligatis doctrinam quam ego profiteor » (Sasb. sim. Osor. Rohl. Troch.). Hebr. eodem modo quo S. Hier. vertunt etiam aliqui recentiores (Rohl. Net.): sola vexatio docebit, vel solus terror doctrinam explicabit; qui sensus et verbis aptus est et optime ad contextum congruit. Verbum enim q'35 (vel legitne S. Hier. vin?) nywau certe hoc loco eodem modo debet intelligi quo v. 9 intelligere faciet auditam ; ergo terror vel calamitas intelligere faciet annuntiationem vel praedicationem ; ea enim notione usurpari auditum notum est. Mirum sane est, quod Naeg. vult, cum v. 9 phrasis usurpetur in notione infelligere facere hoc loco tamen ex contextu erui sensum praedicationem audire; sim. iam aliqui veteres : fiet ut commotio sit intelligere famam (Mald. Mar. Pint. Malv.) vel quod recentioribus quoque arridet : iam lerror est, talem audire annuntialionem vel famam vel revelationem (cf. Bos. Ges. Maurer, Ewald, Drechsl. Del.). Contra quas explicationes haud immerito excipit Kn. sicut y*5 non inveniatur sensu translato spirituali, ita ny non significare terrorem, verum ubique vezationem (cf. Ier. 15, &; 24, 9; 29, 18 ete.) ; insuper audire famam non salis quadrare in conlextum, quo aperte plus aliquid ae gravius postuletur. Id autem optime adest in explieatione quam .S. Hier. dedit : sola veratio intellectum dabit auditui, facict intelligere mala vestra. Ad hanc vero intelligentiam pervenient, quia sole clarius apparebit subsidia humana plane esse insufficientia ac omnino deficere neque iis quidquam salutis effici posse. Id proverbiali locutione vates exponit
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v. 20 « coangustatum est enim stratum, ita ut alter. decidat, et pallium breve utrumque operire non potest »; — proverbio hoc non solum angustia rerum et difficultas (Mald. Sa, Ges. Kn. Drechsl. Schegg) exprimitur, vel non fieri posse ut simul cum Deo et cum alienigenis foedus ineatur (cf. S. Hier. Sasb. Pint. Lap. Men. Tir.), verum potius et ad rem maxime accommodate : conatus humanos ad securitatem praestandam prorsus esse impares (cf. Osor.); vanae spes vestrae tutari vos non possunt (Malv.) vel calamitate sua laborantes impii mutuam sibi ferre opem non possunt (Calm. Troch.). Quod humanis subsidiis fieri Deus non vult, id ipse modo miro et inexspectato praestabit; atque in hoc operandi modo Dei probatio fidei continetur et iudicium fertur in incre- Pharasim et in valle Gabaon. Priore loco Deus Davidi concessit insignem — vietoriam de Phlisthiim, ita ut David exclamaret « divisit. Dominus inimicos m20s coram me, sicut dividuntur aquac ; propterea vocatum est nomen loei illius. Baal Pharasim » (2 Reg. 9, 90. 1 Par. 14, 9); ad quem eventum hoc loco etiam propter flage!- lum énundans apta fit allusio. Alter eventus non est, ut aliqui volunt (Kn. Del. RoAL. .Ye:.) alia Davidis victoria (l. c. v. 29. v. 13), sed alluditur ad victoriam Iosue apud Gabaon (Ios. 10, 10), ubi Deus lapidibus grandinis hostes prostravit. (cf. v. 11. 2 sicut impetus grandinis) vti | plerique ex veteribus rite expl'eant (cf. S. Cyr. Hier. Ephr.). Hisce vero, deciarat Deus qua ratione deiecturus sit Assyrios ipse, uti bene exponit S. Cyz.: « sumit igitur velut ab his quae cont'gerunt veteribus imaginem et figuram | auxilii futuri Israelitis a Deo qui servare potest, si quilem velint servatoris nostri verbis parere » ; sim. S. Ephr Thom. ; atque revera saepius clades Assyriorum mirabili Dei interventu praedicitur efficienda, ita ut duabus iliis cladibus divinitus inflictis 8 etc.). Quare strages illa eum emphasi. dicitur opus Dei; est. alienum i. e. novum, inauditum, et inde ipsis hostibus et illusoribus ingerens stüporem, et fidelibus admirationem, cum adeo subito et tanto. fiat ambitu; est peregrinum, insolitum, a communi Dei agendi modo longe remotum etiam ea cons:deratione facta, quia Deus populo magnam parlem contumaci et rebelli tam insignem opem in sumina. rerum anguetia subministrabit. Opus aliquod illastre, extraordinarium, uti iam comparationibus indacitur,. ita ipsa sententiae repet.tione inculeatur. illustrat victoria de Madianitis reportata (0, 4; 10, 26) et interitu Aegyptiorum (40, 26); ergo pronum est, ut eodem modo hie Assyriorum clades