Biner, JosephVol. II, p. 950 BINER, JOSEPH. - Swiss Jesuit and canonist, b. at Glaringen (Valais) on 16 July 1697, d. at Rottenburg on 24 March 1766. Received into the novitiate at…
Binet, FrançoisVol. II, p. 950 BINET, FRANÇOIS. - Theologian and preacher of the Order of Minims, b. in 1452, d. in 1524, with a reputation for sanctity at the convent of Trinità dei Monti.…
Binet, Étienne(BINET, ETIENNE)Vol. II, p. 950 BINET, ETIENNE. — Ascetical writer, born in Dijon in 1569, died in Paris in 1639. He entered the Society of Jesus in Italy at Novellara in 1590; returning to…
Bingham, JosephVol. II, p. 950 BINGHAM, JOSEPH. - Anglican theologian, b. in September 1668 at Wakefield (Yorkshire), d. 17 Aug. 1723. Doctor at the University of Oxford, then curate at…
Bini (Binius), SeverinoVol. II, p. 951 BINI (Binius), SEVERINO. - Canon lawyer, born at Randerath (near Aquisgrana) in 1573, died on 14 February 1641 at Colonia, where he carried on all his…
Binterim, Anton JosephVol. II, p. 951 BINTERIM, ANTON JOSEPH. - Historian and archaeologist, b. 19 September 1779 in Düsseldorf, d. 17 May 1855 in Bilk. A Franciscan in 1796, secularized in 1802…
Biocenosis(BIOCENOSI)Vol. II, p. 951 BIOCENOSI. — The term b., or biological association, introduced by Moebius in 1877, denotes the entire complex of living beings that coexist within the same…
Biochemistry(BIOCHIMICA)Vol. II, p. 951 BIOCHIMICA. - Biochemistry is that part of physiology which studies the chemical composition and the chemical-physical properties of animal or plant organisms…
Biogenetic Law(BIOGENETICA, LEGGE)Vol. II, p. 953 BIOGENETIC LAW. — The original formulation given by E. Haeckel (v.) in chap. 20 of his work Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866), 41st ontogenetic…
Biological Cycles(CICLI BIOLOGICI)Vol. III, p. 923 CICLI BIOLOGICI. – There is no fundamental difference from the concept of rhythm. Life manifests itself rhythmically (v. BIORITMI): such are the physiological…
Biological Differentiation(DIFFERENZIAMENTO BIOLOGICO)Vol. IV, p. 919 BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION. — The phenomena of biological differentiation are diverse, but all share the common condition of a gradual development of specific…
Biological Environments(AMBIENTI BIOLOGICI)Vol. I, p. 597 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS. — By biological environments are meant the various settings in which conditions sufficient to permit the life of organisms are found.…
Biology(BIOLOGIA)Vol. II, p. 955 BIOLOGY. – From the Greek βίος “life” and λόγος “discourse, reasoning,” it is the science of life in its normal and pathological phenomenology. According to…
Biometry (Anthropometry)(BIOMETRIA (ANTROPOMETRIA))Vol. II, p. 957 BIOMETRIA (ANTHROPOMETRY). - I. ORIGINS AND DEFINITION. - B. arose at the historical moment when, in the life sciences generally, the qualitative method was…
Biondini, Maria ArcangelaVol. II, p. 959 BIONDINI, MARIA ARCANGELA. - Mystical writer, b. 24 June 1641 of Venetian parents at Corfu, where her father was governor, d. at Arco (Trentino) on 23 Nov.…
Biondo, FlavioVol. II, p. 959 BIONDO, FLAVIO. - Humanist and archaeologist, born in Forlì in 1392, died in Rome on June 4, 1463 (he added the second name later, latinizing the first). He…
Bioregulators(BIOREGOLATORI)Vol. II, p. 959 BIOREGOLATORI. – The individual functions of the organism do not occur in isolation, but are coordinated with one another so that, under physiological…
Biorhythms(BIORITMI)Vol. II, p. 960 BIORHYTHMS. - By b. are meant the rhythmic activities of living beings. In reality, every vital phenomenon is rhythmic: the very life of a species, with the…
Biosphere(BIOSFERA)Vol. II, p. 960 BIOSFERA. — From the Greek βίος (= life) and σφαῖρα (= sphere). The term b. was used to designate the further indivisible spherical corpuscle, belonging to a…
Biotype(BIOTIPO)Vol. II, p. 963 BIOTYPE. — By b. is meant, in genetics, a complex of individuals identical among themselves with respect to the constitution of hereditary characters. This…
Biotypology(BIOTIPOLOGIA)Vol. II, p. 963 BIOTYPOLOGY. – Science that studies the human individual in all his vital manifestations, in order to determine, as completely as possible, his personal…
Birago, RenatoVol. II, p. 964 BIRAGO, RENATO. - Cardinal, born in Milan to Galeazzo, who was ambassador of the duke of Milan in France, on 2 February 1506. He lived at the court of the…
Birmingham, Archdiocese of(BIRMINGHAM, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 966 BIRMINGHAM, ARCHDIOCESE of. – The city is one of the most populous in England, in the county of Warwick, known especially for its metallurgical industries.…
BirroVol. II, p. 966 BIRRO. – The birrus was an outer garment in the form of a cloak or hooded cape, which could reach down to the knee and be provided with a hood. The name (Gr.…
Birth Control(CONTROLLO DELLE NASCITE)Vol. IV, p. 281 CONTROLLO DELLE NASCITE: v. NASCITE, CONTROLLO DELLE.
