Civilization(CIVILTÀ)Vol. III, p. 1021 BIBL.: G. Fogolari, C. del Friuli, Bergamo 1906; A. Santangelo, C. (Catalogo delle cose d'arte e d'antichità d'Italia), Roma 1936 (con bibl.); C. Cecchelli, I…
Civilization(CIVILTÀ)Vol. III, p. 1021 CIVILTÀ. — The idea of c. refers to an object so complex, in whose composition so many disparate elements of different natures concur, that the existence of…
Civita Castellana, Orte e Gallese, Diocese of(CIVITA CASTELLANA, ORTE E GALLESE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1025 CIVITA CASTELLANA, ORTE AND GALLESE, DIOCESE OF. — In Latium, in the province of Viterbo, immediately subject to the Holy See. The three united dioceses each…
Civitale(CIVITALI)Vol. III, p. 1026 CIVITALI. — Family of artists. MATTEO, sculptor and architect, b. in Lucca on 5 June 1436; d. there on 12 October 1501. He completed his apprenticeship in…
Civitanova MarcheVol. III, p. 1026 CIVITANOVA MARCHE. – The earliest Christian memories, like those of the episcopal see of ancient Cluentum, are not yet clear. To this vicus, probably situated…
CivitavecchiaVol. III, p. 1026 CIVITAVECCHIA. — The Roman Centumcellae, where Trajan, around A.D. 106, created an artificial harbor, alternately garrisoned by detachments of the Misenate and…
Clairvaux (Chiaravalle, Lat. Clara Vallis), Abbey of(CLAIRVAUX (CHIARAVALLE, LAT. CLARA VALLIS), ABBAZIA DI)Vol. III, p. 1028 CLAIRVAUX (Chiaravalle, lat. Clara vallis), ABBEY. — The celebrated abbey of C. is indissolubly linked to the name and glory of its abbot, St. Bernardo. Chosen…
Clairvoyance(CHIAROVEGGENZA)Vol. III, p. 829 CLAIRVOYANCE.—A fully satisfactory definition of c. is difficult. Etymologically: “clear vision, clarity of perception.” Even the most competent authors differ…
Clare Mary of the Passion, Venerable(CHIARA MARIA DELLA PASSIONE, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 827 CHIARA MARIA DELLA PASSIONE, venerable. - Discalced Carmelite mystic, Princess Giovanna Vittoria Colonna-Barberini, born on 11 April 1610 at Orsogna (Chieti)…
Clare of Assisi, Saint(CHIARA D'ASSISI, SANTA)Vol. III, p. 826 CHIARA D'ASSISI, saint. — Foundress, together with St. Francis, of the Order of the Poor Clares, known as the Second Franciscan Order, born at Assisi in 1194…
Clare of Montefalco, Saint(CHIARA DA MONTEFALCO, SANTA)Vol. III, p. 827 CHIARA da MONTEFALCO, saint. – Augustinian, born at Montefalco (province of Perugia) in 1268, died there on 17 August 1308. At the age of six she entered the…
Clarembald of Abras(CLAREMBALDO DI ABRAS)Vol. III, p. 1029 CLAREMBALDO of ABRAS. — A disciple of Theodoric of Chartres (v.), of whom a substantial commentary on Boethius’s De Trinitate, written around 1153, is thus far…
Clareno, AngeloVol. III, p. 1029 CLARENO, ANGELO. — Franciscan (more correctly A. da Chiarino, also called da Cingoli), leader of the zelanti or spirituali (v.), born at Chiarino (Recanati; or…
Claret, Antonio Maria, Blessed(CLARET, ANTONIO MARIA, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 1029 CLARET, ANTONIO MARIA, blessed. - Founder of the Congregation of the missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (v.), born at Sallent (Barcelona) on 24…
Claretians(CLARETIANI)Vol. III, p. 1030 CLARETIANI : v. MISSIONARI FIGLI DEL CUORE IMMACOLATO DI MARIA.
Clari, Giovanni Carlo MariaVol. III, p. 1030 CLARI, GIOVANNI CARLO MARIA. - Musician, b. at Pisa on 27 Nov. 1677, d. there on 16 May 1754. He studied first with his father Giovanni Antonio (choirmaster of…
Clario, IsidoroVol. III, p. 1030 CLARIO, ISIDORO. — Bishop, exegete, and orator, born at Chiari (Brescia) in 1495 and died at Foligno on 28 May 1555. His name was Taddeo Cucchi: he was called…
Clarke, Richard FrederickVol. III, p. 1031 CLARKE, RICHARD FREDERICK. - English Jesuit writer, b. in London on 24 Jan. 1839, d. in York on 10 Sept. 1900. After sound studies at Oxford, he had been…
Clarke, SamuelVol. III, p. 1031 CLARKE, SAMUEL. - Anglican theologian and philosopher, b. at Norwich on 11 Oct. 1675, d. in London on 17 May 1729. His writings were edited by Hoadly, The…
Clasio, LuigiVol. III, p. 1032 CLASIO, LUIGI: v. FIACCHI, LUIGI.
Class Struggle(LOTTA DI CLASSE)Vol. VII, p. 950 LOTTA DI CLASSE: v. CLASSI.
