Jona, Jehudah, Ben Jishāq(JONA, JĒHŪDHĀH, BEN JĪSHĀQ)Vol. VII, p. 379 JONA, JĒHŪDHĀH, ben JĪSHĀQ. — A converted rabbi, known in Italy as Giovanni Battista Giuda Giona or, more briefly, Battista, born to Jews from Spain in Safed…
Jonah(GIONA)Vol. VI, p. 273 GIONA. — Prophet, son of Amathi (Heb. Amitta) of Geth (Gath) of Opher (Hépher) in Galilee; he foretold to Jeroboam II (787–746) his victories (II Reg. 14:25).…
Jonah of Orléans(GIONA D'ORLÉANS)Vol. VI, p. 275 GIONA D'ORLÉANS. — Bishop and theologian, born in Aquitania, probably before 780, died at Orléans between 841 and 843. Having succeeded Teodolfo in 818 in the…
Jonathan (Heb. Yônāthān, "Yahweh Has Given")(GIONATA (EBR. JÖNÄTHÄN, « JAHWEH HA DATO »))Vol. VI, p. 276 GIONATA (Heb. Jönäthän, “Jahweh has given”). — Eldest son of Saul (v.), and one of the most heroic and attractive figures in the Bible. He was perhaps 20 years…
Jongleurs (Joculari, Joculatores)(GIULLARI (JOCULARES, JOCULATORES))Vol. VI, p. 467 GIULLARI (joculares, joculatores). - In the Middle Ages, giullari were those who made a profession of entertaining the public of different social classes, from…
Jonson, BenVol. VII, p. 379 JONSON, BEN. - Playwright and poet, contemporary of Shakespeare, born at Westminster in 1573 (probably on 11 June), died in London on 6 Aug. 1637. He was the…
Joppa(GIAFFA)Vol. VI, p. 228 GIAFFA - Overview. 1,500 blacks. England prohibited Catholic worship there and persecuted those who professed it. Thousands of slaves and political convicts…
Joram(IORAM)Vol. VII, p. 112 IORAM. – King of Israel (853–842 B.C.), son of Achab, succeeded his brother Ochozia, who died after reigning for a few months, and was the last king of the…
Jordaens, JacobVol. VII, p. 380 JORDAENS, JACOB. — Painter, born in Antwerp on 19 May 1593, died there on 18 October 1678. In 1607 he entered the workshop of the painter Adam Van Noorts. His…
Jordan(GIORDANIA)Vol. VI, p. 281 GIORDANIA. – Recent designation indicating the Kingdom of Transjordan. When, on 25 May 1946, the emir ʿAbdallāh assumed the title of king and, on 27 June 1946,…
Jordan (Heb. Yardēn; Arabic al-Urdunn)(GIORDANO (EBR. JARDĒN, ARABO EL-URDUNN))Vol. VI, p. 281 GIORDANO (Hebr. Jardēn, Arab. el-Urdunn). — The most important and perennial river of Palestine, formed by the confluence of three watercourses whose sources…
Jordan, AlexisVol. VII, p. 380 JORDAN, ALEXIS. - Naturalist, self-taught scholar, and French botanist, b. at Lyon in 1814, d. there in 1897. He is known for his discovery that the Linnaean…
Jordan, FranzVol. VII, p. 380 JORDAN, FRANZ. - Priest, in religion F. Maria della Croce, b. at Gurtweil (Baden) on 16 June 1848, d. at Tafers (Switzerland) on 8 Sept. 1918. Ordained priest…
Jordanis (Jordanes, Jornandes)Vol. VII, p. 380 JORDANIS (Jordanes, Jornandes). - Historian of Gothic origin, active around the middle of the sixth century. He wrote in Vulgar Latin, in 551, two chronicles:…
Jos, Apostolic Prefecture of(JOS, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VII, p. 380 JOS, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. — Mission founded recently (1934) with territory detached from northern Nigeria (v. KADUNA), comprising the civil provinces of…
Josaphat(GIOSAFAT)Vol. VI, p. 303 GIOSAFAT: v. IOSAPHAT.
Josaphat(IOSAPHAT)Vol. VII, p. 113 IOSAPHAT. - King of Judah (873-849 B.C.), the fourth after the schism. Son and successor of Asa (v.), he ascended the throne at the age of 35 and reigned for…
Josaphat, Saint(GIOSAFAT, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 303 GIOSAFAT, saint. — Archbishop, martyr, born in 1580 at Vladimir in Volhynia, died on 12 November 1623 at Vitebsk. S. G. (whose family name was Giovanni…
Josaphat, Valley Of(IOSAPHAT, VALLE DI)Vol. VII, p. 114 IOSAPHAT, VALLEY of. – Name of the narrow valley, also called that of the Cedron (v.), east of Jerusalem, between the city and the Mount of Olives; properly…
Joscellino (Joslenus, Gauslenus) of Soissons(JOSCELLINO (JOSLENUS, GAUSLENUS) DI SOISSONS)Vol. VII, p. 381 JOSCELLINO (Joslenus, Gauslenus) of SOISSONS. - Teacher of dialectic at Mont Sainte-Geneviève in Paris, a contemporary of Abelardo, died 25 Oct. 1151. He was…
Joseph (Heb. Yôsēph; Ps. 81, 6 Yĕhôsēph = «God Increases»)(GIUSEPPE (EBR. JŌSĒPH; PS. 81, 6 JĒHŌSĒPH = «DIO ACCRESCE»))Vol. VI, p. 483 GIUSEPPE (Heb. Jōsēph; Ps. 81:6 Jēhōsēph = “God increases”). — Beloved son of the patriarch Giacobbe (v.) and of Rachele. His life (Gen. 37; 39–48; 50) is…
Joseph Barsabbas(GIUSEPPE BARSABA)Vol. VI, p. 493 GIUSEPPE BARSABA: V. BARSABA.