illustretur. Quibus adde non satis perspici, quomodo invasio Assyriorum et calamitates ab iis inflictae [udaeis tam grandibus illis miraculis divinis conferri possint, quia sane nihil cernitur in illa irruptione quod illis magnalibus simile sit, dum e contra in repentina prostratione exercitus assyriaci adsit punetum comparationis quam maxime obvium pariter et illustre. Quare illa explicatio quam fere omnes sequuntur, relinquenda esse mihi videtur — insuper nemo quo tendat comparatio, accuratius explicat — et revertendum ad eam acceptionem, quam S. Ephr. Cyr. Thom. proponunt. Cum tale sit consilium Dei ad suos servandos et hostes perdendos, uti rebus illis divinitus gestis continetur, apte sequitur admonitio illusoribus facta ne Dei hostibus sese iungentes eadem pernicie involvantur
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21, 42 et Ps. 117, 92. Iam quomodo eo fundamento posito Deus aedificium sit erecturus declaratur ita, ut sententia « qui crediderit non trepidabit » explicetur etiam ab opposito, scil. quid illusoribus sit eventurum; ad hoc enim iam a v. 7 potissimum dirigitur sermo : v. 11 « et ponam in. pondere iudicium et iustitiam in mensura et subvertet grando spem mendacii et protectionem aquae inundabunt » ; — hebr. et pono. iudicium 4n. normam et iustitiam in perpendiculum 1. e. in exstruendo aedificio norma (p cf. v. 10) et mensura ad quam «omnia exiguntur et diriguntur et perpendiculum quo rectus aedificii ordo ac status continetur, erit Zus et iustitia ; ex hac norma unusquisque diiudicatur et ad salutem in theocratia acciplendam admittetur vel ab ea excludetur et quaecumque per seriem generationum prospera vel adversa eventura sunt, iure et iustitia diriguntur, ut sint vel in mercedem vel in poenam ad Dei iustitiam, fidelitatem, sanctitatem commendandam. Hac ratione regnum Dei iure et iustitia aedificabitur et consistet, ex quo vero consequens est, ut qui contra Dei normam agunt, sua perversitate corruant. Quare pergitur et subvertet. grando... cf. v.2;in sorte Samariae depingitur quid eos maneat qui non credunt ; de mendacio cf. v. 15; tegumentum illud et latibulum quod se invenisse gloriabantur v. 15 inundatione aquarum auferetur. In se igitur ius et iustitiam Dei experientur castigati. Quod quo certius clariusque innotescat, ipsis illusorum verbis vates quid futurum revera sit exponit
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v. 92 « et nunc nolite illudere, ne forte constringantur vincula vestra ; consummationem enim et. abbreviationem audivi a Domino Deo exerci- (uum, super universam terram » ;, — ne rideant de vaticinio edito, etsi modus salutis conferendae mirus et pene incredibilis videatur, neve fidem ac spem piorum dicteriis prosequantur ; quodsi fecerint, vincula eorum fortius constringentur i. e. ab Assyriis, quorum iugo et vinculis iam ab Achaz rege mancipati sunt, plane demum captivi agentur (cf. v. 48). Vae ergo illis, si non ad meliorem frugem erudiantur. Tum enim illo interitu prosternentur quem Deus norma generali de omnibus suis adversariis constituit : consummationem enim et perniciem certo determinatam (hebr.) Deus constituit de universa terra, quibus verbis propheta ad oracula priora alludit (cf. 10, 23) de iudicio in orbem universum exercendo. Huius iudicii pars quaedam est etiam vastitas illa, quae invasione Assyriorum quasi flagello inundante regno iudaico est illata; de regno iudaico universam terram plerique explicant (cf. S. Hier. Mald. Sanct. Sasb. Pint. For. Malv. Lap. Tir. Troch.), sed praestat cum aliis (cf. S. Cyr. Osor. Rohl.) verba in universum intelligere, praesertim quia propheta iudicium tale in omnes diserte annuntiavit et verbis ipsis de consummatione firmiter decreta plus innuitur quam unius regionis per breve tempus oppressio, qualis in expeditione assyriaca evenit. d) De Dei provida administratione parabola 28, 23-29. In variis rerum eventibus miram cerni Dei sapientiam et consilium providum quo emolumento ac saluti suorum consulat et, cuncta ad optatam exitum dirigat, propheta parabola illustrat e re agraria petita. Minas igitur propositas in solatium bonorum temperat ipsosque contumaces ut Deo se subiiciant ac committant hortatur ostendens qua sapieritia multiplici et benevolentia Deus sortes populi rerumque cursum varium moderetur. Sive igitur leniter agat, sive durius agere videatur et puniat et immo conterat, aptissimum tenet in gubernatione populi modum et suos ad veram felicitatem provehere satagit. — Uti in proverbiis saepe fit, attentio audientium speciali modo excitatur