Birth Control(NASCITE, CONTROLLO (BIRTH-CONTROL) DELLE)Vol. VIII, p. 983 NASCITE, CONTROLLO (Birth-Control) of. — A form of voluntary or coercive regulation that seeks to subordinate the procreation of individuals to social,…
Birthday (Dies Natalis)(NATALE (DIES NATALIS))Vol. VIII, p. 991 NATALE (Dies natalis). — The Romans commemorated the dead on the day of their birth; indeed, we read that « Privatae feriae vocantur sacrorum propriorum, velut…
Biscop, Simon(BISCOPH, SIMON)Vol. II, p. 967 BISCOPH, SIMON : v. EPISCOPIUS SIMON.
Biscossi, Sibillina, Blessed(BISCOSSI, SIBILLINA, BEATA)Vol. II, p. 967 BISCOSSI, SIBILLINA, blessed. – Dominican mystic, born in Pavia around 1287, where she died on 19 March 1367. At the age of twelve she lost her sight and,…
Biseglie(BISCEGLIE)Vol. II, p. 967 BISCEGLIE. – City in the province of Bari, with a small port on the Adriatic. In the Byzantine period, not before the seventh century, it was established as a…
BisenzioVol. II, p. 967 BISENZIO. - Ancient episcopal see of Latium on the western shore of Lake Bolsena. An inscription of the year 254 mentions the «Senatus populusque Visentinus»…
Bishop(VESCOVO)Vol. XII, p. 838 VESCOVO. – He is the successor of the Apostles in the ordinary governance of the individual Churches (v. DIOCESI) under the authority of the Roman Pontiff…
Bishop of Spoleto of Spes(SPES, VESCOVO DI SPOLETO)Vol. XI, p. 670 SPES, bishop of SPOLETO. - Born toward the end of the 4th century, he governed the Church of Spoleto for 32 years, from about 420 to 452. Of his life and…
Bishop of Vercelli, Hatto(ATTONE, VESCOVO DI VERCELLI)Vol. II, p. 233 ATTONE, bishop of VERCELLI. — Few certain details are known about his life. Of noble Lombard family, we know that in 924 he was elected bishop of Vercelli, a…
Bishop, EdmundVol. II, p. 968 BISHOP, EDMUND. - English liturgist, b. at Totnes of an Anglican family on 17 May 1846, d. at Downside on 17 Feb. 1917. First secretary to T. Carlyle, then a…
Bishops' Assemblies(ASSEMBLEE DEI VESCOVI)Vol. II, p. 123 ASSEMBLEE DEI VESCOVI : v. CONFERENZE EPISCOPALI.
BisignanoVol. II, p. 968 BISIGNANO. – A city in the province of Cosenza, ancient Basidiae, which acquired particular importance in the Byzantine-Norman period because of its position…
Bismarck, Diocese of(BISMARCK, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 968 BISMARCK, diocese of. - In the State of North Dakota (United States of America), suffragan to S. Paolo di Minnesota. Erected on 31 Dec. 1909 by the division of…
Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, von(BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOFOLD, VON)Vol. II, p. 968 BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOFOLD, von. — German statesman, known as the Iron Chancellor, born at Schönhausen on 1 April 1815, died at Friedrichsruhe on 30 July…
BisomusVol. II, p. 969 BISOMUS. – With locus understood, it means a burial for two corpses and is terminology proper to the Roman cemeteries. Like the similar terms trisomus and…
Bisping, AugustVol. II, p. 969 BISPING, AUGUST. — German Catholic exegete, b. at Albersloh on 11 May 1811, d. at Münster on 17 March 1884. Ordained a priest in 1836, he was Privatdozent at…
Bisticci, Vespasiano daVol. II, p. 970 BISTICCI, VESPASIANO da. — He is the most famous of the great cartolai (1421–98), as booksellers were called during the Renaissance before printing; and his…
Bistolfi, LeonardoVol. II, p. 970 BISTOLFI, LEONARDO. - Sculptor, b. at Casale Monferrato on 14 March 1859, d. at Torino on 2 Oct. 1933. From a naturalistic training he moved to an idealization…
BistricaVol. II, p. 970 BISTRICA. - A small town in northern Croatia with a great Marian shrine, whose origins go back to the year 1545, when the people, fleeing before the Turks,…
BistuaVol. II, p. 970 BISTUA. — At the Synods of Salona in 530 and 533, Andria, bishop of the bestoensis ecclesiae, also appears. His diocese was extensive but very poor; the Synod…
Bithynia(BITINIA)Vol. II, p. 971 BITINIA. — Western region of northern Anatolia, bordered on the north by the Black Sea, on the east by Paphlagonia, on the west by the Propontis (Sea of…
BitontoVol. II, p. 971 BITONTO – Romanesque loggia on the right side of the Cathedral (late 12th–early 13th century).
Bitonto, Diocese of(BITONTO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 971 BITONTO, DIOCESI di. - In the province of Bari. Inhabited by a Greek colony of which traces of furnishings and coins with the inscription BYTONTINON remain, it…
Bixio, GiuseppeVol. II, p. 972 BIXIO, GIUSEPPE. – Missionary, brother of the Garibaldian general Nino. Born in Genoa on 23 May 1819, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1838. Professor of…
BizacenaVol. II, p. 973 BIZACENA: v. AFRICA SETTENTRIONALE.
