Chocarne, BernardVol. III, p. 905 CHOCARNE, BERNARD. – Dominican, born in 1826, died in 1895. He was among the foremost benefactors of the Dominican restoration in France, founder and superior…
Chocó, Apostolic Prefecture of(CHOCÒ, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. III, p. 905 CHOCÒ, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. - It was erected in 1908 and entrusted to the Claretian Fathers of the province of Colombia. Before then, the entire territory…
Chodorlahomor (Heb. Kēdhorlā'ōmer)(CHODORLAHOMOR (EBR. KĒDHORLĀ'ŌMER))Vol. III, p. 905 CHODORLAHOMOR (Hebr. Kēdhorlā'ōmer). - King of Elam, who held Palestine in subjection for twelve years, until it rebelled against him. He then organized an…
Choiseul Du Plessis Praslin, GilbertVol. III, p. 905 CHOISEUL DU PLESSIS PRASLIN, GILBERT. - Bishop, born around 1613 and died in Paris on Dec. 31, 1689. Doctor of the Sorbonne in CHIUSI - Interior of the…
Choiseul-Stainville, Étienne-François, de(CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, ETIENNE-FRANÇOIS, DE)Vol. III, p. 905 CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, ETIENNE-FRANÇOIS, de. — French ambassador and politician, born on June 28, 1719, died in Paris on May 8, 1785. CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE…
Chomjakov, Alexiei Stepanovič(CHOMJAKOV, ALEXIEI STEPANOVIĆ)Vol. III, p. 906 CHOMJAKOV, ALEXIEI STEPANOVIĆ. – Born in 1804, died in 1860, one of the most prominent representatives of Slavophilism, a Russian national movement that saw…
Chopin, FrédéricVol. III, p. 906 CHOPIN, FRÉDÉRIC. - Composer and pianist, b. at Zelazowa-Wola (Warsaw) on 22 Feb. 1810, d. at Paris on 17 Oct. 1849. At Warsaw, having completed his studies…
Chorale(CORALE)Vol. IV, p. 306 CORALE. – I. SONG. – In current usage, the true choral or liturgical song is Gregorian chant (V. CANTO). Polyphonic song is also called “choral,” but not…
Chorology(COROLOGIA)Vol. IV, p. 340 CHOROLOGY. - The term c. (from χάρα, earth, and λάγος, discourse) denotes the study of the geographical distribution of living beings: thus, zoogeography is…
Chouchi (Chowchih), Apostolic Prefecture of(CHOUCHIH (CHOWCHIH), PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. III, p. 906 CHOUCHIH (CHOWCHIH), APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE OF. - It is located in the central part of the province of Shensi (China). It was erected on June 17, 1932, by…
Chrism(CRISMA)Vol. IV, p. 523 CRISMA. - From the 5th century onward the Greeks customarily mixed aromatic substances with the holy oil and the Latins, somewhat later, balsam (v.). Thus C.,…
ChrismonVol. III, p. 907 CHRISMON. – In diplomatics, this name designates the monogrammatic formula of invocation to the Divinity that opens the protocol of the document (v.). In the…
Chrismon(DE MONOGRAMMA CHRISTI)Vol. IV, p. 834 DE MONOGRAMMA CHRISTI. — Short treatise attributed to St. Girolamo concerning the form and meaning of the monogram of Christ. The text is an addition to…
Christ(CRISTO)Vol. IV, p. 543 CRISTO. — Greek equivalent (χριστός “anointed,” verbal adjective of χρῶ “I anoint”) of the Hebrew māšīah, or “messiah.” Māšīah, a passive participle, like…
Christ the King, Feast of(CRISTO RE, FESTA DI)Vol. IV, p. 548 CHRIST THE KING, FEAST of. - With the encyclical Quas primas of 11 Dec. 1925, at the conclusion of the Holy Year, Pius XI instituted the liturgical feast of C.…
Christ, Bernard of Andermatt(CHRISTEN, BERNARD DA ANDERMATT)Vol. III, p. 908 CHRISTEN, BERNARD of ANDERMATT. - Minister General of the Capuchin Friars Minor, titular archbishop of Stauropolis, born at Andermatt (canton of Uri,…
Christ, Blood Poured Out for(CHRISTO PROFUSUM SANGUINEM)Vol. III, p. 913 «CHRISTO PROFUSUM SANGUINEM». — Hymn at Matins in the Common of Martyrs, composed of four stanzas taken from the hymn of the Apostles by s. Ambrogio. The…
Christ, Church of(CRISTO, CHIESA DI)Vol. IV, p. 545 CRISTO, CHIESA DI: v. CHIESA DI CRISTO.
Christadelphians (Brothers of Christ)(CRISTADELFI (FRATELLI DI CRISTO))Vol. IV, p. 526 CRISTADELFI (FRATELLI DI CRISTO). - Protestant sect founded by the Englishman Giovanni Thomas. Having moved to the United States in 1884, after lengthy studies…
Christchurch, Diocese of(CHRISTCHURCH, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 908 CHRISTCHURCH, DIOCESE of. – By a pontifical brief of 10 May 1887, it was erected with territory detached from the archdiocese of Wellington and comprises the…
Christe Sanctorum Decus AngelorumVol. III, p. 908 « CHRISTE SANCTORUM DECUS ANGELORUM ». – Hymn of the Lauds for the feast of St Michael the Archangel, taken from that of the feast of the Angels. It is found…
Christian(CRISTIANO)Vol. IV, p. 539 CRISTIANO. - Name of the followers of Gesù. Act. 11, 26 relates: “And it happened to them (Paolo and Barnaba) ... that first in Antiochia the faithful received…
Christian and Neoplatonic Cynicism(CINISMO CRISTIANO E NEOPITAOORICO)Vol. III, p. 981 CHRISTIAN AND NEOPYTHAGOREAN CYNICISM. - The existence of Christian c. is attested by Giuliano l'Apostana (Or., VI and VII), who combats them, by s. Agostino…
Christian Archaeology, Pontifical Institute of(ARCHEOLOGIA CRISTIANA, PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO DI)Vol. I, p. 1070 ARCHEOLOGIA CRISTIANA, PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO di: v. ISTITUTI DI STUDI SUPERIORI.
