Colle Val d’Elsa, Diocese of(COLLE VAL D'ELSA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1146 COLLE VAL D'ELSA, DIOCESI of. — In Tuscany, province of Siena, suffragan of Florence. The origins of this diocese are to be sought in the two pieves of S.…
Collectanea Commissionis SynodalisVol. III, p. 1135 COLLECTANEA COMMISSIONIS SYNODALIS. - Bimonthly organ of the synodal commission established by order of the first Plenary Council of China (1924) in order to…
Collectanea FranciscanaVol. III, p. 1135 COLLECTANEA FRANCISCANA. — Quarterly journal, founded at Assisi in 1931 and transferred to Rome in 1941, published under the direction of the Historical…
Collectanea Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda FideVol. III, p. 1135 COLLECTANEA SACRAE CONGREGATIONIS DE PROPAGANDA FIDE. – Collection of documents concerning the missions. The series of these collections was inaugurated by the…
Collectarium(COLLETTARIO)Vol. III, p. 1145 COLLETTARIO. – Sometimes called an orationary, it derives from the sacramentary (v.) insofar as in ancient times only this book contained the prayers recited…
College of Cardinals(COLLEGIO CARDINALIZIO)Vol. III, p. 1144 COLLEGIO CARDINALIZIO: V. CARDINALI. COLLEGIO DELLE VERGINI DELLA BEATA VERGINE. — Institute founded in 1610 in Cremona by the noblewoman Lucia Perotti under…
College of the Chinese(CINESI, COLLEGIO DEI)Vol. III, p. 979 CINESI, COLLEGIO dei: v. RIPA, MATTEO.
Collegia FuneraticiaVol. III, p. 1135 COLLEGIA FUNERATICIA. – Term coined by Theodor Mommsen (De Collegii, p. 91) to designate ancient Roman “brotherhoods” or corporations established chiefly to…
Collegiate Church(COLLEGIATA)Vol. III, p. 1136 COLLEGIATA: v. CAPITOLO.
CollegioVol. III, p. 1144 COLLEGIO: V. EDUCAZIONE COLLEGIATA, PERSONE MORALI.
Collegio di San Pietro in MontorioVol. III, p. 1144 COLLEGE OF SAN PIETRO IN MONTORIO. — Founded by Fr. Tommaso Obicini da Novara. He had spent ten years in Palestine as a missionary and knew well the importance…
Collegium Cultorum MartyrumVol. III, p. 1144 COLLEGIUM CULTORUM MARTYRUM. — Founded on 6 January 1879 by Mariano Armellini (v.), Adolfo Hytrek, Orazio Marucchi (v.), and Enrico Stevenson (v.), all…
Collenbusch, SamuelVol. III, p. 1145 COLLENBUSCH, SAMUEL. – Protestant Pietist and mystic, born on 1 September 1724 at Wichlinghausen (near Barmen in the Rhenish Prussia), physician in Duisburg…
CollettaVol. III, p. 1145 COLLETTA. - It denotes: 1) the place of assembly which in the ancient Roman Ordines is regularly indicated on the individual days of Lent (e.g., Collecta ad S.…
Colletta in the New Testament(COLLETTA NEL NUOVO TESTAMENTO)Vol. III, p. 1145 COLLECTION in the NEW TESTAMENT. - During its first decades of life, the Church of Jerusalem lived in poverty and in constant need of financial assistance. The…
Colletta, PietroVol. III, p. 1145 COLLETTA, PIETRO. - Historian, born in Napoli on 23 Jan. 1775, died at Verramista, in the Capponi villa, on 11 Nov. 1831. He took part as a military man in…
Collevacino, PietroVol. III, p. 1146 COLLEVACINO, PIETRO. – Born in Benevento; he was a subdeacon and notary of Pope Innocent III, and a cardinal from 1205. Commissioned by Innocent III to collect…
Colli Marchini, Michelangelo AlessandroVol. III, p. 1157 COLLI MARCHINI, MICHELANGELO ALESSANDRO. — Baron, general, b. in Alessandria or Vigevano in 1756, d. in Piedmont in 1809. He was sent by Pius VI to defend his…
Colli, Bonifacio de'Vol. III, p. 1154 COLLI, BONIFACIO de'. - Co-founder of the Theatines, he died a holy death in Venice on 28 Aug. 1558. Of the noble C. family of Alessandria, having taken a…
Collier, ArthurVol. III, p. 1154 COLLIER, ARTHUR. — English philosopher and presbyter of the Anglican Church, born in 1680, died in 1732. A contemporary of Berkeley, with whom he agrees in the…
Collins, AnthonyVol. III, p. 1157 COLLINS, ANTHONY. – English Deist, b. in Heston on 21 June 1676, d. in London on 31 Dec. 1729. A friend and disciple of Locke, he defended “free thought.”…
Collio, FrancescoVol. III, p. 1157 COLLIO, FRANCESCO. - Italian theologian, b. at Brusimpiano, parish of Arcisate, in the second half of the sixteenth century; d. at Milan in 1640. Having become…
ColliridianiVol. III, p. 1157 COLLIRIDIANS. — Under this name St. Epiphanius condemned certain women who had introduced from Thrace into Arabia the practice of particular rites in honor of…
Collodi, CarloVol. III, p. 1157 COLLODI, CARLO. - Pseudonym of Carlo Lorenzini, born in Florence on Nov. 24, 1826, died there on Oct. [sic] 26 (from M. Parenti, Rarità bibliografiche…
Colloids(COLLOIDI)Vol. III, p. 1158 COLLOIDS. – The colloidal state of matter is of particular interest both because it is the condition of many industrial products of the greatest practical…
CollucianistiVol. III, p. 1160 COLLUCIANISTI: v. LUCIANO d'ANTIOCHIA, santo, martire.