Classes(CLASSI)Vol. III, p. 1032 CLASSES. - The identity of social positions, professions, and activities carried on within the community, in contrast with differences in aptitudes, education,…
Classicism(CLASSICISMO)Vol. III, p. 1034 CLASSICISMO. - The concept of c., like that of romanticism and, more recently (limited to the figurative arts), that of baroque, besides denoting a…
Classification(CLASSIFICAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 1035 CLASSIFICATION.—It is the operation by which a multitude of related objects is organized within a hierarchical system of groupings, with the aim of…
Clauberg, JohannVol. III, p. 1040 CLAUBERG, JOHANN. – Calvinist, born in 1622 at Solingen (Westphalia), professor of philosophy at Herborn, then at Duisburg, where he died in 1665. He was the…
Claude, JeanVol. III, p. 1040 CLAUDE, JEAN. – Calvinist theologian and polemicist, born at La Sauvetat (Agenois) in 1619, died at The Hague in 1687. The son and grandson of Calvinist…
Claudia De AngelisVol. III, p. 1040 CLAUDIA DE ANGELIS. — Mystic, born at Anagni in 1675, died in 1715. Devoted from her earliest years to a life of piety and sacrifice, she was later drawn to…
Claudia ProculaVol. III, p. 1045 CLAUDIA PROCULA: v. PROCULA CLAUDIA.
Claudian, Saint, Martyr(CLAUDIANO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. III, p. 1040 CLAUDIANO, saint, martyr: v. PAPIA, DIODORO e CLAUDIANO, santi, martiri.
Claudianus Mamertus(CLAUDIANO MAMERTO)Vol. III, p. 1045 CLAUDIANUS MAMERTUS. – He was a priest at Vienne in the Dauphiné, where he died in 473 or 474. Around 470 he wrote De statu animae in 3 books, the first two of…
Claudianus, Claudius(CLAUDIANO, CLAUDIO)Vol. III, p. 1040 CLAUDIANO, CLAUDIO. – The last notable Latin poet, born and educated in Alexandria; to the study of Greek, his native language, in which he also wrote verses,…
Claudius (Ethiopian Galāxodēnos)(CLAUDIO (ETIOPICO GALĀXODĒNOS))Vol. III, p. 1045 CLAUDIO (Ethiopian Galāxodēnos). — Sovereign of Ethiopia. At the age of eighteen, he succeeded his father Lebna Denghel (David II) in September 1540. Very…
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), Roman Emperor(CLAUDIO (TI. CLAUDIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. III, p. 1045 CLAUDIO (Ti. Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), ROMAN EMPEROR. - Fourth emperor (A.D. 41–54), son of Drusus and Antonia, uncle of Caligola, whom he…
Claudius II, Emperor, Known as the Goth (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus)(CLAUDIO II, IMPERATORE, DETTO IL GOTICO (MARCUS AURELIUS CLAUDIUS AUGUSTUS))Vol. III, p. 1046 CLAUDIO II, EMPEROR, called the GOTHIC (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus). - Born in Pannonia of humble family between 214 and 220, he distinguished himself…
Claudius of Turin(CLAUDIO DI TORINO)Vol. III, p. 1046 CLAUDIO di TORINO. — Of Spanish origin, apparently a follower of Felix of Urgel. He attended in Lyon the school that Archbishop Leidrad had brought to a high…
Claudius Severus(CLAUDIO SEVERO)Vol. III, p. 1047 CLAUDIUS SEVERUS. – Rhetorician and Peripatetic philosopher, teacher of Marcus Aurelius, who speaks of him with honor in his Meditations (1, 14). He must also…
Claudius, Asterius, Neon, Domnina and Theonilla, Saints(CLAUDIO, ASTERIO, NEONE, DOMNINA E TEONILLA, SANTI)Vol. III, p. 1047 CLAUDIO, ASTERIO, NEONE, DOMNINA and TEONILLA, saints. — Martyrs of Aegea (in Cilicia) in 285; the Western martyrologies commemorate them on 23 August, whereas…
Clause(CLAUSOLA)Vol. III, p. 1047 CLAUSOLA. – The term c. (from Lat. claudo) generally means final part and specifically the concise conclusion of a discourse.
Clausel De Montals, Claude-HippolyteVol. III, p. 1047 CLAUSEL de MONTALS, CLAUDE-HIPPOLYTE. - Bishop, b. at Coussergues (Aveyron) on 5 Apr. 1769, d. on 1 Apr. 1857. Having fled from S. Sulpizio at the time of the…
Clausi, Bernardo, Venerable(CLAUSI, BERNARDO, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 1047 CLAUSI, BERNARDO, venerable. - A most devout priest of the Minims, b. at S. Sisto (Cosenza) in 1789, d. at Paola on 20 Dec. 1849. He entered the Order of…
Clausure(CLAUSURA)Vol. III, p. 1049 CLAUSURA. – The term c., from the Latin claudere (to close), has two correlative meanings in the law governing religious institutes. It is commonly used to…
Claver, Peter, Saint(CLAVER, PIETRO, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1050 CLAVER, PIETRO, saint: v. PIETRO CLAVER, saint.