Christian Art(ARTE CRISTIANA)Vol. II, p. 52 ARTE CRISTIANA. – Illustrated monthly journal, founded in Milan in 1913 through the efforts of the society «Amici dell'arte cristiana», inspired and founded by…
Christian Art in Missions(ARTE CRISTIANA NELLE MISSIONI)Vol. II, p. 52 ARTE CRISTIANA NELLE MISSIONI: V. MISSIONI.
Christian Associations of Italian Workers (A.C.L.I.)(ASSOCIAZIONI CRISTIANE LAVORATORI ITALIANI (A.C.L.I.))Vol. II, p. 135 ASSOCIAZIONI CRISTIANE LAVORATORI ITALIANI (A.C.L.I.). — These are associations of workers whose purpose is to promote the affirmation of Christian principles…
Christian Brothers of Ireland(FRATELLI DELLE SCUOLE CRISTIANE D'IRLANDA (CHRISTIAN BROTHERS))Vol. V, p. 1016 BROTHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS OF IRELAND (CHRISTIAN BROTHERS). - Religious institute founded at Waterford in Ireland by Edmund Ignatius Rice (1768–1844), a…
Christian Democracy(DEMOCRAZIA CRISTIANA)Vol. IV, p. 821 CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY. — The term d. c. was used several times during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but only toward the end of the latter did it give…
Christian Doctrine, Archconfraternity of(DOTTRINA CRISTIANA, ARCICONFRATERNITA DELLA)Vol. IV, p. 1108 DOTTRINA CRISTIANA, ARCICONFRATERNITA della. — Established in Rome by Paul V with the brief Ex credito nobis of 6 October 1607. The impetus given by the…
Christian East(ORIENTE CRISTIANO)Vol. IX, p. 208 CHRISTIAN ORIENT. - Beyond the individual entries, to which cross-references are made, a comprehensive overview is necessary to provide general orientation on…
Christian EndeavourVol. III, p. 908 CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOUR. - I. HISTORY. — This is the name of a Protestant youth society, which may be translated as “Christian Activity” or also “Christian Action…
Christian Friendship(AMICIZIA CRISTIANA)Vol. I, p. 656 AMICIZIA CRISTIANA. — Catholic secret society for the dissemination of good publications, founded in Turin by Father Niccolò von Diessbach (v.) between 1778…
Christian I, King of Denmark(CRISTIANO I, RE DI DANIMARCA)Vol. IV, p. 539 CRISTIANO I, king of DANIMARCA. - B. on 21 May 1426 in Copenaghen, d. there on 21 May 1481. He succeeded Cristoforo di Baviera to the throne and was king of…
Christian II, King of Denmark(CRISTIANO II, RE DI DANIMARCA)Vol. IV, p. 539 CRISTIANO II, king of DENMARK. — Born on 1 July 1481, died on 25 January 1559. Son of Hans, king of Denmark, and Cristina of Saxony, he was designated while…
Christian III, King of Denmark(CRISTIANO III, RE DI DANIMARCA)Vol. IV, p. 540 CRISTIANO III, king of DANMARK. — Born on 12 August 1503 at Gottorp, died on 1 January 1559 at Kolding. Owing to disagreements that arose within the Rigsraad,…
Christian IV, King of Denmark(CRISTIANO IV, RE DI DANIMARCA)Vol. IV, p. 540 CRISTIANO IV, king of DENMARK. — Born on 12 April 1577 at Frederiksborg, died on 28 February 1648 at Copenhagen. Son of Frederick II and Sophia of Mecklenburg,…
Christian Latin(LATINO CRISTIANO)Vol. VII, p. 576 LATINO CRISTIANO. — It is the special language (group language) of Christians, formed within the framework of Late Latin in the early Christian communities.…
Christian Life(VITA CRISTIANA)Vol. XII, p. 954 VITA CRISTIANA. — A bimonthly periodical directed by the Dominicans of S. Domenico di Fiesole, founded in 1929 following the division of the journal S.…
Christian of Troyes(CRISTIANO DI TROYES)Vol. IV, p. 541 CRISTIANO di TROYES: v. CHRÉTIEN de TROYES.
Christian Perfection(PERFEZIONE CRISTIANA)Vol. IX, p. 713 CHRISTIAN PERFECTION. – In its ideal content, this signifies the complete realization of Christian life as opposed to its beginnings, that is, the fullness of…
Christian ScienceVol. III, p. 913 CHRISTIAN SCIENCE: v. BAKER, MARY EDDY.
Christian Science(CRISTIANA, SCIENZA)Vol. IV, p. 529 CRISTIANA, SCIENZA: v. BAKER MARY EDDY.