Bizio, BartolomeoVol. II, p. 988 BIZIO, BARTOLOMEO. — Chemist, born in Vicenza on 30 October 1791, died in Venice in 1862; regarded among the greatest scientists of his time by Fr. Secchi in…
Bizzochi and Bizzoches(BIZZOCHI E BIZZOCHE)Vol. II, p. 988 BIZZOCHI and BIZZOCHE. — Men and women (also called Bizzoco, Bizzochero, Bizzocaro, Pinzocaro) who in the 13th and 14th centuries led a devout life and wore…
Bizzozero(BIZOZERO)Vol. II, p. 988 BIZOZERO: V. GERVASIO di S. ELIA.
Black Bourse(BORSA NERA)Vol. II, p. 1112 BORSA NERA. - The buying and selling of goods in violation of rationing laws and at a price considerably higher than the official price or that considered…
Black Legion(LEGIONE NERA)Vol. VII, p. 651 LEGIONE NERA : v. KU-KLUX-KLAN.
Blackmail(RICATTO)Vol. X, p. 501 RICATTO: V. ESTORSIONE.
Blado, AntonioVol. II, p. 989 BLADO, ANTONIO. — Celebrated printer of the sixteenth century, born in Lombardy (Asolo or Piadena?) in 1490, died in Rome between 17 and 27 March 1567. He…
Blainville, Henri-Marie Ducrotay de(BLAINVILLE, HENRI-MARIE DUCTROY DE)Vol. II, p. 989 BLAINVILLE, HENRI-MARIE DUCTROY de. – Naturalist, born at Arques near Dieppe on 12 September 1777 and died in Paris on 1 May 1850. He was Cuvier’s substitute…
Blaise, Saint, Martyr(BIAGIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. II, p. 891 BIAGIO, saint and martyr. — The details of his life and martyrdom are uncertain and obscure. According to the Passio, widely circulated though highly fabulous,…
BlajVol. II, p. 989 BLAJ. – City of Transylvania (Romania). In 1733, Bishop Innocenzo Micu transferred there the residence of the new diocese of Făgăraș (v.). Within a few…
Blake, WilliamVol. II, p. 989 BLAKE, WILLIAM. – English poet, engraver, and painter, b. in Londra on 28 November 1757, d. in Strand on 12 August 1827. In childhood he was influenced by…
Blampin, ThomasVol. II, p. 990 BLAMPIN, THOMAS. — Benedictine of S. Mauro, professor of philosophy and theology, born at Noyon in 1640, died at St-Benoît-sur-Loire on 13 February 1710.…
Blanda, Julia(BLANDA JULIA)Vol. II, p. 990 BLANDA JULIA. – An ancient city of Magna Graecia, on the Tyrrhenian frontier of Calabria with Lucania. It was a Roman oppidum, mentioned by Livy and Pliny, who…
Blandina, Saint, Martyr(BLANDINA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. II, p. 990 BLANDINA, santa, martire: v. LIONE, MARTIRI di.
Blanlo, JeanVol. II, p. 990 BLANLO, JEAN. — French Sulpician, an immediate disciple of Olier, born at Bayeux in 1617 and died in Paris in 1657. Out of humility, he had remained a…
Blasphemy(BESTEMMIA)Vol. II, p. 871 BESTEMMIA. – Etymologically, b. (from βλάστιο = I injure and φήμη = voice) means “injurious word.” In Sacred Scripture this term denotes the utterance of an…
Blass, FriedrichVol. II, p. 990 BLASS, FRIEDRICH. – Classical and New Testament philologist, born in Osnabrück on 22 January 1843, died in Halle on 5 March 1907. Privatdozent in classical…
Blastares, MatteoVol. II, p. 991 BLASTARES, MATTEO. - Greek canonist of the fourteenth century and Basilian monk. His principal work is the Syntagma, written around 1335, comprising 24…
Blasucci, Domenico, Venerable(BLASUCCI, DOMENICO, VENERABILE)Vol. II, p. 991 BLASUCCI, DOMENICO, venerable. - A Redemptorist student, regarded as the Luigi Gonzaga of the Redemptorist Missionaries, born on 5 March 1732 at Ruvo del Monte…
Blat, AlbertVol. II, p. 991 BLAT, ALBERT. — Of the Order of Preachers, canon lawyer. Born in Valencia on 3 February 1870. Having donned the Dominican habit at a very young age, he…
Blavatsky, Elena PetrovnaVol. II, p. 991 BLAVATSKY, ELENA PETROVNA. – Founder of the Theosophical Society, born in Ekaterinoslav, in southern Russia, on 31 July 1831, died in London on 8 May 1891. As…
Bleek, FriedrichVol. II, p. 991 BLEEK, FRIEDRICH. - One of the best German Protestant exegetes of the nineteenth century. Born at Arensbök near Lübeck on 4 July 1793, he studied at Lübeck,…
Blemmydes, Nicephoros(BLEMMYDES, NICEFORO)Vol. II, p. 992 BLEMMYDES, NICEFORO. – Byzantine philosopher and theologian, born in Constantinople in 1197, died in 1272. At first an opponent of Catholic doctrine on the…
Blessed Ursuline(ORSOLINA, BEATA)Vol. IX, p. 248 ORSOLINA, blessed. – Born in Parma on 14 May 1375, died in Verona on 7 April 1410. While still young, she dedicated herself to a life of austere penance and…
