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Compensationism(COMPENSAZIONISMO)Vol. IV, p. 77 COMPENSATIONISM. - This is the most recent in chronological order of the moral systems proposed to resolve on a practical level those technically insoluble…
Competence(COMPETENZA)Vol. IV, p. 77 COMPETENCE. – A term used in juridical language to indicate the specific objective capacity of the various judicial organs, that is, that portion of the power…
CompetentesVol. IV, p. 77 COMPETENTES. – These were those catechumens who, after the period of probation, gave their names to receive Baptism on Holy Saturday. They were subjected to…
Competition(CONCORRENZA)Vol. IV, p. 133 COMPETITION. — In essence, this is the convergence, on the same market and at the same moment, of the individual plans (drawn up by natural persons or firms)…
Compilationes (Quinque) Anti-QuaeVol. IV, p. 80 COMPILATIONES (QUINQUE) ANTI-QUAE. — The name Q. c. a. is commonly used for the five most important of the numerous collections (about sixty are known) of…
Compitalia(COMPITALI)Vol. IV, p. 80 COMPITALI. – The c., one of the three conceptive festivals celebrated at the close of the sowing cycle, fell between 17 December (Saturnalia) and 5 January,…
Compiègne, The Martyrs of, Blessed(COMPIÈGNE, LE MARTIRI DI, BEATE)Vol. IV, p. 79 COMPIÈGNE, THE MARTYRS of, Blessed. - They are the sixteen Carmelites of the convent of that city, guillotined in Paris on 17 July 1794 “for their attachment…
Complaint(QUERELA)Vol. X, p. 238 QUERELA. – A name that designates, also in canon law, procedural institutions directed toward the achievement of different objectives. Of these institutions,…
Compline(COMPIETA)Vol. IV, p. 79 COMPIETA. — The final hour of the Divine Office. I. NAME. — It derives from the Latin completa, completorium (also used as a plural adjective: completorii,…
ComplutensesVol. IV, p. 81 COMPLUTENSES. – This is the name given to those Discalced Carmelites, professors of philosophy at the College of S. Cirillo of Alcalà de Henares (Complutum),…
Composition(COMPOSIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 81 COMPOSIZIONE: v. CONDONAZIONE.
CompostellaVol. IV, p. 81 COMPOSTELLA: v. S. GIACOMO DI COMPO- STELLA.
Compound(COMPOSTO)Vol. IV, p. 81 COMPOSTO. – C. is that reality in which parts can be distinguished. It may be an aggregate of several ontologically distinct and independent realities…
Comprehensibility(COMPRENSIBILITÀ (COMPREHENSIVENESS))Vol. IV, p. 82 COMPREHENSIVENESS (Comprehensiveness). – A characteristic of the Anglican Church consisting in its “comprehending” among its members the faithful of diverse…
Compromise(COMPROMESSO)Vol. IV, p. 83 COMPROMESSO: V. ARBITRATO; PROVVISTA CANONICA.
Compultery (Cubultery)(COMPULTERIA (CUBULTERIA))Vol. IV, p. 83 COMPULTERIA (Cubulteria). – An ancient diocese of Campania between Treglia and Alvignano. It is mentioned only by St. Gregorio Magno in the year 599, who…
Compunction (Lat. Compunctio, Unknown to the Classics; Gr. Biblical Κατάνυξις)(COMPUNZIONE (LAT. COMPUNCTIO, IGNOTO AI CLASSICI; GR. BIBLICO ΚΑΤΈΝΥΞΙΣ))Vol. IV, p. 83 COMPUNZIONE (Latin compunctio, unknown to the classical authors; biblical Greek κατένυξις). — A feeling of sorrow and confusion arising from awareness of one’s…
Computation of Time(TEMPO, COMPUTO DEL)Vol. XI, p. 1147 TEMPO, COMPUTO del. — De temporis supputatione is a title unknown in ancient canon law, introduced among the Normae generales of the CIC (title III, canons…
Computus de PaschaVol. IV, p. 83 COMPUTUS DE PASCHA. - This is a short work attributed by a manuscript to St. Cyprian of Carthage, but certainly apocryphal, because it was written, as the…
Comte, AugusteVol. IV, p. 83 COMTE, AUGUSTE. – Philosopher, born in Montpellier on 19 January 1798, died in Paris on 5 September 1857. Of a Catholic and royalist family. In 1806 he entered…
Conakry, Vicariate Apostolic of(KONAKRY, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. VII, p. 457 KONAKRY, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - It is situated in French Guinea, where in 1877 the Fathers of the Holy Spirit, coming from the apostolic vicariate of Sierra…
Conca, SebastianoVol. IV, p. 111 CONCA, SEBASTIANO. - Painter, born at Gaeta on 8 Jan. 1679 (or, according to others, 1676 or 1680), and died at Napoli in 1764. A pupil of Solimena at Napoli,…
Conceived(CONCEPITO)Vol. IV, p. 112 CONCEIVED (as already born): v. NASCITURO; PERSONA.
Concelebration(CONCELEBRAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 112 CONCELEBRATION. — In the broad sense, this is the assistance and active participation of ministers and the faithful in sacred functions; in a narrower sense,…
Concepción and Chaco, Diocese of(CONCEZIONE E CHACO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 116 CONCEZIONE and CHACO, DIOCESE of. — In the Republic of Paraguay, erected by Pius XI on 1 May 1929, by the constitution Universi Dominici gregis, through the…
Concepción, Diocese of(CONCEPCIÓN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 112 CONCEPCIÓN, DIOCESI di: v. SANTISSIMA CONCEZIONE, DIOCESI di.