Clavijero, Francisco-JavierVol. III, p. 1051 CLAVIJERO, FRANCISCO-JAVIER. – Mexican Jesuit, born in Veracruz in 1731, and having entered the novitiate in 1748, he taught rhetoric in Mexico and philosophy…
Clavius, Christoph(CLAVIO, CHRISTOPH)Vol. III, p. 1051 CLAVIO, CHRISTOPH. — Celebrated Jesuit mathematician, born in Bamberg in 1538, died in Rome on 6 February 1612. Having entered the Society in Rome in 1555, he…
Clavius, Matthias(CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS)Vol. III, p. 1047 CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS. - Protestant poet and writer, b. at Reinfeld on 15 Aug. 1740, d. at Amburgo on 21 Jan. 1815. Having completed his university studies at…
Clemen, KarlVol. III, p. 1051 CLEMEN, KARL. - Protestant, historian of religions, b. at Sommerfeld (Leipzig) in 1865, d. on 8 July 1940 at Bonn, where he was professor of his discipline.…
Clemens, Franz JakobVol. III, p. 1051 CLEMENS, FRANZ JAKOB. - German theologian, born at Coblenza on 4 Oct. 1815, died at Rome on 24 Feb. 1862. Having completed his studies, he travelled through…
Clemens, Jacob, Known as Not the Pope(CLEMENS, JACOB, DETTO NON PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENS, JACOB, called NON PAPA. - Musician, b. in Flanders toward the end of the 15th century or the beginning of the 16th, d. at Dixmuiden in 1555. He was…
Clement I(CLEMENTE I)Vol. III, p. 1053 CLEMENTE I - Epistola ad Corinthios, v. 2 - vi. 3, contained in the well-known Codex Alexandrinus of the Bible (5th cent.). The passage refers to the martyrdom…
Clement I, Pope, Saint(CLEMENTE I, PAPA, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1053 CLEMENTE I, PAPA, saint. — Pope from 92 to 101, according to Eusebius; author of a letter to the Corinthians. SUMMARY: I. Life. — II. The letter. — III.…
Clement II, Pope(CLEMENTE II, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1056 CLEMENTE II, POPE. — After the forced abdication of Gregorio VI, on 24 December 1046 Suitgero, bishop of Bamberga, was appointed pope by the will of Enrico…
Clement III, Antipope(CLEMENTE III, ANTIPAPA)Vol. III, p. 1056 CLEMENTE III, ANTIPAPA: v. GUIBERTO di RAVENNA.
Clement III, Pope(CLEMENTE III, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1056 CLEMENT III, POPE. — The Roman Paolo Scolari, a cardinal from 1179 and bishop of Palestrina from 1181, was elected pope at Pisa on 19 December 1187 and took…
Clement IV, Pope(CLEMENTE IV, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1057 CLEMENTE IV, POPE. — Guido Fulcodi, born at St-Gilles near Nîmes in Provence at the beginning of the thirteenth century, entered the service of the king of…
Clement IX, Pope(CLEMENTE IX, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1065 CLEMENTE IX, POPE. — Giulio Rospigliosi, born at Pistoia into a noble family on 28 January 1600; created cardinal in 1657, elected pope on 20 June 1667, died…
Clement Mary Hofbauer, Saint(CLEMENTE MARIA HOFBAUER, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1083 CLEMENTE MARIA HOFBAUER, saint. — Born on 26 December 1751 at Tasswitz (Austria), died in Vienna on 15 March 1820. After a difficult and laborious youth, he…
Clement of Alexandria(CLEMENTE ALESSANDRINO)Vol. III, p. 1075 CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. - Greek ecclesiastical writer. CONTENTS: I. The Man. - II. Works. - III. Doctrine. I. PERSON. - 1. Life. - Titus Flavius C., surnamed…
Clement of Ancyra, Martyr(CLEMENTE DI ANCIRA, MARTIRE)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENTE of ANCIRA, martyr. — He is commemorated in all the martyrologies on 23 January. According to the Passio, a rhetorical and ingenuously audacious work,…
Clement of Jesus(CLEMENTE DI GESÙ)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENTE of GESÙ. - Carmelite missionary, Giovanni Peano in secular life. Born at Alessandria on 7 Apr. 1731, he made his profession on 27 Sept. 1749. A…
Clement of Ohrid, Saint(CLEMENTE DI OCRIDA, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENTE of OCRIDA, saint. — Called “the Slav” or “the Bulgarian,” bishop, died in 916. He accompanied SS. Cirillo and Metodio on the mission to Moravia. After…
Clement V, Pope(CLEMENTE V, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1057 CLEMENTE V, POPE. — Bertrando de Got, born in Gascony, was bishop of Comminges (1295–97), then archbishop of Bordeaux (1297–1305). His election, after the…
Clement VI, Pope(CLEMENTE VI, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1058 CLEMENTE VI, POPE. — Pietro Roger, born in 1291 at Maumont (Corrèze) to Guglielmo, lord of Rosière, and Guglielmetta di Mestre. At the age of ten he entered…
Clement VII, Antipope(CLEMENTE VII, ANTIPAPA)Vol. III, p. 1059 CLEMENTE VII, ANTIPAPA: v. ROBERTO di GINEVRA.
Clement VII, Pope(CLEMENTE VII, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1059 CLEMENTE VII, POPE. — Giulio de’ Medici, born in Florence on 26 May 1478, one month after the Pazzi conspiracy, of which his father Giuliano had been a victim;…
Clement VIII, Antipope(CLEMENTE VIII, ANTIPAPA)Vol. III, p. 1064 CLEMENTE VIII, ANTIPAPA: V. SANCHEZ MUÑOZ, EGIDIO.
Clement VIII, Pope(CLEMENTE VIII, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1064 CLEMENTE VIII, POPE. — Ippolito, son of Silvestro Aldobrandini, an illustrious jurisconsult, and of Lisa Deti, b. at Fano on 24 February 1536, was elevated to…
Clement X, Pope(CLEMENTE X, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1066 CLEMENTE X, POPE. — Emilio Altieri, born in Rome on 12 July 1590 to the ancient Altieri family; doctor of both laws, in 1623 he became auditor at the…
Clement XI, Pope(CLEMENTE XI, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1066 CLEMENTE XI, POPE. — Giovanni Francesco Albani, born at Urbino on 23 July 1649, was educated in Rome and was not unconnected with the circle of Queen Cristina…
Clement XII, Pope(CLEMENTE XII, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1067 CLEMENTE XII, PAPA. – Lorenzo Corsini, born in Florence on 7 April 1652; died in Rome on 6 February 1740. He studied in Rome at the Collegio Romano and…
Clement XIII, Pope(CLEMENTE XIII, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1067 CLEMENTE XIII, PAPA. - Carlo Rezzonico, born in Venice on March 7, 1693, to a family originally from Como that had recently been entered in the Libro d'oro…
Clement XIV, Pope(CLEMENTE XIV, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1068 CLEMENTE XIV, POPE. – Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio, son of Lorenzo Ganganelli, born on 31 October 1705 at Sant'Arcangelo di Romagna in the district of Rimini,…
Clement, Consul(CLEMENTE, CONSOLE)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENTE, CONSOLE. – Titus Flavius C., consul in A.D. 95, cousin of the emperor Domitian and husband of Flavia Domitilla, a man of “most contemptible…
Clement, Pseudo(CLEMENTE, PSEUDO)Vol. III, p. 1075 CLEMENTE, PSEUDO: v. CLEMENTE I, § III: apocryphal works.