Joseph I(GIUSEPPE I)Vol. VI, p. 493 GIUSEPPE I. - Chaldean patriarch from 1681 to 1696. He was first Nestorian bishop of Dijarbekir (Amida), whose clergy in 1650 had passed from the Catholic…
Joseph I, Emperor(GIUSEPPE I, IMPERATORE)Vol. VI, p. 496 GIUSEPPE I, EMPEROR. - Born in Vienna on 26 July 1678; died there on 17 Apr. 1711. He assumed the imperial crown upon the death of his father Leopoldo I, on 5…
Joseph II, Emperor(GIUSEPPE II, IMPERATORE)Vol. VI, p. 496 GIUSEPPE II, EMPEROR. — Born on 16 March 1741 in Vienna, where he died on 20 February 1790. The first male child of Grand Duke Francesco I of Lorraine-Tuscany…
Joseph II, Patriarch of Constantinople(GIUSEPPE II, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. VI, p. 494 GIUSEPPE II, patriarch of COSTANTINOPOLI. - Bulgarian by birth (1416), he took part in the Council of Florence. Having died before the promulgation of the Bull…
Joseph of Arimathea(GIUSEPPE DA ARIMATEA)Vol. VI, p. 493 GIUSEPPE da ARIMATEA. - Member of the Sanhedrin, native of Arimathea (v.). He was rich, good, and just (Lk. 23, 50 ff.). A disciple of Jesus in secret, for…
Joseph of Carabantes(GIUSEPPE DA CARABANTES)Vol. VI, p. 493 GIUSEPPE da CARABANTES. – Capuchin preacher and missionary of the former province of Aragon, b. 27 June 1628, d. at Monforte de Lemos on 11 April 1694. From…
Joseph of Cupertino, Saint(GIUSEPPE DA COPERTINO, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 493 GIUSEPPE da COPERTINO, saint. — Conventual Franciscan, born at Copertino (Lecce) on 17 June 1603, died at Osimo on 18 Sept. 1663. Ordained a priest in 1628.…
Joseph of Dreux(GIUSEPPE DA DREUX)Vol. VI, p. 494 GIUSEPPE da DREUX. - Ascetical writer of the Paris Capuchin province, b. at Dreux (Normandy) in 1629, he entered the Order on 28 July 1647, was a zealous…
Joseph of Gargnano(GIUSEPPE DA GARGNANO)Vol. VI, p. 496 GIUSEPPE da GARGNANO: v. BERNINI, GIUSEPPE MARIA da GARGNANO.
Joseph of Jesus Mary(GIUSEPPE DI GESÙ MARIA)Vol. VI, p. 496 GIUSEPPE di GESÙ MARIA. - Mystical theologian of the Discalced Carmelites, Francesco Quiroga in the world, b. in 1562 at Castro Caldelas (diocese of Astorga),…
Joseph of Leonessa, Saint(GIUSEPPE DA LEONESSA, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 497 GIUSEPPE DA LEONESSA, saint. – Capuchin missionary and preacher of the Umbrian province, born at Leonessa on 8 January 1556, he entered the novitiate at the…
Joseph of Paris(GIUSEPPE DA PARIGI)Vol. VI, p. 498 GIUSEPPE da PARIGI. — Francesco Le Clerc du Tremblay, also known as the Grey Eminence, b. in Paris on 4 November 1577, d. there on 16 December 1638. Of a noble…
Joseph the Hymnographer, Saint(GIUSEPPE L'INNOGRAFO, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 497 GIUSEPPE L'INNOGRAFO, saint. – Basilian monk, born in Syracuse in 816, died in Constantinople on 3 April 886. Having taken refuge in the Peloponnese to escape…
Joseph the Philosopher(GIUSEPPE IL FILOSOFO)Vol. VI, p. 494 GIUSEPPE il FILOSOFO. - Byzantine monk, born at Ithaca about 1280, died at Thessalonica about 1330. He studied Greek philosophy in this city. After a period of…
Joseph, Bishop of Methone(GIUSEPPE, VESCOVO DI METONE)Vol. VI, p. 498 GIUSEPPE, bishop of METONE. – A celebrated polemicist of the 15th century, born in Crete (cf. his letter in J. Hardt, Catal. cod. mss. Bibl. reg. di Baviera,…
Joseph, Saint(GIUSEPPE, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 484 SAINT JOSEPH. — Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and putative father of Jesus (Heb. Jōsēph, apocopated form of Jēhōsēph, “May Jahweh add”; Gr. Ἰωσήφ, Lat.…
Josephine of Saint Agnes, Blessed(GIUSEPPA MARIA DI SANT'AGNESE, BEATA)Vol. VI, p. 483 GIUSEPPA MARIA DI SANT'AGNESE, blessed. – An Augustinian nun of the Congregation of the Discalced in the monastery of Benigànim, in the province of Valencia,…
Josephines of Belgium(GIUSEPPINI DEL BELGIO)Vol. VI, p. 502 GIUSEPPINI DEL BELGIO. – They were founded at Crommont in Flanders in 1817 by Canon C. van Crombrugghe (1798–1865). Initially intended for primary education,…
Josephinism(GIUSEPPINISMO)Vol. VI, p. 497 GIUSEPPINISMO. – The ecclesiastical policy of G. II may be summarized as the implementation of that system of jurisdictionalism which took its name from him,…
Josephus, Flavius(FLAVIO GIUSEPPE)Vol. V, p. 865 FLAVIO GIUSEPPE: v. GIUSEPPE FLAVIO