Blessing Of Fire(FUOCO, BENEDIZIONE DEL)Vol. V, p. 1085 FIRE, BLESSING OF. — The blessing of fire may have originated in the earliest Christian times as a Jewish custom of offering to God the element that gives…
Blessing of Lambs(AGNELLI, BENEDIZIONE DEGLI)Vol. I, p. 291 AGNELLI, BENEDIZIONE degli. — On the feast of s. Agnese, the celebrant, at the conclusion of the pontifical Mass, blesses on the Saint’s altar two white lambs,…
Blessing of the Mensa(MENSA, BENEDIZIONE DELLA)Vol. VIII, p. 419 TABLE, BLESSING OF. — This is a prayer added to the Breviary, used in religious houses before and after lunch and dinner. It begins with the superior’s…
Blessing of Virgins(VERGINI, BENEDIZIONE DELLE)Vol. XII, p. 808 BLESSING OF VIRGINS, the. - An ancient and solemn ceremony of the Latin-Roman rite for blessing and consecrating religious women living in perpetual virginity.…
Blind(CIECHI)Vol. III, p. 927 CIECHI. — Scientifically, a blind person is understood to be an individual whose eyes are completely devoid of the sense of sight, that is, are not even…
Blind(CIECHI)Vol. III, p. 927 CIECHI. – Scientifically, a blind person is understood to be an individual whose eyes are entirely devoid of the sense of sight, that is, are not even capable…
Blois, Charles de, Blessed(BLOIS, CHARLES DE, BEATO)Vol. II, p. 992 BLOIS, CHARLES de, blessed. - Duke of Brittany (from 1341), b. at Blois in 1320, d. on 29 Sept. 1364 in the battle of Auray. Piously educated, he married…
Blois, Diocese of(BLOIS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 992 BLOIS, DIOCESE of. – Capital city of the department of Loir-et-Cher on the Loire, 178 km southwest of Paris. The diocese was erected by Pope Innocent XII on 25…
Blomevenna (Blommeveen), PetrusVol. II, p. 992 BLOMEVENNA (BLOMMEVEEN), PETRUS. – Ascetic-mystical writer, also called Petrus Leydenis, after the city of Leyden (Holland), where he was born on 29 March…
Blondeel, LancelotVol. II, p. 993 BLONDEEL, LANCELOT. - Painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer, b. at Poperinghe in 1496, d. at Bruges on 4 March 1561. It is almost certain that he was in…
Blondel, DavidVol. II, p. 993 BLONDEL, DAVID. - Calvinist theologian and historian, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne in 1591, d. at Amsterdam on 6 Apr. 1655. He began his ministry at Houdan near…
Blondel, MauriceVol. II, p. 993 BLONDEL, MAURICE. – Philosopher, born in Dijon on 2 November 1861, died in Aix-en-Provence on 5 June 1949. From 1897, professor of Philosophy at the University…
Blood(SANGUE)Vol. X, p. 1052 BLOOD. — Contact with blood, which primitive experience regards as the organic element closely bound to life (cf. Lev. 17:14; Deut. 12:23), is held to produce…
Blood, Transfusion of(SANGUE, TRASFUSIONE DEL)Vol. X, p. 1052 BLOOD, TRANSFUSION of. — The first mention of a transfusion of b., although performed by taking the b. by mouth, may already be glimpsed in the works of Pliny,…
Blosio (de Blois), François-Louis, Venerable(BLOSIO (DE BLOIS), FRANÇOIS-LOUIS, VENERABILE)Vol. II, p. 993 BLOSIO (DE BLOIS), FRANÇOIS-LOUIS, venerable. Benedictine abbot and ascetical writer, born at Donstiennes (Hainaut) in October 1506 of an ancient and noble…
Blount, CharlesVol. II, p. 994 BLOUNT, CHARLES. — English Deist, born in 1654, died in 1693. A rigorously rationalist critic, he devalued every criterion of apologetics concerning the…
Bloy, LéonVol. II, p. 994 BLOY, LÉON. — Writer, born at Périgueux on 11 July 1846 and died at Bourg-la-Reine on 3 November 1917. A passionately Catholic spirit, unaware of gentle…
Bludau, AugustinVol. II, p. 994 BLUDAU, AUGUSTIN. - New Testament exegete and philologist, b. 6 March 1862 at Guttstadt in East Prussia, d. Bishop of Ermland on 9 Feb. 1930 at Frauenberg, his…
Bluefields, Apostolic Vicariate of(BLUEFIELDS, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. II, p. 995 BLUEFIELDS, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF — It was erected on 2 December 1913, when it was made autonomous from the diocese of León in Nicaragua; it is suffragan to…
Blum, Peter JosephVol. II, p. 995 BLUM, PETER JOSEPH. – Bishop of Limburg, b. at Gelsenheim on 18 April 1808, d. at Limburg on 30 December 1884. He studied philosophy at Würzburg and theology…
Boanerges (ΒΟΑΝΗΡΓΕΣ)(BOANERGES (ΒΟΚΝΗΡΓΈΣ))Vol. II, p. 995 BOANERGES (Βοκνηργές). – Nickname given by Jesus to the two apostles, sons of Zebedee: Giacomo and Giovanni, according to Mk. 3:17, where it is explained as «…
Boarding School(CONVITTO)Vol. IV, p. 291 CONVITTO: v. EDUCAZIONE.