Christian Social Doctrine(DOTTRINA SOCIALE CRISTIANA)Vol. IV, p. 1109 CHRISTIAN SOCIAL DOCTRINE. - In recent centuries, in the face of increasingly grave violations of Christian ethics in the economic and social sphere, the…
Christian Spiritualism(SPIRITUALISMO CRISTIANO)Vol. XI, p. 696 CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALISM. – One of the principal currents of contemporary Italian philosophy. It is called “s.” because the concept of “spirit” (v.) is essential…
Christian Workers of Saint Joseph Calasanz(OPERAI CRISTIANI DI SAN GIUSEPPE CALASANZIO)Vol. IX, p. 119 CHRISTIAN WORKERS OF SAINT JOSEPH CALASANZIO. – Religious congregation founded in Vienna in 1889 by Fr. Antonio Maria Schwartz and approved by the Holy See in…
Christian, Archbishop of Mainz(CRISTIANO, ARCIVESCOVO DI MAGONZA)Vol. IV, p. 540 CHRISTIAN, archbishop of MAINZ. - Born around 1130 into a comital family of Thuringia. Early distinguished himself for military prowess, knowledge of…
Christianity(CRISTIANESIMO)Vol. IV, p. 529 CHRISTIANITY. - The religion founded by Jesus Christ. SUMMARY: I. Time and expansion. - II. Value and characteristics. - III. Vitality in history. - IV.…
Christians (Christian Church)(CRISTIANI (CHIESA CRISTIANA))Vol. IV, p. 538 CRISTIANI (CHIESA CRISTIANA). — A Protestant denomination, it is the result of three small, nearly simultaneous religious movements that arose in the United…
Christina of Aquila, Blessed(CRISTINA DA AQUILA, BEATA)Vol. IV, p. 542 CRISTINA da AQUILA, blessed. — Augustinian mystic, in the world Mattia di Ciccarelli, born at Colle di Lucoli on 24 February 1480, died at L'Aquila on 18…
Christina Of Spoleto, Blessed(CRISTINA DA SPOLETO, BEATA)Vol. IV, p. 542 CRISTINA da SPOLETO, Blessed. — Agostina Camozzi, born at Porlezza at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Married before she was twenty and widowed shortly…
Christina Of Stommeln, Saint(CRISTINA DA STOMMELN, SANTA)Vol. IV, p. 542 CRISTINA da STOMMELN, saint. — Born in 1242 at Stommeln near Cologne, died there on 6 Nov. 1312. Her life up to 1286 was written by the Swedish Dominican…
Christina, Queen of Sweden(CRISTINA, REGINA DI SVEZIA)Vol. IV, p. 542 CRISTINA, queen of SVEZIA. — Daughter of Gustavo Adolfo and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, born in Stockholm on 8 December 1626, died in Rome on 19 April 1689.…
Christina, Saint(CRISTINA, SANTA)Vol. IV, p. 541 CRISTINA, saint. — Her name occurs in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 24 July, with the topographical designation: « in civitate Tyro », repeated in not a few…
Christmas(NATALE)Vol. VIII, p. 988 NATALE. – Feast of the birth of the Lord, celebrated on 25 December. I. THE DESIGNATION. – The typically Roman designation is Natale or Natalis Domini, from…
Christopher Of Verucchio(CRISTOFORO DA VERUCCHIO)Vol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOFORO da VERUCCHIO. - Capuchin preacher and writer of the province of Bologna, formerly a Conventual Minor, born at Verucchio (Forlì), died about 1620.…
Christopher, Antipope(CRISTOFORO, ANTIPAPA)Vol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOFORO, ANTIPOPE. — A Roman, son of Leone and priest of the titular church of S. Damaso, rose up against Leone V and, having seized him, had him imprisoned…
Christopher, Primicerius(CRISTOFORO, PRIMICERIO)Vol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOFORO, primicerius. - A highly important figure in Roman history during the second half of the 8th century. Adviser to Stefano II and inspirer of the…
Christopher, Saint, Martyr(CRISTOFORO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. IV, p. 545 CRISTOFORO, saint, martyr. — Venerated by the Greeks on 9 May; by the Latins on 25 July. The information concerning his life and martyrdom is uncertain and…
Christos PáschonVol. III, p. 913 CHRISTOS PÁSCHON. – In Latin Christus Patiens, this is a bizarre cento of tragic motifs concerning the Passion of Jesus, attributed as early as the time of St.…
Chrodegang Of Metz, Saint(CRODEGANDO (CRODEGANDO) DI METZ, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 594 CRODEGANDO (CRODEGANDO) of METZ, saint. - Born at the beginning of the 8th century into a noble family of Brabant. In 742 Pipino appointed him bishop of Metz,…
Chromatius, Saint(CROMAZIO, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 595 CROMAZIO, saint. — He belonged to the clergy of Aquileia as a priest under Bishop Valerian (369–388), and together with Eliodorus, later bishop of Altinum, was…
Chromosome(CROMOSOMA)Vol. IV, p. 595 CROMOSOME. — Characteristic formations that resolve from the nuclear substances of animal and plant cells when these enter reproductive activity. Whereas the…
Chronichetta Mensuale(CRONICHETTA MENSUALE)Vol. IV, p. 597 CRONICHETTA MENSUALE. - A distinctive scientific and popularizing periodical published in Roma from 1 Oct. 1866 to 1895 and edited successively by three…
Chronicle of Arbela(CRONACA DI ARBELA)Vol. IV, p. 597 CRONACA di ARBELA: v. ARBELA.
Chronicle of Edessa(CRONACA DI EDESSA)Vol. IV, p. 597 CRONACA di EDESSA: v. EDESSA.
Chronicle, Simone del Pollaiolo, detto Il(CRONACA, SIMONE DEL POLLAIOLO, DETTO IL)Vol. IV, p. 597 CRONACA, SIMONE del POLLAIOLO, called il. - Architect, b. in Florence in 1457, d. there in 1508. His art belongs to the transitional moment from the…
Chronicles, Books of the(CRONACHE, LIBRI DELLE)Vol. IV, p. 597 CHRONICLES, BOOKS of: v. PARALIPOMENON, BOOKS of.