Josephus, Flavius (Ἰώσηπος)(GIUSEPPE, FLAVIO (ΙΏΣΗΠΟΣ))Vol. VI, p. 494 GIUSEPPE, FLAVIO (Ιώσηπος). — Jewish historian, son of Mattia of priestly family, b. in Jerusalem ca. 37-38 A.D. He received an education in accordance with…
Joshua(GIOSUÈ)Vol. VI, p. 303 GIOSUÈ. - I. THE PERSON. - Son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim (Num. 13:9, 17; 1 Chr. 7:22-27), successor of Moses as theocratic leader (cf. “the man in whom…
Josia(IOSIA)Vol. VII, p. 114 IOSIA. — King of Judah (639–609 B.C.). He ascended the throne at the age of eight, succeeding his father Amon (v.), who was murdered in a palace conspiracy…
Joubert, JosephVol. VII, p. 381 JOUBERT, JOSEPH. — French moralist, born in Montignac-le-Compte (Périgord) on 7 May 1754, died in Villeneuve-sur-Yonne on 4 May 1824. From 1768 he was educated…
Jouffroy, JeanVol. VII, p. 381 JOUFFROY, JEAN. – French cardinal and statesman, born at Luxeuil around 1412, died at Rully on 24 November 1473. He studied law at Cologne and Pavia, where he…
Jouffroy, ThéodoreVol. VII, p. 381 JOUFFROY, THÉODORE. - French philosopher, born at Pontets (Doubs) on 7 July 1796, died in Paris on 1 March 1842. He first studied under the guidance of his…
Joulain, HenriVol. VII, p. 381 JOULAIN, HENRI. — Born on 24 September 1852 at St-Romans-Les-Melle, in the diocese of Poitiers; ordained a priest in 1875, in 1880 he became an Oblate of Mary…
Joule, James PrescottVol. VII, p. 382 JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT. — Born in Salford near Manchester on 24 December 1818, died at Sale (Cheshire) on 11 October 1889. Along with the Germans J. R. Mayer…
Journal of Biblical and Religion, The(JOURNAL OF BIBLIC AND RELIGION, THE)Vol. VII, p. 382 JOURNAL OF BIBLIC AND RELIGION, THE. – Official journal of the Protestant National association of biblical instructors for the advancement of religion in…
Journal of Biblical LiteratureVol. VII, p. 382 JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE. – It began publication in Middletown (Connecticut) in 1881 under the name Journal of the Society of biblical literature and…
Journal of Near Eastern StudiesVol. VII, p. 382 JOURNAL OF NEAR EASTERN STUDIES. - A quarterly Protestant journal, published under the auspices of the University of Chicago. It began publication in Jan.…
Journal of Theological StudiesVol. VII, p. 382 JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES. – Quarterly journal of Protestant theology, published by Oxford University Press in England for professors and students of…
Jouvancy, Joseph DeVol. VII, p. 382 JOUVANCY, JOSEPH de. – Jesuit, philologist, educationalist, and historian, born in Paris on 14 September 1643, died in Rome on 29 May 1719. He taught Latin and…
Jouvenet, Jean-Baptiste, called Le Grand(JOUVENET, JEAN-BAPTISTE, DETTO LE GRAND)Vol. VII, p. 383 JOUVENET, JEAN-BAPTISTE, known as LE GRAND. - The best-known representative of a family of artists, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris in 1717. Having moved to…
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior deVol. VII, p. 383 JOVELLANOS, GASPAR MELCHIOR de. - Statesman, man of letters, economist, b. at Gijón (Spain) on 5 Feb. 1744, d. at Puerto de Vega on 27 Nov. 1811. At Alcalá and…
Jovian (Flavius Jovianus Augustus)(GIOVIANO (FLAVIUS IOVIANUS AUGUSTUS))Vol. VI, p. 401 GIOVIANO (Flavius Iovianus Augustus). - Roman emperor, b. at Singidunum in Moesia in 331, d. in Bithynia on Feb. 17, 364. Son of Count Varronianus, he pursued…
Jovinian(GIOVINIANO)Vol. VI, p. 401 GIOVINIANO. — Heretic of the 4th century. No information is known concerning his origins and early education; the place and date of his death are likewise…
Jovinian, First Patriarch of Jerusalem(GIOVENALE, PRIMO PATRIARCA DI GERUSALEMME)Vol. VI, p. 396 GIOVENALE, first patriarch of GERUSALEMME. — From 422 to 458. He was a great friend of St. Cirillo of Alessandria, whom he joined at the Council of Ephesus…
Jovinian, Saint(GIOVENALE, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 395 GIOVENALE, saint. - Bishop of Narni in the fourth century, died, probably, in 376 (cf. Anal. Boll., 54 [1936], p. 168). A Vita, later than the seventh century…
Jovita, Saint, Martyr(GIOVITA, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 402 GIOVITA, saint, martyr: v. FAUSTINO E GIOVITA, santi, martiri.