Clement, Saint(CLEMENTE, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENTE, saint. — Byzantine hymnographer, who lived in the 9th century. It seems certain that he was a monk of the Stoudion and not at Grottaferrata, as G.…
Clement, The(CLEMENTE, IL)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLEMENTE, IL. — Sogari Prospero, known as il C., sculptor and goldsmith, born in Reggio Emilia on 16 February 1516, died there on 25 May 1584. He was…
Clemente da SVol. III, p. 1075 CLEMENTE da S. ELPIDIO, blessed. - He is also called by biographers C. da Osimo, but was born in the village of S. Elpidio, near that city. In 1274 he was…
Clemente da TerzorioVol. III, p. 1075 CLEMENTE da TERZORIO. – Capuchin historian of the Province of Genoa, born 7 September 1865, died 13 December 1946. Missionary in Montevideo (1891–93), general…
Clemente di SmolenskVol. III, p. 1075 CLEMENTE of SMOLENSK. — A Russian monk, elected in 1149 metropolitan of Kiev during the absence of the incumbent, the Byzantine Michele, despite the oath he…
Clementi, MuzioVol. III, p. 1083 CLEMENTI, Muzio. - Musician, born in Roma on 24 January 1752, died in Londra on 10 March 1832. A pupil of Buroni, Cordicelli, Carpani, and Santorelli, he…
Clementine(CLEMENTINA)Vol. III, p. 1083 CLEMENTINA. — Name of the Societas hebraica Parisiensis, founded by French Capuchins in the eighteenth century and approved by Clement XIII, with the aim of…
Clementine Constitutions(CLEMENTINE, COSTITUZIONI)Vol. III, p. 1083 CLEMENTINE, COSTITUZIONI: v. CORPUS IURIS CANONICI.
Clementine Constitutions(COSTITUZIONI CLEMENTINE)Vol. IV, p. 461 COSTITUZIONI CLEMENTINE: v. CORPUS IURIS CANONICI.
Clementine Homilies(OMELIE CLEMENTINE)Vol. IX, p. 97 OMELIE CLEMENTINE : v. CLEMENTE I,
CleofaVol. III, p. 1083 CLEOFA. — A name which in the Vulgate (Cleophas) corresponds to two different names in the Greek New Testament. Whereas Κλεόπας (Lk. 24:18) is a Greek name (a…
Cleomenes(CLEOMENE)Vol. III, p. 1084 CLEOMENE. — Heretic; he taught the Patripassian doctrine (the Father is identical with the Son, having suffered in Christ) in Rome at the beginning of the…
Clergy Assemblies(ASSEMBLEE DEL CLERO)Vol. II, p. 123 ASSEMBLEE DEL CLERO: v. CLERO, ASSEMBLEE del.
Clergy Gymnasium(PALESTRA DEL CLERO)Vol. IX, p. 393 PALESTRA DEL CLERO. – Fortnightly journal of ecclesiastical culture and practice, founded in Rovigo on 1 November 1921. It contains articles on the various…
Clergy, Assembly of the(CLERO, ASSEMBLEE DEL)Vol. III, p. 1086 CLERO, ASSEMBLEE del. — According to canonical provisions, the clergy of each diocese gathers with the bishop at its head in the diocesan synod (v.); bishops…
Clergy, Clerics(CLERO, CHIERICI)Vol. III, p. 1086 CLERGY, CLERICS. — By divine law, the members of the Church are divided into the two categories of clerics and laity. The former category comprises (whether by…
Clerical and Clericalism(CLERICALE E CLERICALISMO)Vol. III, p. 1084 CLERICALE e CLERICALISMO. - C. is one of those adjectives coined periodically for disparaging use, as happened in the sixteenth century with the word…
ClericatusVol. III, p. 1084 CLERICATUS: v. CHIERICATO, GIOVANNI.
Clerici, BernardoVol. III, p. 1084 CLERICI, BERNARDO. – Friar Minor, missionary in Bolivia, born in Pompejana on 5 January 1825, died in Tumapasa on 1 June 1907. C. became a Franciscan in the…
Clerics(CHIERICI)Vol. III, p. 834 CHIERICI: V. CLERO.
Clerics of Saint Viator(CHIERICI DI SAN VIATORE)Vol. III, p. 834 CLERICS OF SAINT VIATOR. - A religious congregation, founded for teaching and the sacred ministry by the priest Luigi Querbes (1793–1859), parish priest of…
Clermont-Ferrand, Diocese of(CLERMONT-FERRAND, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1085 CLERMONT-FERRAND, DIOCESI of. - In France, currently comprising the department of Puy-de-Dôme; it is a suffragan of Bourges, includes 5 archpriestships…
Clermont-Ganneau, CharlesVol. III, p. 1086 CLERMONT-GANNEAU, CHARLES. — Orientalist, born in Paris on 17 February 1846, died there on 15 February 1923. From 1890 he taught epigraphy and Semitic…
Clermont-Tonnerre, Anne-Antoine-Marie-Jules, Duke of(CLERMONT-TONNERRE, ANNE-ANTOINE-MARIE-JULES, DUCA DI)Vol. III, p. 1086 CLERMONT-TONNERRE, ANNE-ANTOINE-MARIE-JULES, duke of. - Cardinal, b. in Paris on 1 Jan. 1749, d. in Toulouse on 21 Feb. 1830. Abbot of Montierender, bishop of…
Clervaux (Clerf)Vol. III, p. 1088 CLERVAUX (CLERF). - Benedictine Abbey of SS. Maurizio and Mauro, in Luxembourg, erected in 1909 to succeed the Abbey of S. Mauro of Glanfeuil (diocese of…
Clet, François-Régis, Martyr, Blessed(CLET, FRANÇOIS-RÉGIS, MARTIRE, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 1089 CLET, FRANÇOIS-RÉGIS, martyr, blessed. - Born at Grenoble on 19 Aug. 1748. As a boy he distinguished himself by innocence, piety, and great love of study; his…
Cletus, Pope(CLETO, PAPA)Vol. III, p. 1089 CLETO, papa: v. ANACLETO, papa.