Colluthus(COLLUTO)Vol. III, p. 1160 COLLUTO. – An Alexandrian schismatic priest who, during the episcopate of Alessandro (312–28), arrogated to himself the power to ordain priests and deacons,…
Colmar, Joseph LudwigVol. III, p. 1160 COLMAR, JOSEPH LUDWIG. — Bishop of Mainz, born in Strasbourg on 22 June 1760, died in Mainz on 15 December 1818. Ordained a priest on 20 December 1783, he was…
Colobium (Κολόβος)Vol. III, p. 1160 COLOBIUM (κολόβος). - It is a long, tight tunic without sleeves. It is worn by the Saviour on the cross, as, for example, in the now almost destroyed painting…
Colocci, AngeloVol. III, p. 1160 COLOCCI, ANGELO. — Humanist, born in Iesi in 1467, died in Rome on 1 May 1549. There he studied, devoting himself especially to the ancient lyric poetry of…
Colocza (Hung. Kalocsa), Archdiocese of(COLOCZA (UNGH. KALOCSA), ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1161 COLOCZA (Hung. KALOCSA), ARCHDIOCESE of. — A city of Hungary, in the Pest comitat, seat of the Kalocsa-Bacs archdiocese. The city was founded by St. Stephen in…
Cologne, Archdiocese of(COLONIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1170 COLONIA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — The archdiocese of C., together with its suffragans of Limburgo, Treviri, Aquisgrana, Münster, and Osnabrück, forms the…
Coloma, LuisVol. III, p. 1161 COLOMA, LUIS. – Celebrated Spanish Jesuit and novelist, born in Jérez de la Frontera on 9 January 1851. He tried various careers before entering the novitiate…
ColombaVol. III, p. 1161 COLOMBA. – Among the birds most frequently found in purely decorative compositions, the dove, both in literature and in early Christian art, forms part of a…
Colombano (Colum, Colman, Columba, Palumba), Saint(COLOMBANO (COLUM, COLMAN, COLUMBA, PALUMBA), SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1162 COLOMBANO (COLUM, COLMAN, COLUMBA, PALUMBA), saint. — Abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, born in Ireland in the province of Leinster around 540, died at Bobbio on 23…
Colombe, MichelVol. III, p. 1163 COLOMBE, MICHEL. - Sculptor, born in Brittany around 1430–40, died before 1519. From 1491 he settled in Tours, where in 1500 he received the commission to…
Colombi, BonaventuraVol. III, p. 1163 COLOMBI, BONAVENTURA. – Theologian and distinguished preacher of the Order of the Conventuals, born in Nice around the beginning of the seventeenth century,…
ColombiaVol. III, p. 1164 COLOMBIA. – State of South America; the only one on the continent that borders both the Pacific and the Caribbean Sea. I. GEOGRAPHY. - It is a very large…
ColombinaVol. III, p. 1167 COLOMBINA. — By this name is known the feast of the “explosion of the cart,” which takes place in Florence every year on Holy Saturday, at the moment when the…
Colombini, Giovanni, Blessed(COLOMBINI, GIOVANNI, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 1167 COLOMBINI, GIOVANNI, blessed. — Sienese, born in 1304; a wealthy merchant and influential citizen, married to Biagia Cerretani (1342); invited by her to read…
Colombière, Claude, Blessed(COLOMBIÈRE, CLAUDE, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 1167 COLOMBIÈRE, CLAUDE, Blessed: v. LA COLOMBIÈRE, CLAUDE, Blessed.
Colombo in Ceylon, Archdiocese of(COLOMBO IN CEYLON, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1170 COLOMBO IN CEYLON, ARCIDIOCESI of. — The evangelization of the island of Ceylon was begun by the Franciscans in 1517. Ecclesiastically, the island depended on…
Colombo, CristoforoVol. III, p. 1168 P. Miscattelli (Florence 1923) and Fantozzi (Lanciano 1925). For the life, v.: G. Pardi, On the Life and Writings of G. C. da Siena, in Bull. sen. di st.…
Colombo, CristoforoVol. III, p. 1168 COLOMBO, CRISTOFORO. — The great navigator, born in Genoa, as is unanimously attested by archival documents, by statements of C. himself or of his relatives,…
Colombo, SistoVol. III, p. 1170 COLOMBO, SISTO. - Salesian priest, scholar of ancient Christian literature, b. in Milano in 1878, d. in Torino in 1938. He was lecturer in Latin literature at…
Colonial Law(COLONIALE, DIRITTO)Vol. IV, p. 27 COLONIAL, LAW. — The moral and juridical aspect of the colonial question began to attract the attention of Catholic theorists as early as the sixteenth…
Colonization(COLONIZZAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 29 COLONIZATION. — The history of modern c. begins with the discovery of the lands beyond the ocean, in search of which the Portuguese and Spanish explorers set…
ColonnaVol. IV, p. 33 COLONNA. – It is a supporting element of circular section, generally made of marble or stone, with a base and capital, connected with other similar elements by…
Colonna, Family(COLONNA, FAMIGLIA)Vol. IV, p. 33 COLONNA, FAMIGLIA. — The first C. whom history records is that PERTUS DE COLONNA who, under Paschal II (1099–1118), had occupied Cave, territory of the Holy…
Colonna, FrancescoVol. IV, p. 37 COLONNA, FRANCESCO. - Dominican and writer, born at Treviso c. 1432 or 1433, died c. 1527. On the basis of an acrostic, Poliam frater Franciscus Colonna…
Colonna, Giovanni PaoloVol. IV, p. 37 COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO. – Son of an organ builder, born on 16 June 1637 in Bologna, where he died on 28 November 1695. He first studied in his native city…
Colonna, VittoriaVol. IV, p. 35 COLONNA, VITTORIA — Autograph letter, probably addressed to Cardinal Etcole Gonzaga (ca. 1536) — Parma, Biblioteca Palatina. fici (ibid., p. 222). Only when,…
Color(COLORE)Vol. IV, p. 37 COLORE. – The term c. denotes both the sensation produced by matter permeated by a light that determines a “quality” in it, and the light itself that defines…
Coloredo, Hermits of(COLLOREDO, EREMITI DI)Vol. III, p. 1159 COLLOREDO, EREMITI di: v. BERNARDO da ROGLIANO.
