Other instances of human miseries.
In this would manie innocents are oppressed, 4. The potent sometimes enuied, contemned, 15. and forsaken by their subiectes, 17. especially when the superiors obey not God.
1I turned myself to other things, and I saw the oppressions that are done under the sun, and the tears of the innocent, and they had no comforter; and they were not able to resist their violence, being destitute of help from any.Mi rivolsi ad altre cose, e osservai le prepotenze, che si fanno sotto del sole, e le lagrime degli innocenti, e nessuno, che li consoli; e come resistere non possono all'altrui violenza, privi di chi lor rechi soccorso.ITurned myself to other thinges, and I saw the oppressions, that are done vnder the sunne, and the teares of the innocents, and no comforter: & that they can not resist their violence, being destitute of al mens helpe.Verti me ad alia, et vidi calumnias / quæ sub sole geruntur, / et lacrimas innocentium, / et neminem consolatorem, / nec posse resistere eorum violentiæ, / cunctorum auxilio destitutos, 2And I praised the dead rather than the living:E i morti preferii a quelli che vivono.And I praised rather the dead, then the liuing:et laudavi magis mortuos quam viventes; 3And I judged him happier than them both, that is not yet born, nor hath seen the evils that are done under the sun.E più felice degli altri giudicai esser colui, che non è ancor nato, e non ha veduti i mali, che si fanno sotto del sole.and happier then both haue I iudged him, that is not yet borne, nor hath sene the euils that are done vnder the sunne.et feliciorem utroque judicavi / qui necdum natus est, / nec vidit mala quæ sub sole fiunt. 4Again I considered all the labours of men, and I remarked that their industries are exposed to the envy of their neighbour: so in this also there is vanity, and fruitless care.Contemplai eziandio tutti i travagli degli uomini e osservai l'industria essere esposta all'invidia del prossimo; e perciò anche in questo è vanità, e cura inutile.Againe I haue contemplated al the labours of men, and their industries I haue perceiued to lie open to the enuie of their neighbour: and in this therfore there is vanitie, and superfluous care.Rursum contemplatus sum omnes labores hominum, / et industrias animadverti patere invidiæ proximi; / et in hoc ergo vanitas et cura superflua est. 5The fool foldeth his hands together, and eateth his own flesh, saying:Lo stolto stropiccia una mano coll'altra, e mangia le proprie carni, e dice:A foole foldeth his handes together, and eateth his owne flesh, saying:Stultus complicat manus suas, / et comedit carnes suas, dicens: 6Better is a handful with rest, than both hands full with labour, and vexation of mind.Val più una pugnata di roba con pace, che l'aver piene ambedue le mani, con travaglio, e afflizione di spirito.Better is an handful with rest, then both handes ful with labour, and affliction of mind.Melior est pugillus cum requie, / quam plena utraque manus cum labore et afflictione animi.
7Considering I found also another vanity under the sun:Considerai, e vidi sotto del sole un'altra vanità:Considering I found also an other vanitie vnder the sunne:Considerans, reperi et aliam vanitatem sub sole. 8There is but one, and he hath not a second, no child, no brother, and yet he ceaseth not to labour, neither are his eyes satisfied with riches, neither doth he reflect, saying: For whom do I labour, and defraud my soul of good things? in this also is vanity, and a grievous vexation.V'ha un uomo che è solo, e non ha alcuno dopo di se, né figliuolo, né fratello, e con tutto ciò non rifina di lavorare: i suoi occhi non si saziano di ricchezze, e non pensa giammai, né dice: per chi mi affanno, e privo l'anima mia dell'uso de' beni? In questo ancora è vanità, e afflizione stranissima.There is one, and he hath not a second, not a sonne, not a brother, and yet he ceaseth not to labour, neither are his eyes satisfied with riches, neither doth he recount, saying: For whom do I labour, and defraud my soule of good thinges? in this also is vanitie, and very il affliction.Unus est, et secundum non habet, / non filium, non fratrem, / et tamen laborare non cessat, / nec satiantur oculi ejus divitiis; / nec recogitat, dicens: / Cui laboro, et fraudo animam meam bonis ? / In hoc quoque vanitas est et afflictio pessima. 9It is better therefore that two should be together, than one: for they have the advantage of their society:E adunque meglio esser due insieme, che esser solo; perocché trovano vantaggio nella loro serietà.It is better therfore that two be together, then one: for they haue profite of their societie:Melius est ergo duos esse simul quam unum; / habent enim emolumentum societatis suæ. 10If one fall he shall be supported by the other: woe to him that is alone, for when he falleth, he hath none to lift him up.Se uno cade, l'altro il sostiene. Guai a chi è solo, perché caduto ch'ei sia, non ha chi lo rialzi.if one fal, he shal be stayed vp of the other. Woe to him that is alone: because when he falleth, he hath none to lift him vp.Si unus ceciderit, ab altero fulcietur. / Væ soli, quia cum ceciderit, non habet sublevantem se. 11And if two lie together, they shall warm one another: how shall one alone be warmed?E se dormono due insieme si riscalderanno l'un l'altro. Un solo come farà a riscaldarsi?And if two sleepe together, they shal warme eche other: one how shal he be warmed?Et si dormierint duo, fovebuntur mutuo; / unus quomodo calefiet ?
12And if a man prevail against one, two shall withstand him: a threefold cord is not easily broken.E se alcuno soverchia l'uno, i due gli fanno testa: una cordicella a tre fila si rompe difficilmente.And if a man preuaile against one, two resist him: a triple coard is hardly broken.Et si quispiam prævaluerit contra unum, / duo resistunt ei; / funiculus triplex difficile rumpitur. 13Better is a child that is poor and wise, than a king that is old and foolish, who knoweth not to foresee for hereafter.È più stimabile un fanciullo povero, ma saggio, che un re vecchio, e stolto, il quale non sa prevedere il futuro.Beter is a child that is poore and wise, then a king old and foolish, that knoweth not to foresee for hereafterMelior est puer pauper et sapiens, / rege sene et stulto, / qui nescit prævidere in posterum. 14Because out of prison and chains sometimes a man cometh forth to a kingdom: and another born king is consumed with poverty.Perocché qualche volta dalla carcere, e dalle catene passa taluno al regno, e un altro, che nacque re, va a finire nella miseria.Because out of the prison, and cheynes sometime there cometh one forth to a kingdom: and an other borne in his kingdom, is consumed with pouertie.Quod de carcere catenisque interdum quis egrediatur ad regnum; / et alius, natus in regno, inopia consumatur. 15I saw all men living, that walk under the sun with the second young man, who shall rise up in his place.Vidi tutti i viventi, che camminano sotto del sole, seguire il giovinetto, che succederà dopo del padre.I saw al men aliue, that walke vnder the sunne, with the second yongman, which shal rise vp for him.Vidi cunctos viventes qui ambulant sub sole / cum adolescente secundo, qui consurget pro eo. 16The number of the people, of all that were before him is infinite: and they that shall come afterwards, shall not rejoice in him: but this also is vanity, and vexation of spirit.Infinito è il numero di tutta la gente, che andavano innanzi a lui, e quelli, ancora, che poi verranno, non saran contenti di questo. Or anche in questo è vanità, e afflizione di spirito.The number of the people, of al that haue bene before him is infinite: and they that shal be afterward, shal not reioyce in him. But this also is vanitie, and affliction of spirite.Infinitus numerus est populi / omnium qui fuerunt ante eum, / et qui postea futuri sunt non lætabuntur in eo; / sed et hoc vanitas et afflictio spiritus. 17Keep thy foot, when thou goest into the house of God, and draw nigh to hear. For much better is obedience, than the victims of fools, who know not what evil they do.In entrando nella casa di Dio rifletti a' tuoi passi, e accostati per ascoltare; perocché molto migliore è l'obbedienza, che le vittime degli stolti, i quali non conoscono il male, che fanno.Take heede to kepe thy foote, when thou entrest into the house of God, and approch thou to heare. For much better is obedience, then the victimes of fooles, who know not what euil they doe.Custodi pedem tuum ingrediens domum Dei, / et appropinqua ut audias. / Multo enim melior est obedientia quam stultorum victimæ, / qui nesciunt quid faciunt mali.
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Worthington
Born. It is better to have no existence than to be in eternal misery, Matthew 26:24. But the affliction of the just procureth glory for them. (Worthington)
Chalcid. and Theognis
The pagan sages observed, that it was "best for mortals not to be born; and if they were, to die very soon." (Chalcid. and Theognis.)
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Calmet
Industries, or Hebrew, "righteous actions." If one be poor, he is in distress; if rich, he is exposed to envy; so that all is vanity. (Calmet)
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Flesh, which he will not labour to sustain; (Haydock) or he repines at his own past misconduct, and at the affluence of others.
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Mind. These are the words of the slothful, (Calmet) or of truth. (Haydock) (Proverbs 17:1.)
Menochius
The indolent will not observe moderation in the application of this sentence. (Menochius)
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Things? He acts as if he were to live for ever, or feared to be starved.
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Calmet
Therefore is not in Hebrew, etc. The miser had better have some society. It is advantageous; though to refrain from its comforts, out of piety, is not blamed. The solitary must be "an angel or a devil." (Calmet)
Worthington
Society. Besides the advantages of friendship, this implies that a person must have Jesus Christ with him, that he may rise from sin and death by his assistance. (St. Jerome) (Worthington)
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Fall into sickness, poverty, or sin. The saints have withdrawn people from the dangers of the world into monasteries, where they may fight together against the devil.
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Haydock
Cord. True charity increaseth in strength as it does in number, (St. Jerome; Worthington) though friendship may not admit of more than two persons. (Haydock)
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Foolish. Great wisdom and prudence is required of kings; who, like others, are exposed to many vicissitudes.
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Juvenal
Si fortuna volet, fies de Rhetore Consul. (Juvenal, Sat. vii.)
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Menochius
Second heir. (Menochius)
Calmet
"They adore the rising (Papinius) more than the setting sun;["] (Plut.[Plutarch?] Pomp.) and a person is no sooner on the throne than his successor begins to be courted: (ver. 16.) so inconstant are mortals! (Calmet)
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In him. Many are perfectly unacquainted with the king, who finds so many admirers about his person, and even of these the greatest part begin to be presently disgusted, and wish for another change.
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Calmet
Keep. Here many begin the fifth Ecclesiastes, as Solomon alters his style, and gives many important instructions. (Calmet)
Montanus
For. Hebrew, "rather than that fools should offer sacrifice, since they know not that they are doing wrong." (Montanus)
Calmet
Do not imitate hypocrites, (Haydock) who have the appearance of sanctity, while they despise God's orders, Jeremias 7:2. (Calmet)
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God suffereth the innocent to be afflicted for a time, of his special prouidence: because they therby merite a great reward Psal. 72.
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It is in dede better not to be at al then to be in eternal miserie, (Mat. 26. v. 24.) but temporal affliction which the iust suffer is not miserie, as wordlie men estemeit, but a special meane to attaine eternal felicitie.
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9. It is better that tvvo be together] Besides the commendation of charitie, Man without Christs helpe can neither resist tentations, nor rise from sinne. and freindshipe amongst men: which is one proper sense of this place: S. Ierom expoundeth it also of the necessitie of Christs dwelling in mans soule, & of his continual assisting grace: that man alone lie not open to the deceiptes of the aduersarie. The benefite of feloshippe (sayth he) is streightwayes shewed in the profite of societie. For if the one fal (as the iust falleth often) Christ Prou. 24. v. 16. raiseth vp his partner: for vvoe to him, vvho falling hath not Christ in him, to raise him vp. If one also slepe, that is, be dissolued by death, and haue Christ vvith him, being vvarmed, and quickned, he sooner reuiueth. And if the diuel be stronger in impugning against a man, the man shal stand, and Christ vvil stand (pro homine suo, pro sodali suo) for his man, for his companion. Not And without mans free consent Christ wil not stay him, nor raise him vp. that Christs povvre alone is vveake against the diuel, but that free wil is leift to man, and we doing our endeuour he becometh stronger in feighting. And if the Father, the Sonne, and the Holie Ghost come vvithal, this sodalitie is not soone broken. Yet that vvhich is not soone broken, may sometimes be broken. For this triple coard, vvas in Iudas the Apostle, but because after the morsel Ioan. 13. v. 27. the diuel entered into him, this coard was broken. Thus S. Irom teacheth, that neither can man without Christ resist tentations, nor rise from anie sinne in this life, or In purgatorie. in the next; neither vvil Christ vvithout mans consent and endeuour, stay him from falling, nor raise him vp being fallen.
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True charitie not contaminate with enuie, by how much it is increased in number, so much it increaseth in streingth. S. Iero.
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Concordance 1. Reg. 15. Osee. 6.
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Decease of His Brother Satyrus 2.30
… And better than both they is he who hath not yet been born, and who hath not seen this evil work which hath been done under the sun. And I saw all travail, and all the good of this labour, that for this a man is envied of his neighbour. And, indeed, this is vanity and vexation of spirit.”
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 24.13
… For, as Solomon says, “Better is a single handful with rest than both hands full with labour and vexation of mind.”
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Life of Antony. (Vita Antoni.) 16
… and even if he have given up a house or much gold he ought not to boast nor be low-spirited. Further, we should consider that even if we do not relinquish them for virtue’s sake, still afterwards when we die we shall leave them behind—very often, as the Preacher saith
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St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 On Virginity 23
… “Two are better than one,” says the Preacher
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 76.1
… I who am always forward to seek intimate relations with the good and even to thrust myself upon their affection. “Two,” we read, “are better than one.…for if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow.…a three fold cord is not quickly broken, and a brother that helps his brother shall be exalted.”
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St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 On Virginity 23
… “Two are better than one,” says the Preacher ; but a single one is easily vanquished by the foe who infests the path which leads to God; and verily “woe to him that is alone when he falleth, for he hath not another to help him up
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 82.11
… “Charity,” writes the apostle, “suffereth long and is kind; charity envieth not;…is not puffed up…beareth all things, believeth all things.” Charity is the mother of all virtues, and the apostle’s words about faith, hope and charity are like that threefold cord which is not quickly broken.
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1. I TURNED MYSELF TO OTHER THINGS, AND I SAW CALUMNIES (Syriac, oppressions) WHICH ARE COMMITTED UNDER THE SUN, AND THE TEARS OF THE INNOCENT, AND NO ONE TO CONSOLE THEM: NOR ABLE TO RESIST VIOLENCE, DESTITUTE OF EVERYONE'S AID. The Chaldean: and I turned myself, and I saw all the violences which were done to the just, who were distressed in this age under the sun, from the hand of those who troubled them, and there is no one who speaks consolations to them, nor who redeems them. Calumny properly is the imputation of a false crime, as Cicero says, Oration 1 against Sallust; or it is the vexation of someone in lawsuits through fraud and frustration; or, as Nonius says, it is malicious and false defamation. Whence the plaintiffs in court ought to provide an oath of calumny, namely that they will say or do nothing maliciously, falsely and fraudulently: this is verbal calumny. Real calumny, however, is when someone unjustly inflicts harm upon another in goods, reputation, or life through force or fraud, whether in court or outside of court; and thus calumny is taken here, and throughout Scripture, to signify violence, fraud, snares, circumvention, oppression, as I said on Proverbs XXVIII, 16. For this is what the Hebrew עשק asak signifies. The Septuagint translates it sycophantium, concerning which word I noted many things there. This evil is most harmful. Whence the proverb: "The bite of a sycophant is incurable." The same is called a vitilitigator, as it were a vicious litigator, a detractor, a calumniator, such as are those who seek nothing but contentions, quarrels and fights, concerning whom Pliny in the Prologue: "Therefore secure," he says, "even against vitilitigators, whom Cato elegantly composed from vices and litigators; for what else do they do than litigate or seek litigation?" The Hebrew עשוקים ascukim is at once abstract and concrete, and both active and passive. Whence it signifies oppressions, the oppressed and the oppressing, such as are in lawsuits malicious and cavilling interpretations of testaments, pacts and decrees, frustrations, costly litigations in a trifling matter, frauds. The Arabic, taking ע for the neighboring guttural ח, and reading חשקים chasukim for ascukim (for חשק chasak signifies to desire, to wish, to love), translates: and I turned myself, and I saw desires which are done under the sun, all together, and the force deriving from the hand of those who sought them, and no consoler is found for them. For the whole world is full of desires and concupiscences, as St. John says, First Epistle, chapter II, verse 16. WHICH ARE COMMITTED UNDER THE SUN. For all provinces, cities, villages are full of calumny, that is, violence and fraud. Whence Jeremiah, chapter VI, 6: "This," he says, "is the city of visitation; all calumny in the midst of it." See the things said there, and Psalm XIII, 6: "Who devour my people as the food of bread." St. Cyprian depicts this same thing graphically, book II, epistle 2 to Donatus: "For a little while," he says, "believe yourself withdrawn to the lofty summit of a steep mountain: from there behold the appearance of things lying below you, and with eyes extended in different directions, yourself free from earthly contacts, observe the tumults of the fluctuating world. Now you will even pity the age itself, and admonished of your own condition, and more grateful to God with greater joy, because you have escaped, you will rejoice. Behold roads closed to robbers, seas beset by pirates, wars divided everywhere with bloody horror of camps; the world is soaked with mutual blood; and homicide, when individuals commit it, is a crime: it is called virtue when it is done publicly; impunity is acquired for crimes, not by the reason of innocence, but by the magnitude of cruelty." Thus Daniel, chapter VI, was cast into the lion's den through calumny; St. Joseph into prison; Susanna into the peril of death, Daniel XIII. Whence concerning this power, dominion and raging of the impious against the pious, the Prophets complain to God throughout, as David Psalm LXXII; Habakkuk, chapter I, 13; Job, chapter XXI, 7; Jeremiah chapter XII, 1. Hence the Philosopher: "The world," he says, "is a forum of impostors", add also of tyrants, so that in it the poor and oppressed with does might say that word of Martial, book XIV: "The boar is feared by its tooth, horns defend the stag: defenseless does, what are we but prey?" AND THE TEARS OF THE INNOCENT. In Hebrew it is ascukim, that is, of the oppressed. But the Chaldean translates the Hebrew actively, of the oppressing: "I saw," he says, "through the Holy Spirit all the deceivers in Gehenna according to their works, which were done under the sun, on account of transgressions of the law, and behold the tears of those weeping over their souls." For in Gehenna there is "weeping and gnashing of teeth," Matthew VIII, 12; especially for those who vexed the innocent and drove them to tears. But the discourse here is not about those. AND NO ONE TO CONSOLE HIM: either because the power of those who calumniate is so great that no one is able or dares to oppose them; or because such is the inhuman and depraved nature of men, that they join themselves to the more powerful, and abandon the weaker one falling, nay, even thrust him into ruin, according to that Psalm XXXIV, 10: "O Lord, who is like unto thee? delivering the poor from the hand of them that are stronger than he: the needy and the poor from them that spoil him." For this is the proper work of God and the function of the Godhead. And Psalm LXI, 4: "How long will you rush upon a man? you shall be slain, all of you: as a wall that is bowed in, and a hedge that is broken down." Such was Christ in his passion: "I looked round about, saith he, and there was no one to help me," Isaiah chapter LXIII, 5. Wherefore God takes under his protection, protects, and avenges all those abandoned by all, according to that Psalm LXXI, 12: "He shall deliver the poor from the mighty, and the poor man that hath no helper"; and Psalm X, 14: "To thee is the poor man left: thou wilt be a helper to the orphan"; and Proverbs XXIII, 10: "Go not beyond the bounds of the little ones: and enter not into the field of the fatherless: for their kinsman (God, who in Hebrew is called גואל goel, that is, redeemer and avenger, such as the kinsman was of old, for example, a brother) is strong: and he will judge their cause against thee." Symmachus translates: There is not for them παραμυθούμενος, that is, one who in calamity exhorts with words, and alleviates the misfortune of fortune. NOR CAN (the innocent oppressed by the violent) RESIST THEIR VIOLENCE, (being destitute of all) AID. The Hebrew: and from the hand of those who calumniate, or oppress them, strength, namely, is not; the Chaldean: and there is not one who avenges them from the hand of those who trouble them in the strength of hand and in power; Pagninus: and from the hand of those who oppress them in strength, there was not for them a consoler; Campensis: nor was there one to console them, much less one to snatch them from the hands of the violent oppressors; another: nor do they have any power against the hand of those who afflicted them with calumny; another: and in the hand of those who oppress is power; another: and from the hand of those who oppress them mightily, there is not for them a consoler. For their voice is that of Wisdom II, 11: "Let our strength be the law of justice," so that whatever is permitted, and whatever we can and wish, this shall be held as lawful and just, let will stand for reason, the sword for law, power for justice; which is the axiom of tyrants.
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2. AND I PRAISED THE DEAD MORE THAN THE LIVING. The Chaldean adds: Who still remain in tribulation.