Boaretti, FrancescoVol. II, p. 995 BOARETTI, FRANCESCO. — Preacher and polygraph, b. at Masi, near Padua, on 16 August 1748, d. at Venice on 15 May 1799. He studied at the seminary of Padua,…
Boaz (Heb. Bô'az)(BOOZ (EBR. BÔ'AZ))Vol. II, p. 1090 BOOZ (Heb. Bô'az). - 1. - Ancestor of David and of the Messiah. He owned at Bethlehem the field in which the widow Ruth (v.), in order to support herself and…
BobbioVol. II, p. 999 Bobbio - Commentary on the Psalms with interlinear glosses in Old Irish. Manuscript from B. (8th-9th centuries) - Milan, Ambrosian Library, c. 301 inf., f.…
Bobbio, Diocese of(BOBBIO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 995 BOBBIO, DIOCESE of. — In Lombardy, province of Piacenza, suffragan of Genoa. It comprises municipalities belonging to the provinces of Genoa, Piacenza, Pavia,…
Bobo-Dioulasso, Apostolic Vicariate of(BOBO-DIULASSO, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. II, p. 999 BOBO-DIULASSO, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of - The mission was established as an apostolic prefecture in December 1927 with territories detached from the immense…
Bobola, Andrew, Saint(BOBOLA, ANDREA, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 1000 BOBOLA, ANDREA, santo: v. ANDREA BOBOLA, santo.
Bocalini, Traiano(BOCCALINI, TRAIANO)Vol. II, p. 1003 BOCCALINI, TRAIANO. — Born at Loreto in 1556 to Giovanni da Carpi, he studied at Perugia and Padua; he ultimately settled in Rome as a judge in the Campidoglio…
Boccaccino, BoccaccioVol. II, p. 1000 BOCCACCINO, BOCCACCIO. — Painter, born in Ferrara around 1467, died in Cremona in 1524 or 1525. He received his initial artistic training in his native city…
Boccaccio, GiovanniVol. II, p. 1000 BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI. — I. LIFE. — Until quite recently, biographers, following the example of many purported autobiographical pages, had made B.’s life, at…
Boccardini, Giovanni and Francesco, Florentines(BOCCARDI, GIOVANNI E FRANCESCO, FIORENTINI)Vol. II, p. 1004 BOCCARDI, GIOVANNI and FRANCESCO, Florentines. — GIOVANNI, illuminator, b. in 1460, was a pupil of Zanobi di Lorenzo. His work was highly esteemed, and he was…
Boccati, Giovanni di Piermatteo, detto IlVol. II, p. 1004 BOCCATI, GIOVANNI di PIERMATTEO, known as. - Painter, b. at Camerino about 1420; in 1445 he moved to Perugia, where he is last recorded in 1480. More than from…
Boccherini, LuigiVol. II, p. 1004 BOCCHERINI, LUIGI. – Musician, born in Lucca on 19 September 1743, died in Madrid on 28 May 1805. He first studied at the seminary of Lucca under Abbé…
Bocchi, GirolamoVol. II, p. 1004 BOCCHI, GIROLAMO. - Scholar, often and wrongly called “Boutrius,” “Bourti,” etc., born in Florence around 1595. He was first a Conventual Franciscan, then, at…
Boccone Del PoveroVol. II, p. 1005 BOCCONE DEL POVERO. – This name designates not only the entire work but also, in particular, the women’s religious Congregation founded in Palermo in 1880 by…
Bocconi, Paolo (Silvio)Vol. II, p. 1005 BOCCONI, PAOLO (SILVIO). - Born in Palermo on 24 April 1633, died there on 22 December 1704. He was a distinguished naturalist and an excellent botanist, who…
Bochart, SamuelVol. II, p. 1005 BOCHART, SAMUEL. – French Protestant pastor and interpreter of the Bible’s natural history, born at Rouen on 30 May 1599, died at Caen on 16 May 1667. Having…
Bocskay, IstvánVol. II, p. 1005 BOCSKAY, ISTVÁN. - Prince of Transylvania, b. in 1557, d. in 1606, probably poisoned by the chancellor Michele Kátay. Educated in Vienna and Prague, he soon…
Bodel, JeanVol. II, p. 1005 BODEL, JEAN. — French poet from Arras, who lived between the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th, whose writings are highly varied in…
Bodin, JeanVol. II, p. 1005 BODIN, JEAN. – One of the most notable thinkers of the French Renaissance, born at Angers in 1529 or 1530, died at Laon in 1596. He first practised law, then…
Bodoni, Giovanni BattistaVol. II, p. 1006 BODONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. — The most famous printer of the eighteenth century, born in Saluzzo on 16 February 1740, died in Parma on 30 November 1813. A…
Body(CORPO)Vol. IV, p. 344 CORPO. – In general, c. is a material, perceptible reality. In experimental science, c. is a portion of matter with certain specific properties (dimensions,…
Boema, Confession(BOEMA, CONFESSIONE)Vol. II, p. 1006 BOEMA, CONFESSIONE: V. BOEMI, FRATELLI.