Joyce, JamesVol. VII, p. 383 JOYCE, JAMES. — Irish narrator, born in Dublin on 2 February 1882, died in Zurich on 13 January 1941. He was educated in Catholic institutions and, after…
Joyeuse, François-HenriVol. VII, p. 383 JOYEUSE, FRANÇOIS-HENRI. — French cardinal, born 24 June 1562, died 27 August 1615 in Avignon. Elected archbishop of Narbonne in 1581 and made a cardinal by…
Joüon, Paul(JOÛON, PAUL)Vol. VII, p. 382 JOÛON, PAUL. — Jesuit Semitic scholar, born in Nantes on 26 February 1871, died there on 18 February 1940. Professor of Hebrew at the University of St Joseph…
Juan Manuel, Infante of Castile(JUAN MANUEL, INFANTE DI CASTIGLIA)Vol. VII, p. 384 JUAN MANUEL, INFANTE OF CASTILE. – Writer, born at the castle of Escalona (Toledo) in 1282, died around 1348. Nephew of s. Ferdinando III, he took part in…
Juana Inés de la CruzVol. VII, p. 384 JUANA INÉS de la CRUZ. – Poet, born in San Miguel de Nepantla on 12 November 1651, died in Mexico City on 17 April 1695. She is the greatest Spanish-language…
Jubal (Hebrew: Jābhāl; Greek 'Iousah)(IUBAL (EBR.: JĀBHĀL; GRECO 'IOUŠĀH))Vol. VII, p. 343 IUBAL (Hebr.: Jābhāl; Greek: 'Ioušāh). – A Cainite, son of Lamech and Ada, “the father of all those who handle the lyre and the flute” (Gen. 4:21). That is,…
Jubilee(GIUBILEO)Vol. VI, p. 418 JUBILEE. – The year of J. is called in the Mosaic books, and allegorically in the prophetic books (Ex. 46:17), the year of remission (Septuagint: ἕως τῆς…
Jubilee Book, Book of(GIUBILEI, LIBRO DEI)Vol. VI, p. 418 JUBILEES, BOOK OF. — Jewish apocryphal work paraphrasing Gen. 1–13; 24. The Fathers call it Leptogenesis (Didymus of Alexandria, Enarrat. in epist. I Io. 3,…
Jubilee, Indulgence of(GIUBILAZIONE, INDULTO DI)Vol. VI, p. 417 GIUBILAZIONE, INDULTO by. — It is the pontifical indult by which prebendaries and beneficiaries of a Chapter obtain exemption from the obligations of choral…
Judah Levita (Yĕhûdhâh ben Šemû'ēl ha-Lēwî, in Arabic Abū'l-Ḥasan b. al-Lēwî)(GIUDA LEVITA (JÉHÂDHÂH BEN ŠEMÛ'EL HAL-LÊVI, IN ARABO ABÛ'L-HASAN B. AL-LÊVI))Vol. VI, p. 426 GIUDA LEVITA (Jéhâdhâh ben Šemû'el hal-Lêvi, in Arabic Abû'l-Hasan b. al-Lêvi). — Jewish poet and apologist, born in 1070 (or 1075) at Tudela. He later lived…
Judaism(GIUDAISMO)Vol. VI, p. 428 JUDAISM. — The religion and institutions of the people of Israel, which assumed their definitive form from the time of the Babylonian exile onward (6th century…
Judaizers(GIUDAIZZANTI)Vol. VI, p. 432 JUDAIZERS. - This was the name given in Russia at the end of the fifteenth century (1487–1503) to deniers of the Trinity, especially numerous in Novgorod but…
Judas(GIUDA)Vol. VI, p. 424 GIUDA. — Fourth son of Giacobbe, born of Lia, called Jéhâdhâh, “praise, acclaim” (Gen. 29:35; 49:8). Together with Ruben, he sought to save Giuseppe (Gen.…
Judas Barsabbas(GIUDA BARSABA)Vol. VI, p. 424 GIUDA BARSABA : v. BARSABA.
Judas Galileo(GIUDA GALILEO)Vol. VI, p. 424 GIUDA GALILEO. - Leader of one of the uprisings that broke out in Palestine against Roman rule, on the occasion of the census ordered by the senator P.…
Judas Iscariot(GIUDA ISCARIOTA)Vol. VI, p. 424 GIUDA ISCARIOTA. – Apostle, sadly famous for having betrayed Jesus. Son of a Simon, from the city of Qérijôth (Io. 6:72; 13:2–26), perhaps the present-day…
Judas Maccabeus(GIUDA MACCABEO)Vol. VI, p. 427 GIUDA MACCABEO : v. MACCABEI.
Judas Thaddeus(GIUDA TADDEO)Vol. VI, p. 427 GIUDA TADDEO. - Apostle, distinguished in the lists from the traitor of the same name by the designation G. [brother] of Giacomo (in Lk. 6:16, in the…
Judas, Brother of the Lord(GIUDA IL FRATELLO DEL SIGNORE)Vol. VI, p. 424 JUDE THE BROTHER of the LORD: v. GIUDA TADDEO.
Judas, Saint(GIUDA IL SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 427 GIUDA il SANTO. - Tannaite (v. TALMUD), also called G. the Prince (Jéhudhah han-Nāsī'), b. c. 135, d. in A.D. 210. He laid the foundations for the redaction of…
Judea(GIUDEA)Vol. VI, p. 432 GIUDEA. — Appellation (Gr. Ἰουδαία, Lat. Iudaea) used absolutely or with γῆ (Io. 3, 22) or χώρα (Mc. 1, 5), in use from the earliest Hellenistic period (F.-M.…
Judeo-Christians(GIUDEOCRISTIANI)Vol. VI, p. 435 JUDEOCHRISTIANS. — These are converts to the Christian faith from Judaism, who originally constituted the entire community of the Church of Jerusalem and had…
Judge(GIUDICE)Vol. VI, p. 436 GIUDICE. - By judge in the strict sense is meant a person (an individual judge) or a body of persons (a collegiate judge) called upon to determine a case by…
Judges(GIUDICI)Vol. VI, p. 438 JUDGES. — Designation of the leaders of Israel (Heb. Ἰόρβες, plur. Ἰόρβεξῶ; cf. the sūfētes of the Carthaginians: Liv., 28, 27, 2; 30, 7, 5), in the period…
Judgment(GIUDIZIO)Vol. VI, p. 442 JUDGMENT. – Judgment (Gr. ἀπόφασις, κατάφασις, Lat. iudicium, propositio, enunciatio, sententia) is the act by which thought affirms (or denies) something. The…
Judgment of God(GIUDIZIO DI DIO)Vol. VI, p. 444 JUDGMENT OF GOD. — This was the name given to those ordeals that made a presumed divine intervention, and the consequent presumed manifestation of God’s will,…
Judicial Assistance(ASSISTENZA GIUDIZIARIA)Vol. II, p. 131 ASSISTENZA GIUDIZIARIA: v. PATROCINIO GRATUITO.
Judicial Inquisition(INQUISIZIONE GIUDIZIALE)Vol. VII, p. 57 INQUISIZIONE GIUDIZIALE. — Investigation that must be conducted before the citation of the accused, when the offense is neither notorious nor entirely certain;…
Judicial Order(ORDINE GIUDIZIARIO)Vol. IX, p. 167 ORDINE GIUDIZIARIO. - La questione, più formale che sostanziale, se la magistratura costituisca ORDINE DEL S.MO SALVATORE E DI SANTA BRIGIDA. - S. Brigida.…
Judicial Reproof(RIMPROVERO GIUDIZIALE)Vol. X, p. 543 RIMPROVERO GIUDIZIALE: v. AMMONIZIONE.
Judith (Heb. Yēhūdhith, Vulg. Iudith)(GIUDITTA (EBR. JĒHŪDHITH, VOLG. IUDITH))Vol. VI, p. 440 JUDITH (Heb. Jēhūdhith, Vulg. Iudith). — A pious and heroic widow who delivered Bethulia; the name Jēhūdhith had already been borne by the wife of Esau,…
Juiz de Fora, Diocese of(JUIZ DE FORA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VII, p. 398 JUIZ DE FORA, DIOCESI di. – City and diocese in the State of Minas Geraes in Brazil. It has an area of 15,269 sq. km. and 558,000 inhabitants, of whom 550,000…
Jujuy, Diocese of(JUJUY, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VII, p. 398 JUJUY, DIOCESE of. — Diocese and capital city of the province of the same name in Argentina. The diocese has an area of 56,551 sq. km. and 166,943 inhabitants,…
Julia, Caesarea(GIULIA, CESAREA)Vol. VI, p. 452 GIULIA, CESAREA: V. ALGERI.