Concept(CONCETTO)Vol. IV, p. 115 CONCEPT. – Etymologically from concipere, cum-capere, to conceive, to comprehend, the c. is the intellectual expression of reality in thought, the idea that…
Conceptualism(CONCETTUALISMO)Vol. IV, p. 116 CONCEPTUALISM. – This is the doctrine that denies general ideas (universals) an objective correspondence in reality, asserting them as pure concepts or forms…
Conciliarism(CONCILIARISMO)Vol. IV, p. 116 CONCILIARISM. — An ecclesiological error according to which the ecumenical council is superior to the pope. The remote origin of c. is found in the juridical…
Conciliation(CONCILIAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 118 CONCILIAZIONE: v. PATTI LATERANENSI; QUESTIONE ROMANA.
Concina, DanieleVol. IV, p. 121 CONCINA, DANIELE. - Dominican preacher and moral theologian, born at Clauzetto in Friuli on 2 Oct. 1687, died at Venezia on 21 Feb. 1756. He entered religious…
Concistorial Option(OPZIONE CONCISTORIALE)Vol. IX, p. 128 CONCISTORIAL OPTION. — The concistorial option is a request that cardinals may make in consistory, that is, before the Holy Father and their colleagues, to…
ConcistoroVol. IV, p. 121 CONCISTORO. — The consistory consists of a solemn assembly of all the cardinals present in Rome, presided over by the pope, for the consideration of some of…
ConclaveVol. IV, p. 122 CONCLAVE.— In ecclesiastical language, conclave denotes the place where the cardinals gather, after the death of the pope, in a kind of enclosure and…
Conclusio in CausaVol. IV, p. 126 CONCLUSIO IN CAUSA. – The c. in c., according to the CIC, is nothing other than the end of the instructional or evidentiary period of the trial (can. 1860 §…
Conclusion(CONCLUSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 592 CONCLUSION. - The great historical fact of the C. thus came to an end with the closing of the Middle Ages and the strengthening of the national States. If it…
Conconsecrants(CONCONSACRANTI)Vol. IV, p. 127 CONCONSACRANTI: V. ORDINE SACRO.
Concordantia DubiorumVol. IV, p. 127 CONCORDANTIA DUBIORUM: V. CONTESTAZIONE DELLA LITE.
Concordats(CONCORDATI)Vol. IV, p. 127 CONCORDATI. — A concordat is usually defined as an agreement between the Holy See and the State for regulating religious matters of common interest. SUMMARY:…
Concordia (America), Diocese of(CONCORDIA (AMERICA), DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 131 CONCORDIA (AMERICA), DIOCESI di: v. SALINA, DIOCESI di.
Concordia, Diocese of(CONCORDIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 131 CONCORDIA, DIOCESI di. — In the Veneto; its boundaries extend from the Tagliamento to the Livenza, and from the Adriatic to the mountains toward the Belluno…
Concordia, Formulas of(CONCORDIA, FORMOLE DI)Vol. IV, p. 132 CONCORDIA, FORMOLE di: v. CONFESSIONI DI FEDE PROTESTANTI.
Concordism(CONCORDISMO)Vol. IV, p. 132 CONCORDISMO. — Method employed by those concerned to determine the lines of a positive concord between the Bible and the modern sciences. With the emergence of…
ConcorezzesiVol. IV, p. 132 CONCOREZZESI. – They formed one of the principal currents into which the Cathars (v.) in Italy were divided: they taught a mitigated or monarchian dualism, in…
Concrete(CONCRETO)Vol. IV, p. 135 CONCRETO. – In opposition to the abstract (v.), which is the mental universal, c. is the real singular, above all the individual of material substances and…
Concubinage(CONCUBINATO)Vol. IV, p. 135 CONCUBINAGE. – In general, concubinage means the state of conjugal cohabitation detached from the genuine matrimonial bond. Consequently, the concrete…
Concupiscence(CONCUPISCENZA)Vol. IV, p. 138 CONCUPISCENZA. — From the Latin concupiscere (= to desire), it etymologically signifies desire, an inclination toward a pleasurable object. However, the term…
Concurrence of Crimes and Penalties(CONCORSO DI REATI E DI PENE)Vol. IV, p. 135 CONCURRENCE OF OFFENCES AND PENALTIES. — The concurrence of offences exists when a person is guilty of several offences, that is, of several violations of one…
Concurrent(CONCORRENTI)Vol. IV, p. 133 CONCORRENTI: V. COOPERAZIONE.
Concurrent(CONCORRENTI)Vol. IV, p. 133 CONCORRENTI. – Conventional figures used by computists to determine which day of the week corresponds to the beginning of each year, and hence to establish…
Concursus(CONCORSO)Vol. IV, p. 134 CONCORSO. — This is one of the methods for selecting the most worthy candidate for a vacant office, consisting in the examination, in legal form, of all the…
Concussion(CONCUSSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 139 CONCUSSIONE: v. ESTORSIONE.