Cleveland, Diocese of(CLEVELAND, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1089 CLEVELAND, DIOCESE of. — City in the State of Ohio in the United States and suffragan of Cincinnati. Its territory comprises 14 counties in northeastern Ohio,…
Cleves(CLEVE)Vol. III, p. 1089 CLEVE. — Two painters of this name. The year of the birth of Joos van C. (Joos van der Beke) the Elder is unknown; he died at Antwerp in 1540. This painter,…
Clichtove, JosseVol. III, p. 1090 CLICHTOVE, JOSSE. — Humanist and theologian, b. at Newport in 1472 or 1473, d. at Chartres on 22 Sept. 1542. From the beginning of the 16th century he was…
Clifford, William JosephVol. III, p. 1090 CLIFFORD, WILLIAM JOSEPH. – English prelate, born on 24 Dec. 1823 at Irnham (diocese of Nottingham), died in 1893 at Both. Elected bishop of Clifton in Feb.…
Clifton, Diocese of(CLIFTON, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1090 CLIFTON, DIOCESE of. - In the S. of the Bristol Channel (England); it comprises the county borough of Bristol and the counties of Gloucestershire, Somerset,…
Climacteric Age(CLIMATERICA, ETÀ)Vol. III, p. 1090 CLIMATERIC AGES. — A designation given by the ancients to certain periods of life, recurring at fixed intervals (every seven or nine years); critical points of…
Clinge (Kling), KonradVol. III, p. 1090 CLINGE (KLING), KONRAD. — German theologian of the Conventual Franciscans, born at Nordhausen (Thuringia) around 1483–84, died at Erfurt on 10 March 1556. He…
Clinicians(CLINICI)Vol. III, p. 1090 CLINICI. - By this name (from κλίνη = bed), which in Latin referred both to physicians and to the sick confined to bed (notable examples of this second meaning…
Clitherow, Margaret, Blessed, Martyr(CLITHEROW, MARGARET, BEATA, MARTIRE)Vol. III, p. 1092 CLITHEROW, MARGARET, blessed, martyr. - Called “the Pearl of York,” she was born at York about 1552 to Thomas Middleton, a wax merchant and “sheriff” of York.…
Cloche, Diocese of(CLOCHER, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1093 CLOCHER, DIOCESE of. - In Eire (Ireland), suffragan of Armagh. The name derives from the Gaelic Clochar (= stone church). The see was founded by St. Patrizio,…
Clock(OROLOGIO)Vol. IX, p. 239 CLOCK. — Since antiquity, there has been knowledge of instruments designed to measure time and applied to buildings; nevertheless, the clock understood also as…
Cloister (Claustrum)(CHIOSTRO (CLAUSTRUM))Vol. III, p. 899 CHIOSTRO (Claustrum). – In the monastic sense, in ancient times it denoted that enclosed site which, according to the oldest rules of s. Pacomio, s. Basilio,…
Clonfert, Diocese of(CLONFERT, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1093 CLONFERT, DIOCESE of. - In Eire (Ireland), suffragan of Tuam. The name derives from the Gaelic Cluain Fearta Breanaina (= meadow of Brandan’s grass). The…
Clopinel, JeanVol. III, p. 1093 CLOPINEL, JEAN: v. MEUNG, JEAN de.