Coloredo, Leandro Di(COLLOREDO, LEANDRO DI)Vol. III, p. 1160 COLLOREDO, LEANDRO di. - Cardinal, b. of a noble family at Colloredo di Montalbano in Friuli in 1639. Leaving his family early in order to devote himself to…
Colosse (Κολόσσι, Κολοσί, Lat. Colosse)(COLOSSE (ΚΟΛΌΣΟΣΙ, ΚΟΛΌΣΙ, LAT. COLOSSE))Vol. IV, p. 38 COLOSSE (Κολόσοσι, Κολόσι, lat. Colosse). — City of Greater Phrygia, on the left bank of the Lycus, 25 km from Laodicea. Built against the austere and…
Colossians, Epistle to the(COLOSSESI, EPISTOLA AI)Vol. IV, p. 38 COLOSSESI, EPISTOLA ai. – One of the “captivity letters,” addressed by St. Paolo to the faithful of Colosse (v.). SUMMARY: I. The content. – II. The errors…
Colucci, GiuseppeVol. IV, p. 42 COLUCCI, GIUSEPPE. – Archaeologist and historian of the Marches, born at Penna S. Giovanni (Archdiocese of Fermo) on 19 March 1752, died at Fermo on 16 March…
Columba (Colum), Saint(COLOMBA (COLUMBA), SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1162 COLOMBA (Columba), saint. — Of Jona, a great Irish saint of the sixth century, placed by the island’s ancient hagiography in a triad with St. Patrick and St.…
Columbus, Diocese of(COLUMBUS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 45 COLUMBUS, DIOCESE of. - Capital of the State of Ohio in the United States and seat of a suffragan diocese of Cincinnati, comprising the south-eastern part of…
Colymbion (Κολύμβιον)Vol. IV, p. 45 COLYMBION (Κολύμβιον). — It is a basin or vessel in which holy water was blessed and kept (holy-water font), first in the atrium, then at the entrance of the…
ComaVol. IV, p. 45 COMA. - A profound sleep-like state (from κοιμάω = I sleep) with muscular relaxation, abolition of sensibility, and loss of consciousness, while the conditions…
Comacchio, Diocese of(COMACCHIO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 45 COMACCHIO, DIOCESI di. — Episcopal see of Emilia, in the province of Ferrara, suffragan of Ravenna. Its origin has often been traced back to the sixth century,…
Comacini, Masters(COMACINI, MAESTRI)Vol. IV, p. 46 COMACINI, MAESTRI. – Builders originating from the ancient diocese of Como. The expression « Magister Comacinus cum colligantes[sic] suis » and « cum…
ComanaVol. IV, p. 46 COMANA. – Armenian city of Asia Minor, in the province of Pontus. In paganism it was renowned as a city governed theocratically by the goddess Enyo-Ma; its…
Comayagua, Diocese of(COMAYAGUA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 47 COMAYAGUA, DIOCESI di: v. TEGUCIGALPA, DIOCESI di.
Comba, EmilioVol. IV, p. 47 COMBA, EMILIO. — Waldensian pastor and historian, b. at S. Germano Chisone (Pinerolo) on 31 Aug. 1839, d. at Guttanen (Switzerland) on 3 Sept. 1904. After…
Comboni, DanieleVol. IV, p. 48 COMBONI, DANIELE. — Bishop and missionary in Africa, born in Limone sul Garda (15 March 1831), he was educated for the priesthood by Nicola Mazza, apostle of…
Comenius (Komenšky), Jan Amos(COMENIUS (KOMENSKY), GIOVANNI AMOS)Vol. IV, p. 49 COMENIUS (KOMENSKY), GIOVANNI AMOS. – Czech educationalist, born in Niunice, Moravia, on 28 March 1592, died in Amsterdam on 15 November 1670. LIFE. – The…
Comensoli, GertrudeVol. IV, p. 50 COMENSOLI, GERTRUDE. — Born at Biceno on 10 January 1847, died at Bergamo on 18 February 1903. Of a poor family, she worked for 13 years as a domestic servant,…
Comes (*Liber Comitis*, *Liber Comicus*)(COMES (*LIBER COMITIS, LIBER COMICUS*))Vol. IV, p. 50 COMES (liber comitis, liber comicus). — The C. was originally meant simply to be a book for private spiritual reading, containing a collection of texts from…
Comestoro, Pietro(COMESTORE, PIETRO)Vol. IV, p. 51 COMESTORE, PIETRO : v. PIETRO COMESTORE.