Condamin, AlbertVol. IV, p. 139 CONDAMIN, ALBERT. - Jesuit exegete and Orientalist, born at Marseille on 7 Sept. 1862, died on 3 July 1940. He devoted himself chiefly to the study of two…
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de(CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE)Vol. IV, p. 139 CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT de. — Philosopher and educationalist, born in Grenoble on 30 September 1715, died at Flux in Orléanais in 1780. He was ordained a…
Condition(CONDIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 140 CONDITION. – A very vague term, usually used in relation to that of cause (v.). Whereas the cause exerts a positive influence in producing the effect, the c.,…
Condition (In Legal Acts)(CONDIZIONE (NEGLI ATTI GIURIDICI))Vol. IV, p. 140 CONDITION (IN LEGAL ACTS). — The word c. designates two different categories of legal figures. By c. are meant both the presuppositions, logical antecedents,…
Condivi, AscanioVol. IV, p. 140 CONDIVI, ASCANIO. - Writer and painter, b. at Ripatransone in the Marche, perhaps in 1525, and d. at Rome in 1574. Nothing is known of his activity in the…
Condom, Diocese of(CONDOM, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 141 CONDOM, DIOCESI di: v. AUCH, DIOCESI di.
Condonation(CONDONAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 141 CONDONAZIONE. — It is the indulgence or act of grace by which the supreme pontiff, exercising his supreme power of jurisdiction, legitimizes and canonizes, for…
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine Caritat, Marquis of(CONDORCET, MARIE-JEAN-ANTOINE CARITAT, MARCHESE DI)Vol. IV, p. 142 CONDORCET, MARIE-JEAN-ANTOINE CARITAT, marquis. – Scholar of the sciences and philosophy, politician, born at Ribemont in Picardy on 17 September 1741, died at…
Condren, Charles deVol. IV, p. 142 CONDREN, CHARLES de. — Second superior general of the French Oratory, one of the most distinguished spiritual directors of the period, born at Vaubuin…
Conductor(CONDUTTORE)Vol. IV, p. 143 CONDUTTORE: V. LOCAZIONE.
ConductusVol. IV, p. 143 CONDUCTUS. - It is one of the most interesting musical forms of the Middle Ages, in which the composer had freedom of choice in regard to both text and…
Condulmer, FrancescoVol. IV, p. 143 CONDULMER, FRANCESCO. — Cardinal, nephew of Eugenio IV, born in Venice. Created cardinal by his uncle on 19 September 1431 and appointed camerlengo, he wielded…
ConfarreatioVol. IV, p. 143 CONFARREATIO. - Among the Romans, this was the sacred nuptial rite par excellence (Pliny, Nat. hist., XVIII, 14), which originally must have consisted in the…
Conferences(CONFERENZE)Vol. IV, p. 143 CONFERENCES. — In addition to councils, both general and particular, and to diocesan synods properly so called—public and official assemblies par…
Confession(CONFESSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFESSION At times, the term Confession (C.) is used to refer to the sacrament of Penance itself, which is therefore commonly called the sacrament of…
Confession (Means of Proof)(CONFESSIONE (MEZZO DI PROVA))Vol. IV, p. 157 CONFESSIONE (MEZZO DI PROVA). – Confession, as a means of proof, is distinguished in canon law into judicial confession and extrajudicial confession. I.…
Confessional(CONFESSIONALE)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFESSIONALE. — An ecclesiastical furnishing in which the priest administers the sacrament of Penance. Confessionals in their present form began to appear in…
Confessor(CONFESSORE)Vol. IV, p. 161 CONFESSORE – Inscription recalling the “confessor” Quirino Maggiore, commemorated on 10 May in the Martirologia geronimiana (5th century) – Rome, cemetery of…
Confirmation(CONFERMA)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFERMA: v. PROVVISTA CANONICA.
Confirmation(CONFERMAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFERMAZIONE: v. CRESIMA.
Confirmation(CRESIMA)Vol. IV, p. 502 CONFIRMATION. It is the term commonly used in Italy to denote the sacrament of Confirmation. SUMMARY: I. Dogmatic theology of C. — II. Moral theology and canon…
Confiscation of Ecclesiastical Goods(CONFISCA DEI BENI ECCLESIASTICI)Vol. IV, p. 164 CONFISCA DEI BENI ECCLESIASTICI: v. SECOLARIZZAZIONE; USURPAZIONE.
ConfiteorVol. IV, p. 164 « CONFITEOR ». — Formula of the general confession of sins in the Latin liturgy, whose origin goes back to the custom of priests confessing their own…
Conforti, Giovanni FrancescoVol. IV, p. 164 CONFORTI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO. — Theologian, born at Calvanico on 7 January 1743. Ordained a priest, he went to Naples, where he published De variate religionis…
Conforti, Guido MariaVol. IV, p. 164 CONFORTI, GUIDO MARIA. - Bishop, b. at Ravadese (Parma) on March 30, 1865, d. at Parma on Nov. 5, 1931. He completed his studies in Parma, always ranking first…
Confraternity(CONFRATERNITA)Vol. IV, p. 167 CONFRATERNITA. — An ecclesiastical corporation composed predominantly of lay faithful, canonically erected and governed by a competent superior, with the aim…
Confucianism(CONFUCIANESIMO)Vol. IV, p. 170 CONFUCIANISM. — This is the name given to the entire body of religious, ethical, and political doctrines that Confucius (v.) gathered from antiquity,…
Confucius(CONFUCI)Vol. IV, p. 173 CONFUCI. — Italianized form, from the Chinese Ccomfuze [K'ung Fu-tzu], meaning “The Master (or the Philosopher) Ccom,” subsequently adopted by almost all…
Congregation of Ancona(ANCONA, CONGREGAZIONE DI)Vol. I, p. 720 ANCONA, CONGREGAZIONE di: v. CONGREGA- ZIONI PONTIFICIE.