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3. AND I JUDGED HIM MORE BLESSED THAN BOTH, WHO IS NOT YET BORN, AND HAS NOT SEEN THE EVILS THAT ARE DONE UNDER THE SUN. Campensis, which things men designate against men; St. Jerome, who has not yet experienced all the evils of the world; the Chaldean, for he has not seen those wicked works which are done throughout the whole world under the sun; the Zurich version truly, who has not yet experienced the troublesome affairs which are done under the sun. Olympiodorus, Cardinal Hugo and Dionysius think these things are said from the mind of the unlearned, who, impatient at such great oppressions of the world, from desperation wish for death for themselves, that they might be freed from them. Better do St. Jerome, Alcuin, Hugo of St. Victor and others in various places think these things are said from the mind of Solomon and the Wise, as if to say: More blessed, and therefore more praiseworthy, are those already departed from life, inasmuch as they are exempt from all calumny, that is injury, fraud and violence, than the living, to whom they are always exposed, and in fact they are often vexed and tormented by them; but more blessed than both are those not yet born, because they have not seen, that is have not felt, nor experienced these evils which the dead have felt, the living still feel; therefore the lot of those is better than that of these, and those are more fortunate. St. Bonaventure and Titelmann add that this maxim extends to other living men, who, immune from injuries and oppressions of others which they see everywhere, are grieved by a sense of compassion, and are afflicted and tormented by them; for the dead are more blessed than these, who are touched by no sense of pain, either their own or of another's calamity. For indeed the affliction of the oppressed and the violence of the oppressors greatly torments pious men. Whence Mattathias, seeing the tyranny of Antiochus against the Jews, exclaimed: "Woe is me! why was I born to see the destruction of my people?" I Maccabees II, 7. Thus Jeremiah everywhere groans and sighs on account of the calamities of the Jews, and wishes for death, that he might not see them, cap. XX, 14; Elias wishes the same, III Kings XIX, 4; Tobias, cap. III, 6; Moses, Numbers XI, 15. And St. Polycarp, seeing the imperial persecution against Christians, exclaims: "O good God, for what times have you preserved me, that I should suffer this!" Witness Eusebius, lib. V of the History, cap. XIX. AND MORE BLESSED (not positively, as if he who is not, nor exists, and therefore is not capable of blessedness; but negatively, that is less unhappy) THAN BOTH I JUDGED HIM WHO IS NOT YET BORN. St. Jerome refers this to souls: "Which," he says, "before they descend to us in body, are occupied with the heavenly things, and are blessed so long as they enjoy the heavenly Jerusalem and the choir of angels." But this is the error of Origen, from whose opinion St. Jerome speaks here, not from his own. For he himself everywhere impugns this error, epistle 8 to Demetrias, and 27 to Eustochium, and 59 to Avitus, and 61 to Pammachius against the errors of John of Jerusalem. Again Origen, homily 7 on Numbers, St. Bonaventure, Cajetan, Titelmann, Vatable and others, by one not yet born understand an abortive, such as infants who die without baptism, and go to limbo, and there live a more blessed life than the living. But plainly and simply understand here him who is not yet generated, nor conceived, and does not yet exist in the nature of things. Whence the Hebrew texts have, who was not yet; the Septuagint and the Syriac, who is not yet made; the Chaldean, who has not yet been, nor was created in the world. For he has had no sense of pain, nor has, but will have if he is born; since the dead have had a sense of pain, the living still have it. There are compared here the living and the dead with the unborn, as to the goods and evils of nature, not of grace; in these things of grace, the living surpass the dead and the unborn, since in those they are surpassed. The sense therefore is, as if to say: If I consider the advantages and disadvantages of nature which are both in life and in death, both in him who lives and in him who is dead, or not yet born, it is better, and I would prefer to have died, and never to have been born, than to live. For then I would have been deprived of all the calumnies and hardships of life, which so great I experience both in myself, and rather in others, and I am intimately grieved by them, so that all the advantages and pleasures of life are not to be compared with them. In a similar sense Jeremiah says, cap. XX, 14: "Cursed be the day wherein I was born." See what I have said at length there concerning this matter. You ask whether it is better and more blessed not to exist than to exist miserably? I answer first: It is better to die, indeed not to exist and to be annihilated, than to sin. For sin, especially mortal sin, is the greatest of all evils and the supreme offense and injury to divine majesty. But it is better to remove this injury to God than to give being to this particular man and a life so evil and so harmful. For just as it is good for the commonwealth that those guilty of lèse-majesté against the king be put to death, so much more is it good for the public good both of God and of the whole universe that those guilty of lèse-majesté against divine majesty be destroyed and, if it could be done, annihilated. For every creature is inclined by natural appetite more toward the good of God, as being common, than toward its own good, as being private; and therefore it desires more to fight for the good of God than for its own; wherefore it strives more to avert the evil of God, namely sin, than to preserve its own being, indeed it exposes its own being to danger for the good of God. Hence the just man would prefer to be reduced to nothing than to have sin, because sin is worse than not being; for although not being has nothing good, it likewise has nothing evil; but sin has nothing good and much evil. But from the part of God and the universe it is better that the reprobate exist even in the torments of hell than not to exist, because in them shines forth the beauty of justice and the glory of divine vengeance, which is the public good of the universe: in them indeed punishment corresponds to and equals guilt, and in them shines forth the majesty of divine justice and power. If the damned could attend to this, they would labor less in torments and would render the justice of God more commendable, says our Salmeron, volume IX, chapter I. Let this therefore be the first axiom. Let the second be: It is better not to exist than to be damned and tortured in hell; hence the souls of the damned in hell wish to die and be annihilated, so as to escape such torments of hell, indeed according to right reason it is more desirable. For who that is prudent would not prefer to perish entirely and feel nothing, than to feel so many and so atrocious fires of hell and pains eternally, without any hope of consolation and joy. For what does it profit to exist, to live and to feel, if one exists, lives and feels only in fire and the greatest pains? Hence that common voice and lamentation of the damned on the day of judgment, so that they say to the mountains: "Fall upon us"; and to the hills: "Cover us", Apocalypse VI. Christ teaches this plainly, speaking of Judas the traitor: "It would have been good (that is, better and more useful) for him, He says, if he had not been born", Matthew XXVI, and Mark XIV. For, as St. Jerome says there: "It is much better not to subsist than to subsist miserably." And the Author of the sermon to the Brethren in the desert in St. Augustine, sermon 20: "Why, he says, would it have been better for him if he had not been born, unless because it is better to lack all being than to lie in hell?" The same is taught there by Theophylactus, Victor of Antioch, Anselm, Bede, Lyra, Francis Lucas, Barradius and others throughout, whose axiom is this: "It is better not to exist than to exist miserably; it is better not to live than to live in torment." Indeed St. Bernard, sermon 35 in the Song of Songs, and St. Thomas in IV, distinction 50, Question II, article 1, question 3, assert the same. St. Augustine seems to hold the contrary view, book III On Free Choice, chapters VII and VIII, whom Dionysius, Arboreus and Titelmannus follow here. Their reason is that it is better to exist than not to exist: therefore it is better to exist miserably than not to exist. Because the miserable man at least has his being, which is the first and greatest good of man, and the foundation of others. But this is true physically and simply and absolutely, it is better to exist than not to exist. But morally, and according to prudent estimation, it is better and more eligible not to exist than to have being empty of all pleasure and good and full of all pain and evil, such as the damned have in hell. For what does it profit to exist physically in itself good, if it is surrounded and wrapped about by so many evils and pains on all sides. Just as, what does honey profit if it is full of gall? what does the best food profit if it is infected and corrupted with poison on all sides? Moreover, he who loves God would prefer to exist in hell than not to exist: because even thus by enduring punishments, he would give glory to God, and because such a one would be loved by God as a friend and son, which is the supreme good. Hence Moses wished, from charity and love of the Jews, to be blotted out of the book of life, Exodus XXXII; and Paul to be anathema from Christ for the Jews, Romans IX. Indeed St. Anselm: "If from one side I perceived the burning of hell, from the other the horror of sin, and I had to choose one or the other, I would prefer to leap into hell than to commit sin." Third axiom: The souls of children who have died in original sin and dwell in the limbo of children prefer to exist rather than not to exist. The reason is that original sin is not an act proper to them, nor contracted from their own act, but from another's, namely that of Adam the first man. Thus St. Thomas, I II, Question LXXXIII, article 1, to the 5th: "It is better," he says, "for it to be thus (the soul in original sin) according to nature, than not to be at all, especially since it can escape damnation through grace." St. Augustine favors this, book V Against Julian, chapter VIII: "I do not say," he says, "that little ones are to be punished with such great penalty that it would be better for them not to be born"; and Lyra: "The little ones will have," he says, "a more joyful life than can naturally be had in this world." Scotus in II, distinction 33, chapter 1, holds that little ones will have knowledge of all natural things far greater than all philosophers have had. Marsilius, in II, Question XXIX, article 5, says they will love God above all things. Similar things are taught by other scholastics in II, distinction 33, who attribute to little ones only the pain of loss, but take away the pain of sense; whence St. Bonaventure asserts that they live content with their lot. From this our Lessius concludes, book XIII On Divine Perfections, chapter XXII, toward the end, that these little ones will know in some way clearly and distinctly the essence of their own soul, and also the natures of angels, although not so perfectly; and that they will always praise God from their own creation and that of other things. For they were created by God for this purpose, nor did they deserve to be deprived of it by any sin of their own; yet they are not to be called blessed, even with natural blessedness, as Pelagius asserted, because the stain of original sin prevents them from obtaining natural blessedness, on account of which they are damned with the pain of loss, that is, they lack the vision of God, which is the greatest pain and misery. He adds, however, that they will conceive no sorrow from the loss of the beatific vision, and that they did not lose it through their own fault. Thus he: others feel differently; but these things are to be discussed elsewhere. Fourth: Many in this life are so surrounded by diseases, prisons, torments, persecutions and other afflictions, that if you consider these in themselves, and compare them nakedly with the good of life, setting aside faith and hope, it is better for them to die than to live. For it is better to lack life than to have it oppressed by so many evils. For, as the Comic poet says: "To live is not merely to exist, but to be well." Indeed, Job chapter III, 20: "Why," he says, "is light given to the miserable, and life to those who are in bitterness of soul? who wait for death: and rejoice exceedingly when they find the grave"; and Ecclesiasticus XXX, 17: "Death is better than a bitter life; and eternal rest than continual sickness." Thus Job, overwhelmed by afflictions, wished for death and not to be, chapter III, 1: "Let the day perish," he says, "in which I was born." I say setting aside faith and hope, because this persuades man to bear all adversities bravely on account of the hope of future glory, as the martyrs bore them. For this glory is so great that all tribulation compared to it is small, according to that word of the Apostle: "The sufferings of this time are not worthy to be compared with the glory to come, that shall be revealed in us," Romans VIII, 18. Indeed, Christ himself: "Blessed," he says, "are they that suffer persecution for justice' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven," Matthew V. Whence St. Francis used to say: "So great is the glory which I await, that every pain delights me." I add, even if God had established no reward for endurance in the future, nay, even if the soul were to perish with the body, nevertheless the faithful one, from love of God and the virtue of fortitude, ought to bear strongly all tribulations which God sends to him, or permits to be sent, and wishes to be borne by him. The reason is that the creature ought to submit itself to God in all things, resign itself, and obey. For He is the highest of all, and the lord of life and death. Again, the good of charity, fortitude and conformity with the divine will is greater than the good of life, fame, holiness, etc., which therefore ought to yield to the former, so that if through adversities it be taken away, the faithful one willingly undergoes them from charity, fortitude and obedience, on account of which all adversities ought to be esteemed and borne as of little account. Therefore the Christian philosopher ought to say with St. Gregory of Nazianzus, epistle 64 to Philagrius: "I am tormented by disease and I rejoice, not because I am tormented, but because I am a teacher of patience to others." Fifth: Many saints desire to die from an affection of piety and charity, lest they see so many offences against God, and so many miseries and temptations of themselves and their neighbours. Thus the Apostle: "Unhappy man that I am, he says, who shall deliver me from the body of this death?" Rom. VII, 24. And: "I desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ", Philip. I. Thus David: "Woe is me, he says, that my sojourning is prolonged", Psalm. CXIX, 5. Thus in place of a benefit from God it was given to Ezechiel, and to Josias, IV Reg. XXII, 21, to die sooner than to see the evils to be brought upon the Jews by the Chaldaeans. Thus St. Augustine, with his Hippo besieged by the Vandals, asked from God one of three things, namely either that the city be freed from the siege, or that patience be given to endure it, or that he be snatched from this life, and he obtained the third, as Possidius testifies in his Life. Mystically Olympiodorus: Those, he says, are much happier who are dead to sin and living in Christ, than those who live in sin; and the dead are more blessed than the living, both the just, because they have left their labours; and sinners, because they were wearied here in sins, and they diminished for themselves the future punishment of hell: for since they died sooner, they carried with them fewer sins. Hence the Thaumaturgus translates: "Among the unjust and impious, the dead have a better lot in life than the survivors, and from either condition one would rather choose the lot of him who is to be wicked and has not yet been born, nor touched human wickedness." And St. Ambrose in Psalm. CXVIII, octon. 18: "The dead, he says, is preferred to the living, because he ceases to sin; he who is not born is preferred to the dead, because he knew not how to sin." The same, in the book On the Faith of the Resurrection, from this place of Solomon, and a similar one of David, Psalm. CXIX, 5, and of Jeremiah cap. XV, gathers that death is to be faithfully desired rather than life: "If therefore, he says, holy men flee from life, whose life, although useful to us, is nevertheless esteemed useless to themselves, what ought we to do, who can be useful to no one, and feel this life to be burdened upon us day by day like borrowed money accumulating with some usurer, by the weight of our sins?" And he cites that saying of the Apostle, I Corinth. XV: "I die daily"; and that of Plato in the Phaedo: "Philosophy is a meditation on death." These maxims of the philosophers are antistrophes, or rather followers of Solomon: Plutarch in the Consolation to Apollonius: "O death, Paean the physician, come. For you are assuredly the only harbour throughout the whole world." In the same place he relates from Aristotle this saying of Silenus, as an oracle celebrated in common proverb: "Not to be born is best of all, but to be dead is far better than to live." And he adds that to many the divinity itself has thus revealed and testified. Hence among the ancients honey was a symbol of death, gall of life. Seneca: ".... Death is a harbour eternal in peaceful quiet." Agria, or as others say Cydippe, priestess of Venus, carried by her sons Cleobis and Biton to the temple of Diana in a chariot, when she had prayed to the goddess that she give them as a reward for their piety what would seem best to man, she found them dead in bed in the morning, as Cicero relates in Tuscul. I, who also adds that Silenus taught King Midas as a great gift that it is best for man not to be born, and the next best to die as soon as possible. The same Pindar, the prince of lyric poets, had a response from Apollo of Delphi, namely that he should die, and that this is best, Suidas and Plutarch relate in the place cited. Euripides in Bellerophon: "I, he says, according to the opinion commonly celebrated, say that it is best: For man not to be born." Plato in the Axiochus, graphically depicting the miseries of human life, narrates that Agamedes and Trophonias, when they had built the temple of Apollo Pythius, prayed to be given as a reward what was best; and when they had fallen asleep, they never rose again thereafter. The same happened to the priestesses of Juno Argiva; hence that saying about Amphiaraus: "Jupiter loves him with all his heart, and great Apollo loves him, and he did not touch the bounds of a just life." The Causians and many peoples mourn those brought into the light, but proclaim the dead blessed. Hence man when born begins life with weeping, to indicate that he is born to the miseries of life, and passes from the happy state which he enjoyed before being born to an unhappy state of being born and living. Arimnestus, when asked what the greatest good for man was, answered: "To die well", as Stobaeus relates, serm. 119, where he also adds these two things. Aristotle often said that to depart from life is best, as it were to leave a banquet neither thirsty nor drunk. Aristides surnamed the Just, when asked how long it befits man to live: "So long, he said, until he discovers that it is better to die than to live in calamities." Gorgias when old, asked whether he would willingly die: "Most willingly, he said, for like one leaving a decayed and crumbling house I depart not unwillingly." Thus Stobaeus, serm. 125. Bassus the elder, if anything troublesome or fear in death were said by others, said this was a defect of the dying person, not of death itself; for death brings nothing troublesome to men, but frees them from all inconveniences and the storms of miserable fortune, as Seneca testifies, epistle 30. More sublimely, Alphonsus, king of Aragon, seeing Gabriel of Sorrento, a young man dying, struck with fear of death: "There is no reason," he said, "why you should fear death so greatly, since for those who die well and purely this is life, and the beginning of that life which is subject neither to pains, nor to fear, nor to envy, nor to any hardships." Thus the Panormitan and Aeneas Sylvius, in the Deeds and Sayings of Alphonsus. Polyaenus said one should not grieve on account of the dead: "Because it is better to die than to live miserably." Thus Maximus, sermon 35. A certain Lacaenian woman, when she heard that her son had fallen in battle, said: "Let the timid weep, my son; you will be buried without tears, and you are truly worthy of this mother and this fatherland." Thus Plutarch in the Laconian [Lives]. These things indeed Plato and the Philosophers drew from Solomon; therefore to Solomon, as the fountain of wisdom, let them be returned.
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4. AGAIN I CONSIDERED ALL THE LABORS OF MEN, AND I OBSERVED THEIR INDUSTRIES TO BE EXPOSED TO THE ENVY OF A NEIGHBOR: AND IN THIS THEREFORE IS VANITY, AND TROUBLESOME CARE, that is, evil care, burdensome, anxious, indeed worst and most grievously afflicting. For the Hebrew is רעות רוח reut ruach, that is, affliction of spirit. The Septuagint, presumption of spirit; the Complutensians, choice of spirit; the Zurich Bible, a most troublesome business; Campensis, a most grievous torment of mind. See the remarks at chapter I, verse 14. The Syriac: and I saw all those laboring, and all the artificers of work, because the zeal of a man from his companion, and this also is vanity, and disturbance of spirit; the Arabic: and I knew all labors, and the whole strength of the arts, that the envy of nature will be to man from his neighbor; this indeed is vain, and affliction of spirit. For neighbor the Hebrew has companion. For envy exists among equals, and men of the same art and condition; hence the potter envies the potter, the smith the smith, the singer the singer, the neighbor the neighbor, as Hesiod says in Works and Days; see Aristotle, book II of the Rhetoric, chapters X and XI, and Plutarch, the small work On Brotherly Love. Thus from the beginning of the world Cain from envy killed Abel his brother; Esau persecuted Jacob; the sons of Jacob Joseph their brother; Core, Dathan and Abiron Moses and Aaron their fellow-tribesmen, Numbers 16; Saul David; Romulus the founder of Rome killed Remus his brother; concerning whom Lucan, book 1: The walls were first wet with fraternal blood. For φθόνος indeed begets φόνον, that is, envy begets murder, indeed parricide, according to that saying of Paul: Full of envy and murder, Romans 1, 29. OF THE ENVY OF A NEIGHBOR. Envy here is taken in three ways: first, mutual, by which the proud envy one another, and mutually rival one another in the same art, knowledge, office, so that one strives to surpass the other, as if to say, The labors of men, by which they accomplish great things, often do not proceed from truth and true virtue, but from vanity and vain pride and envy: for this reason each one labors, and exerts all the strength of mind and body in his work, so that he may surpass his companion and stand out above others. Whence the Hebrew texts have, I saw all labor and all industry of work, that it itself is zeal, or emulation of a man from his companion; the Zurich Bible, I saw all labor and all industry of doing, to be mutual emulation; Pagninus, I saw all labor and all congruity of work, that it was the envy of each toward his neighbor; Campensis: I have learned by much experience, he says, that the efforts and studies of men tend to nothing else than that each one harm his neighbor by whatever arts he can, and advance his own affairs. What is this other than to torment the wretched mind with most grievous cares? Second, envy can be taken actively with Lorinus. Whence the Chaldean renders it, this also is vanity to the sinner (the envious one) and breaking of spirit, as if to say, I saw the labors and industries of good and wise men, undertaken from virtue, to produce envy in those observing, which is great vanity and affliction to the envious. However, St. Augustine notes, in book XI of Genesis according to the Letter, that the inferior can sometimes envy the superior, because he wishes to be equal to him; and conversely the superior the inferior, while he fears lest he be equaled by him, and become equal to his equal. From calumny it passes to envy, either as from effect to cause: for envy causes calumny; for the envious one calumniates the deeds of another, so that he may obscure them, and illustrate and exalt his own before them: or as from like to like, for just as the more powerful oppress the weaker through calumny, that is, force and fraud, so the envious persecute those like themselves and their equals. INDUSTRIES. The Hebrew כשרון kisron, that is, rectitude, congruity, industry. Whence St. Jerome renders it, the strength and glory of those laboring; the Author of the Greek Catena, strength and manliness; the Septuagint, virtue of work; Pagninus, congruity of work; Cajetan, rectitude; Campensis, effort; others, aptitude. Symmachus renders it, γεοργότητα, that is, vigor, alacrity, acrimony, liveliness, facility and swiftness of action, which makes a man effective, expeditious and formidable in his work. For envy seeks not the vile and common, but the industrious, magnanimous and distinguished. For their splendor stands in the way of the splendor of others, and obscures it, and they therefore envy him. Whence that saying: Envy seeks the heights, the highest peaks are swept by winds. The best things are food for envy. Hence Sidonius Apollinaris, book I, epistle 4 to Gaudentius, says: O thrice and four times blessed are you, from whose height joy is given to friends, punishment to the envious, glory to posterity, an example to the vigorous and eager, an incentive to the idle and sluggish; and Apuleius, book I of the Floridian Works: Since in a great city, he says, this kind of person is also found, who prefer to disparage the better rather than imitate them, and whose likeness they despair of, they seek to have enmity with them. There exists on this matter a beautiful emblem, in which is painted a lofty palm tree, luxuriating in branches and dates, at whose roots below frogs and serpents are gathered together, which gnaw at it, or revile it by croaking; the lemma is appended: Envy, the attendant of integrity. Whence the verse: The palm raises its head to the arduous sky, at whose base The talkative frog dwells and the hydra. The base men assail it, whose way is consonant with the right, The degenerate, and the envious tongue. Plutarch recalls this emblem, in the book On the Silent Oracles of Scythia. Hence the Poets said or feigned that fortune is bound together with envy. Hear Statius, book V of the Silvae: What god bound Fortune and envy together with unpeaceful kinship? Who commanded the unjust goddesses to wage eternal war? Will she not mark any house, which this one does not fix with a grim gaze Straightway, and