Comet(COMETA)Vol. IV, p. 51 COMETA. — The typical form of a c. (from the Greek κομήτης) consists of a head or coma, surrounding a brighter nucleus, and a tail extending in the direction…
Comgall, Saint(COMGAL, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 51 COMGAL, saint. – Irish monk of the sixth century, of the Dal Araide, born in 517; around 557 he founded the famous monastery of Bangor on Belfast Loch, where…
Comillas, Claudio López y Bru, Marquis of(COMILLAS, CLAUDIO LOPEZ Y BRÚ, MARCHESE DI)Vol. IV, p. 52 COMILLAS, CLAUDIO LOPEZ Y BRÚ, marquis of. - B. 14 May 1853 in Barcelona, d. 18 Apr. 1925 in Madrid. The death of his elder brother directed him toward a life…
Comillas, Pontifical Seminary and University of(COMILLAS, SEMINARIO E UNIVERSITÀ PONTIFICIA DI)Vol. IV, p. 52 COMILLAS, PONTIFICAL SEMINARY AND UNIVERSITY of. — Centre of ecclesiastical culture in Spain, in the province of Santander, founded in their town of origin, at…
Cominform(KOMINFORM)Vol. VII, p. 455 KOMINFORM. - The dissolution of the Komintern (May 1943) led to a new policy for the communist parties: in the international field, a policy of close…
Comino (Comin), GiuseppeVol. IV, p. 52 COMINO (COMIN), GIUSEPPE. — Venetian bookseller and printer of the eighteenth century, born in Cittadella, died in Padua around 1762. From its foundation…
CominternVol. IV, p. 52 COMINTERN: v. INTERNAZIONALE.
Comintern(KOMINTERN)Vol. VII, p. 457 KOMINTERN : v. INTERNAZIONALE.
ComitaVol. IV, p. 52 COMITA: v. COSMA da CARBONIANO.
Comma Ioanneum(COMMA GIOVANNEO)Vol. IV, p. 52 COMMA GIOVANNEO. – A celebrated verse inserted in the First Epistle of St. John concerning the three heavenly witnesses who attest to the divinity of Jesus…
Commemoration(COMMEMORAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 53 COMMEMORATION. – When, because of the occurrence of a feast of a higher rite, the Office and Mass of one or more saints, or of a feria, vigil, or octave,…
Commendation(COMMENDA)Vol. IV, p. 53 COMMENDA. — From the letters of Gregory the Great it appears that, at times, for the needs of the Church, the pope entrusted to a bishop the government of a…
Commendatore di Santo SpiritoVol. IV, p. 54 COMMENDATORE DI SANTO SPIRITO. — It is the title of a prelature instituted by Leone X on Dec. 15, 1515, for the preceptor of S. Spirito, who thus lost his ca-…
Commendone, Giovanni FrancescoVol. IV, p. 55 COMMENDONE, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO. – Cardinal and nuncio, born in Venice on 17 March 1524 and died in Padua on 25 December 1584. Thanks to his sound humanistic…
Commentarium Pro ReligiosisVol. IV, p. 55 COMMENTARIUM PRO RELIGIOSIS. – Bimonthly journal published in Rome by the missionaries, the Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Claretians). It first…
Commer, ErnstVol. IV, p. 55 COMMER, ERNST. - Neo-Thomist philosopher and theologian, b. in Berlin on 18 Feb. 1847, d. in Graz on 24 Apr. 1928. He taught philosophy at Ratisbon and…
Commerce(COMMERCIO)Vol. IV, p. 56 COMMERCE. - By c. is meant the human activity directed toward the exchange of consumer goods and factors of production. The economic basis of individual…
Commissioner(COMMISSARIO)Vol. IV, p. 58 COMMISSARIO. – This name designates one of the senior officials of the S. Congregation of the S. Uffizio, who, assisted by two aides (“first” and “second…
Commodian(COMMODIANO)Vol. IV, p. 60 COMMODIANO. — Of this Christian poet, neither the place where he was born nor the age in which he lived is known with certainty. From the epithet Gaseus, which…
Commodilla, Cemetery of(COMMODILLA, CIMITERO DI)Vol. IV, p. 63 COMMODILLA, CIMITERO of. — Near the Via Ostiense: entrance on the present Via delle Sette Chiese. The name is found in the index of cemeteries (v.). The…
Commodo (M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus), Roman Emperor(COMMODO (M. AURELIUS COMMODUS ANTONINUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. IV, p. 64 COMMODUS (Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus), ROMAN EMPEROR. - Born at Lanuvium on 31 Aug 161, died at Rome on 31 Dec 192. Associated in the empire as early…
Common Good(BENE COMUNE)Vol. II, p. 711 COMMON GOOD. – The concept of the c. g. is of fundamental importance in Catholic sociology, which recognizes in it the essential and immanent end of society…
Common Life(VITA COMUNE)Vol. XII, p. 954 COMMON LIFE. — In canonical language, this has a twofold meaning. It may indicate: 1) living under the same roof with mutual relations; 2) the special manner…
Common Sense(SENSO COMUNE)Vol. XI, p. 218 SENSO COMUNE. – The expression has two principal meanings in philosophy, one psychological and the other epistemological. In psychology, s. c. is the internal…
Commonwealth(COMMONWEAL)Vol. IV, p. 64 COMMONWEAL. – Weekly journal founded on 12 November 1924 in New York by Michael Williams, an ingenious writer and essayist, born in Halifax (Canada) in 1877.…
Communal Theory(GEMEINDETHEORIE)Vol. V, p. 1177 GEMEINDETHEORIE. — Theory of the “creative collectivity” formulated by the “sociological school,” founded by E. Durkheim, heir to the positivism of A. Comte,…
Communalies(COMUNALIE)Vol. IV, p. 85 COMUNALIE. — Also called communa, consorterie, partecipare, università, vicine, these are remnants of collective ownership which, owing to natural, ethnic, and…
Commune(COMUNE)Vol. IV, p. 85 COMUNE. — In the history of Italy, as in that of the whole of the West, the c. is of great importance, that is, the autonomous government established not only…
Commune (La) of Paris(COMUNE (LA) DI PARIGI)Vol. IV, p. 87 COMMUNE (THE) of PARIS. — Revolutionary movement (18 March–27 May 1871) directed by the “Central Committee of the National Guard.” It was connected with the…
Commune, The, of Paris(COMMUNE, LA, DE PARIS)Vol. IV, p. 64 COMMUNE, LA, DE PARIS: v. COMUNE, LA, DI PARIGI.