Congregation of Benedictine Virgins(VERGINIANI, CONGREGAZIONE BENEDETTINA DEI)Vol. XII, p. 810 VERGINIANI, CONGREGAZIONE BENEDETTINA dei. – Founded at Montevergine (v.) by s. Guglielmo da Vercelli (v.), between 1114 and 1126. At the death of the founder…
Congregation of Cistercians of Casamari(CASAMARI, CONGREGAZIONE CISTERCENSE DI)Vol. III, p. 567 CASAMARI, CISTERCIAN CONGREGATION of. – Cistercian abbey in the diocese of Veroli, in a locality called Cerate, traditionally the birthplace of Gaius Marius,…
Congregation of Jesus and Mary (Eudists)(CONGREGAZIONE DI GESÙ E MARIA (EUDISTI))Vol. IV, p. 188 CONGREGAZIONE DI GESÙ E MARIA (EUDISTI). — Founded in the seventeenth century by St Giovanni CONGR. DI GESÙ E MARIA - CONGREGAZIONE DI S. PAOLO Eudes (v.),…
Congregation of Our Lady(CONGREGAZIONE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA)Vol. IV, p. 189 Congregation of Our Lady Founded at Montreal, in Canada, in 1618 by the Venerable Marguerite Bourgeoys (q.v.) for the instruction and education of youth.…
Congregation of Priests of the Schools of Charity(CONGREGAZIONE DEI SACERDOTI DELLE SCUOLE DI CARITÀ)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGATION OF THE PRIESTS OF THE SCHOOLS OF CHARITY. – It was founded in Venice in 1802 by the priest brothers Marcantonio and Antonio Angelo Crvanis (v.) to…
Congregation of S.(CONGREGAZIONE DI S)Vol. IV, p. 190 new C. under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See. The founder nevertheless mitigated the external severities. Other, graver persecutions followed in the…
Congregation of Saint Paul(CONGREGAZIONE DI S. PAOLO)Vol. IV, p. 190 CONGREGATION OF S. PAOLO – General house – Rome. Arona, soon abandoned. Then, almost simultaneously, boarding schools for the nobility were opened in Milan and…
Congregation of Saint Paul (Barnabites)(CONGREGAZIONE DI SAN PAOLO (BARNABITI))Vol. IV, p. 189 CONGREGATION OF ST PAUL (BARNABITES) Founded in 1530 in Milan by St Antony Mary Zaccaria (v.) together with Giacomo Morigia and Bartolomeo Ferrari, Milanese…
Congregation of the Body of Christ(CONGREGAZIONE DEL CORPO DI CRISTO)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGATION OF THE BODY OF CHRIST. — Monastic institute founded in 1328 by Bl. Andrea di Paolo (d. ca. 1345), marquis of Torre Andrea (near Assisi), who,…
Congregation of the Holy Cross(CONGREGAZIONE DI SANTA CROCE)Vol. IV, p. 191 CONGREGATION OF SANTA CROCE. In 1820, Giacomo Francesco Dujarié, parish priest of Ruillé-sur-Loir (Sarthe), founded, under the name «Brothers of St Joseph», an…
Congregation of the Holy Cross of Saint Quentin(CONGREGAZIONE DELLA SANTA CROCE DI SAN QUENTIN)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY CROSS OF SAN QUENTIN. — It originated in 1622 at Amiens through the work of Cristoforo Belliot, vicar general of Amiens, with the…
Congregation of the Holy Family of Nazareth(CONGREGAZIONE DELLA SACRA FAMIGLIA DI NAZARET)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY FAMILY OF NAZARETH. — It was founded in 1886 in Brescia by the pious priest Giovanni Piamarta (b. 1841, d. 1913) for the Christian…
Congregation of the Holy Spirit(CONGREGAZIONE DELLO SPIRITO SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGAZIONE DELLO SPIRITO SANTO. – It was founded in Paris on 20 May 1703 by Claudio Francesco Poullart des Places. While still a layman, he came to the aid…
Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Missionaries of Scheut)(CONGREGAZIONE DEL CUORE IMMACOLATO DI MARIA (MISSIONARI DI SCHEUT))Vol. IV, p. 182 CONGREGATION OF THE IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY (MISSIONARIES OF SCHEUT). – Founded in 1862 by Fr. Teofilo Verbist at Scheut, a suburb of Brussels, with the…
Congregation of the Mission(CONGREGAZIONE DELLA MISSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 182 CONGREGAZIONE DELLA MISSIONE. – A congregation of secular priests with private and perpetual vows, founded in Paris by S. Vincenzo de' Paoli in 1625. In France…
Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer(CONGREGAZIONE DEL S.MO REDENTORE)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGATION OF THE MOST HOLY REDEEMER. — It was founded at Scala near Amalfi by St. Alfonso M. de' Liguori (v.), on 9 November 1732, for preaching missions to…
Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary(CONGREGAZIONE DEI CUORI DI GESÙ E MARIA)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGATION OF THE HEARTS OF JESUS AND MARY. — It originated in Lanciano, in Abruzzo, in 1880, at the initiative of Rev. Lorenzo Lisio and Maria Domenica…
Congregation of the Sacred Hearts(CONGREGAZIONE DEI SACRI CUORI)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGAZIONE DEI SACRI CUORI. — A women’s institute founded at Poitiers in 1797 through the work of the priest Pietro Coudrin and Countess Enrichetta Aymer de…
Congregation of Waters and Roads(ACQUE E STRADE, CONGREGAZIONE DELLE)Vol. I, p. 172 ACQUE e STRADE, CONGREGAZIONE DELLE: V. CONGREGAZIONI PONTIFICIE.