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v. 23 « Auribus percipite et audite vocem meam, attendite et audite eloquium meum »! — longiore praefatione rei gravitas declaratur, quae ut recte percipiatur vates exoptat; quare repetito ut rem optime perpendant monet ; cf. Prov, 1,8; 2, 15; 3, 4 etc. Ps. 'I'1, 1 seq. Iam sequitur parabola de agricola. Deum esse quasi populi sui agricolam iam 21, 10 vates innuit ; item Os. 2, 23 : seminabo eam mihi in terra ; 6, 11 et Mich. 4, 12; 5, 1. Unde quo tendat parabola, facile intelligitur. Primum effertur nosse agricolam quomodo et quando ager sit subigendus et sarculo emolliendus
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v. 24 « numquid. tota die arabit arans ut serat, proscindet et sarriet. humum suam »? — ut ager ad semen recipiendum disponatur opus est aratro, oportet sulcare et occare terram, eam proscindere quasi vulneribus inflictis, ut semen utiliter recipiat; at hoc non fit quotidie vel omni die (hebr.), perpetuo, verum solummodo tempore ad id opportuno ; haec scissio terrae melioris frugis est praeparatio. Nam
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v. 29 « nonne cum adaequaverit faciem eius, seret. gith et cijminum sparget et ponet triticum per ordinem et hordeum et milium et viciam in finibus suis »? — varia quoque semina suo quaeque modo adhibentur : alia simpliciter uti sors fert seruntur vel sparguntur sine peculiari cura, uti gith. vel nigella sativa (le pavot noir, Schwarzkümmel) et cyminum vel cuminum (le cumin, Kümmel); trilicum autem ponitur ordine, mensura, serie et per sulcos seritur, ut singula grana crescere possint neve inter se suffocent; alia quoque ?n finibus suis i.e. ut S. Hier. scribit, iuxta varietatem terrae et temporum plantantur; neque enim simul omnia seminantur, sed suo loco et ordine (sim. Osor. Sanct. Sasb. Men.); vel uti hebr. habet hordeum suo loco (loco signato, ad id apto) et viciam confinium eius, prout. iam explicat Mald. : « solent agricolae triticum, hordeum ac meliora semina vicia aut fabis aut alio vili genere leguminis cireumcingere, ne a praetereuntibus animalibus depascantur »; sim. recentiores (cf. Del. Naeg. Roh. Troch.), vel in confinio suo i. e. in agro suo (Bred.). natum i. e. praestantissimam, uli etiam kx. »sy. ad trilizum aliqui interpretantur de triico egregio. Sed n tutius enm 5. [Tier. et plerisque explieatur ordo, series, evius notionis est ehild. et tal. x^); ef. Levy, Chald. Woerterb. H p. 461. Cum ergo verli oporteat. Liilicini suy ordine, lege quoque parallelismi suadetur versio hordeum loco aA il apto. Vocem n2o2 aliqui vertunt. speltam ; LXX habent ££z» ct S. Hier. notat : « pro farre quod graeci t£x) voeant quidam viciem intelligunt » ; et isti quidam recte observaruzt consentientibus reecntioribus, qui uti Wetzstein apud Del. «& Diestel dubitant num spella ea in regione «xsüterit et viciam sativam vel nigram intelligunt, quod est pabuli genus pro iumentis (ef. aeg. Diestel). Modus iste agendi sapienter et pro rerum natura accommodate nobis argumento et documento esse debet Deum summa sapientia omnia moderari. Quare propheta nobis in memoriam revocat rationem humanam esse imaginem quandam derivatam a divina intelligent:a et edoctam atque institutam a Deo; unde
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v. 26 « et erudiet illum in iudicio; Deus suus docebit illiim » ; — erudit agricolam Deus, ut ad iudicium (hebr.) secundum normam vid. rebus aptam omnia peragat; unde bene infert Mald. : « quanto ergo magis Deus qui illum docuit sciet, quomodo debeat tractare homiaes ». Deus enim illum delectum rerum et temporum docuit (Saso.), « quod quidem argumento est eum qui rebus omnibus ordinem praeserips t, ordine cuncta moderari » (Csor.). Hisee ergo ostenditur iudieii discretio (S. TAom.). Quam discretionem in alia quoque re rustica deelarat.