Chronicon PaschaleVol. III, p. 913 CHRONICON PASCHALE. – An anonymous Byzantine chronicle of the 7th century, with a predominant interest in chronology. It was commonly called paschal because of…
Chronique Sociale de FranceVol. III, p. 914 CHRONIQUE SOCIALE DE FRANCE. — Monthly journal of study and action and organ of the « Semaine sociale de France ». Founded in Lyon in 1893 by Victor Berne and…
Chronogram(CRONOGRAMMA)Vol. IV, p. 599 CRONOGRAMMA. – From the Greek χρόνος and γράμμα, an inscription in prose or verse in which all the letters corresponding to Roman numerals are intended to…
Chronographer of the Year 354(CRONOGRAFO DELL'A. 354)Vol. IV, p. 598 CRONOGRAFO of the year 354 – Winged Victory in the act of writing on a shield a wish for prosperity to the recipient of the codex.
Chronology(CRONOLOGIA)Vol. IV, p. 599 CHRONOLOGY. — The study of historical sources (chronicles and documents) requires the historian and the diplomatist to verify the date given by the document or…
ChronosVol. III, p. 914 CHRONOS. – He is the personification of time among the ancient Greeks. He had no importance either in mythology or in worship; he was instead exploited by…
Chronos(CRONO)Vol. IV, p. 598 CRONO. — Greek god, for some pre-Hellenic, or originating in Asia Minor, where he would have to be identified with Baal; but every hypothesis concerning his…
Chronotope(CRONOTOPO)Vol. IV, p. 604 CRONOTOPO. — This word denotes the union of space and time, conceived together as a single environment in which all material entities are located; modern…
Chrysanthus and Daria, Saints, Martyrs(CRISANTO E DARIA, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. IV, p. 518 CRISANTO and DARIA, saints, martyrs. — They appear to have been killed during the 3rd century or at the beginning of the 4th. Their Passio (BHL, 1787) makes D.…
Chrysippus of Jerusalem(CRISIPPO DI GERUSALEMME)Vol. IV, p. 523 CRISIPPO di GERUSALEMME. — Priest of Jerusalem of the 5th century, distinguished writer and orator, b. before 409, d. in 479. A native of Cappadocia, C. went…
Chrysostom of Saint-Lô(CRISOSTOMO DI SAINT-LÔ)Vol. IV, p. 524 CRISOSTOMO di SAINT-LÔ : v. GIOVANNI CRISOSTOMO DI SAINT-LÔ.
Chrysostom, John, Saint(CRISOSTOMO, GIOVANNI, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 524 CRISOSTOMO, GIOVANNI, saint: v. GIOVANNI CRISOSTOMO, saint.
Chrétien (Chrestien) de TroyesVol. III, p. 907 CHRÉTIEN (CHRESTIEN) de TROYES. – Little biographical information is available concerning this famous courtly poet, who lived at the court of Champagne and…
Chthonic Deities(CTONICHE, DIVINITÀ)Vol. IV, p. 610 CTONIC DEITIES. — The epithet chthonic was given in Greek religion to numerous deities who, in contrast to the Olympian gods inhabiting the heavens, lived…
Chumati, Diocese of(CHUMATIEN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 914 CHUMATIEN, DIOCESE of. - In China, in the central part of the civil province of Honan. It was erected as an apostolic prefecture on 2 March 1933 with 4…
Chungking, Archdiocese of(CHUNGKING, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 914 CHUNGKING, ARCHDIOCESE of. - It is situated in the south-eastern part of the civil province of Szechwan (China); it originated on 2 Apr. 1856 and was called…
Chur, Diocese of(CHUR, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 914 CHUR, DIOCESI di: v. COIRA, DIOCESI di.
Chur, Diocese of(COIRA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1129 COIRA, DIOCESE of. – City of Switzerland (Latin Curia Rhaetorum, Romansh Cuera, French Coire, German Chur), capital of the Canton of Grisons. Of ancient…
Church(CHIESA)Vol. III, p. 840 CHURCH. - "It is the community of all the faithful, united by the profession of the same faith, by participation in the same Sacraments, under the authority of…
Church of Christ(CHIESA DI CRISTO)Vol. III, p. 885 CHURCH OF CHRIST. - Under this name are included two Protestant sects, namely: 1) C. di C. Scientista, better known by the name of Christian Science, founded…
Church of England(CHIESA D'INGHILTERRA)Vol. III, p. 886 CHIESA D'INGHILTERRA: v. ANGLICANESIMO.
Church of God(CHIESA DI DIO)Vol. III, p. 886 CHIESA DI DIO. — Under this name (Church of God) several Protestant sects are known. 1) C. d. D. (reform movement), founded by S. Warner in 1880 in the State…
Church State(CHIESA, STATO DELLA)Vol. III, p. 886 CHURCH, STATE OF THE: v. STATO PONTIFICIO.