Communication in Sacred Matters(COMUNICAZIONE NELLE COSE SACRE)Vol. IV, p. 89 COMMUNICATION IN SACRED MATTERS. — By these terms is understood the participation of Catholics in the sacred ceremonies (prayers, services, sermons, rites)…
Communication of Languages(IDIOMI, COMUNICAZIONE DEGLI)Vol. VI, p. 918 IDIOMI, COMUNICAZIONE of. — The term « i. », which according to its etymology means property and in common usage native language, philosophically indicates an…
Communication of Privileges(COMUNICAZIONE DEI PRIVILEGI)Vol. IV, p. 89 COMUNICAZIONE DEI PRIVILEGI: v. PRIVILEGI.
CommunioVol. IV, p. 65 COMMUNIO. – This is the antiphon sung by the choir in the Solemn Mass after the celebrant’s Communion; in all Masses it is simply read by the celebrant…
Communion of Saints(COMMUNE SANCTORUM)Vol. IV, p. 64 COMMUNE SANCTORUM. — This is the third of the major sections into which the Roman Missal and Breviary are divided, and it comprises a collection of liturgical…
Communion of Saints(COMUNIONE DEI SANTI)Vol. IV, p. 90 COMUNIONE DEI SANTI. – Article of the Apostles’ Creed. SUMMARY: I. Formula of the Creed. – II. Nature of the C. dei S. – III. Subject. – IV. Object. – V.…
Communion of the Tongues(COMUNICAZIONE DEGLI IDIOMI)Vol. IV, p. 89 COMUNICAZIONE DEGLI IDIOMI: v. IDIOMI.
Communism(COMUNISMO)Vol. IV, p. 104 COMMUNISM. – A term designating several doctrinal currents, not always in agreement except in their aspiration to make the enjoyment of economic goods…
Commutation(COMMUTAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 66 COMMUTAZIONE: v. LEGATO PIO; SODDISFAZIONE; VOTO.
Commynes, Philippe deVol. IV, p. 66 COMMYNES, PHILIPPE de. — French historian and politician, born at Hazebrouck (Flanders) around 1447, died at Argenton on 18 October 1511. He held various…
Comnenos Papadopulos Ugulos, Niccolò(COMMENOS PAPADOPULOS UGULOS, NICCOLÒ)Vol. IV, p. 66 COMMENOS PAPADOPULOS UGULOS, NICCOLÒ: v. PAPADOPULOS COMMENOS, NICCOLÒ.
Como, Diocese of(COMO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 66 COMO, DIOCESE OF. — In Lombardy it forms part of the province of C.; it comprises the whole of Sondrio (province: 3,123 sq km), as well as the Marchirolo and…
CompactataVol. IV, p. 68 COMPACTATA: v. BOEMI, FRATELLI.
Compagni, DinoVol. IV, p. 68 COMPAGNI, DINO. — Born around 1260 in Firenze, died on 26 February 1324. Enrolled in the Wool Guild, he supported the democratic ordinances, collaborating with…
Companation(COMPANAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 75 COMPANAZIONE: v. BUCARISTIA.