Congregationalists(CONGREGAZIONALISTI)Vol. IV, p. 179 CONGREGATIONALISTS. – Designation of Protestants who profess absolute independence from every community (congregation) of the faithful. The pseudo-Reformation…
CongruaVol. IV, p. 219 CONGRUA. — Under the name c. or portio congrua, canonists designate that amount of income considered necessary for the dignified support of a beneficiary (v.…
Congruism(CONGRUISMO)Vol. IV, p. 220 CONGRUISMO. — The name of this theological system derives from s. Agostino, who, in bk. I of De diversis quaestionibus ad Simplicianum, explaining how…
ConimbricensesVol. IV, p. 221 CONIMBRICENSES. - This is the name given to those Jesuits, professors of philosophy at the University of Coimbra, who, between the final years of the sixteenth…
Conjugicide(CONIUGICIDIO)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONIUGICIDIO: v. CRIMINE.
Connection(CONNESSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONNESSIONE (CONTINENTIA CAUSARUM): v. COMPETENZA.
Conon, Bishop of Tarsus(CONONE, VESCOVO DI TARSO)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONONE, bishop of TARSO. – Heretic of the sixth century. Beginning from Monophysitism, he followed the doctrines of Giovanni Filopono of Alexandria, which led…
Conon, Pope(CONONE, PAPA)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONONE, POPE. - When Giovanni V died in Aug. 686, the Romans found themselves divided over the election of his successor: the clergy wanted the archpriest…
Conopeum(CONOPEO)Vol. IV, p. 224 CONOPEUM. – A veil that covers the Tabernacle: v. TABERNACOLO. BIBL.: See the bibliography under TABERNACOLO.
Conrad Confalonieri of Piacenza, Saint(CORRADO CONFALONIERI DI PIACENZA, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 376 CORRADO CONFALONIERI of PIACENZA, saint. - Hermit and Franciscan tertiary, b. in 1290, d. 19 Feb. 1351. Devoted to hunting in his youth, one day he set fire to…
Conrad I, King of the East Franks(CORRADO I, RE DEI FRANCHI ORIENTALI)Vol. IV, p. 372 CORRADO I, king of the EAST FRANKS. - He lived in the 9th-10th centuries. When the eastern line of the Carolingians became extinct with Ludovico il Fanciullo…
Conrad II, Emperor, Known as the Salic(CORRADO II, IMPERATORE, DETTO IL SALICO)Vol. IV, p. 373 CORRADO II, EMPEROR, called the SALIAN. — When the Saxon dynasty died out with Enrico II in 1024, the choice fell upon the Frankish-Rhenish count C., who, born…
Conrad III, Emperor(CORRADO III, IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 373 CORRADO III, EMPEROR. — Duke of Franconia, nephew of Henry V and brother of Frederick of Swabia, representative of the Salian tradition and party, which the…
Conrad IV, Emperor(CORRADO IV, IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO IV, IMPERATORE. — Born at Andria in 1228 from the marriage of Federico II with Iolanda di Brienne, heiress to the kingdom of Jerusalem, he was…
Conrad of Gelnhausen(CORRADO DI GELNHAUSEN)Vol. IV, p. 372 CORRADO di GELNHAUSEN. — Theologian and canonist, born in the Palatinate around 1320 to a family of modest means, died at Heidelberg on 13 April 1390. He…
Conrad of Halberstadt(CORRADO DI HALBERSTADT)Vol. IV, p. 373 CORRADO di HALBERSTADT. — Name of two Dominican writers on theological and historical subjects, of whom neither the year of birth nor that of death is known,…
Conrad of Marburg(CORRADO DI MARBURGO)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO of MARBURGO. — A celebrated inquisitor, born in Marburgo (Assia), and a member of the secular clergy of the diocese of Magonza. Called magister by his…
Conrad of Megenberg(CORRADO DI MEGENBERG (DE MONTE PUELLARUM))Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO di MEGENBERG (de Monte Puellarum). – German canon, theologian, historian, jurist, and polemicist, born probably at Mainsberg ca. 1308–10, died at…
Conrad of Offida, Blessed(CORRADO DA OFFIDA, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO da OFFIDA, blessed. - He was a Franciscan who renewed the characteristic figures of the friars of the Fioretti. Born in Offida in 1237, he entered the…
Conrad of Parzham, Saint(CORRADO DA PARZHAM, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO da PARZHAM, saint. - Capuchin lay brother of the Bavarian province, Giovanni Biradorfer in the world, b. 22 Dec. 1818, d. 21 Apr. 1894. After his…
Conrad of Prussia(CORRADO DI PRUSSIA)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di PRUSSIA. — In the world C. de Grossis, a Dominican; born perhaps in Bruxelles, but more probably in Prussia, died on 10 March 1426 at…
Conrad of Rodenberg(CORRADO DI RODENBERG)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di RODENBERG. - Benedictine abbot, also known by the name of C. Barscerier, born at Rodenberg in an unknown year; died at Rheingau on 15 Dec. 1486. He…
Conrad of Saxony(CORRADO DI SASSONIA (HOLZINGER, HOLTHNIKER, HOLTZUHLER))Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di SASSONIA (Holzinger, Holthniker, Holtzuhler). — Franciscan, preacher, and ascetical writer, born at Braunschweig, probably at the beginning of the…
Conrad of Urach(CORRADO DI URACH)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di URACH: v. CORRADO di ZÄHRINGEN.