Boemi, FratelliVol. II, p. 1006 BOHEMIAN BROTHERS. — Under this name, three groups of heretics are sometimes confused; although they all acknowledge the Bohemians Giovanni Hus and Girolamo of…
Boemondo of Taranto(BOEMONDO DI TARANTO)Vol. II, p. 1009 BOEMONDO of TARANTO. - Norman prince, son of Roberto il Guiscardo and Alberada, who lived in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. He took part with his father…
Boemondo, Prince of Antioch(BOEMONDO, PRINCIPE DI ANTIOCHIA)Vol. II, p. 1009 BOEMONDO, prince of ANTIOCH. — Born around 1170, died in 1233, he was the son of Boemondo III and Orgogliosa. At his father’s death (1201), he seized the…
BoerenbondVol. II, p. 1009 BOERENBOND. – I. ORIGINS. – It is a Belgian agricultural organization founded in Leuven in 1890 on the initiative of Abbé Mellaerts, who conceived it and…
Boero, GiuseppeVol. II, p. 1010 BOERO, GIUSEPPE. — Jesuit hagiographer and historian, born at Ventimiglia on 15 August 1814, died at Rome on 8 February 1884. After his theological studies, he…
Boethius of Dacia(BOEZIO DI DACIA)Vol. II, p. 1013 BOEZIO di DACIA. — A scholastic philosopher of the thirteenth century, of whom very little is known. He was neither a Dominican nor a religious nor a priest,…
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus(BOEZIO, ANICIO MANLIO TORQUATO SEVERINO)Vol. II, p. 1011 BOETIUS, ANICIUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS SEVERINUS. – I. LIFE. – B. was born in Rome, of the noble family of the Anicii, around the year 480, when the reign of…
BoethosVol. II, p. 1011 BOETHOS. – Progenitor of the Boethosians, who formed a distinct group within the party of the Sadducees. A priest of Alexandria, B. was the father of Simon,…
Boetto, PietroVol. II, p. 1011 BOETTO, PIETRO. - Jesuit, cardinal, archbishop of Genova, b. at Vigone in Piemonte on 19 May 1871, d. at Genova on 31 Jan. 1946, rightly proclaimed «defensor…
Boffito, GiuseppeVol. II, p. 1013 BOFFITO, GIUSEPPE. - Barnabite. Man of letters, bibliographer, historian of science, Dante scholar, and erudite scholar, born at Gavi (Alessandria) on July 3,…
Bofondi, GiuseppeVol. II, p. 1013 BOFONDI, GIUSEPPE. - Cardinal, b. into a patrician family at Forlì on 24 Oct. 1795, d. at Rome on 2 Dec. 1867. A learned and cultivated man, he entered the…
Bogazköy(BOGHAZKÖY)Vol. II, p. 1014 BOGHAZKÖY. - This is the Turkish name of a small village east of Ankara in Turkey, very well known among scholars of the civilizations of the ancient East,…
Bogdani, PietroVol. II, p. 1013 BOGDANI, PIETRO. - B. ca. 1630, d. 1688, first bishop of Scutari (Albania), then archbishop of Scopia. Author of the Cuneus prophetarum de Christo saltatore…
BogdanovVol. II, p. 1013 BOGDANOV. - This is the pseudonym of Alessandro Alexandrovič Malinovskij, Russian revolutionary, physician, and philosopher, b. in 1873. A member of the…
Bogino, Giambattista LorenzoVol. II, p. 1014 BOGINO, GIAMBATTISTA LORENZO. - Born in Torino on 21 July 1701 and died there on 9 February 1784. An eminent statesman, he was a faithful servant of the…
Bogomils (Friends of God)(BOGOMILI (AMICI DI DIO))Vol. II, p. 1014 BOGOMILI (AMICI DI DIO). — Christian heretical sect that appeared in Bulgaria between the first and second halves of the 10th century. The B. derive their name…
Bogotá, Archdiocese of(BOGOTÁ, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1014 BOGOTÁ, ARCIDIOCESI di. — In the Republic of Colombia, department of Cundinamarca. Primatial see and capital of the State, B. is situated at 2,640 m. on the…
Bohemia(BOEMIA)Vol. II, p. 1007 BOEMIA. – I. GEOGRAPHY. – Region of central Europe corresponding to the upper basin of the Elbe (Labe, in Czech), that is, to a quadrilateral enclosed on every…
Bohemian Brothers(FRATELLI BOEMI)Vol. V, p. 1013 FRATELLI BOEMI: V. BOEMI FRATELLI.
Bohic (Bohic, Boich, Bouhic), HenriVol. II, p. 1017 BOHIC (BOHIC, BOICH, BOUHIC), HENRI. – Decretalist, born in Brittany in 1310, died around 1350. He taught canon law at the University of Paris. He is the…
Bohier (Boherius), PierreVol. II, p. 1017 BOHIER (Boherius), PIERRE. — Benedictine abbot, later bishop of Orvieto, born at La Retorte (diocese of Carcassonne). In 1335 he was at the Benedictine abbey…
Boiano-Campobasso, Diocese of(BOIANO-CAMPOBASSO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1018 BOIANO-CAMPOBASSO, DIOCESE of. — B., a small town at the foot of a northern spur of the Matese, in the center of ancient Samnium and modern Molise, in the…
Boiardo, Matteo MariaVol. II, p. 1018 BOIARDO, MATTEO MARIA. — Poet, born at Scandiano (Reggio Emilia) in 1441 and died at Reggio Emilia in 1494. He lived at Ferrara at the court of the Este…
Boil (Boyl, Buil, Bugl), BernardoVol. II, p. 1019 BOIL (BOYL, BUIL, BUGL), BERNARDO. - Born into the noble Aragonese family of the same name in the first half of the 15th century. Secretary to Ferdinand the…
Boileau (Boileau-Despréaux), Nicolas(BOILEAU (BOILEAU-DESPREAUX), NICOLAS)Vol. II, p. 1019 BOILEAU (BOILEAU-DESPREAUX), NICOLAS. — French writer, born in Paris on 1 November 1636, died there on 13 March 1711. He was able to devote himself entirely to…
Boileau, JacquesVol. II, p. 1019 BOILEAU, JACQUES. - Theologian, canonist, historian, and polemicist, brother of the satirical poet Nicolas, b. in Paris on 16 March 1635. He was vicar general…
Bois-le-Duc, Diocese of(BOIS-LE-DUC, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1020 BOIS-LE-DUC, DIOCESI di: v. s'HERTOGENBOSCH, DIOCESI di.