Companies of Divine Love(AMORE, COMPAGNIE DEL DIVINO)Vol. I, p. 679 AMORE, COMPAGNIE DEL DIVINO: V. DIVINO AMORE, COMPAGNIE DEL. AMORE and PSICHE. - The myth of P. (the soul) found poetic expression in Books IV-VI of Apuleio’s…
Company of Charity(COMPAGNIA DELLA CARITÀ)Vol. IV, p. 69 COMPAGNIA DELLA CARITÀ. - Established in Rome on 1 Jan. 1519 by Card. Giulio de' Medici, it soon counted among its members cardinals, prelates of the Curia,…
Company of Divine Love(COMPAGNIA DEL DIVINO AMORE)Vol. IV, p. 69 COMPAGNIA DEL DIVINO AMORE. — Although the C. of D. A. were generally confraternities, they must nevertheless be distinguished, since they played an important…
Company of Jesus(COMPAGNIA DI GESÙ)Vol. IV, p. 70 COMPAGNIA DI GESÙ. – A religious order of Regular Clerics, founded by s. Ignazio di Loyola (v.) and approved by the Holy See in 1540. Its members are commonly…
Company of Saint Paul(COMPAGNIA DI SAN PAOLO)Vol. IV, p. 75 COMPAGNIA DI SAN PAOLO. – A charitable institution, also called the Compagnia della fede cattolica, founded in Turin on 25 January 1563 for the practice of…
Company of Saint Ursula(COMPAGNIA DI SANT'ORSOLA)Vol. IV, p. 75 COMPAGNIA DI SANT'ORSOLA. — Founded at Dôle in France in 1606 by the venerable Anna di Xaintonge, it had a common origin with similar companies that arose in…
Company of the Blessed Virgin Mary(COMPAGNIA DELLA BEATA VERGINE MARIA)Vol. IV, p. 69 COMPAGNIA DELLA BEATA VERGINE MARIA. – In 1664, in Manila, in the Philippine Islands, near the Jesuit residence, a house for pious women was opened, known as…
Company of the Daughters of Mary Our Lady(COMPAGNIA DELLE FIGLIE DI MARIA NOSTRA SIGNORA)Vol. IV, p. 69 COMPAGNIA DELLE FIGLIE DI MARIA NOSTRA SIGNORA. — Founded by St Giovanna di Lestonnac, baroness of Montferrand Landiras, in 1607, it was the first institute in…
Compassionists, Servants of Mary(COMPASSIONISTE, SERVE DI MARIA)Vol. IV, p. 76 COMPASSIONIST SISTERS, SERVANTS OF MARY. – Congregation founded by Sister Maria Maddalena Starace at Castellammare di Stabia in 1871. The sisters devote…
Compensation(COMPENSAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 76 COMPENSATION. — Compensation is the extinguishment, total or partial, of two or more debts (and corresponding credits) when one person is at the same time…
Compensation and Reparation(RISARCIMENTO E RIPARAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 566 RISARCIMENTO and RIPARAZIONE. — Compensation may be defined as the provision to the injured party of a pecuniary equivalent, that is, of a sum of money…
Compensationism(COMPENSAZIONISMO)Vol. IV, p. 77 COMPENSATIONISM. - This is the most recent in chronological order of the moral systems proposed to resolve on a practical level those technically insoluble…
Competence(COMPETENZA)Vol. IV, p. 77 COMPETENCE. – A term used in juridical language to indicate the specific objective capacity of the various judicial organs, that is, that portion of the power…
CompetentesVol. IV, p. 77 COMPETENTES. – These were those catechumens who, after the period of probation, gave their names to receive Baptism on Holy Saturday. They were subjected to…
Competition(CONCORRENZA)Vol. IV, p. 133 COMPETITION. — In essence, this is the convergence, on the same market and at the same moment, of the individual plans (drawn up by natural persons or firms)…
Compilationes (Quinque) Anti-QuaeVol. IV, p. 80 COMPILATIONES (QUINQUE) ANTI-QUAE. — The name Q. c. a. is commonly used for the five most important of the numerous collections (about sixty are known) of…
Compitalia(COMPITALI)Vol. IV, p. 80 COMPITALI. – The c., one of the three conceptive festivals celebrated at the close of the sowing cycle, fell between 17 December (Saturnalia) and 5 January,…
Compiègne, The Martyrs of, Blessed(COMPIÈGNE, LE MARTIRI DI, BEATE)Vol. IV, p. 79 COMPIÈGNE, THE MARTYRS of, Blessed. - They are the sixteen Carmelites of the convent of that city, guillotined in Paris on 17 July 1794 “for their attachment…
Complaint(QUERELA)Vol. X, p. 238 QUERELA. – A name that designates, also in canon law, procedural institutions directed toward the achievement of different objectives. Of these institutions,…
Compline(COMPIETA)Vol. IV, p. 79 COMPIETA. — The final hour of the Divine Office. I. NAME. — It derives from the Latin completa, completorium (also used as a plural adjective: completorii,…
ComplutensesVol. IV, p. 81 COMPLUTENSES. – This is the name given to those Discalced Carmelites, professors of philosophy at the College of S. Cirillo of Alcalà de Henares (Complutum),…
Composition(COMPOSIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 81 COMPOSIZIONE: v. CONDONAZIONE.
CompostellaVol. IV, p. 81 COMPOSTELLA: v. S. GIACOMO DI COMPO- STELLA.
Compound(COMPOSTO)Vol. IV, p. 81 COMPOSTO. – C. is that reality in which parts can be distinguished. It may be an aggregate of several ontologically distinct and independent realities…
Comprehensibility(COMPRENSIBILITÀ (COMPREHENSIVENESS))Vol. IV, p. 82 COMPREHENSIVENESS (Comprehensiveness). – A characteristic of the Anglican Church consisting in its “comprehending” among its members the faithful of diverse…
Compromise(COMPROMESSO)Vol. IV, p. 83 COMPROMESSO: V. ARBITRATO; PROVVISTA CANONICA.