disturb its joys with a savage hand. For envy is the rust of the soul of the one envying, says Socrates; and the rust of the heart, says Antisthenes in Laertius, book VI, chapter 1, because it gnaws at, eats away, consumes the heart itself. Rottenness of the bones is envy, says Solomon in Proverbs, chapter XIV, 30. Zeal and wrath diminish days, says Ecclesiasticus, chapter XXX, 26. Wherefore St. Augustine, sermon 15 On the Seasons: Envy, he says, is the moth of the soul, decay, executioner, viper. Whence Seneca: I would wish, he says, that the eyes of the envious were everywhere, so that they would be tormented by the happiness of all. Socrates, when asked what was troublesome to good men, said: The happiness of the wicked. What to the wicked? The prosperity of the good. Thus Antonius in the Melissa, sermon 70, page 1. Aristotle, when asked what envy was: It is, he said, the antagonist of the fortunate. Ibid., sermon 62. Cleobulus, when asked what things were chiefly to be avoided, replied: The envy of friends indeed, but the plots of enemies. Furthermore, the ways of declining or overcoming envy are various. The first is given by Crates the Theban in Laertius, book VI, chapter V: If you do perform splendid deeds, but despise glory, wealth and honors: for these three things almost always produce envy. Cato the Elder used to say that those who used fortune moderately and soberly were least sought out by envy. For not, he says, at us, but at the goods which surround us, do men envy. External goods are outside man, but insolent use of them is a vice within man; those who heap envy upon themselves by it are truly envious. Thus Plutarch in Roman Apophthegms; and Stobaeus, sermon 36: Riches, he says, are pledges of injury. Again the Comic poet prudently warns: On account of envy, lower your sails of wealth; and Cato in the Distichs: Remember to avoid envy by excessive display: Which if it does not harm, yet to bear this is troublesome. See what I said concerning envy in Genesis, chapter XXXVII, 4 and 5; Proverbs, chapter XIV, 30; Ecclesiasticus, chapter XIV, 8. More excellently the same teaches St. Basil, homily On Envy, where he shows that the remedy of envy is to make nothing of these fleeting goods which are the matter of envy, but to esteem them as vain and worthless, as they are. The second is to yield honor and office, which rivals envy. Thus St. Gregory Nazianzen. When he understood that he was suffering from the hatred of some on account of his happy success in the Church, he replied: God forbid that on my account any discord should arise among the priests of God. If on account of me there is that storm, take me and cast me into the sea. Thus in Ecclesiastical History, book XI, chapter IX; and Seneca, epistle 105: You will escape envy, he says, if you do not thrust yourself before eyes, if you do not boast of your goods, if you know how to rejoice in secret. Wisely the Author of Emblems: Deceive while living, but not yourself. He will have lived well, who born and dying deceived Outsiders, known only to himself. Happy he who lay hidden, λαθεδιώσας, lived in concealment. The custody of glory is difficult. The third is to repel and overcome the reproaches of the envious not by words, but by deeds; and therefore to dissimulate and despise reproaches, indeed to receive them as testimonies of virtue, and to glory in them. For no one is envied except he who does splendid deeds, who is renowned and distinguished. Hence Cicero, I Against Catiline: Envy, he says, acquired through virtue, should be thought glory, not envy. For the rest, I (says Chares) seem to myself to be fortunate among men so long as I am envied. I do not approve of envy (says Euripides), yet I would wish to be envied by others on account of my goods. The Philosopher wisely says: Stop vice by virtue, not by fear. Do not cut out tongues, but beware. Again: It is better that someone be envied than miserable, says Herodotus in the Thalia, and Pindar in the Nemaean Odes, hymn 8. Whence Themistocles, when a youth, said he had done nothing yet remarkable: for he was not yet envied. For just as beetles are tormented and lie open to treachery when glorious, as if to say: Glorious works have this adjunct of vanity and affliction, that they beget envy, which torments and agitates both the envious and those who are envied, while they are forced to endure envies and calumnies from the envious. Whence that saying: Envy is poison to itself and to others. So also Olympiodorus and Hugh of St. Victor. Wherefore, Pliny the Younger, in book VI, epistle 17 to Restitutus, suggests a wise and acute counsel for driving out envy, especially in learning and eloquence: You yourself are more eloquent, he says, so much the more do not be envied; for he who envies is the lesser. Finally, whether you excel more, or less, or equally, praise either the superior, or the inferior, or the equal: the superior, because unless he is worthy of praise, you yourself cannot be praised; the inferior or equal, because it pertains to your glory, that you appear as great as possible in comparison to him whom you exceed or equal. Thirdly and genuinely, take envy, insofar as it is vanity and affliction of spirit, passively, as if to say: The labors and industry of strenuous men, undertaking great and holy things, in themselves indeed possess true virtue and glory; but nevertheless they carry with them no light vanity and affliction: for they bring upon themselves the envy of rivals, which impedes and thwarts their heroic and generous undertakings, and afflicts, pursues, torments and depresses them, lest they appear inferior to them. Thus St. Bonaventure, Lyra, Hugh of St. Victor, Cajetan, Titelmans and others. This sense is required by our version, which has: I observed that industries are exposed to the envy of rivals, so that the industrious are vexed by them, and often overthrown: for to be exposed to envy is the same as to be subject to envy; to suffer envy is to be vexed by the envious. Finally, the sense will be complete if you add the second to the third, and take envy not only passively but also actively. Thus St. Jerome and from him Alcuin: I saw, he says, all the strength and glory of those laboring, and I discovered that one man's good is another's evil, when the envious man— grows vigorously in the finest wheat, and in beautifully blooming roses: thus envy chiefly invades good men, and those making progress in virtue, and bearing the glory of talent and person: thus Antonius in the Melissa, part I, sermon 62. Just as the sun necessarily brings shadow, and those who walk in the sun are immediately followed by shadow: so virtue begets envy, and those who dwell in glory are necessarily followed by emulation. Hence envy killed the little one, Job V, 2, because just as the sun does not eclipse the moon, nor the moon the earth, but conversely, the earth the moon, and the moon the sun, that is, the inferior the superior: so those superior in virtue and glory do not envy the inferior, but the inferior envy the superior. Envy therefore is a sign of poverty and want, that he who envies is inferior to him whom he envies, of a small and petty spirit. For to envy is also a sickness, and to emulate and detract, says Cicero, Tusculan Disputations III. Again Plutarch, in the book On the Difference between Hatred and Envy, asserts that envy is often extinguished by happiness and greatness of soul: For it is not credible, he says, that anyone would envy Alexander or Cyrus, already masters of all. Bede wisely says in Proverbs: There is nothing great in human affairs, he says, except a spirit that despises great things. Wherefore St. Bernard taught that envy must be overcome by a threefold remedy, namely first by humility, second by charity, third by authority, teaching not so much by word as by deed. Hear the Author of his Life, book I, near the end: So great are the insignia of sacred virtues that commend that holy man even to this day before God and before men, testimonies of sanctity surround him, the charisms of the Holy Spirit illuminate him, and what is greater than all these and most difficult in human affairs, all these things appear to be present to him without envy. But what compels envy away from him is that which is greater than all envy, inasmuch as the wickedness of the human heart often ceases to envy a man in that which it cannot aspire to; and he himself either mortifies all envy by the example of humility, or changes it for the better by the provocation of charity, or if it be more wicked or harder, he overwhelms it by the weight of authority. And after some further remarks: But he who loves every man never has any enemy by virtue of his own, yet sometimes it happens that he suffers one who is hostile to him through the wickedness of another without cause. But charity, which possesses him entirely, is patient, is kind, and wisdom overcoming malice, patience overcoming impatience, humility overcoming pride. Finally, although envy brings affliction to him who is envied, yet it brings to him solace and joy. For it indicates to him that there is as much good in him as there is envy; just as the body grows, so its shadow grows: so as virtue grows, so too grows envy. Therefore let the affliction of envy be soothed by the cause of envy, namely virtue and glory. Wherefore Plutarch, in the book On Pernicious Shame, censures those who cease from noble works for fear of envy: When often driven by no less fear of ill repute than of suffering, some have betrayed honesty through impatience of infamy. The same thing is represented by allegory of Scylla and Charybdis in the Ring in Painted Poetry, while it thus sings: Envy detracting is Scylla with monstrous dogs; But poverty, sinking utterly, is vast Charybdis. He will fall upon Scylla who wishes to avoid Charybdis. Biting malice barks, want absorbs. From either evil choose the lesser: he who is wise wishes to be envious rather than miserable. It is therefore better to fall upon Scylla, that is into envy, than into Charybdis, that is into misery and want, especially of virtues and merits. He calls envious one who by reason of riches and virtues gives occasion that rivals envy him, but he calls envious those who envy the envious one, and so it is preferable to be poor and miserable than envious; but it is preferable to be envious than miserable. For more on envy see St. Augustine, sermon 83 On the Seasons; Nazianzen, oration 12; St. Cyprian, tract. On Zeal and Malice; and Basil, homily On Envy; St. Chrysostom in chapter XII of the first epistle to the Corinthians; St. Ephrem, tome I, page 37; St. Gregory, V of the Morals chapter last, and III part. Pastoral, chapter XI; Blessed Antioch, homily 55; St. Bernard, homily 13 on Psalm XC; Antony in the Melissa, sermon 62; Maximus, sermon 54.
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5. THE FOOL FOLDETH HIS HANDS TOGETHER, AND EATETH HIS OWN FLESH (St. Ambrose reads, his own entrails) SAYING. The Chaldean: the fool goes and folds his hands in summer, and does not wish to labor; and in winter he will eat whatever is his, even the covering which is upon the skin of his flesh: for he sells this in order to procure food. St. Jerome: the fool restrains with his hands his breast; Campensis: fools joined in hands sit idle, and consume whatever they have; Vatablus: he consumes all his own. First, some think that an envious man is depicted here: for he folds and clenches his hands from pain and envy, and eats his own flesh, while it wastes away with lividity, and he gnaws his own heart. Thus the Wonderworker and John Ferus. Whence the symbol of Pythagoras: Eat not the heart, that is, do not torment yourself with cares or envy. Second, others judge that an ambitious man is depicted here: for he proudly folds his hands, thinking that everything is owed to him idle and inert, and that everything will flow into his lap of its own accord. For pride begets idleness: hence we see the proud are sluggish, and unwilling to labor. Thus Lyran. Third, some maintain that a miser is depicted here: for he tightens his hands so that he gives out nothing, and defrauds his own spirit from avarice, so that he wastes away and eats his own flesh. Thus Hugo. Fourth, others think that a glutton and a licentious man are described here: for through gluttony and luxury, which he perpetrates with his hands, he harms his health, and exhausts his flesh and strength, as Solomon teaches in Proverbs V, 11. Whence the Author of the Greek Catena: The impious man, he says, eats his own flesh, while he satiates himself with evils which are born of the flesh. Fifth and genuinely, an idle, sluggish and inert man is depicted here, who sits torpid with folded hands, and through torpor, and the consequent poverty, hunger and want, consumes his own flesh. For it transitions aptly from the envious man to the sluggard, because many, in order to avoid the bites and losses of envy, give themselves to idleness, so that they may live tranquilly, but they are needy and miserable. Thus St. Jerome, Campensis, Cajetan, and Titelmann. To this pertains the emblem of Scylla and Charybdis, which I recited at the end of verse 4. Hear St. Jerome: All that he discusses amounts to this, that he may show both that he who labors and has something in the world is exposed to envy; and again that he who wishes to live quietly is oppressed by want, and both are miserable, while one is endangered on account of riches, the other is consumed by want on account of poverty. Hence Symmachus translates: the fool is folded up in his hands. St. Clement, book II of the Apostolic Constitutions, chapter IV: The idle man, he says, has folded his hands together, and devoured his own flesh; and from this he concludes: If anyone is pressed by want, because he is gluttonous, or drunken, or given to idleness, he is not worthy of aid, indeed he is not even worthy of the Church of God. Whence he gathers that idle, gluttonous and drunken widows are not to be given alms. Symbolically Hugo of St. Victor: He folds, he says, his hands as if making a pact with idleness; Cajetan: As if holding his hands dear, so that he embraces them, keeping them from the labor of work; Olympiodorus: As if embracing them for pleasure, and greeting them with flattery; and he eats his flesh, because his flesh is consumed by want. Thus the same Solomon depicts the sluggard folding his hands, and threatens him with nakedness and hunger, Proverbs chapter VI, verses 9 and 10; and chapter XVIII, verse 8; and chapter XIX, verse 24; and chapter XXIV, verse 33; and chapter XXIV, verse 15. To this pertains the proverb of the Hebrews: There was famine, and it did not pass through the door of the craftsman, because craftsmen by laboring earn the necessities of life, and thus ward off hunger. But the idle man here is called a fool, because it is the height of folly to drive oneself to hunger and wasting away through idleness. Hence St. Clement, book II of the Constitutions, chapter LXIII, by his own example and that of the elder priests, seriously exhorts younger clerics to labor: For indeed we ourselves, he says, are devoted to the word of the Gospel, yet we do not neglect to practice those things as it were as aids to this work: for some of us are fishermen, some are makers of tents, some are farmers, so that we may never be idle. HE EATETH HIS OWN FLESH. First, the Chaldean interpreter understands by flesh the garments which cover the flesh, as if to say, the idle man consumes garments while he sells them in order to procure food. Second, better than this, others say he eateth his own flesh, that is, he is wasted away by idleness and becomes lean; for idleness wears away and exhausts the vital juices of the body, just as exercise and labour increase those same juices and make men strong and vigorous: because as much as his idleness fattens him, so much does the subsequent want and hunger waste him away; therefore he eateth his own flesh, says Olympiodorus. Third and best, he eateth his own flesh, that is, by extreme want and hunger he consumes his own flesh, and thereupon dies. It is a hyperbole. Whence Vatablus and Campensis translate it, he consumeth all his substance. Fourth, to eat flesh signifies the madness of hunger, by which the idle and famished, driven on, rage against their wives, children, and their own flesh, they devour their wealth, nay sometimes they bite and devour them, as Job saith in chapter XIII, 14: Why do I tear my flesh with my teeth? For it could happen, says Philip the Presbyter in that place, that Job, on account of the vehemence of his pain, would lacerate his hands or lips with his teeth, and he, already failing under torments, would carry his departing soul as if bearing it forth in his hands. Similar phrases are found in Job chapter XIX, 22, and chapter XXXI, 31. Thus the polypus is said by Oppian in book II to devour its own arms, although Pliny denies and refutes this very thing in book IX, chapter IX, and Aristotle in book VIII of the History of Animals, chapter II. For all men turn away from the idle and sluggish man, nor do they deign to help him. For the Apostles lay down the law to him: If any man will not work, neither let him eat, II Thessalonians III, 10. In a similar figure Moses says, Deuteronomy XXVIII, 53: Thou shalt eat the fruit of thy womb, and the flesh of thy sons and daughters, in the distress and desolation wherewith thy enemy shall oppress thee; as in the siege of Jerusalem mothers driven mad by hunger ate their own children. And Isaiah, chapter IX, 19: And it shall be, saith he, that the people shall be as fuel for fire: a man shall not spare his brother: And he shall turn to the right hand, and shall hunger: and shall eat on the left hand, and shall not be satisfied; every one shall eat the flesh of his own arm; Manasses Ephraim, and Ephraim Manasses, together against Juda. Mystically, St. Ambrose, epistle 30 in the Roman edition, according to another edition, 36: The fool, saith he, foldeth his hands together, and hath devoured his own bowels, that is, he hath entangled himself in bodily affairs, and hath devoured his own bowels, as death prevailing, and therefore shall not find eternal life. But the wise man, lifting up his works that they may shine before his Father who is in heaven, hath not consumed, but hath lifted up his bowels, even unto the grace of resurrection. This glorious leaping of the wise man, which David leaped, and therefore by the sublimity of spiritual leaping he ascended even to the seat of Christ, that he might see and hear the Lord saying to his Lord: Sit thou on my right hand.
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6. SAYING: A HANDFUL WITH REST IS BETTER THAN BOTH HANDS FULL WITH LABOR AND AFFLICTION OF MIND. The word "saying" is not in the Hebrew, Chaldean, Greek, Syriac and Arabic; whence the Wonderworker, St. Jerome, Olympiodorus, Albinus and Cajetan judge that here there is an antithesis of the preceding verse, as if there an idle man, who folds his hands and wastes away with hunger, is described, here a man of business is described: and that twofold, namely one laboring excessively, and one moderate in labor. For virtue consists in moderation, and in the middle of two extreme vices, which here are idleness and excessive labor, and excessive anxiety: in the middle of these two consists the mediocrity of laboring, which says: A handful with rest is better than both hands full with labor and affliction of mind. Whence the Wonderworker translates, but a wise and prudent man would prefer to fill one hand with ability and gentleness, than both with hardship, and with the cunning and craftiness of a fraudulent spirit. This is indeed true in reality. Whence Scripture teaches the same thing often elsewhere, as: It is better to have a little with justice, than great riches of sinners, Psalm XXXVI, 16. Better is a little with the fear of the Lord, than great treasures and insatiable, Prov. XV, 16. Better is a little with justice, than many fruits with iniquity, Prov. XVI, 8. Better is a dry morsel with joy, than a house full of victims with strife, Prov. XVII, 1. Necessities for food suffice, so that as without poverty, so without riches; which Solomon was asking from God, and indeed Apollonius of Tyana, when he said: Grant me, O gods, to have little, and to need nothing. But our Interpreter has better connected this verse with the preceding one, and judged that both pertain to one and the same thing, namely to the idle and lazy man, and therefore through mimesis his sentiments are expressed here, and therefore the word "saying" is to be supplied. The idle man therefore abuses this sentiment, which is often true in itself, to conceal his laziness. Thus St. Bonaventure, Hugh of St. Victor, Campensis, Titelmannus, Osorius and others. The Hebrew texts have word for word, good is the fullness of a hand with rest, before the fullness of two hands (or more. For the Hebrew חפנים chaphnaim, since it is only dual, signifies both two hands and more hands; and it is both plural and dual) with labor and affliction of spirit. Note here: The fullness of a hand is a handful, or a small fist, namely only as much as one can grasp and hold with fingers folded and pressed together to the hand. Whence the Hebrew כף caph signifies a curved hand, such as it is in a fist or handful. For "both hands full" the Hebrew is, fullness of chaphnaim, that is fullness of two (or more) palms or hollows of the hands, namely of hands extended. Therefore a single handful is opposed to two extended hands, which contain not only double a handful, but quadruple and more. Hence Symmachus translates, better is a full handful with rest, than the fullness of both hands with labor; the Septuagint, which the Syriac and Arabic follow, translate, good is the fullness of a handful of rest, above the fullnesses of two handfuls of labor, and presumption of spirit; the Syriac, better is a full handful of rest, than full hands of labor and disturbance of spirit; the Arabic, a full palm of rest, much more than two full palms of labor and affliction of spirit. Some explain it thus, that is to say: It is preferable by twice as much food and expense even necessary, if twice as much rest and leisure were added, than on the contrary twice as much food, riches and delights, if from rest and leisure half as much were taken away. But this sense is narrow, and too arithmetical. The genuine sense therefore is, that is to say: A handful of flour or food, that is a small and minimal amount of food, which you can enjoy with rest, is preferable to both hands full of delights, that is, is preferable to the most abundant and luxurious feasts, if you should have to compare them with labor and affliction of mind: because rest of mind with modest food is better than affliction and tumult of mind with the best and greatest food, peace of mind with hunger is better than disturbance of mind with satiety. That this is true is clear in Religious, who are happier in their frugality with rest, than kings and princes in their feasts with so many cares. For tranquility of mind is a good of a higher order, which far surpasses and transcends all delights and all bodily goods. This is true, but from it the idle and lazy man concludes wrongly: Therefore I ought to refrain from all labor and affliction; therefore I ought to avoid a laborious life and industry, which stirs up the envy of rivals: I would rather be poor and free from envy than to accomplish great things which might move envy against me. In which inference or conclusion he errs first, because he declines from one extreme of excessive labor to the other extreme, namely to mere idleness and sloth, when he ought to choose the middle path of virtue, namely moderate labor. Whence Campensis translates better: it is better to have a little with idleness than to acquire much laboriously; which is a manifest error and the dictate of acedia. Secondly, because while he avoids passive envy, he falls into active envy, which is worse: for poverty impels him to covet what belongs to others and to steal, to envy the riches of the wealthy and to take them away; therefore while he does not wish to become envious through labor and wealth, through idleness and want he becomes envious, which is far worse; for the lazy, because they are poor, envy both the industry and the wealth of the industrious. Thirdly, because idleness and sloth bring upon a man a thousand thoughts, desires, fears, anxieties, which afflict the idle man far more than labor afflicts the busy man. This Solomon teaches, Proverbs XXI, 2: The desires kill the slothful. He would not work anything with his hands: all day long he desires and covets. Fourthly, because although in temporal matters it is sometimes better to have a little with rest than much with labor, nevertheless in spiritual matters this is false; for if a faithful man, especially a priest or religious, were to say: I wish to rest in my justice; I do not wish to labor to become holier; I do not wish to grow in grace, merits and glory; I do not wish to strive toward perfection, he would sin gravely. Whence St. Chrysostom inveighs sharply against those who say: It suffices me if I am saved, if I stand in the last choir of angels in heaven; but rather, he says, you ought to strive to be carried up to the Cherubim and Seraphim. Mystically, Olympiodorus expounds it in three ways. First, he says, a handful is unfailing faith, which is in the Lord Jesus Christ. But two handfuls are to be understood when someone strives to serve two masters, namely God and mammon, and to suffer those reproaches which the Prophet mentions: How long will you halt between two sides? III Kings I, 2. It is therefore without any doubt better what is here put first. Otherwise, one handful is unity itself which lacks matter; two handfuls are material things, which can be divided. Moreover this very duality is found in the sacred Scriptures as unclean and impure. For unclean animals entered the ark of Noah in pairs. It is therefore better to follow unity and to lead an active life with quiet, that is without the paint of vain glory, than to be occupied with duality, that is material things. Otherwise, we can contemplate that man was once a handful, when namely God taking dust from the earth and as it were closing it in his fist formed man. A woman was also a handful: for God taking a rib from the side of Adam with his hand formed Eve. Therefore celibacy is better than two handfuls, that is duality and the conjugal bond. For although matrimony is not to be condemned, celibacy is certainly praiseworthy and free from trouble. Thus far Olympiodorus. AND AFFLICTION OF SPIRIT. The Hebrew reut signifies both affliction and malice. The latter meaning Thaumaturgus followed, translating it the malice of a deceitful spirit. And the Chaldean: Better, he says, for a man is a handful full of food in tranquility of spirit and free from theft and robbery, than two handfuls most full of food, acquired by force and extortion: for he will sometimes repay these in judgment with great trouble and disturbance of spirit, as if to say: It is better to have a little justly acquired with quiet than much unjustly acquired with robbery and tumult. For, as St. Jerome says: Justice has rest, iniquity has labor. But in this whole book τὸ reut signifies not so much the malice of guilt as of punishment, that is affliction, as others translate it everywhere: for this directly opposes quiet and tranquility.