Conrad of Waldhausen(CORRADO DI WALDHAUSEN (C. D'AUSTRIA))Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di WALDHAUSEN (C. d'AUSTRIA). - Regular canon, born in Upper Austria certainly before 1320, died in Prague on 8 Dec. 1369. He was a canon at…
Conrad of Wittelsbach(CORRADO DI WITTELSBACH)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di WITTELSBACH. - One of the most eminent figures of the German episcopate of the 12th century, b. c. 1130 to Ottone V of Scheyern-Wittelsbach, of the…
Conrad of Zähringen, Blessed(CORRADO DI ZÄHRINGEN, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 376 CORRADO of ZÄHRINGEN, blessed. - A Cistercian, cardinal, also called of Urach (because he was the son of Count Egino IV), born in the last quarter of the 12th…
Conrad the Priest(CORRADO IL PRETE)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO il PRETE: v. KAISERCHRONIK.
Conrad V, Emperor(CORRADO V, IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO V, IMPERATORE: v. CORRADINO di SVEVIA.
Conradin of Swabia(CORRADINO DI SVEVIA)Vol. IV, p. 371 CORRADINO di SVEVIA. - B. at the castle of Wolfstein, near Landshut (Niederbayern), on 25 March 1252; d. at Naples on 29 Oct. 1268. The last descendant of the…
Conradus, LagusVol. IV, p. 238 CONRADUS, LAGUS. – German jurist, died on 7 November 1546; he taught at various German universities. He wrote a treatise entitled Iuris circusque traditio…
Conry (Conrius), FlorentVol. IV, p. 238 CONRY (CONRIUS), FLORENT. - Franciscan theologian, b. in Ireland (Connaught) in 1560, d. at Madrid on 16 Nov. 1629. He entered the Reformed Friars Minor.…
Consalvi, ErcoleVol. IV, p. 239 CONSALVI, ERCOLE. – Cardinal, born in Rome on 7 June 1757, died at Anzio on 24 January 1824. He studied at the seminary of Frascati; although a deacon, he was…
Consanguinity (Lat. Consanguinitas; Greek Ὀμειμότης = Being of the Same Blood)(CONSANGUINEITÀ (LAT. *CONSANGUINITAS* ; GRECO ὈΜΕΙΜΌΤΗΣ = L'ESSERE DELLO STESSO SANGUE).)Vol. IV, p. 241 CONSANGUINEITÀ (Latin consanguinitas; Greek ὀμειμότης = being of the same blood). I. BIOLOGY. — According to its etymological and literal meaning, c. is the…
Conscience(COSCIENZA)Vol. IV, p. 401 CONSCIENCE. - I. PHILOSOPHY. - In its etymological sense (from Lat. cum-scientia, conscience συν-εἰδησις = common knowledge, corresponding to judgment)…
Conscientious Objection(OBIEZIONE DI COSCIENZA)Vol. IX, p. 35 CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION. – The act by which a citizen refuses to obey the order of the public authority to perform ordinary military service or to mobilize in…
ConsecratioVol. IV, p. 244 CONSECRATIO v. APOTEOSI. (propr. Enc. Catt.) CONSANGUINITY — Diagram of the degrees of c. according to Roman law (Roman numerals) and canon law (Arabic…
Consecration(CONSACRAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 238 CONSECRATION. – It is the stable and legally valid passage of a person or thing from the profane order (ius humanum) to the sacred order (ius divinum), by…
ConsensusVol. IV, p. 246 CONSENSUS. – A term used by Protestants to indicate a concise doctrinal exposition. They give various names to summaries of their doctrines; they call them…
Consent(CONSENSO)Vol. IV, p. 245 CONSENT. — In its broadest meaning, it is the adherence of the will to the idea presented by the intellect: it is a necessary element for a human act to be…
Consenti, DeiVol. IV, p. 246 CONSENTI, DEI. — Although differing in part from the Greek one, in which Poseidon or Hermes is associated with Athena, and less important than the Etruscan one…
Conserans, Diocese of(CONSERANS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 246 CONSERANS, DIOCESI di: v. PAMIERS, DIOCESI di.
Conservation(CONSERVAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 247 CONSERVAZIONE: v. PROVIDENZA.
Conservatore, Judge(CONSERVATORE, GIUDICE)Vol. IV, p. 246 CONSERVATORE, GIUDICE. — Designation given to a particular category of delegated judges, whom the supreme pontiff would customarily grant to juridical persons…
ConsignatoriumVol. IV, p. 250 CONSIGNATORIUM. - This refers to a room for the administration of the Sacrament of Confirmation, which in the first centuries was administered in places of…
Consilinum, Diocese of(CONSILINUM, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 251 CONSILINUM, DIOCESE of. – An ancient diocese in Lucania (Sala Consilina), of which only two bishops are known: Sabinus, in the years 494–496 (Jaffé-Wattenbach,…
Consistory (Concistoro)(CONCISTORIO (CONCISTORO))Vol. IV, p. 121 CONCISTORIO (CONCISTORO). – For Protestants, the c. (they rarely call it concistoro) has multiple forms and meanings. For Calvino (1509–64) in Geneva, the c.…
Consobrino (Sobrinho), JoãoVol. IV, p. 251 CONSOBRINO (SOBRINHO), JOÃO. – Carmelite theologian, born in Lisbon at the beginning of the 15th century, died there on 11 January 1486 (not in 1475, as others…
Consors Paternus Luminis(CONSORS PATERNI LUMINIS)Vol. IV, p. 251 « CONSORS PATERNI LUMINIS ». — Hymn of Tuesday’s Matins, composed by St Ambrose. It is a prayer addressed to Christ, bearer of light: it asks this unfailing…
Conspiracy(COSPIRAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 420 COSPIRAZIONE: v. AUTORITÀ ECCLESIASTICHE, DELITTI contro le; RIVOLUZIONE.