Clorivière, Pierre-Joseph Picot deVol. III, p. 1093 CLORIVIÈRE, PIERRE-JOSEPH PICOT de. – French Jesuit, born at St-Malo on 29 June 1735, died in Paris on 9 January 1820. He entered the novitiate in Paris in…
Clotilde, Saint(CLOTILDE, SANTA)Vol. III, p. 1094 CLOTILDE, saint. — Daughter of the Arian king Childeric, born in Lyon around 474, after the murder of her parents she was entrusted to the guardianship of her…
Cloud of Unknowing ('Nube della Non Conoscenza')Vol. III, p. 1094 CLOUD OF UNKNOWING (‘Cloud of Unknowing’). – A mystical text, anonymous, composed in England in the Midland dialect around the middle of the fourteenth century…
Clouet, JeanVol. III, p. 1094 CLOUET, JEAN. – Painter and draughtsman, born in the Netherlands (?) around 1485, died in Paris in 1540. He is recorded in Tours from 1516, where he also…
Clovio, GiulioVol. III, p. 1095 CLOVIO, GIULIO. - Miniaturist, b. at Grizane in Croatia, d. at Rome on 5 Jan. 1578. His name in his native language was Jurai (that is, Giorgio) Glovichsich.…
Clovis, King of the Franks(CLODOVEO, RE DEI FRANCHI)Vol. III, p. 1092 CLODOVEO, king of the FRANKS. — He was of royal stock and belonged to the Salian Franks; b. in 446, he was already king at the age of fifteen. Brought up in…
CloyneVol. III, p. 1095 CLOYNE - The castle (13th-14th centuries). To be remembered, besides a Deposition and a self-portrait in the Pitti Gallery in Florence, are several codices in…
Cloyne, Diocese of(CLOYNE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1095 CLOYNE, DIOCESE of. - In Ireland, suffragan of Cashel. The name derives from the Gaelic Cluain (= meadow). The diocese was founded ca. 580 by St. Colman, its…
Cluj-Gherla, Diocese of(CLUJ-GHERLA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1095 CLUJ-GHERLA, Diocese of. - Cluj is a city in Romania, the capital of Transylvania, with 99,720 inhabitants (1937 census). An ancient city, known to the Dacians…
ClunyVol. III, p. 1096 CLUNY – C. and its sphere of influence (10th–25th centuries): 1) C. 2) The Quinque filiae. 3) Principal Cluniac centres. 4) Cluniac priories founded or abbeys…
Clypeate, Image(CLIPEATA, IMMAGINE)Vol. III, p. 1091 CLIPEATA, IMMAGINE. - By the expression « imago clipeata », which is already found in Macrobius (Saturn., II, 3), one customarily designates the figure or,…
Clémencet, CharlesVol. III, p. 1051 CLÉMENCET, CHARLES. — Maurist Benedictine, born at Painblanc in 1703, died on 4 April 1778 in Paris. He collaborated on the Histoire littér. de la France…
Clément De Boissy, Atranas-Alexandre(CLÉMENT DE BOISSY, ATRANASE-ALEXANDRE)Vol. III, p. 1052 CLÉMENT DE BOISSY, ATRANASE-ALEXANDRE. – French legal scholar, brother of the bishop of Versailles Agostino, councillor of the Chambre des Comptes of Paris,…
Clément, FrançoisVol. III, p. 1052 CLÉMENT, FRANÇOIS. — Born in Bèze in 1714, he died on 29 March 1793 in Paris; he was called a Maurist Benedictine. He devoted his life to historical studies…
Co-Redemptrix(CORREDENTRICE)Vol. IV, p. 376 CORREDENTRICE. – This is the technical term used by theologians to express the cooperation of Most Holy Mary in the work of the redemption of the human race.…
Coadjutor(COADIUTORE)Vol. III, p. 1106 COADIUTOR. – C. is the holder of a coadjutorship, that is, the cleric whose duty it is to assist or replace a beneficiary in carrying out the functions…
Cobelluzio (Cobelluzzi), ScipioneVol. III, p. 1107 COBELLUZIO (COBELLUZZI), SCIPIONE. - Cardinal, b. at Viterbo in 1365, d. at Rome on 29 June 1627. After studying at the Nardini College in Rome and obtaining a…
Cocainism(COCAINISMO)Vol. III, p. 1107 COCAINISM. — An irresistible tendency to take cocaine for pleasure, by injection or, more often, snorted in powder form through the nose; among the most…
Cocceius (Lat. Da Koch), IohannesVol. III, p. 1108 COCCEIUS (Latin from KOCH), IOHANNES. — Protestant theological exegete, born in Bremen on 9 August 1603, died in Leiden on 4 November 1669. He began his…
Cocchi, AngeloVol. III, p. 1108 COCCHI, ANGELO. - Dominican, b. at Firenze in 1597, d. at Fogan on 18 Nov. 1633. In 1622 he was sent to Manila, where he devoted himself to the study of the…
Cocchia, AntonioVol. III, p. 1108 COCCHIA, ANTONIO: v. ROCCO da CESINALE.
Coccino (Cochin), Diocese of(COCCINO (COCHIN), DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1108 COCCINO (COCHIN), DIOCESE of. — City of eastern India on the Malabar coast and seat of a suffragan diocese of the patriarchal see of Goa. Its territory…
Cocconier, Thomas(COCONNIER, THOMAS)Vol. III, p. 1111 COCONNIER, THOMAS. – Dominican philosopher and theologian, born at Grazay near Mayenne in France on 26 August 1846, died at Toulouse on 8 March 1908. He was a…
Cochabamba, Diocese of(COCHABAMBA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1109 COCHABAMBA, DIOCESI di. - In the Republic of Bolivia, erected by Pius IX on 23 June 1847. It has a population of 642,000 inhabitants, of whom 635,000 are…
Cochelet, AnastaseVol. III, p. 1109 COCHELET, ANASTASE. - Carmelite theologian, b. in 1551 at Mézières (Champagne), d. at Reims in 1624. He was a religious at the convent of Reims, doctor of…
Cochem, Martino daVol. III, p. 1109 COCHEM, MARTINO da: v. MARTINO da COCHEM.
Cochin, Diocese of(COCHIN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1109 COCHIN, DIOCESI di: v. COCCINO, DIOCESI di:
Cochin, Pierre-Suzanne-AugustinVol. III, p. 1109 COCHIN, PIERRE-SUZANNE-AUGUSTIN. - French Catholic writer, born in Paris on 2 Dec. 1823, died at Versailles on 13 March 1872. A scholar of economic and social…
Cochinchina(COCINCINA)Vol. III, p. 1109 COCINCINA: v. INDOCINA FRANCESE.
Cocle, CelestinoVol. III, p. 1109 COCLE, CELESTINO. — Archbishop, born at S. Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia) on 23 November 1783 and died in Naples on 2 March 1857, he was the fifth superior general…
Cocleo (Dobenek), Giovanni(COCLEO (DOBENECK), GIOVANNI)Vol. III, p. 1110 COCLEO (DOBENECK), GIOVANNI. — Eminent Catholic polemicist, born in 1479, died at Breslau on 11 January 1552. He was called C. after the town of Wendelstein…
CocollaVol. III, p. 1110 COCOLLA. - It is a specifically monastic garment and consists of a large robe with wide sleeves, to which a hood is added, attached at the neck or loose, to be…
CocosVol. III, p. 1111 COCOS: v. STABILIMENTI DELLO STRETTO.