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7 and 8. CONSIDERING I FOUND ALSO ANOTHER VANITY UNDER THE SUN: THERE IS ONE ALONE, AND HE HATH NOT A SECOND, NOR SON, NOR BROTHER, AND YET HE CEASETH NOT TO LABOR, NOR ARE HIS EYES SATISFIED WITH RICHES: NOR DOTH HE THINK, SAYING: FOR WHOM DO I LABOR, AND DEFRAUD MY SOUL OF GOOD THINGS? IN THIS ALSO IS VANITY, AND A SORE AFFLICTION. From the vanity of the sluggard wasting away with hunger, he passes to the contrary vanity of the miser wasting away with sordid stinginess, who always labors to scrape together riches, not for himself, nor for a son or brother, whom he lacks, but for an uncertain and unknown heir: this is a great vanity, wherefore Solomon repeats and inculcates the same thing frequently, and touches upon it, as in chapter II, 18 and seq., chapter III, verse 22. See the things said there. "One is," that is, he is alone, or solitary without a son and brother, that is without a kinsman and necessary heir: for one father is multiplied, and becomes many in sons; whence his one inheritance is divided among many sons, and becomes manifold. For although by Caesar's law lateral heirs, namely nephews, may succeed to the goods of a deceased uncle intestate, up to the tenth degree inclusive, nevertheless a testator is not bound, when both ascendants (such as father, grandfather, great-grandfather) and descendants (such as sons and sons of sons) are lacking, to institute consanguineous heirs in the collateral line, as is evident from the Institutes, On Inofficious Wills, at the beginning, verse Sister however, law brother C. in the same title. Furthermore, by "one" he especially marks the sordidly avaricious man, who hides his coins, and alone frequently inspects them, lest they be stolen from him by someone. Whence he does not allow them to be seen by anyone, such as was that Comic fellow Euclio, who buried his riches at home, and drove out the old woman from the house, lest she be aware of the riches; for thus he says: "Go out, come on, go out, you must go out of here, by Hercules. Looking around with eyes sent forth. By Hercules, I will dig out those wicked eyes for you. So that you cannot watch me, what I am doing, You who have eyes also in the back of your head, worst of all." To this Olympiodorus adds: "One, he says, in this place he takes to mean one who cherishes and loves only himself, who does not even wish to have sons and brothers. For he who is held by the desire of them, although by nature he has no relatives and kinsmen, yet who nevertheless follows charity according to God's precepts, considers all men, even though strangers, to be in the place of sons and brothers to him, according to that: He is as a father to the orphans, and as a husband to their mother." Mystically St. Ambrose, in the book On the Institution of Virgins, chapter X, explains these things concerning Christ: "There is one, he says, and there is not a second, he of whom it was said: Your master is one, Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, alone, first, one God, doing what he wills, not what is commanded (namely as God); he is one thing with the Father, unique without sin, alone without help (in the passion); there is no end to his labors, because he is an advocate for all before the Father, and he took upon himself our infirmities, and grieves and is weak for us; his eye is not satisfied with riches, because in himself is the depth of the riches, wisdom and knowledge of God, in whom are the treasures of the mysteries of heaven. There is no end to all his people, because the people of Christ is innumerable and has no end, to whom the faith of the resurrection of eternal perpetual life acquires eternity." Thus also Salonius and Alcuin. But to Christ does not apply what follows: "In this also is vanity." Whence St. Ambrose applies the same thing to Christians, who, abandoning the one Christ, serve the vain world, as will presently appear; certainly this allegory seems little consonant with the letter and scope of Solomon, indeed dissonant. Whence Cardinal Hugo: "This, he says, seems to be an imposition rather than an exposition, unless it were supported by the authority of St. Ambrose and St. Jerome, on account of whose reverence I do not dare to reject it." AND HE HATH NOT A SECOND — that is, there is lacking to him a legitimate heir, namely a son or brother. Whence the Chaldean clearly translates, and there is not a second besides him, nor even a son; nor does he have a brother to inherit his possessions. AND YET HE CEASETH NOT TO LABOR. The Hebrew, Septuagint and Syriac: nor is there an end to all his labor; the Arabic: nor is he confused in all his labor, he is not ashamed to labor continually like an ass. Aquila translated τέλος, which word signifies both end and perfection, as if to say: He does not yet consider himself sufficiently full of riches and perfect, but always desires more and more, does not yet think his affairs finished, does not yet think he has overcome the difficulties and hindrances of fortunate fortune. Campensis: no riches satisfy his desires. Truly he is poor who esteems himself poor, and therefore ceases not to heap up, even if he be most rich. "He is miserable who does not judge himself most blessed, even though he rule the world," says Seneca, epistle 9. And the Comic poet: "He is not blessed who does not think himself blessed"; nor miserable who does not esteem himself miserable. "Your evil indeed," says Marcus Antoninus the Emperor surnamed the Philosopher, book IV of his Life, "is not placed in another's mind, nor in any turning or change of the sky; where then? in your opinion about evils. Judge therefore nothing to be evil, and all things will go well. But if the body, which is nearest to your mind, be cut, burned, suppurated, rotted, yet let that part which ought to judge concerning these things be at rest, that is, let it think nothing to be either good or evil, which can happen equally to the good and to the bad: for what happens equally to him who lives according to nature, is neither according to nor contrary to nature." NOR DOTH HE REFLECT, SAYING. Campensis: nor does he ever return to himself, so as to say within himself: For what do I labor? These words are not in the Hebrew and Greek, but are understood: whence our translator and the Chaldean have carefully supplied them. This is a remarkable thoughtlessness and madness of the avaricious, that they do not reflect upon the use and fruit, nay the vanity of their labors and cares, by which they continually vex themselves in vain. It is similar to that of the avaricious rich man, who for this reason hears from Christ: "Fool, this night do they require thy soul of thee; and the things that thou hast provided, whose shall they be?" Luke XII, 12. This madness is more clearly represented by Ecclesiastes, chapter XI, 18 and following: "There is one that gathereth by little and little, and this is the portion of his reward in that he saith: I have found rest to myself, and now I will eat of my goods alone: and he knoweth not what time shall pass, and that death approacheth, and he shall leave all things to others, and shall die." FOR WHOM DO I LABOR. The τὸ cui is not neuter, as if to say: For what thing, to what end, to what fruit do I labor; but masculine: for whom, namely for a man or heir; for this the Hebrew מי mi signifies. The Chaldean: for whom at length do I torment myself? Thaumaturgus: from this he willingly inquired why he wearied himself with labors. AND I DEFRAUD MY SOUL. I defraud my genius, not daring to use the riches, acquired by so much labor of mine, but sparing them and keeping them for an uncertain heir. The Hebrew: and I cause my soul to fail; others: I diminish my soul; the Septuagint: I defraud my soul of its goodness, that is of its joy and pleasure; the Syriac: I cause my soul to lose good things; the Arabic: good; the Chaldean: and he does not say in his heart: For whom do I labor and defraud my soul of good things? I will rise and make alms from it, and I will rejoice in this world with the sons of men, and in the world to come with these. Tropologically St. Ambrose, On the Institution of Virgins, chapter I: "Why therefore," he says, "do we labor for the world (and not for Christ alone) and defraud our soul of such great goodness, we who ought to serve no other but this Lord?" The avaricious therefore are like the Jews, who greedily gathering manna, more than they could eat, soon saw it rot and swarm with worms, Exodus XVI. The same happens to the avaricious, whom therefore St. James rebukes, chapter V, 2: "Your riches," he says, "are corrupted, and your garments are moth-eaten; your gold and silver is cankered: and the rust of them shall be for a testimony against you, and shall eat your flesh like fire." See the things said there a little before. A wine merchant of Chios sold excellent wine to others at a price, and made no small profit; he himself reserved sour and spoiled wine for his own use. Someone perhaps asked his slave why he had fled from his master? he heard that he sought evils for himself in the abundance of good things, which all sordid and avaricious men do, to whom what they have is as much lacking as what they do not have. Plutarch relates this story, book On Tranquility of Mind. Alciatus, Emblem 85, makes this kind of man similar to an ass, who, though he carries delicate provisions on his back, himself meanwhile feeds on thistles. A MOST EVIL AFFLICTION. The Septuagint: a most evil distension; the Syriac: an evil conversation; the Arabic: this is vain and an evil confusion; Symmachus: an evil occupation; Campensis: this is indeed infinitely foolish, and a most troublesome torment of the mind.
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9. IT IS THEREFORE BETTER THAT TWO SHOULD BE TOGETHER, THAN ONE: FOR THEY HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF THEIR FELLOWSHIP. The Hebrew: good two before one: for there is a reward to their labor; Olympiodorus: to whom there is good price; the Septuagint: good two over one, to whom there is to them a good reward in their labor; the Syriac: better are two than one, to whom there is a good reward in their labor; the Arabic: two good better than one, when they have good conversation in their labors; St. Jerome: better two than one; St. Ambrose, epistle 17: best two over one; the Chaldean: better two just men in a generation than one; and these indeed composing themselves according to the reckoning of the stars, and assenting to the words that a most excellent reward of future life is prepared for them, by the expenditure of labor whereby they wearied themselves in order to nourish their equals; Vatablus: happier are two than one; Zurich: it is better for two joined together to live than one alone; Campensis: why do they judge the life of two living together better and more advantageous than that of one alone: for the fellowship itself brings no small good; others: happier are two than one, that is to say, the social life is happier than the solitary. The illative particle therefore is not in the Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Arabic, but is understood, as the Vulgate Interpreter carefully noted, and therefore expressed it; but it is difficult to show this inference and to draw it from the preceding sentence: omitting the various connections of various interpreters, I say this is the force and energy of the inference. He had said in the preceding verse: "One is and has not a second," for example, has not a son, not a brother; "and yet he ceases not to labor, nor are his eyes satisfied with riches: nor does he reflect, saying: For whom do I labor and defraud my soul of good things? in this also there is vanity and a most grievous affliction," that is to say, in unity and solitude there is this vanity and affliction, that he has not an heir or friend for whom he labors, and with whom he labors, and may refresh himself, and feed and delight his soul with the goods acquired by his labor. Hence he rightly infers here: "It is therefore better that two (Hebrew שנים scenaim, which plainly corresponds to the sceni of the preceding verse) should be together, than one: for they have the advantage of their fellowship," namely that they may labor together, may console and refresh themselves together, may together enjoy the riches acquired by labor, common, and therefore with doubled joy. For "it is therefore better to be two together than one" is an antithesis of what he said: "One is, and has not a second, etc. In this also there is vanity," that is to say, Because such is the vanity of the solitary miser, having neither heir nor companion, hence it is better to be two than one, because friendly fellowship is better than gloomy solitude. Unity therefore is vanity, duality of brothers or friends is truth, and the true joy and happiness of brotherhood or friendship: for this makes life far more pleasant, more useful, more honorable, safer, and fortifies and protects man against rivals, the snares of enemies, and any adverse turns and blasts of fortune. Thus St. Jerome, Bonaventure, Hugh of St. Victor, Titelmann and others. Therefore this sentence pertains especially to brothers and sons, whom he named in the preceding verse, that is to say, it is better to be two brothers than one alone; it is better to be two, namely a father and son, than a father alone or a son alone, because brother helps brother, father helps son, and son helps father in labor, consoles, strengthens him, and if he dies, is his successor, defender and heir. For the fellowship between brothers and between father and son is most close; wherefore it is itself the root, origin and exemplar of other fellowships, as I shall show presently. Hence the Chaldean translates: better are two just men in a generation than one, etc. In their labor, by which they labor to sustain their generation. Secondly, it pertains to companions and friends, that is to say, it is better for two to be together as companions and friends than one alone without companion and friend. The reason is that in default of brothers and sons, whom nature denies to many, He has provided the same companions and friends, whom anyone can prepare and procure for himself by duties and benefits, that is to say, If you have no son or brother, prepare yourself a friend in his place, so that you may not be one and alone, but may enjoy and rejoice in fellowship. For a friend will be to you for consolation, utility and honor, just as if he were a brother, indeed he will take the place of a brother: for just as a brother is called as it were "almost another," as Gellius says, book XII, chapter X, so a friend is called as it were "another self." For "a man amiable to society will be more a friend than a brother," Proverbs XVIII, 24. The same doctrine Plutarch teaches from Solomon, in the book On Brotherly Love: "Most friendships," he says, "are nothing other than shadows and images of that first friendship which nature implanted in children toward parents, and in brothers toward brothers; and does he who does not venerate and cultivate this make it credible that he is benevolent toward any others? or what does he seem to you to be, who, calling his associate by the name of brother in greeting and letters, does not even think he should walk the same way with his brother?" He adds thereafter that a friend is as it were another brother. To this Olympiodorus adds, who asserts that the liberal man by his liberality toward the poor binds them to himself, so that he is had and honored by them as a brother, indeed as a father; wherefore as many poor as he nourishes, so many sons and brothers does he create for himself. Thus Job, XXIX, 16, says: "I was a father to the poor." Hence Cyrus used to say that the most secure treasures are riches deposited with friends, as Xenophon testifies, in book VIII of the Cyropaedia. Seneca asserts the same thing, book VI of On Benefits, chapter III; and he proves it from the fact that riches kept in chests are often taken away by thieves, but friends cannot be taken away. Whence the same, epistle 9: "It is more pleasant," he says, "to make a friend than to have one." He makes a friend who does good to him. And clearly Martial, book V, 43: "Whatever you give to friends is beyond fortune. The riches you have given, you alone will always possess." Now let me bring individual points to the anvil. IT IS THEREFORE BETTER THAT TWO BE TOGETHER. By "two" understand also three, four and more: for the company of more and their friendship makes life sweeter and more useful than solitary life. Thus the Thaumaturgus, Lyra and others; for it follows: "A threefold cord is not quickly broken." Whence St. Jerome in chapter V of Matthew, verse 45: "By as much as two differ from one," he says, "if they are joined in love, by so much also does the company of three avail more. For true charity, violated by no envy, the more it increases in number, the more it grows also in strength." Whence the Philosopher used to say: "The number of friends has never been sufficient for us, nor for any man." Yet he says "two," to indicate that perfect society and friendship consist only between two or three, that is between few, according to that in Ecclesiasticus, chapter VI, 6: "Let many peaceful men be to you, and let your counselor be one out of a thousand." Charity therefore on account of one God loves all, but from all these, friendship chooses few for itself as familiars and counselors. See Plutarch, Opuscules, on friendship diffused among many, which he teaches therefore to wither, and to pass into a common and cold benevolence. FOR THEY HAVE THE PROFIT OF THEIR PARTNERSHIP. The Hebrew, Septuagint, Syriac and Arabic is: for it is wages for their labor: labor, namely social, that is partnership. Whence Antonius in the Melissa, chapter XLIII, reads: there is for them wages in common labor; and the Thaumaturgus: "Those who," he says, "have entered into partnership in life, and applying themselves to the same things, are able to gather the best fruits, and double for themselves the pleasure of prosperous success." This wage is that two sweetly, and with greater convenience and profit, as partners labor together in common; that by the partnership of mutual conversation, counsel, consolation, protection they enjoy; that one can leave the other as successor and heir; that what one would not dare, two dare; that what one is not able to accomplish, two accomplish. Thus in the partnership of commerce the profit is great, while riches collected by two or three in common through industry and business dealings, a greater abundance of goods is produced, and from this greater profit. The Chaldean, Olympiodorus and others by "labor" understand gifts, alms, offices and benefits, by which one binds another to himself and makes him a friend. For of this friendship, great is the reward of gifts given, and it brings great advantages and profits to the giver. Morally, learn here how great a good is society and friendship; for through this one becomes as it were many, and through many operates and conducts business, and therefore accomplishes many and great things. This is evident in the society of citizens and soldiers in concord, which is impregnable, and conquers all others, according to that of Homer: "Shield clung to shield, helmet to helmet, and man to man." And in the society of religious and cenobites, which is so powerful that it effects great conversions of men, cities, provinces, and changes of morals for the better. Hear St. John Chrysostom, in Maximus, homily I On Fraternal Love: "Nothing can be compared to concord: for one man is as it were multiplied; if two or ten are in agreement, one is not one, but each of them becomes tenfold, and you will find in ten one, and in one ten. But if there be any enemies to them, whoever makes an attack upon them as one, he rushes upon ten as it were, thus he is taken. One is in need, yet is not oppressed by poverty: for by greater number and multitude the want is overshadowed; each of them has twenty hands, and twenty eyes, and as many feet, and ten souls likewise: for not only with their own, but with their members also each one uses theirs in all things; and if there were a hundred, the same thing would happen again. The same can be among the Persians and at Rome, and what nature cannot do, friendship can do. If therefore you have a thousand friends, or even two thousand friends, you ought to think how great the number becomes again. For this is wonderful, to become one thousandfold; for it would be more desirable for the sun to be extinguished for us, than to be deprived of friends. For indeed many, seeing the sun, are in darkness: but those who have many friends cannot even fall into calamity; for nothing, nothing can be sweeter than friendship and charity: for what is there which a true friend does not effect? what pleasure does he not bring, what utility, what security!" In the same place Dionysius: "As many friends as you prepare for yourself, so many eyes you have, by which you may see what you wish; so many counsels, by which you may consult and provide for those things which are expedient. For the friendship of many is not otherwise constituted, than if God, giving one body to someone, should give him many souls, which would all provide for and counsel him." Hence the Psalmist: "Behold, says he, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell in unity!" Psalm CXXXII. "Evil solitude, says St. Bonaventure, is through lack of delight, as it is in the miser and the proud; miserable, through defect of consolation; praiseworthy and honest, through the quiet of contemplation." Moreover Dionysius the Carthusian: "Solomon speaks here, says he, according to the common law of nature, not according to the preeminence of grace, which transcends nature, nor is it bound by common law. For anchorites, Carthusians, monks live solitary, and yet they lead an angelic life." Whence Abbot Moses in Cassian, Conference I, chapter VII, teaches that for purity of heart and contemplation solitude is to be sought, in the manner of Christ, who "went out into a mountain to pray alone, and was spending the night in prayer to God," Luke VI. But St. Thomas rightly notes, II II, Question CLXXXVIII, article 8, that solitude and the contemplative life are for the perfect only, who are already solidly established in virtue, and suffice for themselves, nor do they need the aid of companions, and therefore such persons ought first to be exercised and perfected in social and cenobitic life. Whence St. Jerome, epistle 4 to Rusticus: "What then, says he, do we reprove the solitary life? Not at all, indeed, since we have often praised it: but we wish to go forth from the sport of such monasteries soldiers whom the hard rudiments of the desert do not terrify, who have given proof of their conduct for a long time, who have been the least of all, that they might be first of all; whom neither hunger at any time, nor satiety has overcome, who rejoice in poverty; whose habit, speech, countenance, gait is a teaching of virtues." But neither do these even in the midst of Thebaid lack companions and friends, nay rather the society of many strengthens and fortifies individuals, so that monasteries make and fill them, and render numerous orders like the well-ordered ranks of the camps of God. Read the Lives of the Fathers, Palladius in the Lausiac History, Cassian and similar works. Finally, hear St. Basil, recounting the advantages of communal and social religious life in his Monastic Constitutions, chapter XIX: "First," he says, "those who embrace this communion and association of life return to that good which is according to nature. For I call that the most perfect communion of life from which all private and personal possession of anything is excluded, and from which all dissension, all disturbance and quarreling is absent. On the contrary, where all things are common—minds, thoughts, bodies, and those things which we necessarily use for worship and sustenance. A common God, a common commerce of piety, a common salvation, common struggles, common labors, common rewards and crowns of contests, where many are one, and one is not alone, but in many. To this way of life, what can justly be compared? What can be called more blessed? What can be devised more fitting than this conjunction, unity and bond? What more elegant than a mutual tempering of morals and souls among themselves?" He represents this very thing before our eyes with a living example, when he adds: "Men coming from diverse nations and regions, through exact similarity of morals and discipline, have so coalesced as it were into one, that in many bodies there appears to be but one mind, and conversely many bodies are seen to be the instruments of one mind. Among these, he whose bodily health is weak has many minds sharing in his infirmity. But he who is sick in mind has many present to care for him, and by whom he is continually raised up. These by equal right are both servants and masters to one another, and with unconquered freedom they serve among themselves the highest servitude, which not necessity or some chance misfortune violently brought upon them with their sorrow, but which free will of the heart brought in with joy, since charity itself makes them, otherwise free, subject to one another, and yet preserves for them nonetheless their complete freedom. Such indeed God wished us to be, when He formed us from the beginning and created us for this end. For this reason Christ instituted the society of the twelve Apostles, through which He converted the whole world to Himself." Among the Hebrews there is a celebrated proverb: "O chebreta, o temutha," that is, "either society or death." St. Augustine, having experienced this, thus explains his love for his friend and his sorrow at his death, in book IV of the Confessions, chapter VI: "I marveled," he says, "that other mortals lived, because he, whom I had loved as if he would not die, was dead, and I marveled more that I lived, because he was another. With him dead I marveled. Someone said well of his friend: Half of my soul; for I felt that my soul and his soul were one soul in two bodies, and therefore life was horrible to me, because I did not wish to live as half, and therefore perhaps I feared to die, lest he whom I had greatly loved should die entirely." The philosophers learned and taught the same thing from Solomon, as Plato in his book On the Republic, and Aristotle, book I of the Politics, chapter II, where he says: "A solitary man and one who needs nothing is either a god or a beast," that is, he is of divine or bestial character. The same, book III, chapter VII: "Individual men," he says, "although each is less good, yet when collected into one are better than each of their best, as happens at a banquet, which from the contribution of many is more elegant than one prepared by a single person." Euripides in the Heraclidae: "A solitary hand," he says, "is weak in battle;" and: "One man does not see all things." Hence that common saying: "One man, no man"; Plutarch asserts that what you give to a friend returns to you with interest; Socrates in Laertius says a friend is preferable to gain; Crassus in Maximus, sermon 6: "A fruitful field." Isocrates, in his Admonition to Nicocles, requires three things especially in friendship: "Virtue as something honorable, and familiarity as something pleasant, and use as something necessary." And that Lacedaemonian Antalcidas in Plutarch's Lacedaemonian Sayings requires: "That a friend speak most pleasantly, but provide what is most useful." Mystically, St. Ambrose, On the Institution of Virgins, chapter XI, and in this place of Ecclesiastes at the end of volume II, understands by "two" Christ and the Christian, by "one" he who is without Christ: "Two are better than one," he says, "because there is reward in their labor; where are two better than one, except where Christ is, and he whom Christ guards? For if he who is with the Lord Jesus falls, Jesus raises him up." He then adds that Jesus does not fall, but lowers Himself to death, so that He might raise up Himself and us; for He died with us, so that He might warm us with the fire of charity, which He came to cast upon the earth, and like Elisha He gave the warmth of life. Symbolically Olympiodorus: It is better, he says, that two be together, that is, that the body consent to the soul and aid it in the works of virtues, so that neither flesh resist the spirit, nor the spirit become puffed up and insolent from the vain glory of the mortification of the flesh. For if the body dissent from the soul, it will drag it with itself into ruin.
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10. IF ONE SHALL FALL, HE SHALL BE SUPPORTED BY THE OTHER: BUT WOE TO HIM THAT IS ALONE: FOR WHEN HE SHALL FALL, HE HATH NONE TO LIFT HIM UP. In Hebrew, if they shall fall one, he shall make his companion stand. For companion the Septuagint translates μέτοχον, that is, a partner; Aquila εταῖρον, that is, a friend; the Arabic, because if one shall fall, he shall lift up his partner. And woe to one soul of him when he shall fall, and there shall not be another to raise him up. IF HE SHALL FALL, namely one or the other: for then the one standing shall raise up the fallen one, or shall support the wavering one; or both: for then one shall support the other, either the wavering one by his aid, industry and counsel lest he slip and fall, or shall lift up the already fallen one. For the Hebrew יקים iakim, that is, shall make stand, signifies two things, namely first, to support the prone one lest he fall; second, to raise up and restore the already fallen one. A companion and friend performs both for a friend. Again τὸ shall fall, either signifies a perfect act, namely proneness to fall, or the beginning or danger of falling, according to that of David, Psalm 117, 43: "I was thrust that I might fall: and the Lord supported me," lest I should fall into the deep, whither I was being driven by rivals and enemies. A friend therefore shall sustain a friend wavering, lest he fall, shall raise up the fallen one, shall support and strengthen the raised one, lest he fall again. All these things the Hebrew iakim signifies. Again if he shall fall, understand into the earth, a pit, water, fire, or into sickness, as the Chaldean explains; or into poverty, as Faber; or into prison or servitude, as R. Moses; or into perplexity and lack of counsel, as Olympiodorus; or into sin, as Dionysius; or into any other adversity and calamity, as St. Jerome, Thaumaturgus, Lyra and others. For a true friend strives to relieve any misfortune of his friend. Hear Thaumaturgus: "For when two men apply themselves to the same business, and something adverse should happen to one, he will not seek help far off, for he has at hand one who may help. On the contrary, to a man acting unsuccessfully and in need of refreshment, the greatest calamity is solitude. Certainly companions and those who live in the same dwelling, if any storm should arise, immediately calm it by mutual consolations, truly a twofold felicity." Solomon shows in detail the benefits of society, and from many he recounts only three by way of example: the first is, that if one shall fall, he shall be supported by the other; the second: if two shall sleep together, they shall warm one another; the third: if anyone shall prevail against one, two shall resist him. The first consists in relieving, the second in preserving, the third in defending, says St. Bonaventure. WOE TO HIM THAT IS ALONE: FOR WHEN HE SHALL FALL, HE HATH NONE TO LIFT HIM UP. In Hebrew, woe to him who is one (that is, alone), because when he shall fall, he hath not a second to make him stand. The Chaldean, for אילו ilo, that is, to him, reading with other points אלו illu, that is, if, translates, for if one of them shall fall upon a bed and shall lie sick, the other shall make his companion stand by his prayer. And if one innocent alone shall be in his generation, in the time when he shall fall upon a bed and shall lie sick, there shall not be to him in his generation a second companion to pray over him, but in his purity he shall rise from his sickness. The interjection woe in Scripture is known not so much as threatening or grieving, but as denouncing a certain punishment or inevitable calamity. Again τὸ shall fall signifies an infallible fall and lapse whether it be perfect or begun, as I have said. For in the fragility of this life, in dangers and misfortunes which often, indeed daily, befall anyone, it is impossible that someone should not at some time fall into some calamity, indeed even into at least venial fault. Moreover Thomas of Cantimpré, a man of great learning and experience, in book II of the Bees, chapter XI, § 1, exhorting Religious to never be without a companion like bees, which live, labor and go forth as one, adds: "How true is this saying: Woe to him that is alone, I know, who for thirty years held the office of Bishop in various dioceses; who in this matter, in which Religious either go alone on the roads or remain alone in courts, I have frequently heard of horrible evils, horrible scandals, and horrible dangers, which they would never have sustained had a companion been joined to them, or would have done!" HE HAS NO ONE TO LIFT HIM UP, but rather he has many who impel him to fall, and who rejoice, laugh and mock at his fall. This is a human weakness. For such is the condition of men, that if they see someone prosperous and raised on high, they applaud him; but if they see someone wretched falling, they push him, despise him, insult him, according to that saying: "Prosperity has many friends; the fortunate have many relatives. Unfortunate men have friends far away; many worship the rising sun, few the setting sun." Tyrants came to know the truth of this saying, who, in order to overcome martyrs, separated them from one another, and pressed each one alone with threats, promises and torments to deny Christ, just as they separated Primus from his brother Felician, Ruffina from her sister Secunda, Pope Cornelius from the Roman clergy and people, but in vain: for the whole people together with their Pope conspired in one confession of faith; whom therefore praising, St. Cyprian, epistle 1 to Cornelius, says: "Whatever terror and fear the emperor Decius, the persecutor, brought, so much fortitude and strength he found. He attacked one (Pope Cornelius) first, as a wolf tries to separate a sheep from the flock, as a hawk tries to separate a dove from the flock of flying birds: for he who does not have sufficient strength against all seeks to overcome the solitude of individuals; but repulsed by the united army, both faithful and vigorous, etc." And soon after: "What a glorious spectacle it was before the eyes of God, etc., that to the battle which the enemy had attempted to bring, not individual soldiers, but entire camps came forth at once?" From this maxim of Solomon: "Woe to him that is alone: for when he falls, he has none to lift him up," Councils and legislators took occasion to ordain their laws. The Eleventh Council of Toledo, as it is found in distinction 7, Question 1, canon 13 of that divine council, ordains that another should always assist the priest celebrating, and that "the one sacrificing should have at his back a helper of nearby solace, so that if by any chance he who comes to fulfill the offices should be disturbed, or struck to the ground, he should always have behind him one who may execute his duty fearlessly." The same thing had already been ordained before by Pope Soter, in the chapter Nullus Episcopus, On Consecrations, distinction 1. The Seventh Synod, however, as it is found in distinction 81, canon 24 In omnibus, forbids that a cleric alone without a companion should converse with a woman: "Certainly, it says, no principle of religion permits one alone to approach one alone. For it is better that two be together than one. For when together, matters are conducted both more faithfully and more safely. Woe to the one: for if he falls, there is no one to lift him up." Hence also the Apostles were sent two by two by Christ to preach, Luke x, 1. The Lateran Council, concerning the state of monks, in the chapter Monachi, from this principle decrees that monks should not dwell alone in villages, towns, or parishes, but in community, or with brothers: lest, it says, they experience conflict with spiritual enemies among secular men. It is an ancient custom that Religious do not go alone, but two by two, which recently by a decree issued on this matter St. Our Lord Urban VIII commanded. Whence St. Thomas Aquinas called a religious alone and without a companion a solitary demon; for he is exposed to the snares, assaults, calumnies and sinister suspicions of men and demons. A clear example is in Lot, when he abandoned the society of Abraham. "For behold, says St. Chrysostom, homily 35 on Genesis, when he was divided from the just man, and thought himself to be in greater abundance and plenty, and that he had obtained better things and was abounding, suddenly he became a slave; lacking a home, lacking even a hearth, so that you may learn how great an evil division is, and how great a good concord is; and that it is fitting not to rashly undertake greater things, but rather humility should be loved." Thus indeed it happened to Lot, and thus it will happen to all those who, in order to grow and shine among men, diminish other brothers in reputation, and obscure them with words as if with some cloud. Why do the wretched clothe themselves in honor, and despoil brothers of honor? Why do the senseless, in order to promote themselves, tear down the good opinion of others? Why do the foolish, in order to shine alone, darken others? They wish to shine alone, but they will not shine alone; rather they will remain alone without light. But woe to the one: for if he falls, he will not have one to lift him up. Severe is the decree, but just, of the Lord, whose judgments are a great abyss, so that those who separate themselves from brothers not in dwelling, not in clothing, but in heart and love, in time of necessity are left alone and are absorbed by temptations: for the Lord permits that those whom they have cast off from themselves through hatred and ill will profit neither by their examples, nor by their counsels, nor by their teaching. See our Alvarez de Paz recounting many inconveniences of solitary life, treatise On Spiritual Life, book II, part IV, chapter xxiv, and Julius Nigrenium, Ascetic Commentary on the Common Rules of the Society of Jesus, Rule 43. This solitude is tropological, which St. Bernard, depicting it, in his sermon On the Deception of the Present Life: "They have erred, says the Prophet, Psalm cvi, in the wilderness, in a place without water, they found not the way to the city of habitation. This wilderness is of the proud, because they reckon themselves alone, they desire to be reckoned alone. One is learned, he hates a companion. One is strong, or handsome, give him an equal, and he wastes away. He is solitary, but erring, he errs in his solitude; for he cannot dwell alone upon the earth. Nor is it a wonder that to this solitude a place without water is added, so that it is said, in the wilderness, in a place without water. For if indeed in wildernesses waters are accustomed to be lacking, and desolate places are accustomed to be sterile and dry, so impiety accompanies pride. For an exalted heart is hard and devoid of piety, ignorant of compunction, dry from every dew of spiritual grace: because God resists the proud; but to the humble he gives grace." Mystically St. Gregory, book IV, on chapter x of book I of Kings: "Woe to the one, he says, for if he falls, there is no one to lift him up. For he is alone who is abandoned by God. Certainly no one lifts up this one falling, because no one of the saints assumes one abandoned by God. Therefore every chosen one ascends secure, because he is not alone. For he who speaks through us is with us; for he also promises, saying: Behold I am with you all days even to the consummation of the world. He was not alone, who said: I am not alone, but he who sent me is with me. Likewise he was not alone, who sought, saying: Do you seek an experiment of him, who speaks in me, Christ?" Morally, learn again from this how great is the utility of society and friendship. Hear St. Augustine, or whoever is the author (for the style is more humble than befits St. Augustine), in the book On Friendship, chapter v: "Learn," he says, "what utility friendship has, since in human affairs nothing more sacred is sought, nothing more difficult is found, nothing more sweet is experienced, nothing more fruitful is held. For it has the fruit of present and future life; for it itself shows all virtues by its sweetness, it destroys vices by its virtue; it tempers adversities, arranges prosperities, so that without a friend scarcely anything can be pleasant among mortals; and man is compared to a beast, not having one with whom to rejoice together in good things, to grieve together in sad things; to whom to pour out, if the mind has conceived anything troublesome; to whom to communicate, if anything beyond the usual sublime or divided has come to pass." He proves this from this maxim of Solomon: "Woe to him that is alone: for when he falleth, he hath none to lift him up. He is altogether alone, who is without a friend. But what happiness, what security, what pleasantness is it to have one with whom you dare speak as freely as with yourself? to whom you fear not to confess, if you have erred in anything? to whom you are not ashamed to reveal in spiritual matters, if you have made progress? to whom you commit the secrets of your heart and begin to discuss counsels? What therefore is more pleasant than thus to unite the soul of another, and to make one of two, so that no boasting is feared, no suspicion is dreaded, nor does the one corrected by the other grieve, lest the one praising the other note or accuse him of flattery?" Specifically indeed, Thomas a Kempis enumerates the advantages of social and monastic life in the Theodidactus, part I, sermon 2: "He," he says, "who is of good will, and seeks God, will make greater progress among those seeking God, and will stand more firmly. There man is more proved and exercised in virtue. There he is frequently reproved of negligence. There he is drawn to more perfect things by word and example. There he is compelled to consider and mourn his own imperfection. There he is stirred by the fervor of another, taught by the humility of another, moved by the obedience of one, the patience of another. There he is confounded to be found slower. There he finds those whom he fears. There he has those whom he loves, and thus he profits from all. There the correction of another becomes his admonition. There the danger of another becomes his own mirror. There one is the guardian of another. There man bears and is borne. There he hears and sees much, from which he may be taught." He then continues the same thing more clearly, while he adds: "There the good are commended, that they may become better. There the negligent are reproved, that they may grow fervent again. There man is not permitted to grow sluggish, nor to act according to his own will. There there are various offices, and many services of charity are shown. There all things have their time, and each one goes to his work from obedience. There the weak is sustained by the stronger. There the healthy, visiting the sick, rejoices to serve Christ. There when one fails, another supplies his place. There sound members are cared for on behalf of the weak. There the active labors for the idle, the idle prays for the laboring one. There man has many praying for him, and in his last moments protecting him against the devil. There he finds as many helpers as he has companions."
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11. AND IF TWO LIE TOGETHER, THEY SHALL WARM ONE ANOTHER: BUT HOW SHALL ONE BE WARMED ALONE? The Hebrew and the Septuagint: if two lie down, there shall be heat for them; how shall one be warmed? And if two rest, they shall be warm; the Arabic: and if two sleep, there shall be heat and warmth for them; and how shall one be warmed? Campensis: if two sleep together, one shall warm the other. This is what our translation means by "they shall warm one another"; for he who warms another with his heat is himself warmed by the same: for he grows warm by that very heat which he preserves in the other, since joining with another's, he increases both his own and another's: just as two burning logs foster fire, and increase it in each other, which in one alone would languish and be extinguished. Whence he translates, if two lie together, there shall be more heat for them: for one adds his heat to the other in turn, and thus preserves, strengthens and as it were doubles it. According to the letter therefore and physically this maxim is clear, and is understood as it sounds. For in sleep consists a great part of the health and strength of an animal. Whence it is commonly said: "Sleep nourishes as much as food," and this is evident in dormice, which grow fat by sleeping; likewise in bears, which pass a great part of winter sleeping, and are then nourished by no other food than sleep, as Pliny and Aristotle testify in the History of Animals. Now sleep is brought about by heat; wherefore the cold, such as the aged, the sick, the naked sleep little. The aphorism of Hippocrates is well known, lib. I, cap. xiv and xv: "Evidently the waking man is hotter externally, but colder internally; the sleeping man on the contrary." I experience this daily in myself: for at night I lie awake many hours, because my stomach through old age and study is destitute of heat; but those who have a warm stomach, such as the young, sleep soundly all night. Again the same: "The bellies, he says, in winter and spring are by nature most warm (for by antiperistasis the cold external air surrounding it, the internal heat of the stomach intensifies and strengthens itself, so as to resist the external cold), and therefore sleep is longest." See Galen, lib. VI On Common Diseases, comm. 4 and 5. The sense therefore is, as if to say: If two lie together, they shall warm each other more, and therefore shall sleep longer; but one alone, if he be cold, shall scarcely grow warm and therefore shall sleep little. The Chaldean refers this to spouses, as if Solomon here exhorts the Jews in a carnal sense to marriage, that they may sleep better: "If a man and woman, he says, go to bed together, they provide each other with mutual warmth in winter; but one alone, how shall he grow warm?" Others, such as Arias, refer this maxim to the weak and sick who, if they are warmed by the heat of another, sleep better. Just as David in his old age, when he could not grow warm, nor sleep, procured for himself both heat and sleep through the company of Abishag the Shunamite. But in general this proverb speaks grammatically, or in the bark of the letter, of two lying together in any manner, in the same bed, or covering, or tent, or chamber, as soldiers lie, and even Hungarian nobles, who, that they may be ready and strong for frequent wars with the Turks, use a bench or floor for a bed: for two or more lying in the same chamber not only warm each other mutually, but also warm the whole chamber by their heat and breath. For the honorable and chaste from honor and modesty do not wish to admit a companion in bed, unless they be spouses. Symbolically and parabolically, however, this proverb of two lying together signifies the comfort and aid which a friend provides to a friend, especially to one weak and afflicted: for the symbols and causes of affliction and adversity, and consequently of fear and sadness, are night, darkness, cold and wakefulness: just as on the other hand the symbols and causes of fortitude, courage and joy are day and light, likewise heat and sleep. This is evident in the old and the young. For the old on account of cold are weak, fearful and melancholic; the young on the other hand on account of heat are robust, bold and cheerful: wherefore it is expedient that the young be joined with the old, that these may dispel their sadness by their cheerfulness, those may temper their boldness by their fear and prudence. This is what the Wonderworker meant when he translated it, for both by day they shine forth with freedom of speech in festive manner, and by night with honest gravity. For day is the symbol of happiness, night of adversity. Again this proverb signifies mutual confidence, by which a friend burning with cares and anxieties, deposits them in the bosom of his friend, and in him as it were peacefully falls asleep and rests. Thus St. Jerome and Lyra. Thirdly, this proverb denotes the fervor by which a friend, more sluggish, is set on fire by the example and exhortation of his friend to the works of charity and virtues, according to that saying: "The colder are heated in virtue by the example of the more fervent." Thus Olympiodorus. The same thing is signified by a similar proverb of Solomon, Prov. xxvii, 17: "Iron is sharpened by iron, and a man sharpeneth the face of his friend." See the things said there. Finally, the type of friendship is fire and heat: for what this accomplishes for the world, that a friend accomplishes for a friend. Whence Plutarch, in the book On Flattery and Friendship: "Just as," he says, "the best gift of the gods is fire, so God, mingling friendship with life, made all things joyful, sweet and pleasing, so that they would be so in the presence of a friend, and enjoying them together." And Cicero, in the book On Friendship: "Friendship," he says, "is to human life what the sun is to the world." Cyril presents this maxim to the eyes by an elegant fable of a bee and a sparrow, in book II of his Moral Apologies, chapter vii, which has the title: Against the appetite for singularity: "A bee," he says, "finding a solitary sparrow, after sending a greeting, said to it: Why, my brother, do you love bitter solitude, when the society of friendship is so sweet? But he answered: Surely it does not please me to be tossed about in the tumult of the multitude, or to be one of the crowd. Is not the sun one among the stars, and is not God one above all things? Hearing this, when she, proceeding subtly, had noted his pride in singularity, she proceeded to argue in this matter thus argumentatively: Although God is one essentially, he nevertheless rejoices in the indivisible society of the comparable hypostatic trinity. But the sun, so as not to be alone, strives by the gift of light to make the moon, the lowest of the stars, his companion in splendor in magnitude. Thus also the first mobile, although it is one, having received the virtue of primary motion, sweeps the other spheres with it, lest it be singular in its office; indeed, the whole universe is connected by the joining together of all its parts in unity, so that none of them suffers the solitude of separation in any way. Does not the soul, naturally a lover of society, immediately grieve if it abandons its body even for a moment? When God had created man one from the beginning, he is said to have immediately said (Gen. II, 18): It is not good for man to be alone: Let us make him a helper like unto him. Then she demonstrates the same thing by the example of eyes, wings, hands, feet: "For this reason also two eyes were created, two wings, as many hands, and feet similar in duality, so that by the plurality of functions and unity of forms, all members might be provided with similar help. For what reason indeed were cities built, were communities gathered, were states united by the bond of law, except that by common obedient partnership, human affairs might not only be sufficient, but also tranquil? Woe therefore to the solitary: for when, tossed about with the unstable foot of pride, he has fallen deprived of society, he will have no one to lift him up. Indeed, domestic animals live in herds: the others also, as much as they can, cultivate the order of nature; he who flees companionship is either mad or wild. But the hermit is a companion of the gods." Having said these things, she left the lover of solitude sad." Mystically St. Jerome understands by companion Christ, who, like Elisha, vivifies us dead in sin: "Unless," he says, "Christ has slept with us and rested in death, we are not able to receive the heat of eternal life." Again our Alvarez de Paz, in book III On the Nature of Perfection, part III, chapter xxxii: Religious sleep together, he says, who, lying in the bed of religion and covered with charity, are engaged together in prayer and holy occupations: for these are heated by mutual desires and actions; but he sleeps alone who, his mind separated from others, prays or is occupied: for he does not have with him anyone joined by love, by whom he might be warmed.
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12. AND IF ANY ONE PREVAIL AGAINST ONE, TWO SHALL RESIST HIM. Symmachus, shall prevail over one. Hebrew, two shall stand before him, that is, against him, so that they may oppose him in war, not only defensive but also offensive. It is a meiosis: for by "resist" is understood: they shall attack and overcome him. For just as one stronger prevails over one weaker: so two weaker prevail over one stronger than either; because "not even Hercules against two;" and, as the Arabs say: "Two weak are stronger than a stone." Whence the Syrian and Arabic versions translate, even if one be strengthened, the two themselves rise up against him. The Septuagint of Complutum clearly: Even if one be overcome, two shall stand against him. St. Jerome, if some stronger enemy rise up against one, the weakness of the other friend shall be sustained by consolation; Thaumaturgus, he consults rashly and dangerously for himself, who attacks many men surrounded by mutual protection. To this pertains the Hebrew proverb in Res chelec in Sanhedrin: "Two dry woods burn one green," that is: "Two weak easily overcome one strong, if he be alone;" because "not even Hector is a match for two." The Chaldean takes this gnome concerning the just, who turn away the wrath of God stirred up by the impious; "When, he says, a man of wickedness and power breaks forth, whose reprobate works are borne by a certain propensity toward the occasion of bringing vengeance upon the world, two just men shall come forth against him, who by their merits turn away this impending vengeance." But here the matter concerns one who resists the wrath not of God, but of a hostile invader of a friend, as is evident from the words. It signifies therefore the third benefit of society and friendship, which is, that a friend should provide protection to a friend, while he defends him against the invader and fights for him, even with danger to his life, according to that in Prov. xviii, 19: "A brother who is helped by a brother is like a strong city." See the things said there. Whence St. Leo, serm. 4 On the Fast of the Tenth Month: "An ecclesiastical soldier, he says, even if he can act bravely in special battles, will nevertheless fight more safely and happily if he shall have stood openly against the enemy in the line of battle, where he may not only engage in combat with his own strength, but under the command of the unconquered King, associated with fraternal ranks, complete universal war. For with less danger do many fight with the enemy than individuals; nor is the place for a wound easily exposed, which is defended by the opposing shield of faith, not by his own strength alone, but also by the fortitude of others; so that where the cause of all is one, the victory may be one." Hence Joab said to his brother Abishai: "If the Syrians prevail against me, thou shalt be to me for help: but if the children of Ammon prevail against thee, I will help thee," II Kings x, 11. Nay, even Seneca, lib. IV On Benefits cap. xviii: "For in what other way, he says, are we safe, except that we help one another by mutual offices? By this one thing is life more equipped, and more fortified against sudden attacks, by the commerce of benefits. Make us individuals: what are we? Prey of animals and victims, and the most weak and easiest blood. Since to other animals their own strength suffices for their protection: whatever are born wandering, and about to live a solitary life, are armed: weakness surrounds man: not the force of nails, not of teeth, made him terrible to others: society protects him naked and weak. Two things it gave, which would make him subject to the most powerful, reason and society." Whence he concludes, and wins complete dominion: "Therefore he who could be equal to none, if separated, holds sway over things. Society gave him dominion over all animals: society, born of the earth, transmitted to him empire over an alien nature, and commanded him to rule even in the sea: this repelled the assaults of diseases, provided aids for old age, gave solaces against sorrows: this makes us strong, so that we may call upon it against fortune. Take this away: and you will sever the unity of the human race, by which life is sustained." Hence it is clear that charity and friendship, although they do not oblige one to heroic deeds such that one should squander his life for the life of a friend, or expose himself to danger, nevertheless permit the same, nay, even persuade it; wherefore it will be an act of generous and perfect charity and friendship, equally as of fortitude and magnanimity, if one should do this: because then one does not so much expose his life for the life of a friend, as for so many generous virtues to danger. For the good of these virtues is greater than that of life. Thus St. Thomas, II II, Question XXVI, art. 4: and there throughout the Theologians, and Master Suarez confirms by many reasons. Moreover, even philosophers, who did not recognize Christian and supernatural virtues, but only natural ones, such as civil friendship, taught the same thing, as Aristotle, IX Ethics cap. viii, Cicero, On Friendship, Seneca, epistle 9: "For what purpose, he says, do I prepare a friend? That I may have one for whom I am able to die; that I may have one whom I may follow into exile, whom I may oppose to death and devote myself to." Such friends among the gentiles were: Pylades and Orestes, Nisus and Euryalus, Theseus and Pirithous, Damon and Pythias, Eucritus and Evephenus, Servius Terentius and D. Brutus, whom Valerius Maximus recounts, lib. IV, cap. vii, of whom one willingly offered himself to death for the other, which not only philosophers, but also the Fathers and theologians praise, as St. Augustine, IV Confessions cap. lxi, St. Ambrose, lib. III On Duties cap. xii, St. Jerome in cap. vii of Micah; but hear Aristotle, lib. IX Ethics cap. viii: "It is true that of a good man it is said that he does many things for the sake of friends and country, even if death must be faced." And below: "Those who are accustomed to go to death for others choose for themselves something great and honorable." A THREEFOLD CORD IS NOT QUICKLY BROKEN. In Hebrew משלש mesculas, that is, tripled. For it is indeed pual piel, that is, a passive participle from שלש scilles, that is, he tripled. As if to say: A simple cord is easily broken, a double cord with difficulty, a triple cord with greater difficulty: so also a man, if he be alone, is more easily overcome by an enemy; if with a companion, with difficulty; if with two, with greater difficulty. The Syriac: a threefold thread is not quickly torn apart; the Arabic: a tripled thread is not lacerated suddenly; in Hebrew it is, a tripled thread is not broken in haste, or in speed; the Chaldean: how beautiful are three just men in a generation, among whom there is peace, like a cord of a fringe made from three strands, which is not quickly broken; or, as Costus translates it, they are indeed like fortifications with a triple order, which cannot be taken except with difficulty; or, as others say, like a chain which is twisted from three ropes, which will not be violently torn apart; St. Ambrose, epistle 17, a threefold cord is not quickly broken. THREEFOLD, that is, manifold: for it will be broken with greater difficulty, if it be fourfold, fivefold, sixfold, etc. Whence Symmachus translates, a threefold or fourfold cord is not quickly broken. Yet he says "threefold," both because a cord is accustomed to be tripled, that is, to be woven from three threads or strands, for elegance and strength; and to note that the society of a few, such as two or three, is robust; and to indicate the symbols of the number three, of which presently; and because threefold is often threefold in a threefold manner. For rope-makers are accustomed first to twist a cord from three threads, then to triple this cord, and from the triple to twist one together, then to triple the already tripled cord again; indeed, they also twist thick ropes, by which machines and masses are supported, from small ropes often tripled together. The sense therefore is, as if to say: Just as a rope woven and twisted from many threads cannot be broken, and is so strong that it lifts and sustains beams, stones and great masses on high, when individual threads of tow are thin, and therefore break: so likewise the united force of two or three becomes twofold or threefold, and therefore so strong that it cannot be overcome and broken. Again, just as cords the more they are twisted and more often tripled become denser and stronger, so that they cannot be broken: so the closer the society of two or more, and the more it is bound and tightened by more and greater offices of love and benevolence, the more robust and impregnable it is, as is evident in an army properly associated and densified. St. Bonaventure adds that the threefold respects and notes the threefold benefit of society already recounted. An apt example is found in Scilurus the Scythian, who, when dying, having summoned eighty sons, when they themselves could not break a bundle of arrows commanded by him, but each one individually broke easily: "In like manner, he said, if you shall be in agreement, you will remain strong and unconquered; if you are separated by dissensions, you will be weak and easily conquered." Thus Plutarch, Apophthegms. Morally, a threefold cord signifies perfect friendship among a few, namely among two or three: for these imitate the Holy Trinity, in which there is the highest union and concord of three persons, which among more people is wont to languish or vanish. Thus the Author in the book On Friendship, vol. IV of St. Augustine, cap. v. Hence Christ, Matthew xviii: "Where, says He, two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them," as to the three boys in the Babylonian furnace, persisting and constant in the faith and praise of God, there came "a fourth like unto the Son of God," Daniel III, 92. To signify this, as Pineda rightly notes, the Poets feign three Graces, because friendship seems to coalesce and be preserved especially by three: for a third friend intervening is wont to remove all satiety of daily intercourse with one and the same person; then also disputes arising frequently and suspicions between two friends are easily allayed and settled by the intervention, exhortation and judgment of a third. Symbolically first, a threefold cord is the Most Holy Trinity, says St. Paulinus, epistle 4 to Severus, which is the fountain of all society, friendship and concord, and therefore the first indissoluble and uncreated society, and charity, and therefore most invincible, which subdues and conquers all things. Thus St. Ambrose, epistle 17: "A threefold cord, says he, is not quickly broken. For three things which are not composite are not broken. The Trinity of uncomposite nature cannot be broken, because God is one and simple, and whatever is is uncomposite." Cardinal Hugo adds the power of the Father, the wisdom of the Son, the goodness of the Holy Spirit, by which threefold cord the devil is bound, so that he cannot harm those who are unwilling. St. Basil joins in, who in book V Against Eunomius, who wished to rend asunder the Most Holy Trinity, and the Father from the Son and Holy Spirit: "The Trinity, says he, shall not be rent asunder, and is to be worshipped in one and eternal glory, bearing everywhere the same one and sole divinity, unbroken, uncut, indivisible, filling all things, containing all things, existing in all things, creating, governing, sanctifying, vivifying. This divine and most admirable bond is not rent asunder, as it is written: A threefold cord shall not be quickly broken." Moreover Rabbi Johannan in Galatinus, lib. VI, cap. x: A threefold cord, says he, that is the mystery of God one and three, is not quickly broken, that is, is not easily scattered and unraveled. The Brahmans, or Gymnosophists, among the Indians wear a cord twisted from three others, each of which in turn consists of three threads, to signify the three persons in the Holy Trinity; so that they may indicate one nature and divinity, they bind the extremes of the cord to each other with one knot, as Maffaeus, Osorius and others writing about Indian affairs relate, and Perpinus, oration 8 On God Three and One. Moreover I have reviewed many mysteries of the ternary in Amos cap. i, vers. 3. Secondly, St. Jerome by a threefold cord understands the Most Holy Trinity, inasmuch as it arms and strengthens us; likewise Christ, whose fellowship makes us superior to all enemies: "It is better, says he, to have Christ in oneself (or a companion), than to suffer alone the devil; but if the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit should come, this fellowship shall not be quickly broken." Thus also Salonius. Thirdly, others understand the Incarnation, in which three things are joined in the closest bond, namely soul, flesh and the Word; and although in the death of Christ the first two were loosed, yet the third, namely the Word, was not separated from them: and after the resurrection the threefold cord was restored indissoluble. Tropologically first, St. Gregory, XXXIII Moral. cap. ix, or according to another edition xii, by a threefold cord understands faith in the Holy Trinity: "Because faith, says he, which is woven from the knowledge of the Trinity from the mouth of preachers, remaining strong in the elect, is scattered in the heart of the reprobate alone." And St. Isidore in Exodus cap. xlvi: "A threefold cord is not broken, says he, which is the faith of the Holy Trinity, on which depends, and by which is sustained the whole Church." Secondly, St. Bernard, sermon 16 on the Canticles, understands by the threefold cord three principal members of man, namely the heart, the mouth and the hands, which, inspired by the Holy Spirit, work together for good: "This once, he says, He bestowed upon the whole of mankind, this daily we feel to be wrought in each of us individually, and namely to the heart is given the light of understanding, and to the mouth the word of edification, and to the hands the work of justice. He gives to feel faithfully, gives to speak manfully, gives to accomplish effectually. And it is a threefold cord which is not easily broken, for drawing souls out of the prison of the devil, and drawing them after itself to the kingdoms of heaven: if you feel rightly, if you speak worthily, if by living you confirm it." Again Olympiodorus understands it as the soul, the body and the spirit, which three ought to be connected and bound to the worship and service of God, as the Apostle teaches in 1 Thessalonians v, 23. Thirdly, St. Jerome understands faith, hope and charity, in which true religion of God consists. So also St. Paulinus, epistle 4 to Sulpicius, where he admonishes that we weave our works with this threefold cord. Others on the contrary refer it to the threefold concupiscence, namely of the flesh, of the eyes and of pride, which, when bound together, are not easily broken, by which Eve was deceived. Thus St. Bernard, sermon On the Annunciation. Fourthly, the carnal Hebrews in Galatinus, book II, chapter i: A threefold cord, they say, is the most firm love between husband, wife and offspring. Fifthly, others understand it as the three parts of penance, contrition, confession and satisfaction, from which the cord of grace and charity is woven. Again Cardinal Hugh: A threefold cord, he says, is charity which is woven together as it were with three parts, which are rectitude, breadth and strength of love. Breadth, so that it embraces all, even enemies, in the bosom of charity, according to that saying of Christ: "Love your enemies," Matthew chapter v; strength, so that for his God it does not hesitate to suffer all things and to die, according to that: "Love is strong as death," Canticles chapter viii. Again the threefold cord is charity composed as it were of a threefold rope, by which namely we love God for His own sake, and we love our neighbors for God's sake, and we embrace our own salvation for God's sake with love: which therefore is not easily overcome by any temptation, and therefore it is fitting that we be joined to our neighbors by the bond of mutual love, strengthened by whose powers we may overcome any adversaries whatsoever.
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13. BETTER IS A POOR AND WISE CHILD THAN A KING OLD AND FOOLISH, WHO KNOWETH NOT TO PROVIDE FOR THE FUTURE. The Talmudic interpreters in the Midrash hold that here are set in opposition genii, or spirits and angels assigned by God to man, one good, which is signified here by the poor and wise child: he is called a child because after the fourteenth year of age he insinuates himself to man; the other evil, which is signified here by the old and foolish king, because it is more ancient and is present to man from his birth, and reigns in him. He is called foolish because he opposes reason and wisdom; for he causes an infant to think of and desire nothing but food and sensible goods: but these are the trifles of the Talmudists. Yet it was once the opinion of many Hebrews, Greeks and Latins that two angels, one good and one evil, are given to man from the beginning, as I have said elsewhere, and St. Jerome here transmits the same opinion from R. Barachia. The same St. Jerome adds three other interpretations: the first of the Thaumaturgus, to wit, A wise man, though a child and poor, is better than a fool, though he be a king and old, because the latter often falls from his kingdom, while the former is exalted to a kingdom; the second of the Laodicene, to wit, A wise child foreseeing the goods and evils of the future life is better than a foolish king who, not thinking of the future, delights in present and perishable things as if they were great and perpetual; the third of Origen and Victorinus, to wit, A poor and wise child is Christ, of whom Isaiah, chapter ix, says: "A little child is born to us, and a son is given to us;" an old and foolish king is the devil, who from the origin of this world rules over worldly things as a king. But this third interpretation is mystical, the second tropological, the first literal and genuine. Cajetan, in his manner, acutely refers these things to a threefold cord, which, he says, if you weave it from childhood, poverty and wisdom, it will be stronger than if you weave another threefold cord from kingship, old age and foolishness. But this interpretation is more subtle than solid. I say therefore plainly and genuinely that wisdom is here set in opposition to and preferred over foolishness by antithesis, even though the latter is adorned with sovereignty and old age, which the former lacks. The sense therefore is, as if to say, Wisdom and the wise man are of such worth, that even if poor and a child, he surpasses foolishness and the fool, even if the latter be a king and old. For wisdom is so excellent that it makes childhood and poverty, which appear contemptible, commendable; but foolishness, on the other hand, makes even royal and aged dignity, which are in themselves praiseworthy, contemptible: wherefore it often happens that a young poor man through prudence is raised to a kingdom; but a king old and foolish through imprudence is cast down from it, as the following verse explains: for the present verse and the two following pertain to this. Wisdom therefore is like gold, which gilds bronze, tin and other metals, and makes them gilded and as it were golden; nay, it is like the philosopher's stone, by which alchemists are said to convert bronze and other metals into gold; in a similar manner wisdom adorns poverty and youth, which in themselves are base and foolish, and as it were gilds them, nay, transmutes them into itself and its own dignity, while it informs and animates them as it were, so that they appear to be wise and to be wisdom. Whence it itself "maketh the tongues of infants eloquent," Wisdom x, 21; but it makes the poor, through the fear and love of God (for this is practical and true wisdom), like unto kings, nay, like unto the Word and Son of God, and therefore heirs of glory and eternal kingdom. Conversely, foolishness disgraces royal and aged dignity, which shines like gold, and as it were converts it in itself into base bronze or lead, while through pride, avarice, and like impiety, it casts down foolish and impious kings to the earth, and then to the depths, and makes them bellows and fuel of hell. He passes from the vanity of solitude and the solitary man, by antithesis, to the vanity of a kingdom and of kings, for these are by no means alone, because they abound in servants, soldiers and followers. Solomon alludes to himself, and here tacitly portrays himself; for he was made king as a child, namely in the twelfth year of his age, as St. Ignatius wishes, epistle 3 to the Magnesians; or rather, as Pineda and others hold, in the eighteenth year, and then he had scanty riches, and was as it were poor compared to the riches which he had when old; but nevertheless through the wisdom given to him he was superior to Saul, an old and foolish king. Nay, Solomon as a wise child was superior to himself when already old and foolish; for then through luxury and idolatry he became foolish, and lost himself and his kingdom, and then God raised up Jeroboam, a young king of Israel, to the kingdom of ten tribes. But growing old he set up golden calves, and brought idolatry into Israel, and therefore was deprived of his kingdom, life and offspring. This maxim signifies, therefore, first, that the wisdom of youths and the poor surpasses the kingdom of foolish old men; second, that wisdom is sharpened both by youth and by poverty: for youth has keen wit, and a lively and generous spirit, and thus meditates and hopes for great things, and undertakes great efforts to promote and elevate itself. Such was Hermogenes, who at the age of fifteen was of such wisdom and eloquence that the Emperor Antoninus would come to hear him; whence that saying: "Hermogenes among boys an old man." Again, youth is simple and candid, and modest and humble, especially if it be of slender fortune and poor, and therefore more capable of wisdom. Whence the Philosopher says: "Poverty," he says, "is the restorer of wisdom." Hence Socrates, Diogenes, Crates and many others despised riches, that they might philosophize, and might more readily and freely devote themselves to wisdom. Poverty therefore and youth sharpen wisdom. On the other hand, age and wealth, especially in kings and princes, dull wisdom; for they are an occasion of gluttony, luxury, pride, which infatuate a man. Hence third, it signifies that kings are often infatuated in old age, partly because through wealth they have devoted themselves to delights, to the belly and to lust through almost their whole life; partly because from the length of their reign, they become too secure, proud and tyrannical, and therefore hateful to the people, who accordingly not rarely depose them from the throne, and create other princes for themselves. Whence for fool in Hebrew is kesil, that is, vain and inconstant, who changes like the moon: for thus an unwise king changes, both through various thoughts and desires, by which he is tossed about like the Euripus; and through various turns of fortune, which the mutability of this life brings forth: such are the murmurings of the people, seditions, tumults, which when he is unable to foresee, or neglects, and sleeps securely and carelessly over the kingdom possessed for so many years, he is thereupon stripped of it. Examples are, first, in Saul, who when young and poor was wise, and therefore was raised to the kingdom; but growing old, through presumption, arrogantly claiming for himself the right of sacrifice, he became foolish, and therefore was cast down from the kingdom. Whence he heard from God: "Was not thou small in thy own eyes, when thou wast made head of the tribes of Israel?" I Kings xv, 17. Second, in David, who when young and poor, namely a shepherd of sheep; but wise, innocent and holy, was substituted for Saul, old, proud and foolish in the kingdom. Yet he himself, growing old, became insolent, committed adultery and murder, and was nearly cast down from the kingdom by his son Absalom. So also Cyrus, nurtured among shepherds, by his youthful skill and fortitude prepared for himself the kingdom of the Persians. Third, in Solomon, who succeeded David when old as a youth and flourished in wisdom and holiness; but growing older he became foolish beyond all through luxury and idolatry. Fourth, in Jeroboam, who when young, poor, a fugitive and an exile, but prudent and sagacious, was made king of Israel. But growing old he set up golden calves, and introduced idolatry into Israel, and therefore was deprived of the kingdom, life and offspring. Fifth, in Joseph, who when young and wise, shut up in prison, foresaw the coming famine, and predicted it to Pharaoh who knew it not, and therefore was made prince of Egypt, and provided for all Egypt, soon for the world in the famine with food; to Joseph indeed this passage is clearly alluded to from the following verse. Sixth, the Chaldean set forth an example in Abraham and Nimrod; for thus he translated: "Abraham who was poor, and in him was the spirit of wisdom from the face of the Lord, and he knew his Creator, when he was three years of age, and was unwilling to serve idols, was better than Nimrod the impious, who was an old and foolish king. And because Abraham was unwilling to serve idols, they cast him into the midst of a furnace of burning fire, and a miracle from the Lord of the ages happened to him, and he delivered him thence, and afterwards there was no knowledge in Nimrod, that he might be admonished thereafter, that he should not serve the idols which he had served before." But let the credibility of these things rest with the Chaldean. Finally, this maxim signifies that it is fitting for kings and princes to be poor, that is, lovers of poverty and of the poor, lest, if they greedily covet riches, they plunder their subjects and oppress the poor. Thus Moses, Samuel, Saul and David at the beginning of their reign were poor; and concerning the king God ordains in Deuteronomy xvii, 17: "He shall not have many wives, which may allure his mind, nor immense quantities of silver and gold." For women and excessive riches destroyed Solomon. Thus the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, were poor and indeed farmers, as were Camillus, Fabius, Attilius, Cincinnatus, Scipio and other princes and dictators of Rome, whom Valerius Maximus recounts in book IV, chapter iv. Concerning Maecenas, the friend and minister of Caesar Augustus, Dio writes in book xx: "In his private affairs he used the greatest frugality, and in public matters he proved most generous." Lycurgus, the legislator of Sparta, ordained that princes equally with citizens should hate avarice and excessive riches; for thus his government would be eternal. The same thing St. Ambrose requires in a Christian prince, in book I of the Duties. The histories of the Indies relate that among the Peruvians the Inca kings, before they enter upon their reign, for some days clothed in torn garments, walk through the city as poor men and beggars, to show that poverty and the poor are dear to their heart and care and shall be. Something similar occurs in the inauguration of the Archduke of Carinthia. For the archduke to be inaugurated walks in rustic dress, which when a rustic observes from a rock, he asks who that is; the attendants reply that he is the archduke, and after some words exchanged back and forth, the rustic gives the archduke a light blow on the cheek, and orders him to administer justice as a legitimate prince; the prince in turn gives his garments to the rustic: which is a sign that he was originally chosen as a farmer to be archduke. Thus Aeneas Sylvius in the Description of Europe, and from him Peter Gregorius, book VII On the Republic, chapter xv, number 15. WHO KNOWETH NOT TO PROVIDE FOR THE FUTURE. He shows in what the folly of an old king consists, namely in lack of foresight; for the wisdom of a king is foresight by which he provides for both himself and his kingdom in the future: for himself, that he may strengthen himself in his kingdom, restrain the movements of the people, scatter the attempts of foreigners who covet his realm, and as from a watchtower foresee and examine all things harmful to him; for his kingdom, that there may be sufficient grain, that crimes and robberies may be prevented, that peace may be preserved between nobles and common people, etc. Whence St. Jerome translates it, who knoweth not to guard against change; Gregory the Wonderworker, to whom it never occurred that change could happen. For provide in Hebrew is הזהר hizzaher, which our translator renders variously in various places, namely, to shine, to observe, to anticipate, to beware, to guard; the Septuagint sometimes translates it as to shine, as in Daniel xii, 3; sometimes as to distinguish, as in Ezekiel xix, 20 and 21; sometimes as to guard, as in Psalm xviii, 12; sometimes as to guard against, as in this place; sometimes as to signify, as in Ezekiel xxxiii, 3; sometimes as to pronounce, as in Ezekiel xxxiii, 9. Properly hizzaher is to shine: whence זוהר zohar is called brightness, splendor, radiance; from this it signifies to admonish oneself, to be admonished by another, and to receive the admonition of another, as Pagninus, Campensis, the Zurich Bible and others translate it (whence they translate, he who no longer admits admonition); from this it means to foresee, to guard against, to be circumspect, to warn, to teach, to instruct, because salutary admonition is as it were a certain illumination, splendor and flashing, that is a foretelling and foresight of the future; it is the same as a ray and a certain flash of prudence and providence. For he who, exulting in a long-lasting kingdom, does not wish to be admonished, but scorns and hates those who admonish, often falls into the snares of rebels or enemies, and is deprived of life and kingdom. Whence the Chaldean translates, and beyond this there is no knowledge that he may be admonished further; Symmachus, who knoweth not to guard against change; the Syriac, who knoweth not to guard further; the Arabic, he knew not that it would return upon himself. Therefore this lack of foresight in an old and foolish king is born from prolonged success in reigning: for this so intoxicates him as to drive him mad; mindful of past fortune, forgetful of future, he rests secure in the present as if it were certain, and thus easily lies open to the snares of rivals and enemies, by whom he is suddenly overwhelmed. For prosperity makes one secure and proud, so that he thinks no one can resist him: the same, combined with old age, makes him drowsy and negligent in providing, according to that saying: "Twice a child is the old man;" and: "A delirious old man." From the continuous prosperity of his reign, he thus lives sluggishly and securely, as if he had fixed the helm to the wheel of fortune and the prosperity of his kingdom, when on the contrary there is no greater danger to a king and kingdom than from excessive security and overconfidence: for this neglects to foresee the snares, machinations, tumults, wars and other adversities threatening him and his kingdom, and therefore likewise neglects to provide remedies to guard against or avert them.