Constance(COSTANZA)Vol. IV, p. 452 COSTANZA. – A moral virtue that gives the soul continuity in doing good, guarding it against the difficulties that come from outside: discouragement,…
Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin-HenriVol. IV, p. 252 CONSTANT DE REBECQUE, BENJAMIN-HENRI. — Writer, polemicist, and orator, born in Lausanne on 25 October 1767 to a Protestant family, died in Paris on 8 December…
Constantina, Diocese of(COSTANTINA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 423 COSTANTINA, DIOCESE of. — This is ancient Cirta in Numidia (now Algeria), which had an episcopal see in the 3rd century, restored on 25 July 1866 by Pius IX,…
ConstantineVol. IV, p. 253 CONSTANTINE: v. COSTANTINA.
Constantine Acropolita(COSTANTINO ACROPOLITA)Vol. IV, p. 432 COSTANTINO ACROPOLITA. — Greek writer who lived at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th. Like his father Giorgio, he was for many years…
Constantine da Loreto Piceno(COSTANTINO DA LORO PICENO)Vol. IV, p. 431 COSTANTINO da LORO PICENO. – Capuchin (in the world Lorenzo Mocchi), b. at Ascoli Piceno in 1770. He was a missionary in Tibet, whence in 1742 he sent an…
Constantine I(COSTANTINO I)Vol. IV, p. 424 COSTANTINO I. — Armenian Katholikós, born in 1220, died on 9 April 1267, known as Bartarberdtzi, and praised by his contemporaries as a virtuous and wise man.…
Constantine I, Pope(COSTANTINO I, PAPA)Vol. IV, p. 431 CONSTANTINE I, POPE. – After the very brief pontificate of Sisinnius, C. was elected as his successor. A Syrian by origin, he was consecrated on 25 March 708.…
Constantine II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), Emperor(COSTANTINO II (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS CONSTANTINUS), IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 431 COSTANTINO II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), EMPEROR. - Son of Constantine the Great and (from J. Maurier, Numismatique Constant., I, Paris 189, pl. XII, 38)…
Constantine II, Antipope(COSTANTINO II, ANTIPAPA)Vol. IV, p. 432 COSTANTINO II, ANTIPOPE. – At the death of Paolo I (28 June 767), Toto, duke of Nepi, by force had his own brother C., still a simple layman, elected; the…
Constantine III Lichudes(COSTANTINO III LICHUDES)Vol. IV, p. 431 COSTANTINO III LICHUDES. - Patriarch of Constantinople (1059–63), immediate successor of Michele Cerulario (v.). Around 1062 he wrote to Pope Alessandro II a…
Constantine Meliteniota(COSTANTINO MELITENIOTA)Vol. IV, p. 432 COSTANTINO MELITENIOTA. — He belonged to the celebrated family of the M. and held the office of archdeacon and chartophylax of the church of S. Sofia in…
Constantine of Barbentane(COSTANTINO DA BARBENÇON)Vol. IV, p. 424 COSTANTINO da BARBENÇON. — Capuchin preacher and ascetical writer, born at Barbençon (Hainaut, Flanders) around 1582, died at Bonn on 26 (or 25) November 1631…
Constantine the African(COSTANTINO AFRICANO)Vol. IV, p. 424 COSTANTINO AFRICANO. - A Carthaginian Benedictine, converted from Islam, translator of Arabic and Greek works, d. 1087. He travelled through the East and Egypt…
Constantinople(COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. IV, p. 432 CONSTANTINOPLE. – The ancient Byzantium (Byzantion), founded in 658 B.C. by a colony from Megara, led by Byzas; almost entirely destroyed by Septimius Severus…
Constantius da Fabriano, Blessed(COSTANZO DA FABRIANO, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 456 COSTANZO da FABRIANO, blessed. — Dominican, born at the beginning of the 15th century at Fabriano to the humble family of Bernardo de Servoli. He spent some…
Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), Roman Emperor, Surnamed Chlorus(COSTANZO I (FLAVIUS VALERIUS CONSTANTINUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO, SOPRANNOMINATO CLORO)Vol. IV, p. 456 CONSTANTIUS I (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), ROMAN EMPEROR, nicknamed CHLORUS. - Founder of the second Flavian dynasty, born in Illyricum, died at Eboracum…
Constantius I, Chlorus(COSTANZO I, CLORO)Vol. IV, p. 457 COSTANZO I, CLORO – Bronze head (3rd–4th century). Munich, Glyptothek. s. v. in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, cols. 1044–94; id., Regesten der Kaiser und Pöpste (1919).…
Constantius II (Flavius Julius Constantinus), Emperor(COSTANZO II (FLAXIUS IULIUS CONSTANTINUS), IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 457 CONSTANTIUS II (Flavius Julius Constantinus), EMPEROR. - Son of CONSTANTINE THE GREAT and of FAUSTA, born on 7 Aug. 317, probably at Sirmium, appointed Caesar…
Constitution(COSTITUZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 460 CONSTITUTION. — From cum and statuere, it denotes, in the ancient sense, the morphological structural complex of the human body; the individual's original…
Constitution of the Apostles(APOSTOLI, COSTITUZIONE DEGLI)Vol. I, p. 1002 APOSTOLI, COSTITUZIONE DEGLI: V. COSTITUZIONI APOSTOLICHE.