Boise City, Diocese of(BOISE CITY, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1020 BOISE CITY, DIOCESE di. - In Idaho (U.S.A.), suffragan of Portland in Oregon. On 25 Aug. 1893 the apostolic vicariate of Idaho, created on 3 March 1868, was…
Boisgelin, Jean-de-Dieu-Raymond de Cucé deVol. II, p. 1020 BOISGELIN, JEAN-DE-DIEU-RAYMOND DE CUCÉ de. - Cardinal, b. 27 Feb. 1732 at Rennes, d. 22 Aug. 1804 at Angervilliers. In 1765 bishop of Lavaur, in 1770…
Boissier, Marie-Louis-GastonVol. II, p. 1020 BOISSIER, MARIE-LOUIS-GASTON. - French historian, born at Nîmes on 15 Aug. 1823 and died at Viroflay on 10 June 1908. A keen investigator of classical…
Boito, ArrigoVol. II, p. 1020 BOITO, ARRIGO. – Musician and man of letters, born in Padua on 24 February 1842, died in Milan on 10 June 1918. Of a Venetian father and a Polish mother, he…
Boito, CamilloVol. II, p. 1021 BOITO, CAMILLO. - Architect, born in Roma on 30 Oct. 1836, died in Milano on 28 June 1914. He held the chair of architecture in Venezia and Milano. More…
Bokelszoon (Beukelszoon, Bockelson, Bockhold), JohannVol. II, p. 1021 BOKELSZOON (BEUKELSZOON, BOCKELSON, BOCKHOLD), JOHANN. — Leader of Anabaptism in Germany, better known under the name of John of Leiden, b. at Münster around…
Bolaños, LuisVol. II, p. 1021 BOLAÑOS, LUIS. - One of the most illustrious Franciscan missionaries of South America. Born at Marchena (Spain) in 1539; died at Buenos Aires on 11 October…
Boldetti, MarcantonioVol. II, p. 1022 BOLDETTI, MARCANTONIO. — Archaeologist, born in Rome in 1663, died there in 1749. A canon of S. Maria in Trastevere and a man of great piety, he was Custodian…
Bolduc (Boulduc), JacquesVol. II, p. 1022 BOLDUC (BOULDUC), JACQUES. - A Capuchin of the province of Paris, perhaps belonging to the Parisian family of Jean-Baptiste B., of the Academy of Sciences at…
Boleyn (Bolenna), Anna(BOLEYN (BOLENA), ANNA)Vol. II, p. 1022 BOLEYN (BOLENA), ANNA. — Second wife of Henry VIII of England, b. in 1504 (?), d. in 1536. Daughter of Tommaso B., an English gentleman of modest and recent…
Bolgi, AndreaVol. II, p. 1023 BOLGI, ANDREA. — Sculptor, born in Carrara on 22 June 1606, died of the plague in Naples in 1656; he was a pupil and collaborator of Tacca. With Bernini he…
Bolgini, Giovanni Vincenzo(BOLGENI, GIOVANNI VINCENZO)Vol. II, p. 1022 BOLGENI, GIOVANNI VINCENZO. – Eminent Italian Jesuit and distinguished theologian, born at Macerata on 22 January 1733, died at Rome on 3 May 1811. Having…
Bolingbroke, Henry Saint John, Viscount of(BOLINGBROKE, HENRY SAINT JOHN, VISCONTE DI)Vol. II, p. 1023 BOLINGBROKE, HENRY SAINT JOHN, Viscount. - Politician and philosopher, one of the most advanced representatives of English deism. Born on 1 Oct. 1672 at…
Bolivar, SimónVol. II, p. 1023 BOLIVAR, SIMÓN. — Founder of the independent states of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, born on 24 July 1783 at Caracas, died on 17 December…
BoliviaVol. II, p. 1023 BOLIVIA. – Republic of South America. I. GEOGRAPHY. — Bordered by Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile; among the Andean states, the only one without…
BollaVol. II, p. 1025 BOLLA. – Properly denotes the lead seal attached to documents and, by extension, the document itself. I. SEAL. — The use of the lead seal is of Byzantine…
Bolland, JeanVol. II, p. 1027 BOLLAND, JEAN. — Belgian Jesuit, known for founding the work that took his name (v. BOLLANDISTI), b. 13 Aug. 1596 at Julemont in the Duchy of Limburg…
Bollandists(BOLLANDISTI)Vol. II, p. 1027 BOLLANDISTI. – A scholarly society formed by a small group of Belgian Jesuit fathers, which for three centuries has devoted itself to the publication of the…
BollarioVol. II, p. 1031 BOLLARIO. — This name designates every collection of papal bulls or constitutions. The first attempt to collect or print such documents separately dates from…
Bollatica, Scripture(BOLLATICA, SCRITTURA)Vol. II, p. 1032 BOLLATICA, SCRIPT. - Also called littera s. Petri, it is the script of conventional and characteristic forms in which papal bulls were written from the end of…
Bologna, Archdiocese of(BOLOGNA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1032 Bologna, Archdiocese of. — The capital of the homonymous province and the principal city of one of the most fertile and historically rich regions, Emilia,…
Bolsec, Jérôme-HermèsVol. II, p. 1047 BOLSEC, JÉRÔME-HERMÈS. - Carmelite theologian, b. in Paris, d. 4 Nov. 1585. He abandoned the Order and fled to Ferrara, where for some time he was chaplain to…