Compultery (Cubultery)(COMPULTERIA (CUBULTERIA))Vol. IV, p. 83 COMPULTERIA (Cubulteria). – An ancient diocese of Campania between Treglia and Alvignano. It is mentioned only by St. Gregorio Magno in the year 599, who…
Compunction (Lat. Compunctio, Unknown to the Classics; Gr. Biblical Κατάνυξις)(COMPUNZIONE (LAT. COMPUNCTIO, IGNOTO AI CLASSICI; GR. BIBLICO ΚΑΤΈΝΥΞΙΣ))Vol. IV, p. 83 COMPUNZIONE (Latin compunctio, unknown to the classical authors; biblical Greek κατένυξις). — A feeling of sorrow and confusion arising from awareness of one’s…
Computation of Time(TEMPO, COMPUTO DEL)Vol. XI, p. 1147 TEMPO, COMPUTO del. — De temporis supputatione is a title unknown in ancient canon law, introduced among the Normae generales of the CIC (title III, canons…
Computus de PaschaVol. IV, p. 83 COMPUTUS DE PASCHA. - This is a short work attributed by a manuscript to St. Cyprian of Carthage, but certainly apocryphal, because it was written, as the…
Comte, AugusteVol. IV, p. 83 COMTE, AUGUSTE. – Philosopher, born in Montpellier on 19 January 1798, died in Paris on 5 September 1857. Of a Catholic and royalist family. In 1806 he entered…
Conakry, Vicariate Apostolic of(KONAKRY, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. VII, p. 457 KONAKRY, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - It is situated in French Guinea, where in 1877 the Fathers of the Holy Spirit, coming from the apostolic vicariate of Sierra…
Conca, SebastianoVol. IV, p. 111 CONCA, SEBASTIANO. - Painter, born at Gaeta on 8 Jan. 1679 (or, according to others, 1676 or 1680), and died at Napoli in 1764. A pupil of Solimena at Napoli,…
Conceived(CONCEPITO)Vol. IV, p. 112 CONCEIVED (as already born): v. NASCITURO; PERSONA.
Concelebration(CONCELEBRAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 112 CONCELEBRATION. — In the broad sense, this is the assistance and active participation of ministers and the faithful in sacred functions; in a narrower sense,…
Concepción and Chaco, Diocese of(CONCEZIONE E CHACO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 116 CONCEZIONE and CHACO, DIOCESE of. — In the Republic of Paraguay, erected by Pius XI on 1 May 1929, by the constitution Universi Dominici gregis, through the…
Concepción, Diocese of(CONCEPCIÓN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 112 CONCEPCIÓN, DIOCESI di: v. SANTISSIMA CONCEZIONE, DIOCESI di.
Concept(CONCETTO)Vol. IV, p. 115 CONCEPT. – Etymologically from concipere, cum-capere, to conceive, to comprehend, the c. is the intellectual expression of reality in thought, the idea that…
Conceptualism(CONCETTUALISMO)Vol. IV, p. 116 CONCEPTUALISM. – This is the doctrine that denies general ideas (universals) an objective correspondence in reality, asserting them as pure concepts or forms…
Conciliarism(CONCILIARISMO)Vol. IV, p. 116 CONCILIARISM. — An ecclesiological error according to which the ecumenical council is superior to the pope. The remote origin of c. is found in the juridical…
Conciliation(CONCILIAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 118 CONCILIAZIONE: v. PATTI LATERANENSI; QUESTIONE ROMANA.
Concina, DanieleVol. IV, p. 121 CONCINA, DANIELE. - Dominican preacher and moral theologian, born at Clauzetto in Friuli on 2 Oct. 1687, died at Venezia on 21 Feb. 1756. He entered religious…
Concistorial Option(OPZIONE CONCISTORIALE)Vol. IX, p. 128 CONCISTORIAL OPTION. — The concistorial option is a request that cardinals may make in consistory, that is, before the Holy Father and their colleagues, to…
ConcistoroVol. IV, p. 121 CONCISTORO. — The consistory consists of a solemn assembly of all the cardinals present in Rome, presided over by the pope, for the consideration of some of…
ConclaveVol. IV, p. 122 CONCLAVE.— In ecclesiastical language, conclave denotes the place where the cardinals gather, after the death of the pope, in a kind of enclosure and…
Conclusio in CausaVol. IV, p. 126 CONCLUSIO IN CAUSA. – The c. in c., according to the CIC, is nothing other than the end of the instructional or evidentiary period of the trial (can. 1860 §…
Conclusion(CONCLUSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 592 CONCLUSION. - The great historical fact of the C. thus came to an end with the closing of the Middle Ages and the strengthening of the national States. If it…
Conconsecrants(CONCONSACRANTI)Vol. IV, p. 127 CONCONSACRANTI: V. ORDINE SACRO.
Concordantia DubiorumVol. IV, p. 127 CONCORDANTIA DUBIORUM: V. CONTESTAZIONE DELLA LITE.
Concordats(CONCORDATI)Vol. IV, p. 127 CONCORDATI. — A concordat is usually defined as an agreement between the Holy See and the State for regulating religious matters of common interest. SUMMARY:…
Concordia (America), Diocese of(CONCORDIA (AMERICA), DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 131 CONCORDIA (AMERICA), DIOCESI di: v. SALINA, DIOCESI di.
Concordia, Diocese of(CONCORDIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 131 CONCORDIA, DIOCESI di. — In the Veneto; its boundaries extend from the Tagliamento to the Livenza, and from the Adriatic to the mountains toward the Belluno…
Concordia, Formulas of(CONCORDIA, FORMOLE DI)Vol. IV, p. 132 CONCORDIA, FORMOLE di: v. CONFESSIONI DI FEDE PROTESTANTI.
Concordism(CONCORDISMO)Vol. IV, p. 132 CONCORDISMO. — Method employed by those concerned to determine the lines of a positive concord between the Bible and the modern sciences. With the emergence of…
ConcorezzesiVol. IV, p. 132 CONCOREZZESI. – They formed one of the principal currents into which the Cathars (v.) in Italy were divided: they taught a mitigated or monarchian dualism, in…
Concrete(CONCRETO)Vol. IV, p. 135 CONCRETO. – In opposition to the abstract (v.), which is the mental universal, c. is the real singular, above all the individual of material substances and…
Concubinage(CONCUBINATO)Vol. IV, p. 135 CONCUBINAGE. – In general, concubinage means the state of conjugal cohabitation detached from the genuine matrimonial bond. Consequently, the concrete…
Concupiscence(CONCUPISCENZA)Vol. IV, p. 138 CONCUPISCENZA. — From the Latin concupiscere (= to desire), it etymologically signifies desire, an inclination toward a pleasurable object. However, the term…
Concurrence of Crimes and Penalties(CONCORSO DI REATI E DI PENE)Vol. IV, p. 135 CONCURRENCE OF OFFENCES AND PENALTIES. — The concurrence of offences exists when a person is guilty of several offences, that is, of several violations of one…
Concurrent(CONCORRENTI)Vol. IV, p. 133 CONCORRENTI: V. COOPERAZIONE.
Concurrent(CONCORRENTI)Vol. IV, p. 133 CONCORRENTI. – Conventional figures used by computists to determine which day of the week corresponds to the beginning of each year, and hence to establish…
Concursus(CONCORSO)Vol. IV, p. 134 CONCORSO. — This is one of the methods for selecting the most worthy candidate for a vacant office, consisting in the examination, in legal form, of all the…
Concussion(CONCUSSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 139 CONCUSSIONE: v. ESTORSIONE.
Condamin, AlbertVol. IV, p. 139 CONDAMIN, ALBERT. - Jesuit exegete and Orientalist, born at Marseille on 7 Sept. 1862, died on 3 July 1940. He devoted himself chiefly to the study of two…
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de(CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE)Vol. IV, p. 139 CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT de. — Philosopher and educationalist, born in Grenoble on 30 September 1715, died at Flux in Orléanais in 1780. He was ordained a…
Condition(CONDIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 140 CONDITION. – A very vague term, usually used in relation to that of cause (v.). Whereas the cause exerts a positive influence in producing the effect, the c.,…
Condition (In Legal Acts)(CONDIZIONE (NEGLI ATTI GIURIDICI))Vol. IV, p. 140 CONDITION (IN LEGAL ACTS). — The word c. designates two different categories of legal figures. By c. are meant both the presuppositions, logical antecedents,…
Condivi, AscanioVol. IV, p. 140 CONDIVI, ASCANIO. - Writer and painter, b. at Ripatransone in the Marche, perhaps in 1525, and d. at Rome in 1574. Nothing is known of his activity in the…
Condom, Diocese of(CONDOM, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 141 CONDOM, DIOCESI di: v. AUCH, DIOCESI di.
Condonation(CONDONAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 141 CONDONAZIONE. — It is the indulgence or act of grace by which the supreme pontiff, exercising his supreme power of jurisdiction, legitimizes and canonizes, for…
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine Caritat, Marquis of(CONDORCET, MARIE-JEAN-ANTOINE CARITAT, MARCHESE DI)Vol. IV, p. 142 CONDORCET, MARIE-JEAN-ANTOINE CARITAT, marquis. – Scholar of the sciences and philosophy, politician, born at Ribemont in Picardy on 17 September 1741, died at…
Condren, Charles deVol. IV, p. 142 CONDREN, CHARLES de. — Second superior general of the French Oratory, one of the most distinguished spiritual directors of the period, born at Vaubuin…
Conductor(CONDUTTORE)Vol. IV, p. 143 CONDUTTORE: V. LOCAZIONE.
ConductusVol. IV, p. 143 CONDUCTUS. - It is one of the most interesting musical forms of the Middle Ages, in which the composer had freedom of choice in regard to both text and…
Condulmer, FrancescoVol. IV, p. 143 CONDULMER, FRANCESCO. — Cardinal, nephew of Eugenio IV, born in Venice. Created cardinal by his uncle on 19 September 1431 and appointed camerlengo, he wielded…
ConfarreatioVol. IV, p. 143 CONFARREATIO. - Among the Romans, this was the sacred nuptial rite par excellence (Pliny, Nat. hist., XVIII, 14), which originally must have consisted in the…
Conferences(CONFERENZE)Vol. IV, p. 143 CONFERENCES. — In addition to councils, both general and particular, and to diocesan synods properly so called—public and official assemblies par…
Confession(CONFESSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFESSION At times, the term Confession (C.) is used to refer to the sacrament of Penance itself, which is therefore commonly called the sacrament of…
Confession (Means of Proof)(CONFESSIONE (MEZZO DI PROVA))Vol. IV, p. 157 CONFESSIONE (MEZZO DI PROVA). – Confession, as a means of proof, is distinguished in canon law into judicial confession and extrajudicial confession. I.…
Confessional(CONFESSIONALE)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFESSIONALE. — An ecclesiastical furnishing in which the priest administers the sacrament of Penance. Confessionals in their present form began to appear in…