Cocquelines, CharlesVol. III, p. 1111 COCQUELINES, CHARLES. – Tireless editor of the Roman Bullary, who lived in the 18th century and died in 1758. In 1739, in Rome, he began publishing a Bullarum,…
Coda, BenedettoVol. III, p. 1111 CODA, BENEDETTO. - Painter, born in Venice, or Ferrara, or Treviso, died after 1530. From September 1495 he was in Rimini. Vasari considers him a pupil of…
Code of Canon Law of the Eastern Rite(CODICE DEL DIRITTO CANONICO ORIENTALE)Vol. III, p. 1123 CODICE DEL DIRITTO CANONICO ORIENTALE. — As with the codification of Latin canon law, so too proposals were advanced for the compilation of a C. of o. c. l. at…
Code of the Alliance(ALLEANZA, CODICE DELLA)Vol. I, p. 544 ALLEANZA, CODICE della: v. ESODO.
Codex(CODICE)Vol. III, p. 1119 CODICE. - An ancient term indicating a collection of writing material—papyrus, parchment, wax tablet—assembled in quires. Seneca (De brevit. vitae, XVIII, 4)…
Codex Fuldensis(FULDENSE, CODICE)Vol. V, p. 1079 FULDENSE, CODICE: v. VOLGATA.
Codex GregorianusVol. III, p. 1111 CODEX GREGORIANUS. – This was the title given to a collection of Roman imperial constitutions compiled in the age of Diocletian, as is shown by the attribution…
Codex HermogenianusVol. III, p. 1112 CODEX HERMOGENIANUS. – This is a private collection of imperial constitutions compiled, as most scholars believe, between A.D. 314 and 323, since some…
Codex Iuris CanoniciVol. III, p. 1112 CODEX IURIS CANONICI. – This is the name given to the code promulgated in 1917 containing the universal law of the Latin Church. CONTENTS: I. The need for…
Codex TheodosianusVol. III, p. 1116 CODEX THEODOSIANUS. – This is the title of the great official collection of Roman imperial constitutions, commissioned by the Emperor Theodosius II and…
Codicil(CODICILLO)Vol. III, p. 1123 CODICILLO: v. TESTAMENTO.
Codronchi, AntonioVol. III, p. 1123 CODRONCHI, ANTONIO. - Bishop, b. at Imola on 8 Aug. 1748, d. at Ravenna on 16 Jan. 1826. Pius VI sent him to Turin in 1777 as internuncio, and on 14 Feb. 1785…
Codronchi, Giovanni BattistaVol. III, p. 1123 CODRONCHI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Italian physician, b. at Imola in 1547, d. in 1628. He studied at the University of Bologna and practised in his native city,…
Coducci, Mauro detto Moro (Moretto)Vol. III, p. 1124 CODUCCI, MAURO called MORO (MORETTO). - Architect, born at Lenna in the Val Brembana around 1440, died in 1504. He first appears active in Venice in 1468, in…
Coeducation(COEDUCAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 1124 Coeducation: see COLLEGIAL EDUCATION; MIXED EDUCATION. (photo Alinari) CODUCCI, MAURO - Façade of the church of S. Zaccaria (1477), continued on the base built…
Coeffeteau, NicolasVol. III, p. 1124 COEFFETEAU, NICOLAS. - Dominican archbishop and polemicist, b. at Château-du-Loir in 1574, d. at Paris on 21 April 1623. He took the habit at Le Mans (1588),…
Coelde (Kolde), Theodoric (Dederich, Dietrich, Dietrich and Dirk)(COELDE (KOLDE), THEODORICH (DEDERICH, DIETRICH, DIETRICH E DIRK))Vol. III, p. 1124 COELDE (KOLDE), THEODORICH (Dederich, Dietrich, Dietrich e Dirk). - Preacher, ascetical writer, and author of hymns, b. c. 1435 at Münster, d. at Louvain on 11…
Coelho, AntonioVol. III, p. 1124 COELHO, ANTONIO. – Liturgist, b. at Braga on 24 May 1892, d. at Singeverga on 20 Dec. 1938. A Benedictine monk, he spent several years studying at the abbeys…
Coello, ClaudioVol. III, p. 1124 COELLO, CLAUDIO. – Spanish painter and architect, b. in Madrid, baptized on 2 March 1642, d. there on 20 April 1693. A pupil in his native city of Francesco…
CoenobiumVol. III, p. 1125 COENOBIUM. – International journal of free studies, founded in 1907 in Lugano but printed in Italy, under the direction of G. Renzi. It gathered around itself…
Coercion(COSTRIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 462 COSTRIZIONE : v. VIOLENZA.