Consubstantial(CONSOSTANZIALE)Vol. IV, p. 252 CONSOSTANZIALE. — This is the translation of the Greek term ὁμοούσιος (= of the same essence), which became the watchword of orthodoxy against Arianism (v.) at…
Consuetudinaries(CONSUETUDINARI)Vol. IV, p. 253 CONSUETUDINARI. — In general, C. are those who have contracted a consuetudo in the most proper sense of a habit, and are therefore also called “abitudinari.”…
ConsuetudinesVol. IV, p. 256 CONSUETUDINES. - These are particular regulations intended to govern the uniformity of sacred functions, made necessary, especially in large churches, as the…
Consultatio Veteris Cuiusdam IurisconsultiVol. IV, p. 256 CONSULTATIO VETERIS CUIUSDAM IURISCONSULTI. - This is a carefully composed opinion, delivered under pre-Justinian Roman law by a jurist of the fifth century,…
Consultationes Zacchae et Apollonii(CONSULTATIONES ZACCHAEI ET APOLLONII)Vol. IV, p. 256 CONSULTATIONES ZACCHAEI ET APOLLONII. — Title of an anonymous book which, in the form of a dispute between a Christian and the pagan philosopher Apollonius,…
Consultors of the Sacred Congregations(CONSULTORI DELLE SACRE CONGREGAZIONI)Vol. IV, p. 256 CONSULTORS OF THE SACRED CONGREGATIONS. — Every Sacred Congregation for the study of questions of greater importance has a body of consultors: prelates,…
Consumption(CONSUMO)Vol. IV, p. 257 CONSUMO. – I. GENERAL NOTION. – C. (actus consummandi) is the concluding act of the entire economic process, the end and object of all production, consisting…
Consus(CONSO)Vol. IV, p. 251 CONSO. - An ancient Roman god: his two festivals, called Consualia, on 21 Aug. and 15 Dec., are marked in the oldest Roman calendar. His cult was centred…
Contant, Philippe de La Miette du(CONTANT, PHILIPPE DE LA MOLETTE DU)Vol. IV, p. 259 CONTANT, PHILIPPE de la MOLETTE du. — Exegete, born in Dauphiné on 29 August 1739, doctor of the Sorbonne and vicar general of Vienna, guillotined by the…
Contarelli, MatteoVol. IV, p. 259 CONTARELLI, MATTEO. - Cardinal, b. in 1519 at Morannes (Maine-et-Loire). He studied at Bologna, where he became acquainted with Ugo Boncompagni (later Pope…
Contarini, AntonioVol. IV, p. 259 CONTARINI, ANTONIO. - Rhenish regular canon and tenth patriarch of Venice. Descended from two noble Venetian families, his parents were Luigi and Orsola Barbo.…
Contarini, GaspareVol. IV, p. 259 CONTARINI, GASPARE. — Cardinal, born in Venice to Luigi, of the branch of the C. of S. Maria dell'Orto, on 16 October 1483; died in Bologna on 24 August 1542.…
Contemplation(CONTEMPLAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 261 CONTEMPLATION. - Etymologically, it is the act of "gazing at length with great admiration and reflection." It can be either natural or supernatural. Natural…
Contemplative Life(CONTEMPLATIVA, VITA)Vol. IV, p. 260 CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE. — A manner of life ordered toward contemplation (v.), through the exclusion of external activities and concerns, not only those that are…
Contenson, Guillaume-VincentVol. IV, p. 267 CONTENSON, GUILLAUME-VINCENT. - Dominican theologian and preacher, b. at Auvillar (Tarne-et-Garonne) in 1641, d. at Creil (Oise) on 26 Dec. 1674. He entered…
Contestation of the Suit(CONTESTAZIONE DELLA LITE)Vol. IV, p. 268 CONTESTATION OF THE SUIT. — The contestation of the suit, also in canonical procedure, is one of the most salient moments of the trial, since it is through…
Conti (De Comitibus), BiagioVol. IV, p. 269 CONTI (DE COMITIBUS), BIAGIO. - Italian theologian and philosopher, b. at Canzo in the Como region in 1636, d. at Prague on 4 Apr. 1685. Having entered the…
Conti, AntonioVol. IV, p. 268 CONTI, ANTONIO. – A scholar of mathematics and philosophy, man of letters, and poet. A Venetian patrician and abbot, he was born in Padua on 22 January 1677…
Conti, AugustoVol. IV, p. 269 CONTI, AUGUSTO. - Man of letters, historian, philosopher, and politician, b. at S. Pietro alle Fonti, near S. Miniato al Tedesco, 6 Dec. 1822; d. at Firenze, 5…
Conti, Sigismondo deVol. IV, p. 269 CONTI, SIGISMONDO de. - Born about 1440 at Foligno into a noble local family; died 18 February 1512. He studied at the University of Perugia; he held many…
Continence(CONTINENZA)Vol. IV, p. 269 CONTINENZA. - Continentia from contineo (cum et teneo) in its primary etymological sense means the very act of restraining oneself within the limits that…