BolsenaVol. II, p. 1047 BOLSENA. - An ancient episcopal see of Latium, in the province of Viterbo, along the Via Cassia, north-east of the lake of the same name. It still retains the…
Bolshevism(BOLSCEVISMO)Vol. II, p. 1041 BOLSHEVISM. - A) Theory and practice of communism in the specific form it assumed and implemented in Russia following the October 1917 Revolution. I. GENERAL…
Boltraffio, Giovanni AntonioVol. II, p. 1048 BOLTRAFFIO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO. - Painter, b. in Milano in 1467, d. there in 1516. He worked almost always in his native city; only in 1500 do we find him in…
Boma, Apostolic Vicariate of(BOMA, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. II, p. 1048 BOMA, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — The Belgian missionaries of Scheut, having founded the first stations at Moada (1889) and B. (1890) in the Belgian Congo,…
BomarzoVol. II, p. 1048 BOMARZO. - Ancient episcopal see of Lazio, on the edge of the plateau extending towards the Monti BOLSENA - Processione e rappresentazione di s. Cristina.…
Bombay, Archdiocese of(BOMBAY, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1049 BOMBAY, ARCHDIOCESE of. — The Apostolic Vicariate of B. originated from the one known as that of the Great Mogul, entrusted in 1696 to the Discalced…
Bomologno da Bologna(BOMBOLOGNO DA BOLOGNA)Vol. II, p. 1050 BOMBOLOGNO da BOLOGNA. - Dominican philosopher and theologian, b. at Bologna at the beginning of the 13th century, d. there about 1280. He entered religious…
BonVol. II, p. 1050 BON. — Also Bonpo: this is the name of the indigenous religion of the Tibetans, before the introduction of Buddhism into the country. It is also called I…
Bon, BartolomeoVol. II, p. 1050 BON, BARTOLOMEO: v. BUON, FAMIGLIA.
Bon, Maria dell'IncarnazioneVol. II, p. 1050 BON, MARIA DELL'INCARNAZIONE. – Ursuline at St-Marcellin (Dauphiné), born in 1636, died in 1680. She wrote a treatise on mental prayer, of which many copies…
Bona DeaVol. II, p. 1052 BONA DEA. - Originally an epithet of a goddess who protected pastures and woods, she was identified, after the conquest of Taranto (271 B.C.), with Damia, a…
Bona, GiovanniVol. II, p. 1050 BONA, GIOVANNI. — Cardinal, a most learned ascetical and liturgical-historical writer, b. at Pian della Valle near Mondovì on 10 October 1609, d. holily at…
Bonaccorsi, GiuseppeVol. II, p. 1051 BONACCORSI, GIUSEPPE. - Missionary of the Sacred Heart, b. in Rome on 18 Dec. 1874, d. there on 7 March 1935. He founded and directed for half a year the…
Bonaccorsi, PierinoVol. II, p. 1051 BONACCORSI, PIERINO: V. PERIN DEL VAGA. BONACCORSO DA BOLOGNA. - Theologian, born at the beginning of the thirteenth century in Bologna, where he entered the…
Bonacina, FerdinandoVol. II, p. 1052 BONACINA, FERDINANDO. - Missionary, who died for the faith. Born at Reggio Emilia on 7 Apr. 1804, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1826 as a coadjutor…
Bonacina, MartinoVol. II, p. 1052 BONACINA, MARTINO. – Moral theologian, born in Milan around 1585. Professor of canon and civil law at the seminary and subsequently rector of the Swiss College…
Bonada, Francesco MariaVol. II, p. 1052 BONADA, FRANCESCO MARIA. — Piarist, born on 8 September 1706 in Trinità (Cuneo), in the diocese of Mondovì; died in Rome on 22 December 1755, rector of the…
Bonagrazia da BergamoVol. II, p. 1052 BONAGRAZIA da BERGAMO. — Franciscan, born probably in Bergamo (in the world Buoncortese), he entered the Friars Minor as a lay brother shortly before 1310 and…
Bonaguida d'ArezzoVol. II, p. 1053 BONAGUIDA D'AREZZO. - Decretalist of the 13th century. He taught at Arezzo around 1255. He also appears to have practised the legal profession profitably in…
Bonald, Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, Viscount of(BONALD, LOUIS-GABRIEL-AMBROISE, VISCONTE DI)Vol. II, p. 1053 BONALD, LOUIS-GABRIEL-AMBROISE, viscount. – French philosopher and statesman, born at Le Monna near Millau in Rouergue on 2 October 1754 and died at Lyon on 23…
Bonald, Louis-Jacques-Maurice deVol. II, p. 1054 BONALD, LOUIS-JACQUES-MAURICE de - Cardinal, son of the philosopher, b. at Millau in Aveyron on 30 Oct. 1787 and d. at Lyons on 25 Feb. 1870. Ordained priest…
Bonaluti, AndreaVol. II, p. 1053 BONALUTI, ANDREA: V. ANDREA DA FIRENZE.
Bonanno PisanoVol. II, p. 1054 BONANNO PISANO. — Sculptor and architect of the second half of the 12th century. The bronze leaves of the main door of the cathedral of Monreale bear his name…