Coercion and Coercibility(COAZIONE E COERCIBILITÀ)Vol. III, p. 1107 COERCION AND COERCIBILITY. — The generic and ordinary concept of coercion is the opposite of spontaneity, and denotes that which is contrary to the subject’s…
Coexistence(COABITAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 1105 COABITAZIONE. — From the earliest centuries, the Church prohibited the cohabitation of ecclesiastics with women, unless they were close relatives or otherwise…
Coghetti, FrancescoVol. III, p. 1125 COGHETTI, FRANCESCO. — Painter, born in Bergamo on 20 July 1802, died in Rome on 21 April 1875. After studying under Diotti, he followed Camuccini in Rome and…
CogitativaVol. III, p. 1126 COGITATIVA. — In Thomistic psychology, c. is that one among the internal senses which collaborates most directly with the intellect; its object is indicated in…
Cognation(COGNAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 1126 COGNAZIONE. – In Roman law, this term denoted, in contrast to agnation (v.), the bond existing between persons descended from the same ancestor, especially…
Cohausz, Otto(COHAUSS, OTTO)Vol. III, p. 1128 COHAUSS, OTTO. – German Jesuit, apologetic and ascetical writer, born at Nordwalde (Westphalia) on 8 September 1872, died at Danzig on 3 June 1938. He had…
Cohen, HermannVol. III, p. 1128 COHEN, HERMANN. - German philosopher, born at Goswig on 4 July 1842, died in Berlin on 4 April 1918. From 1879 to 1912 he taught at the University of Marburg,…
Cohort(COORTE)Vol. IV, p. 295 COHORT. – Group of soldiers (about 600), forming one tenth of a Roman legion. In the New Testament the term (σπείρα, cohors) is not always used in a strictly…
Coimbatore (Coimbatur), Diocese of(COIMBATORE (COIMBATUR), DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1128 COIMBATORE (COIMBATUR), DIOCESE of. – On 16 March 1845, the provicariate of C. was detached from the apostolic vicariate of the Coromandel Coast; it was…
Coimbra, Diocese of(COIMBRA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1128 Coimbra, Diocese of. — In Portugal, it extends over 5,300 sq. km. and has 571,256 inhabitants, of whom 547,428 are Catholics; it comprises 254 parishes, served…
Coimbra, LeonardoVol. III, p. 1129 COIMBRA, LEONARDO. – Portuguese philosopher and politician, born in the district of Felgueiras on 30 December 1883, died in an automobile accident in the Serra…
Coindre, AndréVol. III, p. 1129 COINDRE, ANDRÉ. – Priest, born in Lyon on 26 February 1787, died there on 30 May 1826. At the seminary of Argentières he distinguished himself for intelligence…
Cola dell'AmatriceVol. III, p. 1130 COLA dell'AMATRICE. – Nicola Filotesio, called dell’Amatrice after his place of birth, an Abruzzese painter and architect. He lived most of his life in Ascoli…
Cola di RienzoVol. III, p. 1131 COLA di RIENZO. — Born in Rome in 1313, he died there following a revolt on 8 October 1354. He was a notary and a man of considerable classical culture,…
Colbert de Croissy, Charles-JoachimVol. III, p. 1132 COLBERT de CROISSY, CHARLES-JOACHIM. - Bishop of Montpellier, Jansenist, b. in Paris on 11 June 1667, d. in Montpellier on 8 Apr. 1738. He studied at the…
Colecchi, OttavioVol. III, p. 1132 COLECCHI, OTTAVIO. – Philosopher, born at Pescocostanzo (Aquila) on 18 October 1773, died at Naples on 25 August 1847. Ordained a priest in the Dominican…
Colenso, John WilliamVol. III, p. 1132 COLENSO, JOHN WILLIAM. — Missionary and Anglican bishop, born in Cornwall in England on 24 January 1814, died at Natal on 20 June 1883. Having completed his…
Coleridge, Samuel TaylorVol. III, p. 1132 COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR. — English poet, born at Ottery St-Mary on 21 October 1772, died in London on 25 July 1834. He studied at Cambridge, attempted a…
Colet, JohnVol. III, p. 1133 COLET, JOHN. - English theologian, humanist, and educator, b. in 1467 (?), d. in 1519. The desire to escape from the Middle Ages led him, before he was thirty,…
Colette (Colet or Boylet, Nicolette), Saint(COLETTA (COELLET O BOYLET, NICOLETTE), SANTA)Vol. III, p. 1133 COLETTA (COELLET o BOYLET, NICOLETTE), saint. - Foundress of the Poor Clares, called Colettines, born at Calceye, near Corbie, on 13 Jan. 1381, died at Gand on…
Coligny, Gaspard deVol. III, p. 1133 COLIGNY, GASPARD de. - Celebrated French Huguenot general of the 16th century, born at Châtillon-sur-Loing in 1519 and died in Paris on 24 Aug. 1572. His…
Colima, Diocese of(COLIMA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1133 COLIMA, DIOCESI di. - In the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Guadalajara, erected by Leo XIII on 11 Dec. 1896, by the constitution Si principum, through the…
Colin, ElieVol. III, p. 1133 COLIN, ELIE. - French missionary and astronomer, b. at Graulhet (Tarn) on 28 Nov. 1852, d. at Tanariva on 11 Apr. 1923. In 1870 he entered the Jesuit novitiate…
Colin, Jean-Claude, Venerable(COLIN, JEAN-CLAUDE, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 1134 COLIN, JEAN-CLAUDE, venerable. — Founder of the Society of Mary (Marist Fathers), b. at St-Bonnet-le-Troncy (Lione) on 7 Aug. 1790, d. on 15 Nov. 1875 at…
Colini, LudovicoVol. III, p. 1134 COLINI, LUDOVICO. - Franciscan theologian, commonly called L. da Castelplanio, born at Castelplanio (Ancona) on 31 March 1830, died at Rome on 19 Dec. 1874.…
ColiviVol. III, p. 1134 COLIVI. - This term designates, in the Byzantine rite, a kind of sweet dish made principally of cooked wheat or rice, with the addition of raisins, pomegranate…
Collado, DiegoVol. III, p. 1134 COLLADO, DIEGO. - Dominican, born at Majadas (Spain), died in a shipwreck in 1641. Having arrived in the Philippines in 1611, in 1619 he was sent to Japan,…
Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et RomanarumVol. III, p. 1134 COLLATIO LEGUM MOSAICARUM ET ROMANARUM. - An anonymous pamphlet which compares, in 16 titles, passages from the Old Testament, especially concerning criminal…
Collation(COLLAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 1135 COLLAZIONE. – In ecclesiastical language, especially in legal usage, this term primarily denotes the second stage in the provision of an ecclesiastical office,…