Churinga (Tjurunga)(CIURINGA (CHURINGA, TJURUNGA))Vol. III, p. 1020 CIURINGA (CHURINGA, TJURUNGA). — A term designating certain sacred objects of wood or stone, on which totemic motifs are engraved or painted, used by the…
ChusVol. III, p. 914 CHUS. - A geographical term (Heb. Kúf), fairly frequent in the Bible. In Gen. 2:13 the land traversed by the river Gihon is called C. This text, like that…
Chusa (Chouzē)(CHUSA (ΧΟΥΖΈ))Vol. III, p. 914 CHUSA (Χουζέ). — A high-ranking dignitary of Herod Antipas (v. ANTIPA JULIUS HERODES), mentioned by Lk. 8:3, where ἐπίτροπος means something like “prime…
Chusai (Heb. Ḥúšaj)(CHUSAI (EBR. ḤÚŠAJ))Vol. III, p. 914 CHUSAI (Heb. Ḥúšaj). — An Arachite (II Sam. 14:32; 17:5, 14), friend and intimate counselor of David (II Sam. 15:37; 16:16), in whom he enjoyed full confidence…
Chusan Rasathaim (Heb. Kūfan Rīš'āthajim)(CHUSAN RASATHAIM (EBR. KŪFAN RĪŠ'ĀTHAJIM))Vol. III, p. 915 CHUSAN RASATHAIM (Hebr. Kūfan Rīš'āthajim). — King, according to the Vulgate, of Mesopotamia and Syria (Iudc. 3:8, 10). The Hebrew text calls him king of ’Āram…
Châlons-sur-Marne, Diocese of(CHÂLONS-SUR-MARNE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 802 CHÂLONS-SUR-MARNE, DIOCESE of. — City and department of the Marne, in Champagne, suffragan of Reims. Formed by a vast plain watered by the Marne, the region of…
Châtillon de Coligny, Odet deVol. III, p. 815 CHÂTILLON de COLIGNY, ODET de. - Cardinal, b. at Châtillon in 1523, of one of the foremost families of France, d. at Canterbury in 1568. At the age of eleven…
Chérot, HenriVol. III, p. 821 CHÉROT, HENRI. – Jesuit, born in Sens on 4 February 1856, died in Montana (Switzerland) on 25 June 1906. He entered the Society in 1875, took a degree in…
Chézard de Matel, JeanneVol. III, p. 825 CHÉZARD de MATEL, JEANNE. - French mystic of Roanne, b. 6 Nov. 1596, d. 11 Sept. 1670, foundress of the Congregation of the Incarnate Word and of the Most Holy…
Ciacchi, LuigiVol. III, p. 915 CIACCHI, LUIGI. — Cardinal, born at Pesaro on 16 August 1788, died at Rome on 17 December 1865. Having arrived in Rome at a young age, he pursued a prelatical…
Ciaccio, GiuseppeVol. III, p. 915 CIACCIO, GIUSEPPE. – Italian physician and histologist (1824–1901), professor at the University of Bologna, known for his studies of the electric organ of the…
Ciaconio (Chacón), PedroVol. III, p. 915 CIACONIO (CHACÓN), PEDRO. – Spanish theologian and humanist, born in Toledo in 1527, died in Rome in 1581, where he resided for a long time. Gregory XIII…
Ciaconio, AlfonsoVol. III, p. 915 CIACONIO, ALFONSO: v. CHACÓN ALONSO.
Cialdi, AlessandroVol. III, p. 915 CIALDI, ALESSANDRO. — Navigator and scholar of hydraulic and nautical sciences, pontifical naval officer, born in Civitavecchia on 9 April 1807, died in Rome…
Ciamcian, MicheleVol. III, p. 916 CIAMCIAN, MICHELE. - Armenian Mekhitarist monk of Venice, born in Constantinople in 1738, died there in 1823. An eminent figure of a learned orientalist,…
Ciampi, Lecrezio Vincenzo(CIAMPI, LECRENZIO VINCENZO)Vol. III, p. 916 CIAMPI, LECRENZIO VINCENZO. — Musician from Piacenza, born in 1719, he studied in Piacenza with the maestro di cappella Rondini, went to Naples (perhaps a…
Ciampi, SebastianoVol. III, p. 916 CIAMPI, SEBASTIANO. - Priest, b. at Pistoia on 31 Oct. 1769, d. at Firenze on 14 Dec. 1847. Professor of ancient literatures at the University of Firenze, then…
Ciampini, Giovanni GiustinoVol. III, p. 917 CIAMPINI, GIOVANNI GIUSTINO. — Born in Rome on 13 April 1633, died there on 12 July 1698. A skilled jurist, he subsequently held highly important offices in…
Ciampoli, GiovanniVol. III, p. 917 CIAMPOLI, GIOVANNI. - Man of letters, born in Firenze in 1589, died at Iesi on 8 September 1643. He began his studies with the Jesuits and the Dominicans.…
Ciantes, Giuseppe-MariaVol. III, p. 917 CIANTES, GIUSEPPE-MARIA. - Dominican bishop, Hebraist, and theologian, b. in Rome in 1620, d. there on 24 Feb. 1670. He belonged to the convent of S. Maria…
Ciasca, AgostinoVol. III, p. 917 CIASCA, AGOSTINO. - Augustinian cardinal, born at Polignano a mare (Bari) on 7 May 1835, died on 6 Feb. 1902. A learned orientalist, he took part in the…
Ciassare (In the inscription of Bisutūn, Huwahītra = «Of Good Development»)(CIASSARE (NELL'ISCRIZIONE DI BISUTÚN, HUWAHÍTRA = « DI BUONO SVILUPPO »))Vol. III, p. 918 CIASSARE (in the Bisutun inscription, Huwahítra = “of good development”). — King of the Medes (635?–584), son of Fraortes, who had died fighting against the…
Cibo, Family(CIBO, FAMIGLIA)Vol. III, p. 919 CIBO, FAMIGLIA. — Noble Genoese family. It began to attract notice in the first half of the 15th century with ARANO C., who served the Aragonese of Naples and…
Ciborium(CIBORIO)Vol. III, p. 920 CIBORIO. — From the Greek κιβώριον, also called fastigium, tegurium, and in the Middle Ages tiburium. It was an arched covering supported by four columns,…
Cicatelli, SanzioVol. III, p. 922 CICATELLI, SANZIO. - Born in Napoli in 1570, died there on 29 June 1627. Received at the age of nineteen by Camillo de Lellis (v.) into his Company, founded in…
Ciccione, AndreaVol. III, p. 922 CICCIONE, ANDREA: v. ANDREÀ da NOFRI.
Ciceri, AlessandroVol. III, p. 922 CICERI, ALESSANDRO. - Jesuit missionary, b. at Como on 27 May 1639; he entered the novitiate in 1655 and left for India in 1674. He was visitor of the…
Cicero, Marcus Tullius(CICERONE, MARCO TULLIO)Vol. III, p. 922 CICERONE, MARCO TULLIO. – Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher, born on 3 January 106 B.C. at Arpino, died at the hands of Antony’s assassins near Gaeta on…
Cicogna, Emanuele AntonioVol. III, p. 924 CICOGNA, EMANUELE ANTONIO. - The foremost scholar and bibliophile of his time, born in Venezia in 1789, he studied at the College for Nobles run by the…
Cicognini, Iacopo(CICOGNINI, IACOPD)Vol. III, p. 925 CICOGNINI, IACOPD. - Writer, b. at Castrocaro in 1557, d. at Firenze in 1633. Having graduated in law at Pisa in 1600, he attempted many occupations in life,…
Ciconia, IohannesVol. III, p. 925 CICONIA, IOHANNES. – Musician and theorist, poet and singer, a Paduan canon but originally from Liège, he was, rather than a purely eclectic composer, the most…
CidVol. III, p. 925 CID. — By this name (Arabic sajjid = lord), bestowed upon him by the vanquished enemy, history consecrates Rodrigo Díaz de Bivar, the Castilian hero in whom…
Cidone (Cidonius, Kydones)(CIDONE (CIDONIO, KYDONES))Vol. III, p. 926 CIDONE (CIDONIO, Kydones). — I. DEMETRIO. — He was a Greek politician, man of letters, and theologian of the fourteenth century, born in Thessalonica (c. 1324)…
Cienfuegos, Diocese of(CIENFUEGOS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 934 CIENFUEGOS, DIOCESE of. - A city of the Republic of Cuba in the Antilles, and the seat of a diocese, suffragan to Santiago de Cuba (v.), which comprises the…
Cienfuegos, ÁlvarezVol. III, p. 934 CIENFUEGOS, ÁLVAREZ. - Celebrated Spanish Jesuit theologian, bishop, and cardinal, b. at Oviedo (Asturias) on 27 Feb. 1657, d. at Rome on 19 Aug. 1739. Having…
Cieplak, Jan FeliksVol. III, p. 934 CIEPLAK, JAN FELIKS. - Polish bishop, born at Dombrowa (diocese of Kielce) on 17 Aug. 1857, died at Passaic, near New York, on 17 Feb. 1926. Professor at the…
Cigoli, Cardi Ludovico detto IlVol. III, p. 935 CIGOLI, CARDI LUDOVICO known as il. - Painter, architect, and sculptor, b. at Cigoli (S. Miniato), 21 Sept. 1559; d. at Rome, 8 June 1613. A pupil of…
CiliciaVol. III, p. 937 CILICIA. – A vast region in the southeastern corner of Asia Minor. The long chain of the Taurus, with the high peak of Bulgar Dağ (3500 m), separates it to the…
Cilicia of the Armenians(CILICIA DEGLI ARMENI)Vol. III, p. 938 CILICIA degli ARMENI. — Catholic patriarchate since 26 November 1742, when Benedict XIV confirmed Apraham Artzineam, a Catholic bishop elected katholikâ of Sis…
Cima da ConeglianoVol. III, p. 939 CIMA da CONEGLIANO. - Painter, born at Conegliano between 1459 and 1460 and died there in 1517-18. In 1492 he settled in Venice, where he remained for almost…
CimabueVol. III, p. 939 CIMABUE. - Cenni di Pepo known as C., painter (from P. Mornand, Le visage du Christ, Paris 1570) CIMABUE - Jesus Christ - New York, Duween coll. Florentine,…
Cimarosa, DomenicoVol. III, p. 940 <<<TRANSLATE>>> CIMAROSA, DOMENICO – Italian opera composer of the 18th century, born in Aversa in 1749. He studied in Naples with the organist P. Polcabo and…
Cimbebasia Inferiore, Apostolic Vicariate of(CIMBEBASIA INFERIORE, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. III, p. 943 CIMBEBASIA INFERIORE, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO di: v. WINDROCK, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO di.
Cimbebasia Superiore, Diocese of(CIMBEBASIA SUPERIORE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 943 CIMBEBASIA SUPERIORE, DIOCESI di: v. SILVA PORTO, DIOCESI di.
Cimitero dei Giordani(GIORDANI, CIMITERO DEI)Vol. VI, p. 276 GIORDANI, CIMITERO dei. — On the Via Salaria nuova. Nothing certain can be said about the plural form of the name of this cemetery, which has led some to think…
Cincinnati, Archdiocese of(CINCINNATI, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 976 CINCINNATI, ARCIDIOCESI of. — City in the State of Ohio in the United States and seat of a metropolitan archdiocese comprising a territory of approximately…
Cinematics(CINEMATICA)Vol. III, p. 976 CINEMATICA : v. MECCANICA.
Cinematograph(CINEMATOGRAFO)Vol. III, p. 976 CINEMATOGRAFO. — I. MORALITY AND PEDAGOGY. — Having appeared only in 1895, the c. quickly succeeded in rising to a true artistic stature, moving from silent…
Cingoli, Diocese of(CINGOLI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 979 CINGOLI, DIOCESI di: v. OSIMO, DIOCESI di.
Cingulum(CINGOLO)Vol. III, p. 979 CINGOLO. - From the secular use of a belt to keep the tunic fastened around the hips arose the sacred garment in the form of a cord, with two tassels at the…
Cini, Adelaide, Venerable(CINI, ADELAIDE, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 979 CINI, ADELAIDE, venerable. — Born at La Valletta (Malta) on 25 October 1838, died at Hamrun (Malta) on 28 March 1885. She remained in the world, devoted to…
Cini, Giovanni, Blessed(CINI, GIOVANNI, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 980 CINI, GIOVANNI, blessed. - Of the Third Order of St. Francis, founder of a short-lived Order and of a Company of Disciplinati in Pisa, probably born in Pisa…
Cinnamon (Heb. Qinnāmōn, Greek κυνάμωμον)(CINNAMOMO (EBR. QINNĀMŌN, GRECO ΚΥΝΆΜΩ-ΜΟΝ))Vol. III, p. 981 CINNAMOMO (Hebr. qinnāmōn, Greek κυνάμω-μον). – An aromatic element of anointing oil (Ex. 30:23). It is often mentioned in enumeration with other perfumes,…
Cino da PistoiaVol. III, p. 981 CINO da PISTOIA. - C. de’ Sighibuldi, born about 1270, studied grammar in his native city and law at Bologna and in France; he was a jurist and judge at…
Cinquecento, Art of the(CINQUECENTO, ARTE DEL)Vol. III, p. 981 CINQUECENTO, ARTE del: v. RINASCIMENTO.
Cinquechiese, Diocese of(CINQUECHIESE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 981 CINQUECHIESE, DIOCESE of. — A city (called Pécs in Hungarian and Fünfkirchen in German), episcopal see and capital of the province of Baranya in Hungary. Its…
Ciocchi del Monte, Antonio Maria(CICOCCHI DEL MONTE, ANTONIO MARIA)Vol. III, p. 982 CICOCCHI DEL MONTE, ANTONIO MARIA. - Cardinal, b. at Monte S. Savino in 1461, he was auditor of the Camera and of the Rota, bishop of Città di Castello on 4…
Cioni, Giovanni Battista, Venerable(CIONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, VENERABILE)Vol. III, p. 982 CIONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, venerable. – First member of the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God, b. in Lucca on 11 Nov. 1556, in the C. palace, third-born son…
CiortiVol. III, p. 982 CIORTI: v. LAMAIEMO. C. I. P.: v. PUBBLICA OPINIONE.
Ciparissiota, GiovanniVol. III, p. 982 CIPARISSIOTA, GIOVANNI. – Byzantine writer of the 14th century, also known by the title of “the Wise.” He left two celebrated works, one of which has remained…
Cipher and Ciphering(CIFRA E CIFRARIO)Vol. III, p. 934 CIFRA e CIFRARIO: V. CRITTOGRAFIA.
Cipolla, CarloVol. III, p. 982 CIPOLLA, CARLO. – Historian, born in Verona on 26 September 1854, died on 17 January 1917. A pupil in Padua of Gloria and De Leva, in 1882 he succeeded Ercole…
Cippus(CIPPO)Vol. III, p. 983 CIPPO. - A parallelepiped of stone or marble, used either to indicate a burial and thus bearing the relevant inscription, or to mark a boundary or frontier.…
Circulation(CIRCOLAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 989 CIRCULATION. – By c. is meant that ensemble of structures and functions capable of causing a current of liquid to circulate incessantly from the surfaces of…
Circumambulation(CIRCUMAMBULAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 995 CIRCUMAMBULATION. – A rite consisting in circling around the boundaries of a piece of land, a building, or an object. This circling is performed for two…
Circumcellions(CIRCONCELLIONI)Vol. III, p. 990 CIRCONCELLIONI. – A name given in Roman Africa to groups of unemployed and unruly peasants and laborers who committed numerous acts of violence of every kind.…
Circumcised(CIRCONCISI)Vol. III, p. 991 CIRCONCISI. — Heretics of the thirteenth century, so called from their practice of the Jewish rite of circumcision. They are designated by this term in the…
Circumcision (From Lat. circumcisio, «cutting around»; Gr. περιτομή; Heb. Milāh)(CIRCONCISIONE (DAL LAT. CIRCUMCISIO, «TAGLIO INTORNO»; GR. ΠΕΡΙΤΟΜΉ; EBR. MILĀH))Vol. III, p. 991 CIRCUMCISION (from Latin circumcisio, “cutting around”; Greek περιτομή; Hebrew milāh). — Total or partial removal, or even a simple incision, of the foreskin…
Circumincession(CIRCUMINSESSIONE (CIRCUMINSESSIO, CIRCUMINCESSIO))Vol. III, p. 995 CIRCUMINSESSIONE (circuminsessio, circumincessio). — A word of Greek derivation, denoting the mutual indwelling of the three persons of the Most Holy Trinity,…
Circumstances(CIRCOSTANZE)Vol. III, p. 995 CIRCOSTANZE: v. DELITTO; MORALITÀ, fonti della; PECCATO.
Cire-Perdue Casting(GETTO (FUSIONE A CERA PERDUTA))Vol. VI, p. 196 GETTO (FUSIONE A CERA PERDUTA). — The g., or casting, is generally the operation performed in sculpture to obtain the finished work from the matrix mould,…
CirellaVol. III, p. 995 CIRELLA. - It corresponds to C. Vecchia, of which ruins remain on the Tyrrhenian coast, a little south of the mouth of the Lao. It was a city of Brutium, on…
Ciriaci, AugustoVol. III, p. 997 CIRIACI, AUGUSTO. - B. in Roma on 10 Aug. 1889, d. there on 3 Sept. 1936. He worked in the ranks of Catholic Action from his earliest years, first as an…
Ciriaco of Ancona(CIRIACO D'ANCONA)Vol. III, p. 997 CIRIACO d'ANCONA: v. PIZZICOLLI, CIRIACO dei.
Ciriaco of Antioch(CIRIACO DI ANTIOCHIA)Vol. III, p. 997 CIRIACO di ANTIOCHIA. - Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch, who lived in the eighth century. A monk in the monastery of Bizonà or “of the columns” near Callinico,…
Ciriaco, Largo and Smaragdo, Saints(CIRIACO, LARGO E SMARAGDO, SANTI)Vol. III, p. 997 CIRIACO, LARGO e SMARAGDO, santi. - At the seventh milestone of the Via Ostiense. In the Depositio Martyrum (v.) on August 8th, the entry records Ostiense VII…
Ciriaco, Patriarch of Constantinople(CIRIACO, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. III, p. 997 CIRIACO, patriarch of COSTANTINOPOLI. - He was elected to this see in 595 under the emperor Maurizio. Continuing the tradition of his predecessor Giovanni IV…
Ciriaco, VirapetziVol. III, p. 997 CIRIACO, VIRAPETZI: v. KIRAKOS VIRAPETZI.
Ciro, Katholikós(CIRIO, KATHOLIKÓS)Vol. III, p. 1007 CIRIO, KATHOLIKÓS: v. KURION KATHOLICÓS. CIRO, Greek Monophysite patriarch of ALEXANDRIA. — He lived at the beginning of the 7th century and died in Alexandria…
Cis (Heb. Qif)(CIS (EBR. QIF))Vol. III, p. 1008 CIS (Hebr. Qif). — Name of several biblical figures, the best known among them being the father of Saul (v.) of the tribe of Benjamin, who lived in Gibeah. In…
Ciseri, AntonioVol. III, p. 1008 CISERI, ANTONIO. - Painter, b. at Ronco in the canton of Ticino in 1821, d. at Florence in 1891. A pupil of Bezzuoli in Florence, whither he had moved in 1833,…
Cisneros, FranciscoVol. III, p. 1008 CISNEROS, FRANCISCO: v. XIMÉNEZ FRANCISCO de CISNEROS.
Cisneros, García deVol. III, p. 1008 CISNEROS, GARCÍA de. - Spanish Benedictine monk, born at Cisneros (León) in the second half of the 15th century. He was a cousin of the great Cardinal…
Cison (Heb. Qîšōn, "Tortuous")(CISON (EBR. QĪŠŌN, « TORTUOSO »))Vol. III, p. 1009 CISON (Hebr. Qīšōn, “winding”). - Biblical name of the torrent that rolled in its muddy whirlpools the corpses of Sisera’s army, defeated by the troops of…
CissaVol. III, p. 1009 CISSA. – This small city of Istria, situated on an island a short distance from the present-day city of Rovigno, was the seat of a purple-dye manufactory…
Cistercians (Order of Cîteaux)(CISTERCENSI (SACRO ORDINE CISTERCENSE))Vol. III, p. 1009 CISTERCIANS (SACRED CISTERCIAN ORDER). — This name derives from Cistercium (Citeaux), where on 22 March 1098 St. Roberto (v.), abbot of Molesme (1075–98),…
Citadella Vigodarzere, Andrea(CITTADELLA VIGODÄRZERE, ANDREA)Vol. III, p. 1018 CITTADELLA VIGODÄRZERE, ANDREA. - Born on 15 July 1804 in Treviso, died on 19 March 1870 in Firenze, he devoted himself to legal studies. He became acquainted…
Citation(CITAZIONE)Vol. III, p. 1016 CITATION. — In canonical procedure, citation, unlike what generally occurs in civil procedural systems (where one party often cites the other), is an order of…
Cittadella, AlfonsoVol. III, p. 1018 CITTADELLA, ALFONSO : v. LOMBARDI, FAMIGLIA.
Cittanova D'istriaVol. III, p. 1019 CITTANOVA d'ISTRIA. - A locality on the Istrian coast which arose on the site of an ancient Emonia; hence, from the Middle Ages onward, the bishopric also took…
Cittanova Dell'estuarioVol. III, p. 1019 CITTANOVA dell'ESTUARIO. – It is one of the smallest cities founded, according to Venetian traditions, when the inhabitants of Opitergium were forced to seek…
City of Life(CITTÀ DI VITA)Vol. III, p. 1019 CITTÀ DI VITA. – Bimonthly journal of religious studies and theological culture for laypeople, founded in Florence in 1946. The organ of the theological…
City of the Boys(CITTÀ DEI RAGAZZI)Vol. III, p. 1018 CITTÀ DEI RAGAZZI : v. RAGAZZI, CITTÀ DEI.
Ciudad Bolívar, Diocese of(CIUDAD BOLÍVAR, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1019 CIUDAD BOLÍVAR, DIOCESI di: v. GUAYANA, DIOCESI di.
Ciudad de Dios, LaVol. III, p. 1019 CIUDAD DE DIOS, LA. - A journal of ecclesiastical culture published by the Augustinian Hermits of Spain. Begun in Jan. 1881 under the title Revista…
Ciudad Rodrigo, Diocese of(CIUDAD RODRIGO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1019 CIUDAD RODRIGO, DIOCESI di. — A city of Spain, in the province of Salamanca and a suffragan diocese of Valladolid. It borders the diocese of Salamanca to the…
Ciudad Trujillo, Archdiocese of(CIUDAD TRUJILLO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1019 CIUDAD TRUJILLO, ARCIDIOCESI di: v. SANTO DOMINGO, CIUDAD TRUJILLO, ARCIDIOCESI di.
Ciudad Victoria, