Cautions against sin in general, and some sins in particular.
An inuectiue against sinne in general, 5. and diuers in particular.
1My son, hast thou sinned? do so no more: but for thy former sins also pray that they may be forgiven thee.Figliuolo, hai tu peccato? non peccar più: ma fa anche orazione per le colpe passate, affinchè ti sian rimesse.SONNE hast thou sinned? doe so no more: but for the old also pray that they may be forgeuen thee.Fili, peccasti, non adjicias iterum: / sed et de pristinis deprecare, ut tibi dimittantur. 2Flee from sins as from the face of a serpent: for if thou comest near them, they will take hold of thee.Come della faccia di un serpente, così fuggi dal peccato, perché se a lui ti accosterai, ti morderà.As from the face of a serpent flee from sinnes: and if thou approch to them, they wil receiue thee.Quasi a facie colubri fuge peccata: / et si accesseris ad illa, suscipient te. 3The teeth thereof are the teeth of a lion, killing the souls of men.I suoi denti sono denti di leone, che uccidono le anime degli uomini.The teeth of a lion the teeth thereof, killing the soules of men.Dentes leonis dentes ejus, / interficientes animas hominum. 4All iniquity is like a two-edged sword, there is no remedy for the wound thereof.Ogni colpa è come una spada a due tagli: le sue ferite sono insanabili.Al iniquitie is as a two edged sword, there is no remedie for the wound thereof.Quasi rhomphæa bis acuta omnis iniquitas: / plagæ illius non est sanitas. 5Injuries and wrongs will waste riches: and the house that is very rich shall be brought to nothing by pride: so the substance of the proud shall be rooted out.L'arroganza, e gli oltraggi mandano in fumo le ricchezze: e la casa più facoltosa si spianterà per la superbia; così i beni del superbo saranno annichilati.Brawling and iniuries shal bring the substance to nothing: and the house that is verie rich, shal be made nothing by pride: so the substance of the proude shal be rooted out.Objurgatio et injuriæ annullabunt substantiam, / et domus quæ nimis locuples est annullabitur superbia: / sic substantia superbi eradicabitur. 6The prayer out of the mouth of the poor shall reach the ears of God, and judgment shall come for him speedily.Dalla bocca del povero la preghiera giungerà fino alle orecchie di Dio, e tosto sarà a lui renduta giustizia.The prayer of the poore out of the mouth shal come to his eares, and iudgement shal come for him spedely.Deprecatio pauperis ex ore usque ad aures ejus perveniet, / et judicium festinato adveniet illi. 7He that hateth to be reproved walketh in the trace of a sinner: and he that feareth God will turn to his own heart.L'odiare la correzione è indizio di uom peccatore; ma chi teme Dio rientrerà in se stesso.He that hateth chastisement, is the trace of a sinner: and he that feareth God, wil turne to his owne hart.Qui odit correptionem vestigium est peccatoris, / et qui timet Deum convertetur ad cor suum.
8He that is mighty by a bold tongue is known afar off, but a wise man knoweth to slip by him.Il potente si fa conoscere da lungi coll'audacia della lingua; ma l'uom sensato sa schivarlo.The mightie in a bold tongue is knowen a far of, and a wiseman knoweth himself to fal by •••m.Notus a longe potens lingua audaci, / et sensatus scit labi se ab ipso. 9He that buildeth his house at other men’s charges, is as he that gathereth himself stones to build in the winter.Chi la propria casa edifica a spese altrui, è come chi le sue pietre mette insieme per fabbricare nell'inverno.He that buildeth his house at other menes charges, is as he that gathereth his stones in the winter.Qui ædificat domum suam impendiis alienis, / quasi qui colligat lapides suos in hieme. 10The congregation of sinners is like tow heaped together, and the end of them is a flame of fire.La sinagoga de' peccatori è una massa di stoppa, e la loro fine è il fuoco ardente.The synagogue of sinners is as tow gathered toge ther, and their consummation à flame of fire.Stupa collecta synagoga peccantium, / et consummatio illorum flamma ignis. 11The way of sinners is made plain with stones, and in their end is hell, and darkness, and pains.La via de' peccatori è lastricata di pietre lisce, ma ella va a finire nell'inferno, nelle tenebre, e ne' tormenti.The way of sinners is paued with stones, & in their end, hel, & darkenes, and paines.Via peccatorum complanata lapidibus: / et in fine illorum inferi, et tenebræ, et pœnæ. 12He that keepeth justice shall get the understanding thereof.Chi custodisce la giustizia, ne comprende lo spirito.He that keepeth iustice, shal conteine the vnderstanding therof.Qui custodit justitiam, continebit sensum ejus. 13The perfection of the fear of God is wisdom and understanding.La perfezione del timore di Dio è saggezza, e intelligenza.The consummation of the feare of God wisdom and vnderstanding.Consummatio timoris Dei, sapientia et sensus. 14He that is not wise in good, will not be taught.Chi non è saggio nel bene, non farà acquisto di scienza.He shal not be taught, that is not wise in good.Non erudietur / qui non est sapiens in bono. 15But there is a wisdom that aboundeth in evil: and there is no understanding where there is bitterness.E v'ha una saggezza feconda di male; ma dov'è malizia, non v'è la prudenza.But there is wisdom that abundeth in euil: and there is no vnderstanding where bitternes is.Est autem sapientia quæ abundat in malo, / et non est sensus ubi est amaritudo.
16The knowledge of a wise man shall abound like a flood, and his counsel continueth like a fountain of life.La scienza del saggio si spande, come una piena d'acque; e i suoi consigli son come una fonte perenne di vita.The knowlege of the wise shal abound as an inundation, and his counsel is permanent as a fountaine of life.Scientia sapientis tamquam inundatio abundabit, / et consilium illius sicut fons vitæ permanet. 17The heart of a fool is like a broken vessel, and no wisdom at all shall it hold.Il cuore dell'insensato è come un vaso rotto: ei non può ritenere nissuna parte di saggezza.The hart of a foole is as a broken vessel, and al wisdom it shal not hold.Cor fatui quasi vas confractum, / et omnem sapientiam non tenebit. 18A man of sense will praise every wise word he shall hear, and will apply it to himself: the luxurious man hath heard it, and it shall displease him, and he will cast it behind his back.Qualunque buona parola, che ascolti l'uom saggio, la loderà, e se la applicherà: la ascolterà un uom dato al piacere, e gli dispiacerà, e se la getterà dietro alle spalle.A man of knowlege wil praise whatsoeuer wise word he shal heare, and wil applie it to himself: the riotous man hath heard it, and it shal displease him, and he wil cast it behind his back.Verbum sapiens quodcumque audierit scius, / laudabit, et ad se adjiciet: / audivit luxuriosus, et displicebit illi, / et projiciet illud post dorsum suum. 19The talking of a fool is like a burden in the way: but in the lips of the wise, grace shall be found.I discorsi dello stolto son come un fardello per viaggio; ma sulle labbra dell'uom sensato si trova la grazia.The narration of a foole is as a burden in the way: for in the lippes of the wise shal grace be found.Narratio fatui quasi sarcina in via: / nam in labiis sensati invenietur gratia. 20The mouth of the prudent is sought after in the church, and they will think upon his words in their hearts.La bocca dell'uom prudente è desiderata nelle adunanze, e le parole di lui ciascuno le medita in cuor suo.The mouth of the prudent is sought in the Church, and they wil thinke vpon his wordes in their hartes.Os prudentis quæritur in ecclesia, / et verba illius cogitabunt in cordibus suis. 21As a house that is destroyed, so is wisdom to a fool: and the knowledge of the unwise is as words without sense.La saggezza è per lo stolto come una casa in rovina, e la scienza dell'insensato consiste in parole inintelligibili.As a house destroied, so is wisdom to a foole: & the knowlege of the vnwise inexplicable wordes.Tamquam domus exterminata, sic fatuo sapientia: / et scientia insensati inenarrabilia verba.
22Doctrine to a fool is as fetters on the feet, and like manacles on the right hand.La scienza è per lo stolto come ceppi a' piedi, e come catene alla sua destra mano.Fetters on the feete, doctrine to a foole, and as manicles vpon the right hand.Compedes in pedibus, stulto doctrina: / et quasi vincula manuum super manum dextram. 23A fool lifteth up his voice in laughter: but a wise man will scarce laugh low to himself.Il fatuo se ride, alza la voce; ma l'uomo saggio appena sorride senza rumore.A foole in laughter exalteth his voice: but a wiseman wil scarse laugh secretly.Fatuus in risu exaltat vocem suam: / vir autem sapiens vix tacite ridebit. 24Learning to the prudent is as an ornament of gold, and like a bracelet upon his right arm.La scienza è all'uom prudente un ornamento di oro, e come un braccia letto alla mano destra.Doctrine to the prudent is a golden ornament, and as it were a bracelet on the right arme.Ornamentum aureum prudenti doctrina, / et quasi brachiale in brachio dextro. 25The foot of a fool is soon in his neighbour’s house: but a man of experience will be abashed at the person of the mighty.Lo stolto mette facilmente il pie in casa d'altri, ma l'uomo, che ha sperienza, si vergogna in faccia dei grandi.The foote of a foole goeth easely into his neighbours house: & a cunning man wil be abashed at the person of the mightie.Pes fatui facilis in domum proximi: / et homo peritus confundetur a persona potentis. 26A fool will peep through the window into the house: but he that is well taught will stand without.Lo stolto guarda nella casa per la finestra; ma l'uom discreto se ne sta di fuori.A foole wil looke from the window into the house: but the nurtered wil stand without.Stultus a fenestra respiciet in domum: / vir autem eruditus foris stabit. 27It is the folly of a man to hearken at the door: and a wise man will be grieved with the disgrace.E cosa da stolto lo stare a origliare alla porta: e l'uom prudente non sopporterà simile infamia.It is the follie of a man to harken by the dore: and a wiseman wil be greued with the contumelie.Stultitia hominis auscultare per ostium: / et prudens gravabitur contumelia. 28The lips of the unwise will be telling foolish things: but the words of the wise shall be weighed in a balance.Le labbra degli imprudenti raccontano cose assurde: ma le parole de' saggi saran pesate sulla bilancia.The lippes of the vnwise shal tel foolish thinges: but the wordes of the wise shal be pondered in balance.Labia imprudentium stulta narrabunt; / verba autem prudentium statera ponderabuntur.
29The heart of fools is in their mouth: and the mouth of wise men is in their heart.Il cuor degli stolti è nella loro bocca: e la bocca de' saggj è nel cuor loro.The hart of fooles is in their mouth: and the mouth of wisemen is in their hart.In ore fatuorum cor illorum, / et in corde sapientium os illorum. 30While the ungodly curseth the devil, he curseth his own soul.Quando l'empio maledice il diavolo, maledice l'anima propria.Whiles the impious curseth the diuel, he curseth his owne soule.Dum maledicit impius diabolum, / maledicit ipse animam suam. 31The talebearer shall defile his own soul, and shall be hated by all: and he that shall abide with him shall be hateful: the silent and wise man shall be honoured.Il detrattore contamina l'anima propria, e dappertutto sarà odiato, e chi converserà con lui sarà mal visto: ma l'uomo, che sa tacere; ed ha prudenza, sarà onorato.The whisperer shal defile his soule, and shal be hated in al: and he that shal abide with him, shal be odious: the stil man and wise shal be honored.Susurro coinquinabit animam suam, et in omnibus odietur, / et qui cum eo manserit odiosus erit: / tacitus et sensatus honorabitur.
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Thee. The just may offend: but the wicked relapse continually.
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Menochius
Hold. Greek, "bite," (Calmet) in the same sense. (Menochius)
Worthington
Serpents sting in secret: so all sins inveigle the soul. (Worthington)
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Lion. Yet only those are hurt, who consent to sin. The devil may go round about, (1 Peter 5:8.) and tempt; (Calmet) he cannot bite, except a man willingly expose himself, and come near, ver. 2.
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Haydock
Remedy. In man. (Haydock)
Calmet
Only the sovereign physician can cure it. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Riches. As they make enemies arise. Greek subjoins, "so the house of the proud shall be made desolate." (Haydock)
Roboam lost ten tribes by an insolent answer, and the Tarquins were expelled for their pride.
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Speedily. God is the protector of the poor, Psalm 10:5.
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Calmet
Sinner. He rejects all medicines. How shall he be cured? (Calmet)
Worthington
They who fear God, will examine their actions when they are warned. (Worthington)
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Haydock
By him. And to avoid his reproaches. Greek, "knoweth when he is ruined." (Haydock)
He is more reserved, and escapes the dangers of talkativeness.
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Haydock
Winter. This season is unfit for building; so the man who borrows, may be forced to pay again (Calmet) before it is convenient for him. (Haydock)
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Haydock
Fire. All their grandeur will end in smoke. (Haydock)
Malachias 4:1., and Matthew 13:30.
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Stones. It is broad and easy, Matthew vii.
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Haydock
Thereof. Practice makes perfect. A painter may produce a better piece by this means, than one who is more acquainted with theory, (Calmet) and neglects it. (Haydock)
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Bitterness. True wisdom promotes the general good.
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Of life. Which never fails, John 4:14., and 7:38.
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Calmet
Church. Or assembly, Job 29:11, 21. (Calmet)
Worthington
All good people dislike senseless talk, and approve of what is edifying. (Worthington)
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Fool. All is in confusion, like a heap of ruins.
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Hand. He esteems instruction burdensome.
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Clement
Low. A smiling countenance is commendable, but loud laughter is to be avoided. (Clement, Paed. 2:5.)
St. Augustine
It causes too great a change, (Plato, Rep. 3.) and is a mark of folly, Ecclesiastes 7:5. (St. Augustine, contra Acad. 2:2.)
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Calmet
House. And meddles with the concerns of others. (Calmet)
Haydock
Of the mighty, is not in Greek. The wise will not easily receive invitations. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Window. Greek, "door" with impudence. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Heart. Understanding. (Haydock)
The wise speak with reflection, Proverbs 16:23.
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Challoner
While the ungodly, etc. He condemneth and curseth himself; inasmuch as by sin he takes part with the devil, and is, as it were, his member and subject. (Challoner)
Calmet
In vain does he lay the blame of his sins on the devil, ver. 3. (Calmet)
Worthington
He condemns himself by imitating the wicked, Luke xix. (Worthington)
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Haydock
By all. Greek, "in the neighbourhood." The rest is omitted. (Haydock)
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While the ungodly, etc.... He condemneth and curseth himself: inasmuch as by sin he takes part with the devil, and is, as it were, his member and subject.
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As a serpent deceiptfully approcheth & stingeth the bodie, so al sinnes inuegle and hurt the soule.
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It is a signe that he is guiltie, who contemneth freindly admonition.
He that truly feareth God wil diligently examine his ovvne actes, & defectes when he is vvarned.
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As walles of stone built in the frost, so riches or good name vniustly gotten wil not cōtinue long
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Senseles, or bad talke is tedious to al good men.
VVordes that may edifie are gratful to al godlie eares.
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VVicked men condemning the diuel or anie other wicked, do in dede condeme them selues. And to them agreeth that sentence: of our Sauiour. By thyne owne mouth I iudge thee, naughtie seruant. Luc. 19.
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 An Exhortation to Theodore After His Fall 1
… and if we continue obdurate, He will not spare us, but will smite us with a mighty blow, both in this world and the next. “Let us then anticipate His countenance by our confession,” let us pour out our hearts before Him. For “thou hast sinned,” we read, “do not add thereto any more, and pray on behalf of thy former deeds;”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Three Homilies Concerning the Power of Demons 3.2
Remember these things. With these stop the mouths of the indolent, the dissolute, the slothful, the indisposed towards the labours of virtue, those who accuse their common Master. “Thou hast sinned” he saith “be still.” “Do not add a second more grievous sin.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 22
… How (you ask)? Because, although be came after him, yet what befell [Abel] was sufficient to guide him back. How? God foreknew that [Abel] would be killed. For He said to Cain: “Thou hast sinned: do not add thereto.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 City of God 21.27
… To the same purpose is that written, “He who is bad to himself, to whom can he be good?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Marriage and Concupiscence 1.29
… He has the sin, therefore, remaining, although the particular act of his sin no longer exists, since it has passed away along with the time when it was committed. For if to desist from sinning were the same thing as not to have sins, it would be sufficient if Scripture were content to give us the simple warning, “My son, hast thou sinned? Do so no more.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 10.12
… “Go ye into everlasting fire, for I was hungry, and ye gave Me no meat.” So then it is but a small matter to depart from sins, if thou shalt neglect to cure what is past, as it is written, “Son, thou hast sinned, do so no more.” And that he might not think to be secure by this only, he saith, “And for thy former sins pray that they may be forgiven thee.”
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on Paul's Epistle to the Romans 8
… For He counts nothing unworthy of Himself which may be conducive to our salvation. Since then we aware of this, let us shun sin altogether, because by reason of it He is blasphemed. For it says, “flee from sin, as from the face of a serpent: if thou comest too near unto it, it will bite thee” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Titus 3
For bodily things are nearer to us, from these therefore he introduced instruction. But it is not so now. For we ought not to be confined to figures, and shadows, but to adhere to the truth, and to uphold it: sin is the unclean thing. From that let us flee, from that let us abstain. “If thou comest near it, it will bite thee.” (
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Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 6.7
… Solomon, e.g., declaring in one passage, that “instruction unquestioned goes astray;” and Jesus the son of Sirach, who has left us the treatise called “Wisdom,” declaring in another, that “the knowledge of the unwise is as words that will not stand investigation.”
Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 7.12
… and assuming that no answer can be given, he proceeds to draw a whole train of inferences, none of which can be allowed. But he ought to know that those who wish to live according to the teaching of sacred Scripture understand the saying, “The knowledge of the unwise is as talk without sense,”
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1. SON, HAST THOU SINNED? ADD NOT AGAIN; BUT ALSO FOR THY FORMER SINS BESEECH THAT THEY MAY BE FORGIVEN THEE. — Zurich Bible: if thou hast sinned, son, do not continue to sin, but beseech for thy past deeds that they may be forgiven thee. He says, if thou hast sinned, because, as the Arabic proverb has it, Cent. 2, num. 57: "The omission of sin is more right than the execution of penance," that is to say, It is better not to sin than to repent after sin: innocence is better than penance: it is more profitable not to have occasions for repenting than to repent. Now the sense is, that is to say, After sin committed, as after a mortal wound received, I suggest to thee two remedies necessary for thy salvation: first, that thou repeat not thy sin; for there are many who, when they have committed one sin, as if innocence and grace were already lost and they despaired, are prone to rush into every crime, and like swine wallow in the mire of pleasures, as harlots and fornicators do. To these he says: "Son, hast thou sinned? add not again," both because the repetition of sin is a new sin, and a new wound to the soul. Just as therefore he who has received one wound takes care not to receive a second; so also he who has committed one sin should take care not to commit a second, both because one sin is more easily healed than two, three and more; just as one wound is more easily healed than many; and also because in the repetition of sin there is stubbornness and lust of mind, which gravely offends God, and makes the healing of the fallen one difficult and the forgiveness of guilt difficult. To this tends the proverb of the Hebrews: "One precept draws another precept, and sin draws sin," that is to say, One observance of the law, one virtue draws another; so one sin draws and entices to another. Secondly: "But also for thy former sins beseech that they may be forgiven thee," that is to say, It is not enough for the forgiveness of sin to refrain from repeating it, or to correct one's life, as if penance were nothing other than a change of mind, as Calvin and Luther pretend; but moreover it is necessary to grieve over the sin committed, and humbly and sorrowfully to beseech its forgiveness. Thus St. Augustine, lib. I On Nuptials and Concupiscence, cap. xxvi, where from this passage he teaches that the act of sin, passing away, leaves behind it a debt, or a stain remaining in the soul, by which man is reckoned and is a sinner, and is bound and guilty to the wrath of God and to hell. "For if to cease from sinning, he says, this were to have no sin, it would suffice that Scripture admonish us thus: Son, hast thou sinned? add not again. But it is not enough; but he added: And for thy former sins beseech that they may be forgiven thee. They remain therefore, unless they be forgiven. But how do they remain, if they are past, unless because they have passed in act, they remain in debt?" Thus St. Augustine. Morally, Mystically St. Gregory, IV Moral. cap. xix: "Sin, he says, adds sin to sin, he who defends even his evil deeds; and he does not leave that solitary night, who to the darkness of his guilt also adds the patronage of defense," as Adam did, excusing his sin, nay, turning it back upon God: The woman whom thou gavest me as a companion, he says, gave me of the tree, and I did eat, Genesis III, 12, that is to say, Thou didst furnish the occasion of transgression, thou who gavest me the woman." Thus St. Gregory. Morally, learn here that after sin repentance must be done quickly, and after it one must beware of relapse, and persist steadfastly in justice and God's grace. Hear St. Gregory in the third part of the Pastoral, admonition 31: "Those are to be admonished," he says, "who bewail their misdeeds, yet do not abandon them, or do not carefully consider that they wash themselves vainly by weeping, who defile themselves wickedly by living; since they wash themselves with tears in order that, having become clean, they return to filth." And a little later: "A pig in a mud wallow, when washed, becomes filthier; and he who bewails his misdeed, yet does not abandon it, subjects himself to almost a graver fault, who both despises the very pardon which he could have obtained by weeping, and as it were rolls himself in muddy water; because, while he deprives the purity of life by his tears, he makes even those very tears filthy before God's eyes." Wherefore Christ gives this admonition to the infirm man healed by him, John v, 14: "Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest some worse thing happen to thee." Concerning which St. Cyprian, in the book On the Discipline and Habit of Virgins: "These are the words," he says, "of the Lord saving and teaching, healing likewise and admonishing: Behold, he says, thou art made whole, etc., he gives a manner of living, he gives a law of innocence, after he has bestowed health, nor does he suffer thee afterward to wander with loose and unbound reins, but rather, enslaved to those very things by which thou wast healed, he threatens more gravely; which is, namely, that it is a lesser fault to have sinned before, when thou didst not yet know the discipline of God; there is no pardon henceforth to sin, after thou hast begun to know God." A similar and apt example St. Fulgentius brings in On the Faith to Peter, chapter III: "No one," he says, "of men ought to remain longer in his sins under the hope of God's mercy, since even in the very body no one wishes to remain longer sick under the hope of future health; for such as these who neglect to depart from their iniquities, and promise themselves pardon in this matter, are sometimes so prevented by the sudden wrath of God, that they find neither time for conversion, nor the benefit of remission."
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2. AS FROM THE FACE OF A SERPENT FLEE SINS; AND (that is, because it gives the reason for fleeing sin) IF THOU SHALT COME TO THEM, THEY SHALL RECEIVE THEE. — The Interpreter reads τοῦ δέξεται, that is, they shall receive: thus also St. Augustine reads it in the Mirror; now they read δήξεται, that is, it shall bite: for δηξέσθαι means to bite, δέχεσθαι, to receive. But the sense comes to the same thing, as if to say: Sins shall receive thee as serpents and snakes in their coils, so that they may bite thee, and instil their venom into thee, by which they so wound thy soul that thou canst not naturally heal thyself by thyself, but thou hast need to be healed by the supernatural grace of God. The Zurich Bible: as from the sight of a serpent flee sin; others: as a serpent flee sin; for if thou shalt come near, it will bite thee. Elegantly St. Paulinus in the Nativity of St. Felix: That Salomon warns that sins be feared and abhorred as the face of a serpent, saying armed with the teeth of a lion: and truly, because as with a serene mouth they devour the soul, which evil pleasure has conquered, with cruel savagery. He alludes to the serpent, by which the devil drew Eve to sin. Sin therefore is as it were a serpent and basilisk, which by its sight alone kills those it looks upon; nay, it is more harmful than the serpent itself and the devil himself, and so sin made the devil, from a most beautiful and blessed angel, into a most foul and wretched one. Whence Rabanus: "From the face of a serpent he expounds as from the face of the devil. For that ancient serpent, he says, which always dwells in the shadows of sins, and reigns in the children of darkness, desires our destruction without ceasing, and therefore suggests to us works of wickedness." The Syrian: my son, thou hast been much fleeing from sin; if thou draw near to it, it will bite thee. By this bite understand every harm which sin brings to the soul, and especially the remorse of conscience, according to that word of God to Cain, Genesis chapter IV, 7: "But if thou dost ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door;"; Hebrew: it shall lie in wait: "Namely after the manner of a serpent and a peevish dog, says our Delrio, adage 9, which neither allows a man to go out nor to come in peacefully, but always troubles him with importunate barking, in this sense thy sin shall be perpetually observed before thy feet, before thy eyes, so that God allows thee to go unpunished for a time; the bite itself of sin, the serpents, the furies shall sharply urge, agitate, pursue thee; whithersoever thou goest, sin shall accompany thee, shall thrust itself upon and into thy conscience, and shall not permit thee to rest quietly in mind as an unquiet evil." To this pertains the Hebrew proverb: "The thoughts of sin (concerning sin committed) are heavier than sin itself;"; because thoughts that bite back the conscience on account of sin perpetrated afflict and torment it more grievously than sin itself. Furthermore St. Chrysostom, homily 8 on the Epistle to the Romans, notes the "if thou shalt come near." "For not, he says, does sin come to us, but we ourselves flee over to it." And he adds that the devil dwells among us "as a certain robber and tyrant, who, unless he seize someone unarmed and solitary, descending into his caves, does not dare to approach." He adds that he is like a serpent: first, because he strives to draw us downward to the earth and earthly things; second, because just as a serpent hides in thorns, so the daemon hides and conceals himself in riches: who, if thou shouldst strike the thorns, will immediately flee; third, just as a serpent is charmed by a song; so the devil is exorcised and put to flight through the invocation of the name of Christ, and the power of the cross. Again some note the "from the face of a serpent." For he who is wise not only flees the serpent and the snake, but also the face of the serpent, that is, the occasion of sin, and abhors every approach of it: for he who comes near to the occasion and allurement of sin, is received by it, entangled and maddened.
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3. THE TEETH OF A LION, HIS TEETH, KILLING THE SOULS OF MEN. — The Zurich Bible: the teeth of a lion are the teeth of him deadly to the souls of men; the Syrian: as the teeth of a lion is a lie (for every sin is called in Scripture and is a practical lie, because contrary to truth, and to the true dictate of reason, law and virtue), and it corrupts the souls of men. He compared sin to a serpent on account of its virulence and secret deadly bite; now he compares the same to a lion, on account of its savagery and ferocity, by which it cruelly tears and kills the soul, both by taking away grace, and by driving it to hell.
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4. AS A SWORD WITH TWO EDGES ALL INIQUITY, THERE IS NO HEALING TO HIS STROKE. — In Greek iasis, that is, healing, or remedy and cure. For "with two edges" in Greek it is δίστομος, that is, two-edged, bicephalous, sharp on both sides, namely having two edges as it were mouths, by which it cuts, bites and devours the sinner. He compared sin to a lion and a serpent; now he compares it to a rhomphaea, or a sword cutting on both sides, as if to say: Sin is as it were a most sharp sword, which cuts and divides the very bones; for thus sin cuts through the innermost parts of the soul and kills and destroys the soul itself. The Zurich version: like a two-edged sword all wickedness is, in his stroke there is no healing, or against his stroke there is no remedy; the Syriac: a two-edged sword of the harlot's mouth, and there is no healing to his stroke. For harlotry is a frequent and common sin, and thus all sin is mystical fornication, because through it the soul espoused to God, spurning Him, fornicates with creatures. Morally, learn here how great is the harm of sin. For it harms the soul more than a basilisk, than a lion, than a two-edged sword, because cutting as it were from two parts, it pierces both soul and body at once, kills, and sends to hell. Thus Rabanus. See Bellarmine, On the Groaning of the Dove, at the beginning of book II, where he piously and learnedly shows that sin is the supreme evil, and supremely injurious and harmful both to God, to man, to other creatures, and even to hell itself and the damned; namely because it increases their punishment: for one damned person afflicts and torments another, and therefore the rich man in torment begged Abraham to send Lazarus to his brothers, lest if they too were damned, his own punishment would be increased through them. For he said this and asked it not from charity toward them, since he did not have it, but from love of himself. Thus also St. Anselm, in the book On Similitudes, chapter 101: "By sinning," he says, "we have not only incurred the wrath of God, but have also stirred up the whole creation against us. The earth can therefore say to us with just reason: I ought not to sustain you, but rather to swallow you up; because you did not fear to depart from my Creator by sinning, and to cleave to His enemy, namely the devil. Food and drink can also say: You have not deserved that we should feed you; rather that we should prepare confusion for you: for you departed from Him by sinning, through whom not even a bird hungers. The sun also: I ought not to shine upon you for salvation, but for the vengeance of my Lord, who is the light of light and the fountain of lights, to restrain you utterly. Thus also each and every creature can rise up against us by an irrefutable reason." Finally, sin seeks the throat of God and Christ, and therefore if the heart of God could be pierced by any weapon, it would be pierced by none other than sin. Sin therefore, as far as in it lies, removes God from the midst. Sin is the slaying of Christ, nay, the slaying of God. Wherefore so great is the malignity of even one mortal sin, so great is the injury to that infinite majesty, that it cannot be compensated by all the obedience, praises, worship, prayers, humiliations, penances, afflictions of all Saints, Angels and men equally, and, so to speak, to an equal balance and just equality. Since therefore no remedy appeared either on earth or in heaven for healing our ills and recovering our lost goods, nor could any Angel or any created mind find any fitting aid; divine mercy devised a counsel unheard of, admirable, ineffable, incomprehensible, to be marveled at by all ages, all Angels and men, namely that the Son of God, the begotten Wisdom, through whom all things were made, should unite our nature to Himself, and in it and through it repair the whole human race. Hear, mortals, hear, sinners, St. Augustine, sermon 114 On the Seasons: "Recognize, O man," he says, "how much you are worth and how much you owe; and while you perceive such dignity in your redemption, instill shame in yourself for sinning. Behold, for the impious piety is scourged, for the foolish wisdom is mocked, for the liar truth is slain, justice is condemned for the wicked, mercy is affixed for the cruel, for the wretched sincerity is filled with vinegar, sweetness is made drunk with gall, innocence is given up for the guilty, life dies for the dead. The wickedness of men caused the nature of things to shudder; and whom the rebellious creature does not acknowledge, the trembling earth testifies as the lord of the world, and the fleeing sun confesses as the King of the heavens."
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5. REBUKE AND INJURY SHALL ANNUL SUBSTANCE: A HOUSE WHICH IS EXCESSIVELY (very much) RICH SHALL BE ANNULLED BY PRIDE (through pride, as punishment for pride and proud discord and injuries); THUS THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PROUD SHALL BE ERADICATED. — He descends from the genus to the species, namely from sin to pride, because this is the queen of sins, indeed the mother, fountain and root. For rebuke in Greek is καταφληγμός. Whence Rabanus and others, bestowing Latin form upon the Greek word, read cataplectatio; but καταπληγμός is a proud, severe and sharp rebuke, horrible and fearful, which shakes, strikes, prostrates and stupefies the minds of subjects and servants, and renders them as it were thunderstruck and apoplectic: for καταπλήττω means I terrify, I instill fear, I strike: hence κατάπληξ is called one struck with fear, dull, stupefied, thunderstruck; and κατάπληξις is called fear, confusion, stupor; whence Lucretius: "Great, he says, and monstrous κατάπληξις, such as which almost as a divine power renders men thunderstruck and stupefied by its grandeur." For injury in Greek is ὕβρις, that is, proud violence, more savage wickedness, contumely, cruelty, ferocity, impudence, petulance, haughtiness, insolence, wantonness: for ὑβρίζω means I am injurious, I do injury, I treat contumaciously, I am insolent, I insult, I abuse, I use force, I violate, I defile: hence ὑβριστής is called injurious, reviler, violator, corruptor, shameful, uncontrolled, growing insolent from wealth and power, oppressor, violent. The sense therefore is, as if to say: A master or lord, who rebukes proudly, inflicts injuries, and treats tyrannically his servants, subjects, and others who dwell in his household or domain, he shall diminish and reduce to nothing his substance and riches; because on account of excessive harshness, haughtiness and injuries he shall make his servants and ministers fugitives or thieves. Thus Rehoboam on account of his proud and harsh answer given to the ten tribes of Israel, alienated them from himself, and lost his kingdom, III Kings cap. xii. This happens by the just judgment of God, who justly deprives and punishes the proud and the proud of riches, kingdom and dominion. The Greek here, as is customary, brief and bipartite, has it thus: vehement rebuke and contumely shall annul substance: thus the house of the proud shall be annulled; the Zurich edition: contentions and injuries dissipate riches: similarly the house of the proud shall be desolated; others: insult and contumely desolate riches: thus also the house of the proud shall be reduced to a desert or wilderness: for this is the Greek ἐρημωθήσεται; the Syriac: from morning even to evening it lays waste dwellings, and overturns or eradicates and uproots many palaces. Jansenius and Francis in the Notes here think that the Latin should be adapted to the Greek, and therefore that τὸ thus the substance of the proud shall be eradicated should be deleted. But the Roman codices and most others consistently read it, and through this make the sense more abundant and clearer.
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6. THE PRAYER OF THE POOR FROM HIS MOUTH SHALL REACH EVEN TO HIS EARS, AND JUDGMENT SHALL COME SPEEDILY UPON HIM. — "His," namely of God (as some codices have it), whose property it is to hear and hearken to the prayers of the poor. He gives the reason why the substance of the proud and violent shall be annulled, namely, because the subjects and poor oppressed by them cry out to God, and God hears them: whence, as it were a just avenger, he speedily brings his judgment upon them, punishing the oppressors, freeing the oppressed. Note τὸ from his mouth even to his ears, as if to say: The mouth of the oppressed poor is as it were near to the ears of God, so that the prayer uttered from their mouth immediately touches and strikes the ears of God. For the oppression of the poor is a sin crying to heaven, which immediately stirs up and extorts God's vengeance. Whence the Zurich edition translates: the prayer of the poor or afflicted shall be heard, as if to say: As soon as the prayer uttered from the mouth of the afflicted shall have been made, it shall be heard by God; whence it adds: "And his judgment shall come speedily." The Syriac elegantly: the prayer of the poor as from his mouth ascends to his ear, and before the judge of ages, as if to say: The mouth of the poor is the mouth of God, and conversely the ear of God is the ear of the poor. How easily therefore the word from the mouth of the poor ascends to his ears, so easily also and quickly from their mouth it ascends to the ears of God, because God is near to their mouth, indeed he sits in their mouth, and in it forms the prayer by which they invoke his aid, so that invoked he immediately grants it. This is what the Psalmist says Psalm. IX, vers. 17: "The Lord hath heard the desire of the poor." For God does not wait for the oppressed poor crying out to him that he may hear him, but he anticipates his cry, and hears and hearkens to the very desire.
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7. HE THAT HATETH CORRECTION, IS A FOOL: AND HE THAT FEARETH GOD, SHALL CONVERT TO HIS HEART. — He continues the subject concerning pride and sin, and the flight from sin: for it is great pride and great sin to pursue with hatred him who corrects us from sin. For this hatred is a sign that the soul is hardened and obdurate in sin, so that it does not admit admonitions and those who admonish, but rather hates, rejects and curses them as enemies. Whence in Greek it is, he that hateth reproof, is in the footstep of a sinner, that is to say, he adheres to the ways and footsteps of sin and of the sinner, and through them walks constantly and irrevocably. The Zurich version: he that hateth chastisement, is established in the footstep of the wicked; the Syriac: he that hateth correction, is a man of iniquity. Our version indeed reads "footstep," with another signification, but the same sense. Concerning which it should be noted that a footstep properly is the impression of a foot, that is, the sign and figure which is left in the earth by a foot, according to that of Virgil, book III of the Georgics: And treading, sweeps the ground with her tail. And Plautus in the Cistellaria: "I see a footstep in the dust." Hence secondly, "footstep" is called metonymically the very lowest part of the foot, which imprints a footstep on the earth. Thus Cicero in the fourth book of the Academica says: "The Antipodes stand with opposite footsteps against our footsteps." Thirdly, "footstep" is taken for remains, monument, indication; because a footstep is an indication, and as it were the remains of an impressed foot, from which we track and conjecture who, what kind, and how great was the foot and the man who formed it. Thus Cicero says in the seventh action against Verres: "Of which matter neither judge nor any footstep." And Virgil, in the fourth book of the Aeneid: ...I recognize the traces of an old flame. Thus therefore "footstep" is called an indication and mark, which shows the form and quality of a thing: and to track is to seek diligently, as it were to investigate through a footstep: which is derived from footsteps, as it were from indications. The Greek therefore, when he says, he that hateth correction, is in the footstep of a sinner; takes "footstep" properly in the first signification already assigned; Our version however, when it translates, "is a footstep of a sinner," takes it in the third signification, that is to say, when anyone hates correction, that very thing "is a footstep," that is, a certain indication and sign, "of a sinner," namely of a man and soul wholly fixed in his own desires and sins. For a sinner signifies one who has the habit of sinning, so that accustomed to sins, he adheres to them constantly and pertinaciously. On the other hand: "And he that feareth God, shall convert to his heart;"; the Zurich version: but he that revereth the Lord, shall come to his senses in his soul; the Syriac: and he that feareth the Lord, shall repent from his heart, that is to say, the sinner corrected hates correction: but truly he who fears God, if he be corrected for any fault, returns to his heart, acknowledges his guilt, repents, and changes and corrects his life. Therefore "a footstep," that is, an argument of an absolute and consummated "sinner," is to hate correction; for he who fears God, as he is corrected, returns to his heart, that he may amend himself. Therefore there are degrees in this matter. For there is to love correction, there is to suffer it, there is to hate it. The first is a sign of predestination, as the last is of reprobation. Note the Hebrew phrase. To convert to the heart, is to be pious: for as in sinning, having left God, who dwelt in the heart, the sinner goes forth from the heart to temporal things: so in living in justice, we return from temporal things to the heart, where God dwells: that we may be interior men, according to St. Paul, and that "all our comeliness" may be "from within," according to David, Psalm XLIV, 14. Thus Palacius. Moreover Rabanus understands by a sinner the devil, that is to say, "He who is unwilling to correct himself from sins, and hates the correction of the admonisher, himself gives indication in himself of the wickedness of his seducer, because the malignant one has hardened his heart, lest he would yield and obey the truth." Not only to truth, but also to charity: for correction is like a mirror, which shows us the stains that disfigure and disgrace us, so that we may wash them away. Whence Clement of Alexandria, book I of the Paedagogus, chapter ix: "Just as," he says, "a mirror is not evil to the deformed, because it shows him what he is like: so neither does he who reproves wish ill to him who is troubled in mind; for he does not add faults to him, but shows the sins that are present. Again, correction is a medicine washing away stains and healing the diseases of the soul: whoever therefore hates it, hates his own health. Whence St. Bernard exclaims, sermon 42 on the Canticles: 'Wonderful perversity: he is angry at the one healing him, who is not angry at the one shooting arrows at him.' Indeed the Psalmist says: 'The wickedness of sinners shall be consumed, and Thou shalt direct the just,' Psalm vii, 10. Where St. Chrysostom says: 'Inflict punishment, and you will cause him to cease from vice: for just as putrefactions yield to burnings and cuttings, so also from punishment is wickedness driven away. He who is cut and burned thus enters into health.' Whence Clement of Alexandria, book I of the Paedagogus, chapter viii: 'Reproof is,' he says, 'as it were a certain surgery of the affections of the soul; and the medicine is the imputation of shame: which dissolves affections that have already hardened, and purges away the filth of unchaste and lustful life, and levels down the flesh of pride and arrogance that has grown up. Now admonition is as it were a certain diet for the sick soul; it advises what things are to be taken; and forbids what things are not.' And a little later: 'It is a sign of benevolence, not of hatred, to reprove: for both friend and enemy cast reproach, but the enemy indeed in mockery, the friend in benevolence.' Morally, learn here that it is proper for one who fears God to turn inward frequently, and to turn away from external things to the heart, so that there he may examine, correct and arrange his internal state of soul, and all his senses and affections according to the law and will of God. Wherefore Ausonius, the master of St. Paulinus, paints a good and wise man thus, in Idyll 16: A good and wise man (whom Apollo, consulted among thousands of many men, scarcely found one), Judge of himself, explores himself entirely to the nail. What the nobles bring, and what vain opinion of the crowd, Unconcerned, having the world as it were, smooth and round: He thinks lest anything of external stain slip through the smooth places, And weighs himself with just examination of the balance, Lest anything gape, lest anything protrude, that the angle with equal Parts may come together, that nothing may wander from the rule. And soon after: Not before does he turn his eyes to sweet sleep, Than he has reviewed all the deeds of the long day: Which he passed over, what was done in time, what not: Why this deed lacked honor, or that reason; Why he felt some one's pain with broken mind, etc.
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8. KNOWN FROM AFAR, MIGHTY IN BOLD TONGUE: AND THE SENSIBLE MAN KNOWETH THAT HE SHALL SLIP BY HIM. — That is to say, he who is "mighty" in "bold tongue," that is, who excels in boldness of speech, is "known" "from afar" and widely, celebrated and famous: for the common people and the rude multitude admire his boldness and eloquence in speaking; but the prudent man and the "sensible" one perceives that he utters many false and rash things boldly, and knows that if he believes him and adheres to him, he shall "slip by him," that is, be deceived and led astray, and fall into many inconveniences and dangers, for example, of lawsuits, quarrels, seditions, prisons, so that he incurs the risk of his goods and life: wherefore he does not believe him, and guards himself and his company from him. These things also pertain to the proud and to pride: for pride itself is the mother of boldness, and makes the tongue bold and unbridled. The Greek texts, as is their custom, concisely have it thus: known from afar, mighty in tongue: but the sensible man knows when he slips; the Zurich version: mighty from afar is known by speech: but he who is wise remembers that he is unstable (who easily falls into error and falls); the Syriac moreover concerning the sensible man alone thus has it: the wise man is known by the sight of his eyes, and he searches out the wicked in a moment. Hence learn that those bold and unbridled in speech are foolish, but the wise are modest and cautious, and therefore easily perceive and refute the foolishness and falsehood of the bold. Otherwise Palacius, who takes "knoweth that he shall slip" for "knoweth to escape," and therefore thus explains it, that is to say, Let him who has a bold tongue be known to you not near, but from afar; and if he should approach you, if you are sensible, escape from him: for since he has a burning tongue, he will burn you unless you escape; and since he brings a poisoned tongue, he will pour his venom into you; since he brings a tongue infected with plague, the contagion of plague will infect you. You therefore will wisely flee from him, not offending him, lest he vomit his venom upon you; but by offering suitable reasons why you should depart from him quickly. But the former sense is demanded by the Greek texts, and by "knoweth that he shall slip." For thus the Latin version has it, not "knoweth to slip," that is, to escape.
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9. HE THAT BUILDETH HIS HOUSE WITH OTHER MEN'S MONEY, IS LIKE ONE THAT GATHERETH STONES TOGETHER IN WINTER. — From the first species of sin, namely pride, there descends to the second flowing from it, namely injustice. For proud rich men are wont to increase their wealth and houses through unjust exactions, levies and oppressions of the poor, as if to say: "He that buildeth his house," not at his own expense, but at another's, namely unjustly, by force, fraud, or some other injustice extorted or seized from others; this man is like one who, about to build, gathers stones for construction in winter, in Greek εἰς χειμῶνα, that is, in winter, or for winter: namely so that he might build in winter, a time truly inopportune. For in winter on account of cold the lime freezes, or on account of moisture dissolves; whereby it comes to pass that bricks and stones do not bind together sufficiently firmly among themselves: for which reason winter buildings develop cracks, and easily collapse, nor do they last long. In a similar manner, the property of others never coheres among itself, and comes together into one thing; but loosened and separated it falls to ruin. Wherefore he who builds a house from another's property or plunder will not enjoy it long; but either he himself will soon die, or the house will collapse or be transferred to another, the Godhead thus avenging his injustice, so that in the house in which he sinned by building, in that same house he is punished. For this is the fitting penalty of retaliation. The Complutensian editors for εἰς χειμῶνα have εἰς χῶμα ταφῆς αὐτοῦ, that is, into the mound of his burial, as if to say: He who builds a house from another's property builds not so much a house as a tomb and sepulchre for himself; because in it he will soon die and be buried. Thus also the Zurich edition: he who builds his house with another's money is like one gathering stones into the mound of his burial; and the Syriac: he who builds his house with the property of partners gathers stones for his tomb; so that these properties, like stones heaped into a tomb, by their weight oppress and bury him; because, namely, they are the cause of his ruin to his master, and bring upon him a speedier death. He alludes to, nay cites that passage from Jeremiah XXII, 13, concerning Joakim the impious king: "Woe to him that buildeth his house in injustice, and his chambers not in judgment: who oppresseth his friend without cause, and giveth him no wages for his work." Whence he threatens him with the penalty of the aforesaid burial in verse 19, saying: "He shall be buried with the burial of an ass, rotten and cast forth without the gates of Jerusalem." Following Jeremiah, Habakkuk in chapter II, verse 9: "Woe," he says, "to him that gathereth an evil covetousness to his house, etc. Woe to him that buildeth a city in blood, and prepareth a town by iniquity." See the passages cited in both places. Otherwise Palacius: In winter time, he says, stones are not to be gathered, but wood against the cold. If therefore in winter you gather stones, you will be foolish; for you have gathered not wood by which you might warm yourself, but stones without utility: thus if you build a house with another's money in which to dwell, you will be foolish; for you will not dwell in it, but rather will be driven out by creditors. But the Greek text demands the former sense. Mystically the same Palacius: Since, the Lord saying, our temporal things are plainly not ours, but another's ("if in another's," says the Lord in Luke XVI, 12, "you have not been faithful: who will give you that which is your own?"), he who builds a house of his conversation from temporal things on earth is plainly foolish. For when he will have wished to dwell here, he will be driven out from there.
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10. GATHERED STUBBLE THE SYNAGOGUE OF SINNERS, AND THEIR CONSUMPTION A FLAME OF FIRE. — The Complutensian editors add "unto perdition." He assigns punishment to guilt, as if to say: The mighty and proud think themselves invincible, unconquered and as it were omnipotent; but in truth all their "synagogue," that is, assembly and multitude, is fragile, like gathered stubble. For just as stubble is immediately seized by nearby fire and burns up, and the greater the stubble, the more easily and fiercely the fire inflames it: so likewise the fire of divine vengeance will most easily seize and consume all sinners, and the more easily and fiercely, the greater their synagogue and multitude shall be. For this is nothing other than "gathered stubble," that is, fuel and food for the wrath and indignation of God, just as the fire of the world's conflagration at the end of time, and of divine judgment and hell, according to that passage in Malachi IV, 1: "And all the proud, and all that do wickedly shall be stubble: and the day that cometh shall set them on fire." Whence in Greek there is an elegant paronomasia between συνηγμένου, that is, gathered, brought together into one; and συναγωγή, that is, synagogue, assembly, congregation, as if to say: The synagogue of the impious is nothing other than stubble brought together for fire, nothing other than a synagogue, that is, congregation, of fire. Note: "Consumption" first, is the same as destruction, as if to say "Their destruction" shall be "a flame of fire," that is, the flame of fire shall consume them. Second, "consumption," that is, end, "of them" shall be "a flame of fire"; this the Greek συντέλεια hints at: for τέλος is end. Moreover, this fire consuming the impious is fivefold. First, the fire of God's indignation. Second, of vengeance, by which God destroys the impious with fire, that is, with plague, famine, sword (for fire signifies every sharp vengeance, and every instrument thereof) in this life. Third, the fire of the world's conflagration: for this shall burn up the proud with their houses and riches. Fourth, the fire of the most severe divine judgment, by which Christ shall search out, condemn and strike down the wicked on the last day of the world, of which Daniel says, VII, 10: "A swift stream of fire issued forth from before him." Fifth, it shall be the fire of hell, of which the following verse speaks. Whence the Complutensian editors add, unto perdition; and the Zurich Bible, gathered stubble is the assembly of the wicked, and the flame of destructive fire is their exit. From which Palacius infers that the impious in hell are not loosed, so as to wander freely, but are bound together in a bundle, as Isaiah says in chapter XXIV, 22. For this is what "gathered stubble" signifies, namely, that they lie bound together, and like compacted stubble are burned, according to the parable of the tares, of which Christ says: "Bind them in bundles to be burned," Matthew XIII, 30. Finally, this shall be the "consumption" of the impious, that is, their end, but without end. For their end shall be perpetual burning, and everlasting flame of fire, which shall rise upward from their bodies as from burning logs, says Palacius. Morally, let sinners learn here that their strength, riches, conspiracies, and alliances, by which they strive to oppress faith or justice, are evanescent, and are nothing other than gathered stubble for a great conflagration. On the other hand, the just and pious who are vexed or oppressed by them should fear nothing, and be assured that they shall soon, like stubble, be burned up by the fire of divine vengeance. Whence Rabanus: "He compares," he says, "the synagogue of sinners to something fragile, so as to show its worthlessness and most swift destruction: because just as a collection of stubble easily burns up when fire is applied, so the assembly of sinners shall perish without delay in future vengeance."
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11. THE WAY OF SINNERS IS MADE PLAIN WITH STONES, AND IN THE END OF THEM HELL, AND DARKNESS, AND PUNISHMENTS. — In Greek, in the end of them the pit of hell, that is to say, The way of concupiscence by which sinners walk, at the beginning appears neat, beautiful, pleasant and delightful, just as if it were paved and made plain with smooth stones: but afterwards it appears rough, sad and horrible; for its end leads and terminates in hell, where there are the densest darkness and the most atrocious punishments. Just as on the other hand the way of virtue by which the just walk, at the beginning is rough and narrow, but as they progress in it, it gradually becomes wider, easier and more pleasant, and finally leads them to beatitude and eternal glory. He alludes to Prov. XIV, 12: "There is a way which seemeth to man right: but the ends thereof lead to death." This is what Christ says in Matt. VII, 13: "Wide is the gate, and broad is the way that leadeth to destruction, and many there are who go in thereat. How narrow is the gate, and strait is the way that leadeth to life, and few there are that find it!" Pythagoras represented the same thing by his Ypsilon, concerning which there exists an elegant epigram of Virgil: The letter of Pythagoras divided by a two-forked distinction, Seems to set forth the image of human life. For the way of virtue seeks the right path with difficulty, And offers a hard approach at first to those beholding it, But provides rest to the weary at the highest summit. The broad way shows a soft path; but the final goal Hurls the captives down, and rolls them through rough rocks. The Syriac translator expresses this verse and the preceding one thus, as the ascent of sand to the feet of an old man (another reading has hard, rough); so the strength of the wicked near fire, and the path of the impious is a stumbling block to him; because its end is a deep pit, that is to say, Just as the ascent of sand at first is soft and easy, but the higher the old man ascends through it, the more difficult it becomes for him, because the sand rising in a heap becomes deeper for the one ascending, so that finally it not only swallows his foot, but also the rest of his body, and submerges him in a chasm or abyss of sand: so plainly the way of the impious at first is easy, gradually becomes more difficult, and finally submerges them in the abyss of eternal fire: wherefore the path of the impious becomes a stumbling block to him, because its end is the pit of hell.
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12 and 13. HE THAT KEEPETH JUSTICE, SHALL RETAIN HIS SENSE. THE PERFECTION OF THE FEAR OF GOD, WISDOM AND UNDERSTANDING. — The Complutensian editors read, the assumption of wisdom. He calls justice the observance of the law, for this indeed makes a man just; he calls sense the mind and judgment. Whence the Greek texts have, he that keepeth the law, holdeth ἐννόημα, that is, thought, notion, understanding, his sense, as if to say, He who observes the law, he attains to the understanding of the law, he perceives and discerns the mind and sense of the law, so that he may see what the law commands and wills, and its end and cause, equally as the wisdom and order, namely, how that which God by his law commands is established, is equitable, just, holy; how wisely ordered to its end, how justly enacted. For the law of God is learned and understood not so much by speculation as by practice, as St. Bernard teaches, epistle 108: "This knowledge indeed, he says, scarcely anyone unless he be crucified to the world will grasp. You are deceived, my son, you are deceived, if you think you will find among the masters of the world how sweetly and lovingly one understands the divine law. Only the disciples of God, that is, the contemners of the world, penetrate and love God's justice. The Author therefore says: He that keepeth justice, attains to that sense of it, with which learned and pious men are not destitute. Whence he rightly infers: Perfect and consummated fear of God has as companions wisdom, that is, divine love in affection; and sense, that is, divine light in the intellect. This light, this sense, this doctrine of the Holy Spirit will not he receive who is not wise unto good. Blessed indeed is he whom thou hast taught, O Lord: he is not wise unto evil, but wise unto good. Note: For he shall retain his sense, in Greek it is κρατεῖ (or, as others read, κατακρατεῖ) τοῦ ἐννοήματος αὐτοῦ, where if you read αὐτοῦ with the smooth breathing, it signifies his; but if with the rough breathing αὑτοῦ, it signifies his own, and thus most read it. Whence the Complutensian editors translate, he that keepeth the law of the Lord, ruleth his own thought; the Roman, he retaineth his sense; the Zurich, he that keepeth the law of the Lord, commandeth his thoughts; the Syriac, he that keepeth the law, subdueth (or afflicteth) his appetite. For the law restrains the disordered motions of appetite and concupiscence, and orders and composes them. Wherefore he who strives to observe the law of God, tames his appetites, and subjects them to the law of God. they shall attain by their office. For this teaching does not come from reading, but from unction; not from the letter, but from the spirit; not from learning, but from practice in the commandments of the Lord. Sow, says Osee x, 12, for yourselves in justice, reap the hope of life, enlighten yourselves with the light of knowledge. You see, that one does not rightly proceed to the light of knowledge, unless the seed of justice precede to the soul: from which the grain of life is formed, and not the chaff of glory." From which Sirach rightly infers: "The perfection of the fear of God, wisdom and understanding," as if to say, The perfection of the fear of God, which consists in the perfect observance of the law of God, brings forth true wisdom and understanding, and therefore is itself true wisdom and understanding. For he is truly wise and understanding, not who contemplates high things, but who fears God, and executes his commandments in deed. Whence the Zurich edition translates, the end of the religion of the Lord is the approach to wisdom, that is, unto wisdom; the Syriac, he that feareth God, shall need nothing. Wherefore it is the part of the wise and of wisdom to fear God, so that he need nothing, but God may abundantly provide him with all things. Again, the sense of justice, says Palacius, is a certain intellectual light infused by God into the pious man, by which he understands the divine law acutely, intimately, affectionately and lovingly, and God's SECOND PART OF THE CHAPTER, IN WHICH HE OPPOSES THE MANNERS OF THE FOOL TO THE MANNERS OF THE WISE.
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14 and 15. He shall not be instructed who is not wise in good. Now wisdom is (thus the Roman and Greek texts: therefore some read wrongly in the contrary sense, unwisdom), which abounds in evil: and there is no sense where there is bitterness. — The Greek, as is its custom, brief and bipartite, has it thus: he shall not be instructed who is not prudent: for prudence is that which multiplies bitterness, namely malice; the Zurich version, he who is not cunning will not suffer himself to be instructed: but when cunning also multiplies bitterness. He distinguishes a twofold πανουργία, that is, prudence, cunning and wisdom. One in good which is true, the other in evil which is shadowed, feigned and false, as if to say: Cunning and true wisdom consists in the observance of the law of God, as I said in the preceding verse. Wherefore he shall not be instructed, nor is he capable of it, who is not πανοῦργος, that is, prudent and wise in good, who namely does not savour, does not love, does not work good. For there is a certain πανουργία, that is, cunning and wisdom, "which abounds in evil," so that namely he may astutely devise and perpetrate many evils, according to that of Jeremiah IV, 22: "They are wise to do evils, but to do well they have no knowledge." This is not true wisdom, nor true sense, and true prudence; "and," that is because, "there is" no true "sense," that is, true wisdom, understanding and prudence, "where there is bitterness," in Greek, πικρία, that is, malice which embitters the soul, and makes it harsh both to itself, to God, and to neighbours. And this first, because "bitterness," that is, anger and rancour, obscures judgment, and makes it bitter, indignant and rancorous. Secondly, because God does not bestow His heavenly light and divine sense upon them, nor deigns to do so, in whom this bitterness is. Whence St. James cap. III, 14: "If you have bitter zeal, he says, and contentions are in your hearts; this is not wisdom descending from above, but earthly, sensual, devilish." Moreover πικρία, that is bitterness, is a sickness and moroseness of soul. Whence Cicero to Atticus: "Old age makes me more bitter, I am vexed at everything;" but especially, πικρία is the harshness of soul seeking vengeance. Whence πικροί are called bitter and embittered, as Gellius testifies, who are exasperated by hatred tending to revenge, who namely do not lay down anger and hatred, nor forgive, but keep them long. Thus Theocritus calls Pan πικρόν, that is, bitter; and adds the cause: "Because sharp bile always sits in his nostrils." Wherefore St. Paul Ephesians IV, 31, admonishes saying: "Let all bitterness, and anger, and indignation, and clamour, and blasphemy be taken away from you, with all malice." And Hebrews XII, 15: "Lest any root of bitterness, he says, springing up hinder." He alludes to Deuteronomy XXIX, 18: "Lest perhaps, etc., there be among you a root springing up gall and bitterness." Where I showed that all malice, and every sin is called gall and bitterness, and I assigned the cause.
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16. The knowledge of the wise man like an inundation (in Greek κατακλυσμός, that is, an overflow, a flood) will abound, and his counsel like a fountain (the Complutensian editors add, pure) of life remains, — as if to say: Just as the sea grows with the growing moon, so that when the moon is full it overflows and irrigates and makes fertile the neighboring fields: so with the growing illumination and grace of God grows the "knowledge of the wise man," so that it overflows into others, and communicating itself to them, makes them likewise knowing and wise. Whence it comes to pass that the "counsel" and doctrine of the wise man is like a "fountain" of life, which constantly flows forth the vital waters of wisdom, by which he continually waters others, that they may live the life of grace on earth, destined to live the life of glory in heaven. Note: He now calls wisdom knowledge, now counsel, now erudition, now understanding, now sense, now discipline. I have given the reason in the Preface. Whence the Zurich version translates, the knowledge of the wise man will overflow like an inundation of life, and like a pure fountain of life his counsel; the Syriac, the mind of the wise man like a fountain of waters abounded, and his thought like living waters. He alludes to Prov. XVI, 22: "The fountain of life is the erudition of him that possesseth it." And cap. XVIII, 4: "Deep water, the words from the mouth of a man, and an overflowing torrent the fountain of wisdom." To which places alluding Christ says: "He that shall drink of the water that I will give him, it shall become in him a fountain of water springing up into life everlasting," John IV, 14, and cap. VII, 38: "He that believeth in me, as the Scripture saith, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. But this he said of the Spirit, which they should receive who believed in him." Morally, learn here that a teacher ought always to flow forth with sound and holy doctrine, whether his hearers be few or many; whether poor or rich; whether benevolent or malevolent; for thus a fountain pours forth perennial waters to all and each. Thus did Christ, teaching one Samaritan woman, John IV, and forming poor fishermen into Apostles. Following Christ, Paul says Rom. I, 14: "To Greeks and Barbarians, to the wise and to the unwise I am a debtor." Where St. Chrysostom says: "Just as heaven, he says, the stars, the sun not to one nation alone: so the Lord Paul, so all who serve God, ought to shine not to one, but to all through the examples of their teachings; nor, if there be those lacking who use them, ought they to cease. For the veins of waters, as he says in homily 1 On Lazarus and the Rich Man, even if no one comes to draw water, flow nevertheless, and fountains, though no one draws from them, send forth their streams." I shall say more of this fountain in Prov. XVI, 22.
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17. The heart of the fool like a broken vessel, and shall not hold all wisdom. — He opposes the fool to the wise man, as if to say: The mind of the wise man is like a fountain of life, constantly flowing forth the waters of saving and life-giving doctrine; but the mind of the fool is like a broken pitcher, and therefore will retain no wisdom which he reads or hears; but it will flow out of him, just as water flows out of a broken or perforated pitcher. Note: Not all, in Hebrew is the same as none. For heart the Greeks have ἔγκατα, that is, the interior parts, namely the viscera, among which the first and principal is the heart. Whence the Zurich version, the viscera of the fool are like a broken vessel, so that he contains no knowledge in his life; others, the intestines of the fool like a broken vessel, contain no knowledge; the Syriac, the heart of the impious like a broken cistern, and all the days of his life he shall not learn wisdom. Excellently St. Antony in the Melissa, part. 1, serm. 48: "Just as, he says, an earthen vessel by sound and ringing, so a man is proved by speech." To this pertains the apophthegm of the Hebrews in Pirke Avoth, that is, in the Sayings of the Fathers: "There are four differences of men before the wise men standing. Some are like a sponge, which draws and attracts moisture from everywhere; others like a perforated barrel, which drawing in water from one part, lets it out from the other, and evacuates whatever it has received; others like a cup, which while it lets wine flow out, retains the dregs; some finally in the manner of a sieve of a druggist or perfumer, which retains both bran, but in distinct cells; in the upper part indeed bran, but in the lower part it keeps flour."
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18. A wise man, whatever he hears, being knowing (in Greek ἐπιστήμων, that is, knowing, prudent, sensible), will praise it, and will add it to himself, that is, will apply it to himself, so that he may lay it up in the storehouse of memory, and bring it to bear upon his actions and character. Otherwise Jansenius: He will add to it, he says, that is, he will make it more abundant. But the former sense is required by the phrase "to himself," and by the antithesis which he subjoins, saying: The luxurious man heard (the wise word), and it will displease him, and he will cast it behind his back, — as if to say: The wise man, whatever wisdom he hears or reads, like a sheep chews the cud, and transfers it to his inward parts, so that from it he may grow and become fat: but the fool, who prefers his own pleasures to wisdom, such especially as the luxurious man is, turns away from it, and therefore casts it from his eyes behind his back, lest he be forced to look upon it, and from that either change his life, or be continually corrected, chastised and beaten. Note: For "luxurious" our text reads with many σπαταλῶν, that is, luxuriating, indulging in luxury, devoted to luxury; but the Complutensian and others read ἀνίερος, that is, foolish. Again, for "will add to himself," the Greek is ἐπ' αὐτὸν προσθήσει: where our text reads αὐτὸν with the rough breathing, so as to signify himself; others now read with the smooth breathing, αὐτόν, that is, him; whence they translate, and will add to him. Thus the Zurich Bible, if the skilled man, it says, shall hear the word of the wise, he will praise it, and will make it more abundant; but if the unskilled man shall hear it, he will disapprove of it, and will cast it behind his back; and the Syriac, the wise man hears the word of the wise, and praises it, and adds to it; and the fool hears it, and laughs at it, and casts it to one of his sides, that is, thrusts it into a corner. Namely, just as lyres or harps, similar and tuned and modulated in like manner, respond to one another, so much so that when one is struck the other is found by a certain sympathy and hidden obedience to sound forth from the opposite side and to resound similarly: so also the wise man acquiesces in and hearkens to the wise, and his words, like tinder to flame, he smells from afar, draws in and conceives. The fool does the same with the fool, and the vicious with the vicious. Whence that saying: A thief recognizes a thief, an adulterer an adulterer, a robber a robber. So great is the force of likeness, and of like affection and disposition in the heart; for this reveals itself outwardly through similar movements and gestures, and from these is recognized by the like and conscious one. Indeed, just as strings made from the sinews of wolves are discordant and as it were clash with strings made from the sinews of sheep through natural antipathy: so the fool is discordant and clashes with the words of the wise; and conversely.
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19. The narrative of the fool is like a burden on the way: for in the lips of the sensible grace shall be found. — Zurich Bible, charm. He has said how different and diverse the heart of the fool is from the heart of the wise: now he says the same of the mouth; for the mouth follows the heart and mind; for as is the thought of the heart, so is the speech of the mouth. He says therefore: "The narrative of the fool is like a burden on the way," because just as this is burdensome and troublesome, and weighs down and hinders travelers, so that they cannot easily and readily proceed on the way: so likewise that narrative of the fool is troublesome, and weighs down the hearers, both because it is importunate, and because it is verbose, and because it is insipid. But truly "in the lips of the sensible grace is found;" because, just as their thought is gracious, that is, discreet, prudent, fitting, sweet, useful and wholesome, so also is their speech and narrative; wherefore it does not weigh down the hearers, but delights them, so that they desire to hear it often, as follows. Whence the Syriac translates, the narratives of the impious are like a heavy burden on the way (because he narrates things like himself, impious and base; or, if he narrate pious and holy things, he narrates them in an ungracious and insipid manner): and every word of the just is grace. Hear St. Ambrose, book I On the Intercession of Job, chapter III: "The narrative of the fool is a burden on the way. For what else is sin but a burden? which weighs down the traveler of this age, oppressed with the heavy load of guilt? he who would not wish to be subject to this burden, ought to have heard him saying: Come to me all you that labor and are burdened, and I will refresh you," Matt. XI, 28.
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20. The mouth of the prudent is sought in the church, and they shall think upon his words (Syriac, they shall place, namely the hearers: Greek and Roman, he shall think, namely the Church) in their hearts. — "Church" signifies any congregation or assembly of men, as if to say: In the assembly of men they seek to hear the wise and prudent man, so that by his teaching they may be instructed, by his correction corrected, by his counsels directed, and therefore they shall weigh his words in their heart and chew the cud upon them. Whence the Zurich Bible, the mouth of the wise is consulted in the assembly, and each one weighs his words in mind. The fool does the contrary. Whence he subjoins:
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21. As a house destroyed, so is wisdom to the fool: and the knowledge of the senseless are words not to be uttered. — The Greek: as a house destroyed, so is wisdom to the fool: and the knowledge of the imprudent are words to be investigated. The phrase "so is wisdom to the fool" has a twofold sense. The first is, that is to say, the wisdom of the prudent, which is sought after and weighed as it were with favor in the Church, is ungrateful and contemptible to the fool; for he esteems it as nothing, nay rather hates and turns away from it as contrary to his own foolishness. Just as one who loves and seeks a house rightly built hates a house destroyed and overturned, buried and entombed in its own ruins. To this sense the Zurich version favors: "As a house overturned is wisdom to the fool, and the knowledge of the unlearned are inconsiderate words"; and the Syriac: "As a prison is wisdom to the fool; and understanding to the mad as coals of fire, by which he burns himself and others." The latter and more genuine sense is, that is to say, the wisdom which is in the fool, which namely he heard from the wise man or read, is set forth by the fool himself in a disorderly, inept, disordered, disconnected, inelegant, confused manner, nay rather in a contrary and contradictory way, and is as a house overturned. For just as the fool by his foolishness destroys and overturns a house: so likewise he overturns the wisdom which he has set forth, while he mixes with it or appends to it foolish opinions, nay rather contrary and contradictory ones, which overturn the wisdom set forth by him. For the discourse of the wise man is ordered, true, composed, connected, beautiful, similar to the structure of a beautiful house, in which one part is built upon another in right order, coheres, is compacted together, so that all joined together construct an elegant oration as it were a house. But the fool, having begun to build wisdom, mixes with it and as it were builds in foolish, insipid, contrary things, which overturn and destroy the structure of wisdom. Whence he adds: "And the knowledge of the senseless are words not to be uttered," that is to say, the senseless and foolish man sets forth and speaks his knowledge in a discomposed, disordered, unintelligible manner, so that his aim and connection, nay even his whole meaning and sense, cannot be comprehended by the mind and uttered by the voice; so much so that if you ask, What did that fool say? you would answer, I know not; nor could you embrace his thoughts in your mind, much less utter them in words. Whence some translate "fool" in the genitive case in this manner: "What a destroyed house is, that is the wisdom of the fool, and the knowledge of the unwise, are things which cannot be investigated." For just as in a destroyed house all things are confused, uncomposed, disturbed, overturned, so also are they in the wisdom and discourse of the fool. Here is verified that saying of the Nazianzen in his Poem to Nicobulus: "A monkey is a monkey, even if clothed in purple. An ass also laden with gold, for that reason does not cease to bray." Cyril illustrates this parable with a festive fable of a cock and a fox, lib. II Apolog. moral. cap. XV, which has the title: Against those puffed up by knowledge. "The cock," he says, "understanding the disposition of the mutability of the heavens, immediately puffed up with his knowledge, climbed upon a little branch of a tree, and with upright neck sang in a loud voice." When the fox heard him, she ran to his song as quickly as possible, and standing below greeted him and said: My brother, I heard the voice of your exultation, I beseech you, indicate to me the cause of your singing. But he immediately said: Surely endowed with understanding of the supernal disposition, when I perceive it, straightway I compose it with a singing voice, envying no one. Then the fox smiling said: So you are full of knowledge, which is the discipline of divine sublime things. Hearing this, the cock puffed up more and sang, and soon the fox leaped. To which he from above: Why did you leap? She herself answered, because you first exulted. For it is permitted to rejoice with those who rejoice. Then unfolding the net of deceit, she added with cunning words: O cock, you are our glory, you are the joy of beasts. I beseech you now to stretch yourself out, if you deign, that I may kiss the wonderful head of your understanding." But see the stupid ignorance and madness of the proud man flattering himself with knowledge: "But he, softened by the honeyed tongue of deceitful flattery, immediately and unwisely stretched out his vital head to the hungry mouth. Which the greedy fox seizing, dragged down and added: Cock, cock, where is your wisdom? You conceived pride, and lost prudence, and gave your life for nothing. To which the cock: Why do you glory in malice? But she answered: It is not malice to humble pride, but true art." Finally he confirmed the same thing by the example of a star and an eye: "For a star, the more brightly it shines, the lower it is; and the higher it is, the less it appears. A small eye sees more keenly, and in the tail of a worm the brightest splendor of light shines forth. Moreover, what is knowledge, you see, if you knew not yourself? or if you knew, how did you become proud, dust and ashes? What more? There is no greater madness than, being puffed up through knowledge, to lose wisdom. Which being said, straightway the hungry one gave her mouth its office from the prey."
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22. Fetters on the feet of a fool (in Greek ἀσυνέτοις, that is, of the foolish) is discipline, and as it were chains upon the right hand. — The Zurich Bible: discipline is fetters on the feet of fools, and like manacles on the right hand; others: shackles on the feet are folly discipline, and like manacles on the right hand; the Syriac: as a fetter is discipline on the feet of a fool, and as a chain on his right hand. He gives the reason why fools hate wisdom, namely because it is as it were a fetter binding and constraining their feet, lest they proceed to perform foolish things. It is the same as a manacle constraining the right hand, lest the fool do anything. That is to say, wisdom, because by its discipline it restrains and checks the affections, steps and actions of the disciplined fools, is therefore hateful to them. Whence they themselves, in order to follow their desires, walk freely and do what they please, shake off these bonds of wisdom and say: "Let us break their bonds asunder, and cast away their yoke from us," Psalm II.
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23. A fool exalteth his voice in laughter: but a wise man will scarcely smile. — He distinguished the fool from the wise man in thought and speech: now he distinguishes the same fool in laughter; namely that a fool at any occasion, indeed at no cause at all, rashly breaks forth into laughter, and laughs effusively, widely, with mouth agape, and foolishly, at things for which he ought rather to weep and cry; and that in laughter he exalts his voice, cackles and makes a great noise. The cause of whose laughter is levity of mind, fickleness, wantonness and stupidity. But the wise man laughs rarely and moderately, and does not so much laugh as smile, and parts his lips in the manner of one smiling; because the wise man, that is, the grave, mature and constant, is equally modest and bashful in mind, and knows that he is in this world full of troubles and dangers, as it were in a valley of tears, and therefore ought rather to weep than to laugh, according to that saying: "Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted," Matt. V, 5. Whence the Greek texts have, a fool in laughter will lift up his voice, but a wise man will scarcely smile quietly; the Zurich Bible, a fool by laughter will raise a cackle, but a wise man smiles silently; the Syriac, he laughs with quietness, or rather smiles; for this is what the Greek ἡσύχῃ μειδιάσει signifies. He alludes to Ecclesiastes chapter VII, 5: "The heart of the wise is where sadness is, and the heart of fools where gladness is," etc., because as the sound of thorns burning under a pot, so is the laughter of a fool." Thus Christ the Lord is read to have wept often, never to have laughed, so as to teach Christians that here is the time for weeping, in heaven the time for laughing will be. Thus St. Basil, Rule XVII, discusses this at greater length. The same prescribes to his spiritual son thus: "Do not utter laughter with dissolute lips, for it is madness to laugh with noise; but by smiling only indicate the gladness of mind. Nor do you wish to jest continually in the manner of a child, because it is not fitting for one who strives toward perfection to jest like a child. Be a child in malice, and a perfect man in understanding. For compunction of heart has no access where there is immoderate laughter and jesting. But where there are tears, there spiritual fire is kindled, which illuminates the secrets of the mind and burns away all vices. Then the soul burning with heavenly desire is joined to the love of Christ, when dwelling on earth it meditates continually on heavenly things, tramples the pleasures of the world, and no care of the world separates it from the love of Christ; but it appears to live as a kind of figure among men, and its whole conversation is in heaven. Death to it is present, as life itself, is sweet. It desires to be dissolved and to be with Christ, whom while living in the flesh it has carried within its temple. St. Basil agrees with this his associate St. Gregory of Nazianzus in his Tetrastichs: "Laughter," he says, "deserves to be laughed at, whoever laughs impudently; immoderate laughter produces no light weeping. It is better to be sad than to have loose morals. No fleeting thing touches a steadfast man." The same in Oration II concerning his sister Gorgonia writes thus: "What so restrained her eyes? What so checked her laughter? so much so that even to have smiled gently seemed to her almost excessive." See St. Ephrem, vol. I, treatise 44, whose title is this: That one ought not to laugh, but to mourn and weep. St. Bernard, treatise On the Nature of Divine Love, chapter III: "Let him who loves God," he says, "embrace purity of heart, cleanliness of body; silence, or ordered speech; steady eyes, and not haughty; ears not itching; food and clothing sober, and such as makes, does not hinder, the regimen of good work; hands restrained, gait gentle, not revealing wantonness of heart by laughing, but by gentle smiling showing grace." The same in his sermon on St. Malachy, Archbishop of Ireland, praises his modest laughter thus: "Laughter either indicating charity, or provoking it, yet rare even in itself. Indeed sometimes drawn forth, never forced out; which thus announced the joy of the heart, as to not diminish grace to the face, but to increase it. So modest, that it could not be suspected of levity; yet so slight, as to suffice to vindicate a cheerful countenance from every blemish or cloud of sadness." Thus concerning our Reverend Father Peter Canisius, Father Sacchinus writes in book III of his Life, p. 328: "Laughter was very rare for him, and that only as a seasoning of humanity and charity in due time. A holy tongue, ignorant of trifles, religious in the midst of courts, everywhere flowing with the honey of divine praises." Thus among the Gentiles those called ἀγέλαστοι, that is, devoid of laughter, were named and celebrated: Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, Aristoxenus, Phocion, M. Crassus, Licinius, M. Cato, Nerva. Bessarion, book IV of the Apology of Plato, chapter 1, writes that Plato was so modest and grave, that he rarely smiled, never laughed. For excessive laughter makes one ridiculous, or indicates it; wherefore it befits the foolish, not the wise, according to that common saying: By much laughter you will be able to recognize the fool. Wherefore Seneca in the Proverbs, letter M: "Know," he says, "that it is a disease, not cheerfulness, always to smile with those who laugh, and to stretch one's own mouth to the estimation of all." Finally Bede in Proverbs: "Headlong to laughter, headlong also is he borne to anger." And Dacrianus in the Mirror of Monks: "Avoid," he says, "loud laughter as a steep precipice of the soul, knowing that laughter drawn forth and undisciplined violates the barriers of modesty." I shall say more concerning laughter at Ecclesiastes II, 2.
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24. A golden ornament is prudent doctrine, and as a bracelet on the right arm. — This is an antithesis; for in verse 22 he said that doctrine to the fool is like fetters of the feet, and manacles of the hands: here he opposes to him the wise man; for to him doctrine and wisdom is like a golden ornament, for example like a golden necklace and torque: because similarly it adorns him in himself, and will adorn him more, if as a teacher he communicate and teach it to others; wherefore it is to him like a bracelet and armlet, which adorns and ornaments the hands and arms. Whence the Zurich version, as golden ornament is learning to the wise, and like a bracelet to the right arm; the Syriac, as a golden necklace is wisdom to the intelligent, and as a gem of a ring upon his right hand. Just as therefore a golden and jeweled ring adorns the right hand, so wisdom adorns the wise man. Doctors, as a symbol of this matter, when they are created, are accustomed to be given and invested with a golden torque and a golden ring, as I said at chapter VI, 25.
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25. The foot of the fool is easily in the house of his neighbour: and a man experienced shall be confounded by a powerful person. — He distinguished the wise man from the fool, in heart, mouth and laughter: now he distinguishes him in gait, that is to say, The fool, because he is curious and shameless, easily enters the house of his neighbour, so that he may curiously and shamelessly search out and hear what is being done in it: but "a man experienced," in Greek πολύπειρος, that is, one who has experienced much, and from this is prudent, who namely has learned by experience how ungrateful to men is curious scrutiny of one's own house, and excessive liberty in entering it; this man shall be confounded, in Greek αἰσχυνθήσεται, that is, shall blush, shall be ashamed, shall reverence the person; and, as it is in Greek, the face of a powerful man, that is to say, The wise man is modest and reverent, so much so that he even blushes to look more fixedly at the face of the powerful; but the fool is shameless and irreverent, so much so that he dares not only to look upon the faces of the powerful, but also to enter their house without cause, uninvited, to inspect and search it out. Whence St. Ambrose on the Virgin reads thus: "The foot of the fool is easy in the house of his neighbour; but he who is wise is ashamed." The Zurich version: the foot of the fool in another's house is inclined; but the experienced man fears even to look; others: the foot of the fool is hasty to the house, but the experienced man blushes at the sight; the Syriac: the feet of the fool enter quickly within the house, and the wise man bows his face; as if blushing to inspect it curiously, and therefore lowering his eyes, lest he see what is in the house or what is done there, that is to say, The prudent man enters the house of the powerful modestly, and only if invited or compelled; he blushes at his face. This vice was noted in Crates the Theban, who for this reason was commonly called θυρεπανοίκτης, that is, an opener of doors, because he would burst into all houses, and, if anything displeased him, would reprove it with cynic freedom, as Laertius testifies, book VI, chapter V. Wherefore Socrates, in order to turn away his hearers from curiosity about the affairs of others, frequently used that saying of Homer: In our own houses what things are done rightly or wrongly. Wherefore Seneca in the Proverbs, letter M or R: "Whenever they disagree among themselves, and toward mutual cursing, they easily agree with one another in obedience and deference." Hugo of St. Victor, book On the Institution of Novices, chapter XII: "The bearing of a man, he says, in every action ought to be graceful without effeminacy, quiet without dissolution, grave without slowness, lively without restlessness, mature without impudence, and severe without turbulence." To this pertains the saying of Rabbi Judah in Pirke Avoth, that is, in the Sayings of the Fathers: "The dwelling of a shameless and impudent man is hell; just as on the contrary that of the modest and ashamed man is Paradise. It pleased Thee, O Lord our God, to establish our principal lot in the study of Thy law."
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26. The fool shall look in at the window into the house: but a man well instructed shall stand without. — This is the second bearing of the fool, that is to say, If the fool cannot enter the house of another, because the doors are closed, or are occupied by others, or for some similar reason, then through the cracks of the door or window, rustically and curiously like a fool he shall peer into the house, especially if he desires to meet or speak to someone from the house; but a man well instructed and mannered shall stand without, knocking at the door, so that he may call out him whom he desires to meet; or, if he be a Prelate or a man of rank, he shall wait until he is called out by him, or until he comes out of the house, and thus he may meet him and introduce himself. Whence the Greek texts have, the foolish man peers into the house through the door: but the well-instructed man stands without; the Zurich version, the foolish man peers into the house from the door, but the learned man stands without; the Syriac, the fool peers into the house from the door, and the honour of a man is that he stand without and speak. Thus Xenocrates (says Laertius, book IV, chapter II) said it made no difference whether one brought his feet or his eyes into another's house, indeed the inhabitants fear the eyes more than the feet. Excellently Hugo of St. Victor, book On the Institution of Novices, chapter XII: "The bearing of a man, he says, in every action ought to be graceful without effeminacy, quiet without dissolution, grave without slowness, lively without restlessness, mature without impudence, and severe without turbulence." To this pertains the saying of Rabbi Judah in Pirke Avoth, that is, in the Sayings of the Fathers: "The dwelling of a shameless and impudent man is hell; just as on the contrary that of the modest and ashamed man is Paradise. It pleased Thee, O Lord our God, to establish our principal lot in the study of Thy law."
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27. The foolishness of a man is to listen through a door: and a wise man will be grieved with shame. — This is the third gesture of the fool, who if he cannot enter a house, nor look into it through a door or window, shamelessly and imprudently applies his ears to the door, so that he may hear what is said or done in the house; and a prudent man considers it a grave matter to commit this incivility, immodesty and shamelessness; because he esteems it to be as great a disgrace and dishonor to himself as to the inhabitants of the house: "Therefore a wise man is grieved with shame," that is to say, First, he calls this infamy and shame grave. Second, that is to say, A wise man thinks that he is done a grave injury and shame by the fool, while he listens curiously and shamelessly at his door, so that he may hear secrets. Whence the Syriac translator renders it, it is foolishness for a man to listen at a door, and to a wise man the shame of it is grave. The sum of all these things is, that a fool is careless of his own affairs, but curious about those of others, and therefore immodestly and shamelessly investigates them; whereas a wise man is careless of the affairs of others, but curious about his own, and therefore carefully examines and surveys his own, but neglects and passes by those of others: because he leaves the care of them to others to whom it pertains, and considers it uncivil, rustic and ignominious to arrogate such care to himself. For foolishness the Greek word is ἀπαιδευσία, that is, ignorance, rusticity, incivility, ineptness, insolence, insipidity. Whence the Zurich version renders it, to listen at a door is ignorance in anyone; he who is wise bears this disgrace with difficulty; others render it, it is the ignorance of a man to listen at a door; but a wise man bears infamy heavily; that is to say, Listening is considered infamous.
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28. The lips of the unwise shall tell foolish things: but the words of the prudent shall be weighed in a balance, — both in the balance of reason by the prudent before they utter them, and in the balance of authority by those who hear them. For these men will esteem them as if premeditated, grave and wisely uttered, and will show by words and deeds that they have great weight and importance with them, so that they frequently turn them over in their minds, meditate upon them, weigh them mentally, balance them and ponder them, and apply them to practice, and conform their manners according to them, and order their lives. I shall review the sevenfold balance, by which each word, equally as each deed, must be weighed, in Proverbs, chapter XI, verse 1. The Greek texts have, the lips of the talkative shall tell things that are not theirs, but the words of the prudent shall be weighed in a balance; the Zurich version, the lips of the talkative tell absurdities; but the wise weigh in a balance what they say; others render it, the lips of the multiloquent tell the words of others, but the words of the prudent are weighed in a balance; the Syriac, the mouth of the impious shall speak in his own body (against himself); and the wise man speaks with weight. But the Greek text corrected at Rome has it otherwise, namely in this way, the lips of others shall be weighed in these, but the words of the prudent shall be weighed in a balance. To this pertains the teaching of St. Bernard: "Let your words first come twice to the file, before once to the tongue." The file of words is the mind, it is reason, it is prudence, it is consideration. Whence it follows: "In the mouth of fools is their heart, and in the heart of the wise is their mouth." To this also pertains the Arabic proverb, Century 1, number 16: "Be with the prickly pear an olive," that is, be wise with the fool, and with the insane man of many words be of sound mind and few words. Most excellently does Blessed Peter Damian, epistle 10, to Peter Cerebrosum, say: "He who thinks," he says, "that jocularity is eloquence, is led astray by the likeness of things. For just as a wise man says: The lips of the unwise shall tell foolish things, but the words of the prudent shall be weighed in a balance. Indeed, just as an unbridled horse passes through winding and impassable ways, level or steep, whatever comes in its way; so the tongue of fools, straight or frivolous, as whatever is available, flows out indifferently and lightly. But the prudent man weighs what is to be said, and like a cautious traveler carefully attends to where he may set the footstep of his tongue. The former brings forth in public through impatience of silence whatever is hidden; the latter, if utility dictates, keeps the secret under the lock of silence. Whence also the same Wise Man says: In the mouth, he says, of fools is their heart, and in the heart of the wise is their mouth." To this pertains the apophthegm of the Hebrews in Pirke Avoth, that is, in the Chapters of the Fathers: "Seven differences are found in the fool, and as many in the sensible and wise man: A sensible man is silent and mute before an elder or one wiser than himself, does not interrupt the speaker, does not blurt out something inopportunely and out of season, inserting it, namely, in the middle of the discourse; he scarcely answers when questioned, but he himself asks questions pertinent to the matter, and answers also most aptly to what is asked: those things which were proposed in the first place, he treats of first and before all things; but afterwards he descends to treating those things which were offered later to be discussed; if there are any things which perhaps he did not understand, he ingenuously admits it, and says: These and these I could not grasp, but these I understood. Finally, having known and perceived the truth, he gives his hand and yields willingly. In the contrary manner altogether must the account of the fool be made.
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29. IN THE MOUTH OF FOOLS IS THEIR HEART: AND IN THE HEART OF THE WISE IS THEIR MOUTH. — That is to say, whatever fools have in their heart, they pour forth from their mouth, for they know not how to conceal their thoughts; hence they seem not to have a heart hidden within their breast, but to have it placed in their mouth, open and exposed to all; on the other hand, the wise bring forth nothing from their mouth unless they have first weighed it well in their heart; wherefore they conceal what ought to be concealed, and say nothing except what ought to be said in this place, at this time, before such persons, etc.; wherefore they seem not to have a mouth open in their face to all, but hidden in their heart; because their heart directs and moderates their mouth, so that it appears not so much their mouth as their heart that speaks, and conversely that both their mouth and their heart are wise. Whence the Zurich Bible: from the mouth of the foolish hangs their heart, but in the heart of the wise their mouth is placed; because, namely, the wise restrain and measure the mouth and words of the heart with discretion. In the foolish, therefore, the mouth rules, that is, talkativeness and recklessness of speech, and so the mouth governs their heart. In the prudent, on the other hand, the heart rules, and it governs their mouth, according to that in Proverbs, chapter XVI: "The heart of the wise shall instruct his mouth." And that of the Psalmist, Psalm XXXVI, 30: "The mouth of the just shall meditate," that is, shall utter what has been meditated or what is meditated, "wisdom;" because, namely, the just man has his mouth in his heart: for it is the part of the heart to meditate, and of the mouth to utter what has been meditated. Whence the Syriac forcefully: the mouth of the fool is itself his heart, and the mouth of the wise is in his heart. Wisely Gellius, book I, 16, writes that the speech of the talkative is born in the mouth, not in the breast. On the other hand, Homer says that Ulysses, a wise man, sends forth his voice not from the mouth, but from the breast. Hence also it is said in Psalm LI, verse 2: "All the day thy tongue hath devised injustice." Where rightly Origen, as cited by Agellius: "The heart," he says, "of the foolish is placed on the surface, not in the depths, it leaps forth to the lips." Thus it was once said that among the Greeks speech proceeds from the lips and mouth, among the Romans from the mind and heart. To this pertains that saying of Themistocles: ξυνεστι τω λόγω, that is, the speech has substance and vigor, said of an oration not empty and foolish, but grave and wise, having solid sentences. Thus Quintilian calls the invention of things the bones of an oration, taking the comparison from the bodies of living creatures which are sustained by bones, held together by sinews, clothed with flesh and skin, held together by soul, moved by action. Secondly, the heart is a symbol of secrecy, the mouth, however, of the revelation of secrecy. For the heart lies hidden in the recess of the breast, and withdraws itself within the inner parts. To the wise, therefore, the mouth is in the heart; that is, in the hidden and deep recess of the mind, so that they know how to be silent and conceal what others bring forth with their mouth. To the foolish, on the other hand, the heart is in the mouth, that is, the secret is in the tongue, because they divulge it to all. Thus St. Gregory of Nazianzus, in his first letter to Celesius, accusing himself of silence, writes an apologue of swallows and swans; for swallows have their heart in their mouth, but swans have their mouth in their heart: "It is better," he says, "the silence of swans, than the chatter of swallows," that is to say, It is better the silence of the wise, than the loquacity of the foolish, and finally he concludes with another proverb: "Then shall the swans sing, when the jackdaws have been silent." The same concerning different ways of life: I will not, he says, with cranes, nor with geese In synods, which in the fury of Mars seek themselves. [sit Synods of geese and cranes he calls those councils, in which nothing was done rightly and in order, but all things resounded with the confused clamors of men fighting among themselves, such as were the Synods of the Arians to overturn the Council of Nicaea. Thirdly, Pineda, book III On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter XII, number 4: "In the heart," he says, "of the wise is their mouth, and in the mouth of the foolish is their heart, that is to say, The eloquence of the foolish is vain, but that of the wise is solid, so that it consists not only in words, but is also heartfelt, and abounds in grave sentences. Which Solomon says in Wisdom VII, verse 15: "God gave me to speak as I thought," that is, from the soul and heart, with sense and as it were with a certain savor of the things that are said. Fourthly, Rabanus: "In the mouth of the foolish," he says, "is their heart, when the foolish intention of heretics and schismatics attends to the ornament of words; but in the heart of the wise is their mouth, when the speech of the elect strives faithfully to express the sense of true wisdom," that is to say, The foolish seek mere eloquence, the prudent seek rather wisdom, and display it in words. The foolish, therefore, place their heart in their mouth, that is, wisdom in talkativeness; the wise, on the other hand, place their mouth in their heart, that is, eloquence in wisdom, and they think they speak eloquently if they speak wisely. To this pertains that common saying: "Eloquence destitute of wisdom is foolish;" but wisdom is wise, even lacking eloquence. Finally, the heart is a symbol of prudence, magnanimity, and counsel; but the mouth, that is, talkativeness, is a symbol of imprudence, levity, and foolishness. For the heart is the receptacle of the soul, the source of the will, the root of counsel and of things to be done. Whence Bede in Proverbs: "Among men the heart is known from words, but before God words are weighed from the heart." For, as Aristotle says in the book On Sense and Sensible Things: "The soul is in the heart, as a spider in its web;" both physically and ethically. Physically, because in the heart as in a citadel the soul dwells, and from there through the vital spirits it vivifies the whole body. Whence the heart is the principle of life and sense, especially of touch, which the spider possesses most acutely, according to that saying: "The lynx excels in sight, the pig in hearing, the spider surpasses in touch." Because, as Aristotle says in book II of On the Soul: "An animal is an animal on account of the sense of touch." For every animal has touch; and whatever has the sense of touch is an animal, even if it lacks sight, hearing, and other senses. Ethically, because the soul through the heart, that is, through the mind and reason, speaks and does all things. Fools therefore place their heart, that is, their wisdom and virtue, in the mouth, that is, in their foolishness; but the wise conceal and hide their mouth, that is, their levity and foolishness, in the heart. Indeed, says Palacius, the foolish man is external, and therefore has his heart outwardly in his tongue; but the prudent man is internal, and therefore recalls his tongue to his heart.
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30. WHEN THE IMPIOUS MAN CURSES THE DEVIL, HE CURSES HIS OWN SOUL. — "Curses," that is, first, execrates, as the Zurich version renders it, meaning: When the impious man execrates the devil, he execrates himself; because he himself is like the devil; for the impious man is as he is. Therefore foolishly does the fool execrate the devil, when he does not cease to imitate him, nay, to venerate and worship him, while he obeys his suggestions and prefers his inspirations to the inspirations of God: wherefore he himself is the servant and son of the devil; but it is foolish and unworthy that a servant should curse his master, a son his father. Note here how foul a sin is, which made an angel most beautiful into the most hideous devil, and makes a man like the devil, nay, a devil, according to that saying of Christ concerning Judas: "Did not I choose you twelve? and one of you is a devil?" John VI, 71. And cap. VIII, verse 44: "You are of your father the devil, and the desires of your father you will do." Thus a drunkard or a choleric man, when he rages, seems to be the devil incarnate, says St. Chrysostom and St. Gregory Nazianzen. Secondly, meaning: When the impious man curses the devil, he curses himself, because he deserves the same punishment for the same impiety which the devil deserves. Whence he shall receive the same lot and hell which the devil receives, according to that saying of Christ in judgment: "Depart from me, you cursed, into everlasting fire, which was prepared for the devil and his angels," Matt. cap. XXV, verse 41. Thirdly, Palacius: "The simplest sense," he says, "will be, if you take the devil for an adversary," so that the meaning is: If you curse your adversary, you have cursed yourself; because you provoke him, so that he immediately turns the curse back upon you. But if you take the devil properly, it is explained thus: The devil was not evil from himself; malice made him evil and a devil, and therefore because he is evil, we speak evil of him. Since therefore you also are evil, speaking evil of the evil, you speak evil of yourself; nay, if you curse him because he is evil, you curse yourself also, as being evil. For as he who swears by the altar, swears by God who is in the altar; so he who curses the devil, curses the malice which is in him, and since that malice is in you, you also curse yourself. Siracides says this in order to explain what he said in verse 28: "The lips of the imprudent shall tell foolish things." And that in verse 29: "In the mouth of fools is their heart," meaning: The imprudent and foolish, that is, the impious, constantly have the devil in their mouth, because they constantly have him in their heart. Whence every third word they name him, and whatever evil or sinister thing happens to them, they foolishly impute it to the devil, and curse him, saying: The devil brought this evil upon me; let him therefore be cursed, let him go to the gallows, to hell. But the wise and pious do not have the devil, but God constantly in their mouth, because they constantly have him in their heart. Whence in adversities as well as in prosperity they say with St. Job, cap. I, verse 21: "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; as it hath pleased the Lord, so it is done: blessed be the name of the Lord." Moreover the Syriac version renders it thus: When the fool curses him who did not sin against him, he curses himself, or brings a curse upon his own soul. The soul of the wise man is sad on account of the fool, because he knows not what to say to anyone.
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31. A WHISPERER SHALL DEFILE HIS OWN SOUL, AND SHALL BE HATED OF ALL: AND HE THAT SHALL ABIDE WITH HIM (thus it should be read with the Roman texts, not "he that shall remain"; nor "to whom he shall abide," that is, to whom he shall cohabit or cleave, as Jansenius wishes), SHALL BE HATEFUL: BUT THE SILENT AND WISE MAN SHALL BE HONORED. — Among the foolish things which fools and the impious are accustomed to relate, as I said in verse 28, one is very frequent, namely whisperings, that is, secret detractings, by which they rend the reputation of the absent in secret, and render him hateful to the listener, and thus dissolve friendship on both sides. Which therefore Sirach here censures, as if to say: The whisperer and detractor, first, defiles his own soul with the fault and vice of detraction; second, shall be hated in all places equally and in all his actions; third, not only he himself, but also whoever associates himself with him shall be hateful. But truly the silent and wise man, who suppresses the vices of his neighbor, which he has seen or heard, in silence, shall be honored on account of his prudent, friendly and just silence. The Greek, as is customary, brief and in two parts, clearly has it thus: he defiles his own soul by whispering, and wherever he shall dwell, he shall be in hatred; the Zurich edition: the detractor pollutes his soul, and wherever he shall go, he shall be hateful: but a silent and prudent man shall obtain honor. Palacius somewhat differently: "Just as," he says, "he who curses curses himself to the devil, so the whisperer detracting from the honor of others, and blaming others, when the same fault is frequently found in him, plainly by his own whispering accuses himself, and curses himself. Then he brings upon himself a great stain; for what is a viler reproach than to be called a whisperer? He also is hateful to all, and whoever persists with him, namely his familiar, shall likewise be hateful. On the contrary, how worthy of honor shall he be who is silent, and as a wise man does not traduce the vices of others!" Thus Palacius.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.