Julia, Saint, Martyr(GIULIA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 452 GIULIA, saint, martyr. - She is commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 22 May as a martyr of Corsica, but it is uncertain whether she was a local or an…
Julian and Basilissa, Saints, Martyrs(GIULIANO E BASILISSA, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. VI, p. 460 GIULIANO and BASILISSA, saints, martyrs. - They are commemorated together with others on 6 January in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, on 8 and 21 June in the…
Julian of Brioude, Saint, Martyr(GIULIANO DI BRIOUDE, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 458 GIULIANO of BRIOUDE, saint, martyr. - Greatly venerated in France and extolled by Sidonio Apollinare and Gregorio di Tours, he is commemorated in the…
Julian of Eclanum(GIULIANO DI ECLANO)Vol. VI, p. 458 GIULIANO of ECLANO. — So called from his episcopal see (now vanished, its ruins lying near present-day Mirabella Eclano, east of Benevento), he was the most…
Julian of Halicarnassus(GIULIANO DI ALICARNASSO)Vol. VI, p. 456 GIULIANO di ALICARNASSO. — Monophysite Bishop of Alicarnassus in Caria at the beginning of the 6th century. In 511 G. had taken part in the disturbances caused…
Julian of Speyer (Theutonicus)(GIULIANO DA SPIRA (THEUTONICUS))Vol. VI, p. 460 GIULIANO da SPIRA (Theutonicus). — Franciscan man of letters and musician, b. at Spira at the end of the 12th century, d. at Paris ca. 1250. He was a…
Julian of Toledo, Saint(GIULIANO DA TOLEDO, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 460 GIULIANO da TOLEDO, saint. — He is believed to have been of Jewish origin; he was a disciple of the archbishop Eugenio II of Toledo, the poet. S. G. da Toledo…
Julian Sabas, Saint(GIULIANO SABA, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 460 GIULIANO SABA, saint. - Died about 377. He is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 14 January and 18 October; on the latter date also among the Greeks. St.…
Julian the Apostate (Imp. Flavius Claudius Julianus), Roman Emperor(GIULIANO L'APOSTATA (IMP. FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS IULIANUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. VI, p. 456 GIULIANO L'APOSTATA (Imp. Flavius Claudius Iulianus), ROMAN EMPEROR. — Born in Constantinople in 331, died at Cresifonte on 27 June 363. Son of Giulio…
Julian the Hospitaller, Saint(GIULIANO LO SPEDALIERE, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 459 JULIAN THE HOSPITALLER, St. — Neither the date nor the place of his birth can be fixed; his biographical details are purely legendary, and the legend itself…
Julian, Pomerius(GIULIANO, POMERIO)Vol. VI, p. 459 GIULIANO, POMERIO: v. POMERIO, GIULIANO.
Juliana Falconieri, Saint(GIULIANA FALCONIERI, SANTA)Vol. VI, p. 455 GIULIANA FALCONIERI, saint. – Foundress of the women religious of the Third Order of the Servants of Mary (the Mantellate). According to the writings of Paolo…
Juliana of Cornillon, Blessed(GIULIANA DI CORNILLON, BEATA)Vol. VI, p. 452 GIULIANA di CORNILLON, blessed. — Promoter of the feast of Corpus Christi, born at Retinne (near Liège) between 1191 and 1192, died at Fosses (diocese of…
Juliana of Norwich(GIULIANA DI NORWICH)Vol. VI, p. 455 GIULIANA di NORWICH. – English mystic, born in 1342; she was still living in 1413. In May 1373 she was favored with sixteen “Manifestations” or “Revelations,”…
Juliano da Maiano(GIULIANO DA MAIANO)Vol. VI, p. 459 GIULIANO da MAIANO. – Architect and woodcarver, born in Maiano (Fiesole) in 1432, died in Naples on 17 October 1490. He belonged to a family of artists: his…
Julitta, Saint, Martyr(GIULITTA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 467 GIULITTA, saint, martyr: v. QUIRICO e GIULITTA, santi, martiri.
Julius(GIULIO)Vol. VI, p. 460 GIULIO. - A centurion to whom Paul, as a prisoner, was entrusted on the journey from Caesarea to Rome (Acts 27:1–28:16). G. treated Paul with great humanity…
Julius Africanus(GIULIO AFRICANO)Vol. VI, p. 461 GIULIO AFRICANO : v. SESTO GIULIO AFRICANO.
Julius I, Pope(GIULIO I, PAPA)Vol. VI, p. 461 GIULIO I, pope, saint – Epigraphic fragment bearing the name of the Pope – Rome, cemetery of SS. Marco and Marcellino. to visit the “friends” (Act. 27:3). When…
Julius I, Pope, Saint(GIULIO I, PAPA, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 461 GIULIO I, POPE, saint. — Elected on 6 February 337, died on 12 April 352. According to the Liber Pontificalis, he was Roman, the son of a certain Rusticus.…
Julius II, Pope(GIULIO II, PAPA)Vol. VI, p. 461 GIULIO II, POPE. — Giuliano della Rovere, born at Albissola near Savona in 1445 to an obscure family. His youth was spent in poverty; probably through the care…
Julius III, Pope(GIULIO III, PAPA)Vol. VI, p. 465 GIULIO III, POPE. — Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, born in Rome on 10 September 1487, died there on 23 March 1555. He studied literature under the guidance…
Julius, Saint, Martyr(GIULIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 461 GIULIO, saint, martyr. — He is commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 27 May and 4 June, but the former date seems the more certain, as is also…
JumiègesVol. VII, p. 398 JUMIÈGES. — Benedictine abbey of St Peter, founded by St Filiberto in 654 on land granted on the banks of the Seine in the diocese of Rouen by Queen Batilde,…
Jung-Stilling, Johann HeinrichVol. VII, p. 399 JUNG-STILLING, JOHANN HEINRICH. - Pietist, born at Grund (Hilchenbach) on 12 Sept. 1740, died at Karlsruhe on 2 Apr. 1817. In 1787 he was professor of economic…
Jungmann, BernardVol. VII, p. 398 JUNGMANN, BERNARD. - Theologian, b. at Münster on 1 March 1833, d. at Louvain on 12 Jan. 1895. From 1861 he taught philosophy at the Seminary of Roulers…
Jungmann, JosephVol. VII, p. 399 JUNGMANN, JOSEPH. – German Jesuit, born on 12 November 1830 at Münster in V., died on 25 November 1885 at Innsbruck, at whose University he had taught sacred…
Junilius Africanus(GIUNILIO AFRICANO)Vol. VI, p. 467 GIUNILIO AFRICANO. - Writer, d. 248–49. His real name was Giunilo (Iunillus): cf. Procopio, Anecd., 20, 17. He was quaestor sacri palatii under Giustiniano and…
Junius, François (François du Jon)(IUNIUS, FRANÇOIS (FRANÇOIS DU JON))Vol. VII, p. 343 IUNIUS, FRANÇOIS (FRANÇOIS DU JON). - Protestant theologian and philologist, b. at Bourges on 1 May 1545, d. at Leiden on 13 Oct. 1602. While still very young,…
Juno (Iuno)(GIUNONE (IUNO))Vol. VI, p. 468 GIUNONE (Iuno). — Italic and Roman goddess. The classical figure of the wife of Jupiter, familiar from Latin poetry, is merely a historical product determined…
Jupiter (Juppiter)(GIOVE (IUPPITER))Vol. VI, p. 394 GIOVE (Iuppiter). — Supreme god of the Roman religion. His name, linguistically identical with the Vedic Dyäus Pită (v.), is of Indo-European origin and…
Jurats(GIURATI)Vol. VI, p. 478 GIURATI. – So called from the oath by which they bind themselves to the proper fulfillment of their office, the g. are a body of citizens belonging to…
Juridicism(GIURIDISMO)Vol. VI, p. 478 GIURIDISMO. - A charge brought by the Slavophiles against the Catholic Church, which is alleged to have substituted for the grace of mutual love and for the…
Jurieu, PierreVol. VII, p. 399 JURIEU, PIERRE. – Protestant controversialist, born on 24 December 1637 at Mer (diocese of Blois), died at Rotterdam on 11 January 1713. He studied at the…
Jurisdiction(GIURISDIZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 479 GIURISDIZIONE. - Iurisdictio (from ius and dicere), in the Roman legal sources, denotes the activity of one who administers justice. SUMMARY: I. Notions. - II.…
Jurisdictionalism(GIURISDIZIONALISMO)Vol. VI, p. 479 GIURISDIZIONALISMO: V. REGALISMO; SEPARATISMO.
Jurisprudence(GIURISPRUDENZA)Vol. VI, p. 482 GIURISPRUDENZA. – From the Latin iurisprudentia, it means expertise in law, an expertise that is at once theoretical knowledge and practical wisdom. Such, in…
JurodivyjVol. VII, p. 399 JURODIVYJ. – Title given in Russia to ascetics who, through their conduct, seek the contempt of men and inner freedom in divine service. There have always been…
Jurua(JURUÀ)Vol. VII, p. 399 JURUÀ. — “Nullius” prelature in the State of Amazonas in Brazil. It has an area of 20,000 sq km, with 78,000 inhabitants, of whom 75,000 are Catholics; it has…
JusVol. VII, p. 400 JUS. - A quarterly periodical, bearing the subtitle Journal of Juridical Sciences published under the auspices of the Università Cattolica del S. Cuore,…
Jus Primae Noctis(IUS PRIMAE NOCTIS)Vol. VII, p. 343 IUS PRIMAE NOCTIS. — That in the Middle Ages, particularly in the centuries from the eleventh to the thirteenth, but also much earlier and much later, feudal…
Just Cause(CAUSA GIUSTA)Vol. III, p. 693 CAUSA GIUSTA. – This is the reasonable and proportionate motive that leads ecclesiastical authority to take some measure and, in particular, to grant some…
Just Wrath of the Creator(IRA IUSTA CONDITORIS)Vol. VII, p. 131 «IRA IUSTA CONDITORIS». — Hymn of Matins for the feast of the Most Precious Blood, composed and inserted into the Breviary under Pius IX. The efficacy of…
Justification(GIUSTIFICAZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 502 GIUSTIFICAZIONE. – In the active sense, this designates the act by which God transforms a soul, causing it to pass from the state of sin to the state of Grace;…
Justin (Zapertowicz) of Miechów(GIUSTINO (ZAPERTOWICZ) DA MIECHÓW)Vol. VI, p. 515 GIUSTINO (ZAPERTOWICZ) da MIECHÓW. - Polish Dominican preacher and writer, born at Mie- chów about 1597-91 (not 1594), died at the beginning of 1649 (indirect…
Justin, Saint, Martyr(GIUSTINO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 513 GIUSTINO, saint, martyr. — Apologist and philosopher, d. ca. 165. SUMMARY: I. Life. — II. Works. — III. Thought. I. LIFE. — His life is first and foremost…
Justina, Roman Empress(GIUSTINA, IMPERATRICE ROMANA)Vol. VI, p. 506 GIUSTINA, ROMAN EMPRESS. - Daughter of Giusto, consular official of Picenum and relative of Magnenzio, whom she married while still a girl. Having been…
Justus of Canterbury, Saint(GIUSTO DI CANTERBURY, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 522 JUSTUS of CANTERBURY, saint. – Most probably of Roman origin and a Benedictine monk in the monastery on the Caelian, he died at Canterbury on 10 November 630.…
Justus of Ghent, Joos van Wassenhove, called(GIUSTO DI GAND, JOOS VAN WASSENHOVE, DETTO)Vol. VI, p. 522 GIUSTO di GAND, JOOS VAN WASSENHOVE, so called. — Painter born between 1435 and 1440 either in Antwerp or in Ghent; in 1460 he was admitted to the Guild of St.…
Justus of Urbino (Curtopassi)(GIUSTO DA URBINO (CURTOPASSI))Vol. VI, p. 524 GIUSTO da URBINO (CURTOPASSI). — Capuchin missionary and Ethiopianist, born at Matraia (Lucca) on 30 August 1814, died at Hartom on 21 September 1856. He…
Justus of Urgell(GIUSTO DI URGEL)Vol. VI, p. 524 GIUSTO di URGEL. — Flourished around 546 and was a prominent figure at the Councils of Lerida and Valenza of 546. According to the testimony of s. Isidoro, he…
Juvara (Juvarra), FilippoVol. VII, p. 400 JUVARA (JUVARRA), FILIPPO. – Architect and engraver, b. in Messina on 16 June 1678, d. in Madrid on 31 January 1736. From his father, a goldsmith and engraver,…
Juvenal (Ruffini) of Val di Non (Ananiensis)(GIOVENALE (RUFFINI) DA VAL DI NON (ANANIENSIS))Vol. VI, p. 396 GIOVENALE (RUFFINI) of VAL DI NON (Ananiensis). - Capuchin philosopher and theologian of the Tyrolean province, b. 25 March 1635; he entered the Order at…
Juvencus (Gaius Vettius Aquilinus Iuvencus)(GIOVENCO (GAIUS VETTIUS AQUILINUS IUVENCUS))Vol. VI, p. 396 GIOVENCO (Gaius Vettius Aquilinus Iuvencus). — He is the first Christian Latin poet whom we encounter after the Edict of Milan (513 A.D.). A native of the…
Juvenile Rehabilitation(RIEDUCAZIONE MINORILE)Vol. X, p. 526 RIEDUCAZIONE MINORILE: V. MINORENNI, CORRUZIONE dei. 2. Correction of minors.
Juárez, Benito Pablo(JUAREZ, BENITO PABLO)Vol. VII, p. 385 JUAREZ, BENITO PABLO. — Mexican statesman, b. on 21 March 1806 at S. Pueblo Guelatao (Oajaca), d. on 18 July 1872 in Mexico City. He initially practised law,…
Jörg, Joseph EdmundVol. VII, p. 380 JÖRG, JOSEPH EDMUND. - Historian, publicist, and politician, b. at Immenstadt on 23 Dec. 1819 and d. at Landshut on 18 Nov. 1901. He studied theology,…
JōšippōnVol. VII, p. 381 JŌŠIPPŌN. - Compiler of midrashic legends, also called Jōšēph ben Gurjōn or Jōšēph hā-ibbrī (“Joseph the Jew”), who passes himself off as the author of a work…
Jōḥānān Ben Zakkaj(JÖHÄNÄN BEN ZAKKAJ)Vol. VII, p. 377 JÖHÄNÄN BEN ZAKKAJ. – Tannaita (v.) of the first half of the 1st century A.D. The title Rabbān, “our master,” by which he is designated, denotes the authority…