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v. 91 « non enim in serris triturabitur gith, nec vota plaustri supr cyminum circuibit, sed in virga excultietur gith, et cyminum in baculo,
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v. 28 panis autem: comminuetur ; verum non i.V perpetuum (riturans (riturabit ill:m neue verabit eun rota, plaustri nec ungulis stis comminuet cum » ;, — bene S. Ilier. : « panis i. e. tirstieum de quo efücitur panis ferreis rotis teritur ». Ceterum alii legunt per interrogationem : nium friunentim conteritur? non, neque enim perpetuo tribtrando tribiabit (hebr.), ne scil. continuata tritüra frumentum conteratur; neque continuo vel rotis plaustri. vel equorum iumentorumve ungalis frumentum excutit. Est enim modus in rebus nequ» omnia omnibus conveniunt. Minora grana virgis excutiüntor, « non rotis plaustroruzi terantur quas in serrarum similitudinem ferreae cireumaguntur et trahuntur super demessas segetes » (S. Ilier.). Doctrinam inde colligit S. /Iier. hanc : « Deus varie genus dispensat humanum, nune punit, nune miseretur ; nunc corripit, nunc defendit; id est nunc arat, nunc serit, nunc maturas fruges metit et demessas in areis terit; orbemque suum gubernat ut voluerit ». Uti v. 26, quo tendat parabola explicatur, ut seil. in rerum omnium administratione sapiens Dei consilium ac providum agnoscamus :
28:29
v. 29 « et hoc a Domino Deo exercituum exivit, ul mirabile faceret consilium e! magnificaret iustitiam » ; -— hebr. mirabile facit consilium, magnam facit salutem ; de voce nn vide quae notavi ad Iob 5, 12; in hisce ergo Deus imaginem quandam proponi vult ex qua incomparabilem ipsius sapientiam, providentiam miram et benevolentiam discamus ; est enim rusticatio creata ab Altissimo (Eccli. 7, 16. Gen. 3, 1j) et in ea quasi in, speculo cernitur qua ratione Deus humanum genus erudiat. 1ade hauriant pii Dei cultores solamen in rebus arctis, neque enim semper triturat, malis affligit (Malv.), et ex ipsa afflictione optimas fruges colligere satagit. Unde vates iterato docet qua demum animorum habitudine, qua mente de variis eventibus sit iudicandum ; vult idem quod iam a primo capite sibi assequendum proposuit denuo inculcare, ut scil. in rebus gestis ct variis sortibus ad altiora Dei consilia contemplanda ét ad Dei normam considerandam oculos mentes que elevent. « lane totam varietatem quam cernitis in agricultura videre potestis jn magna illa agricultura, ubi Deus pater agricola est. Vos itaque intelligite et diligenter attendite, quid Dominus circa unumquemque vestrum agat, an serat, an metat, an excutiat » (Sasb.). Anc. — Alterum vae in lerusalem vertitur ; angustias eius et flagellum inundans de quo 28, 15. 171-20 egerat magis magisque vates determinat, at simul vaticinatur, quam subito et quam miro modo Deus hostes sit disiectarus (29, 1-8). At multi talem Dei agendi modum propter cordis duritiem et cuitum Dei neglectum intelligere nolunt; quare Deus illorum sapientiam vanam esse ct inanem demonstrabit (29, 9-14.) Primum vae vates direxerat ita^ in Samariam, ut eos ex Iuda potissimum 1angeret qui sentiendi agendique ratione maxime erant affines Samaritanis. Alterum vae iam immediate ipsi urbi lerusalem annuntiat, qua» quamvis sit locus altaris Dei et civitas David cui thronus aeternus promissus est, tamen brevi summis angustiis sit premenda :
28:1
The choice of the site was excellent (Isa. 28:1), at the crossroads of the main communication routes, with the possibility of fortifying its flanks well.
28:9
Isaias (HEB. JĒŠA-JĀH[Ā] "SALVATION [IS] YAHWEH", SEPTUAGINT 'HESAIAU)
… His words were not always heard with deference and respect: interests struck, vices denounced sought revenge in calumny, in hatred, in mockery (Is. 28:9-10), in contempt for his word (ibid. 30:12), and at alternating periods they procured for him fortunate influences and unpopularity and disfavor at court. …
28:15
… No one can escape it by a "pact" (Is. 28:15, 18). The sorrows of the f. are those of death (II Sam. 22:6; Ps. 17:6; 115:3). With one foot in the abyss, the faithful one "cries out from the depths" to God to be delivered (Ps. 129:1; …
28:16
St. Peter interprets allegorically the greatest religious realities of Judaism: temple, priesthood, sacrifice, taking his cue from Psalm 118:22 and Is. 28:16. The stone of which the Prophets speak is Jesus Christ, who is
28:26
… It has its origin in God (Ex. 28:3; 1 Kings 3:9; 5:9; Is. 28:26; Ecclus. 38:6); its basis is the "fear of God" (Prov. 1:7; 9:10; Job 28:28; Ecclus. 1:16-22; Ps. 110:10). Especially after the exile, wisdom became the favorite theme of …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.