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14. THAT SOMEONE SOMETIMES GOES OUT FROM PRISON AND CHAINS TO A KINGDOM; AND ANOTHER BORN IN A KINGDOM IS CONSUMED BY POVERTY. "That," in Hebrew כי ki, that is, because, since. For it gives the reason why a poor boy, but wise, is better than an old and foolish king, namely because he through wisdom is sometimes even raised up from prison, that is from the lowest place and condition to a kingdom; but this one is cast down from the kingdom, and reduced to poverty of condition and life. For "born in a kingdom" is the same as born of a parent who is king, sprung from royal blood: for this is opposed to a slave imprisoned, who, born of a slave father, ascends to a kingdom. It alludes to Joseph, who from prison on account of his wisdom and foreknowledge of the coming famine was raised to the principate of Egypt, Genesis xli. Conversely, Zedekiah king of Judah, captured by the Chaldeans, blinded, and bound, was led into Babylon, IV Kings xxv; and Nebuchadnezzar, born in a kingdom, that is the son of a king, namely of the elder Nebuchadnezzar, and confirmed in the kingdom for thirty and more years, on account of his lack of wisdom and pride was cast down from the kingdom, indeed changed from human form into a beast, Daniel iv, 30. Thus Servius Tullius, the fourth king of the Romans from Romulus, was raised from slavery (whence he was called Servius) to the kingdom. P. Ventidius, captured by Pompey, came forth from prison as Emperor of a Roman army, and triumphed as victor over the Parthians, as Valerius Maximus testifies, lib. VI, cap. x. Something similar happened to Gaius Marius, who triumphed over the Cimbri. To this pertains what Heraclides writes in the book On Polities, in the Cimmerian polity: "The Lydians," he says, "when pressed by harsh rule, and having heard that there was a certain Cimmaean of excellence, sent an embassy and summoned him to the kingdom, and finding a slave in the workshop of a cart-maker, they took him up, having paid the price, from servitude." Similar things are recounted by Lucius Florus, lib. II, cap. xix, and Paulus Aemilius in Dione. I have recounted more examples from Pliny at Ecclesiastes x, 28, to those words: "A wise servant shall rule over foolish sons." Truly Plutarch, in the treatise On Precepts for the Conduct of the State: "He who knows not how to serve," he says, "cannot know how to rule." To this pertains that tragic day of the Sacaea among the Persians, which Dio thus describes, oration 4 On Kingship: "They take one of the captives for death, and place him on the king's throne, and give him royal garments, and allow him to rule, and to live and to enjoy delights and to use the concubines of those days of the kingdom, and no one forbids him to do anything he wishes; after this, however, stripped and beaten with rods, they hang him." Then he brings forth the reason and significance of this custom and rite, saying: "What do you think is the sign of this thing, and why is it done among the Persians? Is it not because often foolish and wicked men acquire such power and name, and then living for some time most shamefully and swiftly are destroyed?" Alluding to this, Barlaam represents to King Josaphat by a similar parable the vanity and deception of this life to the life, with John of Damascus, in History, cap. xiv. Furthermore, the Chaldean of the Complutensians (for these things were cut out in the Royal edition) continues to adapt these to Abraham and Nimrod: "Since," he says, "Abraham went out from the province of idols, and reigned over the land of Canaan; and in the days of Abraham's reign Nimrod became poor in the world:" where "reigned" is the same as became rich and powerful; for Abraham had a large household, in which he reigned as it were a prince; whence from it he led out 318 soldiers, with whom he defeated four kings, and freed Lot from their hands, Genesis cap. xiv; otherwise it is certain that Abraham was not king over the land of Canaan. Again, that Nimrod became poor is uncertain; for we read this nowhere. This is as to the vulgate reading. For the Hebrew, the Septuagint and the Syriac, Arabic, Pagninus, Vatablus and the other Hebraists do not have "the other." Whence they sound thus: Since from the house of the bound he came forth to a kingdom, because also in his kingdom was born a poor one; which all take of one and the same in various ways and explain; but commonly thus, that by prison they understand the womb of the mother, as if to say: A king also when born from the womb of his mother, as it were from prison comes forth bound and miserable, bound by few membranes: naked and poor like other men: wherefore mindful of this condition of his, let him not become insolent in the kingdom, nor carry himself proudly over others, but conduct himself modestly lest he be cast down from the kingdom, and relegated to his original nakedness and poverty. Thus Olympiodorus, Aben-Ezra, Vatablus, Osorius and the rest. But it is clear that this saying is not to be understood of one and the same person, but of two mutually opposed: first, from the fact that it gives the reason for the preceding verse, namely why the poor boy who is wise is better than the old king and the fool. This reason is that he by wisdom is often raised to the kingdom, while the latter is cast down from it on account of his foolishness, because he reigned imprudently, proudly and unjustly. Second, from the Chaldean paraphrase, which understands these things of two, namely Abraham and Nimrod, and from Symmachus, who translates: "For one goes forth from prison to reign; but another, though born a king, is oppressed by poverty." Third, from St. Jerome, who in his old edition from the Septuagint translates thus: "Because he goes forth from the house of the bound to reign, because also in his kingdom a poor man was born," that is to say, The old king, but a fool, does not notice that it can happen that someone from those whom he himself bound goes forth to the kingdom from prison, while he himself falls from the kingdom, which he managed foolishly and unjustly. Whence mystically St. Jerome, understanding by the wise and poor boy Christ, and by the old and foolish king the devil, explains thus: "This one (Christ) was born in the kingdom of the old man (the devil, who before Christ reigned through infidelity in the world), and therefore he says: If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would certainly fight for me, that I should not be delivered to the Jews; but now my kingdom is not of this world, John xviii. In the kingdom therefore of that foolish old man, who showed him all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them, the best boy went forth from the house of the bound (of whom Jeremiah speaks in the Lamentations: That he might humble under his feet all the bound of the earth, Lam. III), proceeded to the kingdom, and went into a far country, and against those who would not have him to reign over them, after some time the king returned. Therefore with prophetic spirit Ecclesiastes saw all the living, who can be partakers of the young man saying: I am the life, John cap. xiv, the old foolish king being dismissed, to follow Christ. And at the same time two peoples of Israel are signified. The first which was in the coming of the Lord, and the latter which is about to receive Antichrist for Christ; so that the first is not utterly cast off. For the first Church was gathered from the Jews and the Apostles, and in the end the Jews, who are about to receive Antichrist for Christ, will not rejoice in Christ." Morally, learn here the vanity of kingdoms and kings, from the fact that men of the lowest sort, namely slaves and the imprisoned, are often raised from their bonds to the kingdom; while kings and the sons of kings are cast down from the throne to poverty and low estate. For this is the inconstancy of fortune, this is the unstable game of this life, this is the changeable vicissitude of kingdoms. For just as it is often the lot of merchants here that they yield their goods, of sailors that they are submerged: so he who administers the commonwealth for a long time is forced to sustain some adverse misfortune; suffering this fall, let him find consolation in that saying of Macrobius: "Not all can be first at all times. When you have come to the highest degree of glory, you will stand with difficulty, and you will fall more quickly than you descended. I have fallen, he who follows will fall, this is public praise." For small, says Polybius, intervals of time place men on the highest pinnacle, and then reduce the same to extreme misery and calamity, and especially those who live their lives in the courts of princes. For these are like counters, which are usually given in public councils. For just as these are now bronze, now gold: so courtiers, according to the will of the king, are now blessed, now miserable. Agesilaus, while still a boy, when he was placed in a place of little honor by the master of the chorus in gymnastic games, although he had been declared king, obeyed saying: "I will show that it is not places that give dignity to men, but men to places." Seneca, lib. On Tranquility, cap. iii: "If a citizen loses his office," he says, "let him exercise that of a man;" and earlier: "A great spirit has where it can unfold itself, even in a private home." And below he gives wise and prudent counsel: "Do not wait until circumstances abandon you, but disjoin yourself from them." This change is useful: for, as Mantuan says: "It has profited many, from the height of wealth or honor, to have fallen to the quiet of a modest lot, in which, as the Poet says: You will rejoice less, and you will grieve less. And in this way the vile world becomes worthless to those who look to the eternal; for deceived by the vanity of the world, they seek truth and true goods in the heavens, and say that saying of the Poet: I have found a harbor; hope and fortune, farewell: I have nothing to do with you, now play with others. And they think on that of Seneca in Hercules Furens: O fortune envious to strong men, how unequally do you divide rewards to the good? And that of Lucretius, lib. V On the Nature of Things: For Envy casts them down as it were a thunderbolt from on high, struck down, sometimes into the contempt of the depths of the earth. Thus Hermias was slain at Antioch in luxury, with that man looking on and approving, as Polybius says in book vii. Sejanus, the colleague of Tiberius, was punished by this sentence from him: "It is resolved that Sejanus be executed by the sword, his body cast into the Gemonian stairs, and all his children put to death." Thus Dio in his account of Tiberius. Plautianus, almost the colleague of the Emperor Severus, miserably perished, and his corpse was shamefully cast into the street. Thus Zonaras, vol. II of the Annals: "Amid so many favors of fortune, mortal caution is not sufficiently careful," says Curtius, book viii. Merit does Seneca exclaim: O Fortune, deceitful with the great goods of kingdoms! in a precipice and too uncertain you place the lofty. Never have scepters held a peaceful quiet, nor a certain day of their own. "Great trees," says Curtius, "grow for a long time, are uprooted in one hour. He is foolish who looks upon their fruit and does not measure their height. See that, while you strive to reach the summit, you do not fall with the very branches which you grasp. A lion too has sometimes been the food of the smallest birds, and rust consumes iron. Nothing is so firm that danger does not threaten it even from the weak. Therefore hold your fortune with clenched hands: impose reins upon your happiness, thus you will rule it more easily." Manilius, book IV of the Astronomy: Why should I count the overturned cities and the ruins of kings? And Croesus on the pyre? And Priam truncated on the shore, for whom not even Troy was a pyre? Why Xerxes greater and the shipwreck itself in the sea? Why kings captured in a column? Sesostris, king of Egypt, carried in a golden chariot, ordered it to be drawn by four kings conquered by him, one of whom, constantly casting his eyes upon the wheels, being asked by him why he did this: I marvel, he said, at the wheel rolling, now raised to the heights, now brought down to the depths. Sesostris understood that he was noting to him the inconstancy of fortune and of human happiness: wherefore, considering that the same fate could befall him, he determined that they should no longer draw the chariot for him. Thus Nicephorus, book xviii, chapter xxix. To this pertains that saying of Juvenal, satire 7: If fortune wills, you will become a consul from a rhetor. If this same fortune wills, you will become a rhetor from a consul. Wherefore prudently Ausonius admonishes: Hold fortune with reverence, whoever you are who suddenly proceed rich from an exile. I have said more on this matter in Ecclesiastes, chapter x, almost throughout.
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15. I SAW ALL THE LIVING WHO WALK UNDER THE SUN, WITH THE YOUNG MAN WHO RISES UP IN HIS PLACE. The Septuagint: who shall stand in his place, namely in place of the old king, his father, of whom the discourse went before in the preceding verse. Whence Campensis: I saw the greatest number of men follow that young man; who is about to succeed the old man in the kingdom. Less correctly the Chaldean restricts this sense to Rehoboam and Jeroboam: "Solomon the prophet said in the spirit of prophecy before the face of the Lord: I saw all the living who walk in their wisdom, that they might refuse Rehoboam under the sun, and divide his kingdom, that it might be given to Jeroboam. Nevertheless the heart of the tribes of Benjamin and Judah made perfect with the young man Rehoboam my son, who was second in my kingdom, that he might rise up and reign in place of the possession of his in Jerusalem." He continues to show the vanity of kingdoms and of kings, from the fact that subjects abandon an aging king, as one soon to die, and follow, support, honor the son of the king, a young man second in the kingdom, and therefore destined to reign when the king dies, and seek his favor, as one from whom they hope for greater and more lasting things. Solomon had seen this happen in his father David, whom almost all Israel abandoned when old, following Absalom his son, invading the kingdom of his father, II Kings xv, 13. He experienced the same in himself; for the people despised him as an old man raving, and looked to Rehoboam his son, because he himself "through luxury and idolatry became abominable to his people, and held in contempt even by his own servants," as St. Thomas says, lib. III De Regim. princip. cap. viii. The reason is twofold, namely novelty and hope. For all courtiers, equally as common people, are eager for novelty; whence, wearied of the long reign of their king, and loathing his ways, and perhaps injured by him, they turn themselves to the new and young king: especially because old men are wont to be avaricious, morose, gloomy; young men however are usually more liberal, more spirited, and give greater evidence of great deeds at the beginning of their reign; therefore he appears to them as a new and beneficent Jupiter, this rising star of liberality. Hope, because those who have already been enriched by the old king hope for nothing more from him; but from the young man newly reigning, they expect new and greater things. For these and other reasons, a long life and power of princes is always grave and troublesome to courtiers and people, as we see at Rome from time to time before our eyes. Note on under the sun, because just as the rising sun after the long darkness of night is most pleasing to the eyes of those beholding it; so also is a new king to subjects wearied of an old king. Whence Pompey, when Sylla refused him a triumph, answered: "Sylla does not know that more adore the rising sun than the setting sun." Hearing this, Sylla exclaimed: "Let him triumph." Thus Plutarch in the Life of Pompey. Courtiers therefore and people turn about with new princes, just as the heliotrope turns itself and revolves with the sun; wherefore kings and princes should not trust in them. Truly Seneca: "Few kings, not kingdoms, are honored." And Timotheus in Athenaeum, lib. III: "I do not sing of old things: if there are any new things, the same and better. Jupiter, who is young, reigns: once Saturn ruled."
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16. THERE IS NO END TO ALL THE PEOPLE, TO ALL THAT WERE BEFORE HIM: AND THEY ALSO THAT SHALL COME AFTER SHALL NOT REJOICE IN HIM: BUT THIS ALSO IS VANITY AND VEXATION OF SPIRIT. Hebrew: there is no end to all the people, to all that were before them; and also the last or those following shall not rejoice in him: because this also is vanity and malice of spirit; Septuagint: presumption of spirit; Syriac: disturbance of spirit; Arabic: was there not confusion to all the people, and to all who went before them; and never shall those who come after rejoice in him: therefore this is vain, and vexation of spirit. The Chaldean continues to adapt these things to Rehoboam, whom the Israelites, disdaining on account of his harshness, created for themselves Jeroboam as king, which greatly afflicted Rehoboam. Now first, you may plainly expound it thus, that is to say: Infinite, that is, very many, as if an innumerable multitude of men followed the former kings, who were before this young king and his father now aged, flattered them, and applauded them; moreover those who come after, who will be very many, shall not see this young man, nor shall they follow him with festive acclamations, horses, chariots, and carriages; wherefore there is no reason why he himself should exult youthfully in this kingdom of his and become insolent, as one honored by few and known but moderately, and destined to be short-lived and to be transferred to others. Therefore the kingdom and the young king, and his applause and triumphs, are mere vanity and vexation of spirit. If therefore he is wise, he will say to himself: Behold, now indeed I am more powerful in the kingdom, and the whole people applaud me as king; but how many ages have already passed away, in which there was no knowledge of me! how many thousands of men have already died without end, who knew nothing of me, neither by fame nor by name! how great also in the ages to come will be the multitude of men, among whom my memory will be either altogether none, or very slight, and that among very few! Why therefore do I wish to exult, as if holding something great, or why do I exult, as if blessed; when rather this present exultation, so great as this, to me thus considering it, turns into vexation of spirit? Secondly and more strictly, that is to say: Infinite was the multitude of people, namely of all who were before them. Hebrew: before their face, that is, who as it were forerunners, for the sake of honor, with joy, pomp and applause went before the young king and his father once young; but those who come after shall not do this, nor shall they rejoice in him, in that manner in which the people are accustomed to delight in their king and exult, but they shall either abandon and disdain him, as one likewise now growing old, or ruling harshly and tyrannically, or from their own fickleness shall consign him to oblivion, as one now dead and buried; and thus they shall pass over to another, who succeeded him. See therefore here the vanity of kingdoms and kings: namely, "thus passes the glory of the world," like burning tow. Whence Campensis translates: the number was not less of those who once followed this old man, when he was placed over the kingdom: so also the power of him who now pleases so greatly will seem burdensome to those who come after; wherefore that ambition also has its own vanity and weariness of mind. To this pertains the exposition of Titelmann and Clarius, who think the young man to be the second, the wise boy of whom verse 13 speaks; for in both places in the Hebrew it is ילד ieled, that is, boy, young man, adolescent. Thus therefore they expound: I saw by a very great number of men this adolescent followed, who was to succeed the old and foolish king. There also preceded before the young man the same an innumerable multitude of those who attended the old man; but afterwards his power seemed burdensome, and therefore they revolted from him. In the same manner a new king, who is assumed in place of another, although he may have those in the beginning who adhere to him with joy and applause, yet after he shall have been confirmed in the kingdom, they shall not rejoice in him, but he shall also begin to seem burdensome, just as the authority and power of the preceding one. But this happens either through the fault of the successor, because he does not remain such as he appeared to be about to be when he was assumed into the kingdom, but tends toward tyranny, on account of which the former was cast down, or even into a greater one; or through the fault of the subjects, who murmur without cause, although he treats them less harshly than the former; or because they are younger, and therefore have not experienced the tyranny of the former king, hence they do not rejoice in the successor, as those rejoice who lived under the former and suffered hard things from him. Titelmann brings forward two other expositions from the Hebrew; but because they are discordant from the Vulgate, I therefore omit them. Consult him, if you please. The sum signifies how great is the vanity of kingdoms and kings, as being things in which there is no firmness and constancy, but it is necessary that they be perpetually troubled by cares, fears, anxieties, suspicions, hatreds, and plots. Moreover Thaumaturgus interprets it differently, and suggests another vanity, namely moroseness and envy, which the young king incurs with his aged father on account of the favor of the people, and with his counselors and courtiers, so that on this account he is sometimes deposed from principality, or destroyed by poison, as we have seen happen more than once in this age. Thus therefore he translates: sometimes it happens that those who are subject to a young man, but otherwise prudent, are at least free from sadness, the older men. For it is proper to the aged to be morose toward the younger, and indeed also toward the morals and deeds of a younger prince, always praising the deeds of past times. Allegorically St. Ambrose, On the Institution of Virgins, chapter xi and xii, reading by way of interrogation in this manner: "I saw all who live, who walk under the sun with a second young man; who shall rise up for him?" The second young man, he says, is Christ, who is first according to divinity; but second according to the flesh, because after Adam, according to that: "The first man of the earth, earthly; the second man from heaven, heavenly," I Cor. xv. For who shall rise up for Christ, since he rose up for all, and in him all have risen, since they have received the hope of resurrection?" and soon after: "There is no end to all his people, because the people of Christ is innumerable and has no end, to whom the faith of eternal resurrection acquires the age of perpetual life." Again the Author of the Greek Catena understands by the second young man the Antichrist, whom all the Jews will follow in place of Christ at the end of the world, likewise Adam, whom all his descendants will follow. St. Jerome has the same from Victorinus and Origen. AND THIS ALSO IS VANITY AND AFFLICTION OF SPIRIT. The Syriac, perturbation of spirit; others, torment of spirit. "This," namely the fickleness of the people now walking with the father king, now with the son, and applauding him; for when it transfers itself from the father to the son, it soon incurs the wrath and vengeance of the father, so that it is treated harshly by him, or punished with a heavier penalty, to say nothing of the fact that this ambition has great servitude, troubles and tediums. Thus Hugo of St. Victor, Clarius, Vatable and others. Secondly and more genuinely, "this," namely the kingdom and the applause of the young king, which namely "all who live walk with the second young man;" for this applause is the breath of the people, which quickly either by age and senility, or by the fickleness of the crowd, or by the vice of ruling, lust and pride, withers, fades, changes and vanishes; and then the young man, when he sees himself abandoned by his own, is tormented and afflicted. Whence Symmachus translates, but this is a breath and feeding of the wind. For the applause of the people and acclamations are nothing other than a light breath and wind, which with sound rushes by and departs. Thus Hugo the Cardinal, Lyra, Cajetan, Titelmans and others; who however restrict this to the young man invading the kingdom of his father, as Absalom did. Morally, learn here how great is the vanity of kingdom, royal lineage and nobility, which therefore Cyril appropriately sets before your eyes with the fable of the mule and the ass, lib. II Apolog. mor. cap. xix, which has the title Against those who are proud on account of lineage or nobility: "When a mule," he says, "met an ass, he was boasting in contempt of it, because he had been born of a better father; to whom the ass soon, retaining the blow of his armed hoof, with the sharpness of reason answered and said: What is more to you from this, since you are a mule? For good or evil of generation comes from assimilation to the parents; where therefore this conformity is removed, nothing appears to differ from whence you are. For from a dragon the most precious gem draconites is born, and from a cock the most wicked basilisk is generated. A medicinal rose is produced from a thorn, and gold is begotten from sulphur, and from a bright flame a foul smoke is raised. But because you are exalted from your father, he is confused as if he had begotten another ass." He then demonstrates the same thing by reasoning a priori: "Therefore since true nobility in both corporeal and spiritual things is nothing other than virtue possessed, to me equine strength is worth more than for you merely to rejoice in generation. But while you are lifted up by the nobility of the flesh, soon you lose the dignity so glorified of the soul by windy viciousness; and thus from preciousness you become vile, from light you become cloudy, and from good you become noticeably base; and it happens to you as to whiteness, which is darkened by silver, and is defiled by the brightness of flame. But gold, the more precious it is, the heavier it is with the weight of humility; and a smaller stone is also more precious, as also the smallest of woods are most precious, such as balsam and cinnamon. True therefore and glorious nobility is humility, which raising the lowest mind upward joins it to God, fills it with virtue, deifies it with grace and illuminates it with wisdom. When these things had been said, he was silent. Note: A mule is called, he who is born from a horse and an ass, says Sipontinus; but a mule truly, who is begotten from an ass and a mare, as Pliny testifies, lib. viii, cap. xliv.
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17. GUARD THY FOOT WHEN THOU GOEST INTO THE HOUSE OF GOD, AND BE READY TO HEAR. FOR OBEDIENCE IS MUCH BETTER THAN THE VICTIMS OF FOOLS, WHO KNOW NOT WHAT EVIL THEY DO. Some in the Septuagint read κακές, that is evil, as καλές, that is good: thus the Complutensian editors, whom the Syriac followed, as if to say, because they know not how to do what is good; and the Arabic, because they know not what was done best. Here I note that Aranteus and the Syriac generally follow the Septuagint, and therefore the versions of both were not made from the Hebrew, but from the Greek Septuagint. For these, writing in Greek, on account of the dominion of the Greeks everywhere then ruling, who scattered the Greek language throughout the whole world, became known to all nations ignorant of the Hebrew idiom. But it is read incorrectly here as καλές for κακές, that is good for evil; for in Hebrew it is רע ra, that is evil, as the Latin Vulgate has it. These words pertain to the beginning of the following chapter; whence Cajetan judges that chapter v should begin here. He fittingly transitions from the vanity of kingdoms and kings to the truth of God, both to teach kings modesty and humility, lest they grow proud in their kingdom, but rather humbly and reverently submit the kingdom and scepter, as is fitting, to the King of kings and Lord of lords; and also to warn subjects to measure the reverence of God from the reverence they show to kings. For if with such great concourse, applause, zeal, and joy they follow a young second-born, with how much more should they follow God the king of all? Again, you may refer this to a new kind of vanity, which is seen in victims and sacred things, as if to say: Vanity so insinuates and inserts itself into all human affairs, that it even sets foot in religion and sacrifice. For many there are who, from the omission of the law and this warning of mine, offer victims to God unworthy and impure, because they themselves approach them unworthily and impurely, which is great vanity, indeed sacrilegious impiety, and therefore does not please God, but rather more irritates His offense. The connection of Lyran is more constrained, who judges that here by a new reasoning the contempt of temporal kingdom is proved, from the fact that God is supremely to be revered and worshipped, whereas royal power draws kings away from the fear, reverence and worship of God. He alludes to the rite of entering and praying in the temple. For the Hebrew priests, out of reverence for the temple, entered it with bare feet, prayed and sacrificed; whence they washed their feet before entering, for the sake of cleanliness and reverence, as I showed in Exodus xxx, 19. The same had already been commanded by God to Moses, that approaching the bush, in which God appeared through a flame of fire, he should put off his shoes, Exodus iii, 2, and Joshua cap. v, 16. Where Abulensis asserts that it was an ancient custom that they should not enter sacred places with shod feet, and that the Jews (even laymen) observed this after that admonition made by the angel to Moses. Ribera teaches the same, lib. II De Templo, which understand of more religious laymen. For these, for the sake of religion, willingly imitated Moses and the priests, and entered the temple with bare feet, or certainly with shoes made of leather removed, even though bound by no divine or human law to do so, as Josephus relates that Berenice, the wife of Herod, entered the temple barefoot, lib. II Belli, cap. xxvi. Hence that saying of Pythagoras: "Do sacred things with bare feet, and worship." And Plato writes that those triumphing in the very triumph, crowned with fronds, with washed hands and bare feet, sacrificed. Hence also the barefoot sacred rites, which Tertullian mentions, Apolog. cap. xl, concerning which see Giraldus, syntagm. 10. Moreover, the priests of the Egyptians sacrificed shod not with leather, but with papyrus, for the sake of purity, according to Herodian, lib. II and V: Priests shod with linen. Among the Romans also it was unlawful for the Flamen to use leather shoes, according to Gellius, lib. X, cap. xv. Their reason was, that it seemed impure and unworthy, that dead things, that is shoes made from the hides of dead animals, should touch holy ground. See the remarks on Exodus cap. III, vers. 2, and cap. xxx, 19. Nor is this surprising; for the ancient Romans not only in the temple, but also at home and in the city, walked barefoot without shoes, as the old Scholiast of Juvenal teaches, at verse 111 of satire 1; indeed, even distinguished military commanders and philosophers, such as Phocion, Germanicus, Socrates, Diogenes, and Cato of Utica, walked barefoot everywhere, both from a love of poverty and of endurance, as Plutarch teaches in their Lives, who also writes in the Life of Lycurgus that all the youths of Sparta went without shoes, so that they might be more agile. Add also that they were more chaste; for the nakedness of the feet from the cold air and the earth which they tread cools the feet, which by sympathy communicate their coldness to the other parts and members, and thus in them extinguish the heat of lust. Hence many Religious walk barefoot, both for the sake of humility and penance, and for the sake of chastity. The sense therefore is, as if to say: When thou enterest the temple, see that thou walkest modestly, honestly, chastely, purely and reverently, thinking that thou art entering a sacred place, in which the divine Majesty dwells, so that thou mayest approach and hear it: wherefore keep thy foot, lest it be hasty, nor let it strike anywhere upon stones and stumbling blocks, as St. Jerome and Salonius say. Others say, lest thou offend at the fifteen steps, by which one ascended to the temple; lest he walk proudly and pompously, lest he wander anywhere to profane or illicit things, as to look curiously at women, nobles, etc., but let the whole foot and the mind which rules the foot gather itself together, to approach sacred things, so that it may be wholly intent upon them. For by the foot, he understands the eyes, ears, the whole body and mind by synecdoche. Yet he names the foot before the others, because it is the foot's part to enter the temple: the keeping of the feet therefore signifies here all modesty, attention and reverence, both external and internal, owed to God in the temple. Thus Olympiodorus: "Keep," he says, "thy whole body (for he signified the whole by a part), nor with those same instruments by which thou frequentest the temple of God, go to theatrical shows and obscene spectacles and impious and profane places. Understand the same to be done concerning the other members of the human body." That this is the sense is clear from what is added: "And draw nigh that thou mayest hear," as if to say: Keep thy foot lest it wander anywhere, but let it go straight to hearing God and His law, which is read and explained at the altar by the priest. Whence Campensis translates: When about to enter the house of God, see diligently what thou must do, and know that He is near to thee and hears all things. Symbolically, feet, according to the testimony of St. Gregory, St. Augustine, St. Basil, Origen, St. Jerome and others throughout, denote the affections of the soul: because just as by feet one goes to a destined place, so by affections one goes to an external work. Affections therefore are as it were the feet of the soul, by which it moves and advances itself to work. The sense therefore is, as if to say: About to enter the temple, guard thy feet, that is the affections of thy soul, lest thou shouldst will or desire anything in thy mind unworthy of God, forbidden, displeasing to Him; but convert all thoughts and affections to God, to worship, invoke, and love Him with a pure heart, affection and desire. Hence the Chaldean translator renders it: Thou, son of man, guard thy feet in the time when thou shalt go into the house of the sanctuary to pray, lest thou come there full of sins before the Lord, until thou art converted. Wherefore David explains this guarding of the foot through innocence of hands and purity of heart; for he requires both when entering the house of God, when in Psalm xiv, 1, he asks: "Lord, who shall dwell in thy tabernacle? or who shall rest in thy holy hill?" and answers in Psalm xxiii, 3: "The innocent in hands and clean of heart, who hath not taken his soul in vain," that is, who desires nothing vain and fleeting, as Theodoret says: "he shall receive a blessing from the Lord: and mercy from God his saviour." And Isaiah, chapter xxxiii, 15: "He that, saith he, walketh in justices, and speaketh truth, who casteth away avarice, etc., the king in his beauty shall their eyes behold." See the sayings there. Thus Salonius: "Although, saith he, we ought always to enter the house of God honestly and with fear and silence, yet he does not teach that the foot of the body is to be guarded, but the foot of the soul, that is, the step of the mind, that we may pour forth pure prayers in the sight of God. When therefore thou enterest the Church, guard the step of thy mind, lest thou stumble in evil thoughts, that thy prayer may be directed purely." St. Gregory of Neocaesarea: "Moreover, saith he, as far as the Church is concerned, have regard to the principle of thy life, that thou thyself mayest walk uprightly." St. Jerome agrees, saying: "He gives precepts of life, and does not wish those going to the Church to offend. For it is not a matter of praise to enter the house of God, but to enter without offence." More fully Titelmannus: "When thou shalt wish to enter the house of God, see that thy feet are clean, and lest (as in the Proverb) thou rush into it with unwashed feet, not attending to the reverence which thou oughtest to show toward the holy place dedicated to divine worship, and sanctified by the divine presence in a special manner." This is to guard the foot, to observe that thou enterest clean. Hence that saying of David: "Holiness becometh thy house, O Lord," Psalm xcii, 5. Cajetan from the Hebrew renders it: In thy house holiness is beautiful, that is, saith he, holiness and beauty of Christians. The reason a priori is, that the temple is a place consecrated to God, and therefore God's house and throne: wherefore just as we revere a king on his throne, so much more God in the temple, as it were dwelling in His house. The origin of this nomenclature, namely that the temple is and is called the house of God, was the vision exhibited to Jacob by God, Genesis xxviii, 12: for Jacob "saw in a dream a ladder standing upon the earth, and the top thereof touching heaven: the angels also of God ascending and descending by it; and the Lord leaning upon the ladder, etc. And when he awoke out of sleep, he said: Indeed the Lord is in this place, and I knew it not. And being afraid: How terrible, saith he, is this place! this is no other but the house of God, and the gate of heaven. And he called the name of that city Bethel," that is, the house of God. The Chaldean translator renders it: How terrible is this place! it is not a common place, but a place to which the will is from the Lord Himself, that is, which He willed to be pleasing to Him, and from all things God chose it for Himself. To this pertains the precept and promise made by God to Moses, Leviticus xix: "Ye shall fear my holy things (Hebrew: from holiness, that is from the sanctuary)." And chapter xxvi, 11: "I will set my tabernacle in the midst of you, etc. I will walk among you, and I will be your God, and you shall be my people." And Psalm lxiv, 5: "Thy holy temple is wonderful in justice." And Jeremiah chapter vii, verse 2: "Hear, saith he, the word of the Lord, all Juda, you that enter in by these gates, to adore the Lord. Make your ways and your doings good: and I will dwell with you in this place." Hence some expound this passage in detail concerning hatred, as if to say: About to enter the temple, guard thy foot, that is, the affection of thy soul from hatred; but "if thy brother hath anything against thee: leave there thy offering before the altar, and go first to be reconciled to thy brother: and then coming thou shalt offer thy offering," as Christ commands in Matthew, chapter v, verses 23 and 24. "God (indeed) is charity: and he that abideth in charity, abideth in God, and God in him," as St. John saith, I epistle iv, 16: wherefore if thou approachest God, who is pure and mere charity, thou must necessarily lay aside all hatred. Morally, learn here how great reverence is owed to sacred places. Hear St. Chrysostom, homily 15 on the epistle to the Hebrews: "When about to enter," saith he, "a royal court, thou composest and adorest thyself in dress, in eyes, in gait, and in all other things; but when about to enter the temple, where truly is a royal court, and such as is the heavenly one, dost thou laugh? Thou indeed dost not see: yet hear, because angels are present everywhere, especially in the house of God, where they stand before the king, and all things are full of those incorporeal virtues." Nay, even Seneca, book VII of Natural Questions, chapters xxx and xxxi: "Aristotle excellently saith we ought never to be more reverent than when the matter concerns God. If we enter temples with composure, but when about to approach sacrifice we lower our countenance, draw up our toga, and fashion ourselves in every sign of modesty, how much more ought we to do this when we discourse of the stars, of the heavens, of the nature of the Gods, lest we affirm anything rashly, lest anything impudently or ignorantly, or knowingly lie?" For external composure or dissolution of manners is an index of the internal, according to that saying in Ecclesiasticus xix, 27: "The apparel of the body, and the laughter of the teeth, and the gait of the man declare concerning him." See there the sayings; where among other things I have recorded that St. Ambrose was unwilling to promote a certain man to the priesthood, because from his immodest and ungainly gait, he would conjecture a similar immodesty and ungainliness of mind, which he truly afterwards discovered in him. Thus St. Martin, as Sulpicius testifies in his Life, always prayed in the temple either kneeling or standing, but never sitting, with pale and fearful countenance. When asked the reason, he said: "Shall I not fear standing here before my God?" Whence he merited to be frequently visited by Peter, Paul, Agnes, Thecla, and by the Blessed Virgin herself. For in the temple, as in a house, God as a father of the household dwells, that he may hear and grant those who approach him reverently: wherefore there he is most liberal, and grants all things that are rightly asked, according to that saying: "Because there (in the temple, saith Theodoret) the Lord commanded blessing (the abundance of all good), and life for ever," Psalm cxxxii, 3. Whence the same saith: "We shall be filled with the good things of thy house," Psalm lxiv, 5. And: "But I in the multitude of thy mercy will come into thy house: I will worship towards thy holy temple in thy fear," Psalm v, 8. The same thing Solomon both asks and obtains throughout chapter viii, book III of Kings. On the other hand, God avenges irreverence and injury done to the temple by the destruction of nations and cities, as for this cause he destroyed Jerusalem and the Jews. Whence Sophonias, chapter i, verse 9: "I will visit," saith he, "upon every one that arrogantly entereth upon the threshold in that day: who fill the house of the Lord with iniquity and deceit." And Amos chapter vi, verse 1, threatens woe upon "the chief men entering pompously into the house of Israel." Wherefore where temples and religion are violated, there certain wrath and vengeance of God impends, and certain destruction of the city or religion. Anagogically, the foot signifies the ways, modes, and manners of living, which ought to be kept most pure, that we may enter into the temple of the heavenly Jerusalem. For "there shall not enter into it any thing defiled, or that worketh abomination, or maketh a lie," Apocalypse xxi, 27. If therefore thou wishest to enter there, if to reign with Christ, restrain the affections of thy soul, and direct them as the feet of thy mind thither, by hearing and obeying the precepts of God, to which this pleaseth him more than the victims of fools. AND DRAW NEAR THAT THOU MAYEST HEAR. From the Hebrew they translate variously. First, the Arabic: draw near to thy neighbor to hear, as if to say: go eagerly and swiftly to the temple. Second, the Syriac and others connect these with what follows in this way: to draw near to hear is better than gifts of fools; which Our version translates: obedience is better than the victims of fools. Third, Vatablus and Pagninus: because he (God) is nearer and more inclined to hear thy prayers than to receive the sacrifice which fools would give. Fourth, Campensis: and know that he (God) is near to thee and heareth all things. But Our author translates better, and draw near that thou mayest hear, because the Septuagint translates, and near to hearing. And the Chaldean explaining this: Apply, he says, thine ear to receiving the doctrine of the law from the priests and the wise; for temples are erected for three purposes: first, for sacrificing; second, for praying; third, for hearing the word of God. He teaches therefore that in going to the temple, this should be the chief purpose, that we may hear God, rather than that we may be heard by God; nay, that we may be heard by God, we ought first to hear God, both outwardly and inwardly through holy inspirations speaking to our heart: for in what manner will God hear him who refuses to hear Him speaking? Dost thou wish therefore that God may hear thee, do thou first hear Him, and obey His law and commandments. For to hear here is taken in the perfect act, and signifies to hear so that thou obeyest. He hears therefore, who perceives by hearing, and keeps what he has heard and executes it in deed. For he has the ear that hears and obeys, as Moses says in Exodus, chapter xxi, verse 18, and Solomon in Proverbs, chapter xxv, 12. Or ears of hearing, as Christ says in Matthew, chapter xi, 15. Our author Lorinus translates the Hebrew קרב karob, that is, draw near, as offer; whence קרבן corban is called an offering, because the thing to be offered draws near to the altar and to God. For the greatest offering is to hear and obey God. But קרב karab signifies to offer in the Hiphil conjugation, not in the Kal, as is karob. Add that it is not correctly said: "Offer a victim that thou mayest hear." Mystically Hugo the Cardinal: To draw near, he says, signifies that he must go forth from the earth, who wishes to hear heavenly things. FOR OBEDIENCE IS MUCH BETTER THAN THE VICTIMS OF FOOLS. The Hebrew texts concisely have thus, and draw near, or to draw near (for the Hebrew קרב karob is both of the infinitive mood and of the imperative) to hearing instead of giving foolish sacrifice, which Our author clearly explained by saying: "Draw near to God; for obedience (by which thou hearest and obeyest God) is much better than the victims of fools." And the Syriac, to draw near to hearing is better than the gifts of fools. And the Arabic, and let thy sacrifice be more excellent than the gifts of the unwise. And clearly the Chaldean, apply thine ear to receiving the doctrine of the law from the priests and the wise, and do not (do) as fools, who offer victims for sins, and yet do not turn themselves away from wicked works, which they have as it were shut up with their hands. Thus also the Zurich version. Somewhat differently St. Jerome in the old edition: for upon the gift of the unwise, he says, sacrificing fron, namely it will be, if thou hast heard God, as preceded, which comes to the same thing. But Campensis refers these things to pathology and much speaking in prayer: And know, he says, that He is near to thee and hears all things: wherefore beware lest thou deal with Him in many words after the manner of fools. Furthermore, "obedience is better than victims, because through victims the flesh of another, through obedience one's own will is slain," says St. Gregory, XXXV Moral. x. So much the more quickly therefore does each one appease God, the more before His eyes the pride of his will being repressed, he immolates himself with the sword of the precept." As much therefore as the will surpasses the flesh, so much does obedience surpass victims. See Jerome Platus, book I On the Good of Religious Life, chapter i, and book II, chapter v. Similar to this is that: "I desired mercy, and not sacrifice," Hosea vi, 6. See the things said there. This sentence of Solomon Samuel first objected to Saul, who contrary to the will of Samuel and God had sacrificed, and therefore was deprived of kingdom and life: "For obedience, he says, is better than victims: and to hearken is better than to offer the fat of rams; for it is like the sin of witchcraft to rebel: and like the crime of idolatry, to refuse to obey," I Kings xv, 22. Where see St. Gregory. Then David used the same in the person of Christ: "Sacrifice, he says, and oblation thou wouldst not: but ears thou hast fitted to me, etc. Then said I: Behold I come. In the head of the book it is written of me that I should do thy will: O my God, I have desired it, and thy law is in the midst of my heart," Psalm xxxix, 7; Hebrews x, 5, where I have treated this matter at length. WHO KNOW NOT WHAT EVIL THEY DO. Pagninus, who do not know how to do His will, namely God's; for the Hebrew רע, that is evil, in Chaldean signifies will: רעה raa indeed Chaldean is the same as in Hebrew רצה ratsa, that is to will, to be pleased. Vatablus, because they know not how to do anything but evil; Campensis, whose works are ungrateful to God, which they do; Clarius, they know nothing but to do evil; R. David, they know not how to fit and correct the evil which their sacrifice has; another, because not they themselves knowing (but ignorant and unwise) for doing evil. For just as one knowing and wise does good, so one ignorant and unwise does evil: for the Hebrew phrases are concise, and leave some things to be supplied; whence they can be translated variously. Our translator with the Septuagint translates most excellently by supplying what is lacking. The sense is, as if to say, Obedience is better than the victims of fools, that is of the impious, because these, even if they offer victims good in themselves, nevertheless perpetrate many evils which they themselves often do not know, or do not notice. So much are they carried headlong to satisfy their lusts, that they do not notice how much evil is in them. Similarly, while they offer victims, they commit many things ignorantly and irreverently in the oblation, and especially in that, being full of sins and not repenting of them, but persisting in them, they offer them against the law and will of God, whereby it comes to pass that by their victims they offend God more than they please Him; but they themselves do not notice this, and think that God is pleased by bare victims: in which matter they are gravely deceived, and therefore they are unwise and foolish. Such are many even today among Christians. Hence the Chaldean translator renders it, therefore the Lord with a pleased mind will not receive them, since neither do they know how to make a distinction between good and evil. This very thing they do not know to be evil and sin, not obedience and good works, says St. Jerome, but to wish to amend by gifts and victims what they have done; presuming themselves to be justified by victims alone, says Cajetan; and in that in offering badly there is lacking the zeal of discretion in judgment, says Olympiodorus; and in that they think themselves to be doing well in that very matter, says the Carthusian; because they think without obedience to please God by external gifts alone, says Titelmann, for they lie to God from themselves and their like, as if God were pleased by gifts and presents, as men are pleased. They are ignorant therefore what is pleasing to God, what displeasing, for this reason they give themselves wholly to external ceremonies, caring nothing for internal purity and piety. They have therefore a perverted judgment both of virtue and of God, and inflict a notable injury on both, while they think God is to be worshipped with fleshly victims, not to be adored in spirit and truth. Finally, Thaumaturgus applies this whole verse to the Ecclesiastes, that is the preacher; for thus he translates, moreover it is the duty of the Ecclesiastes especially that he have regard for the ordering of his life, and that he himself walk uprightly; then for the unwise he pray, that in the future, having received understanding, they learn to avoid evil works. But this version is at variance with the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Syriac and Arabic. From the same likewise it differs, though less so, Isidore Clarius, while he translates, keep thy foot when thou enterest the house of God who is near to hear. Give not the sacrifice of fools, who know nothing but to do evil; and thus he explains, as if to say, God is near at hand to hear all thy words. Do not therefore deal with Him in many words, after the manner of fools: whose are ungrateful to God, which they do all things, namely also sacrifices; for indeed they have their hands full of blood, on account of robberies and murders.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
4:1
This doctrine, admitted and perhaps in certain cases exaggerated beyond what is proper by present-day philanthropy, is rooted in natural and divine law, as is evident from Eccl. 4:1: "Eleemosynam pauperis ne defraudes, et oculos tuos ne transvertas a paupere"; and in the Christian economy it becomes a precept. …
4:7
… over the beard... like the dew of Hermon... because there the Lord bestows blessing and life forever" (Ps. 132, 1-4). "Make yourself amiable in the assemblies of the poor; lend the poor your ear without annoyance and answer him in a friendly way" (Eccl. 4, 7-8). Affability is therefore a matter of order and harmony, of civility, of urbanity, of courtesy, with all that is fine and delicate, enchanting and exquisite contained in these words. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.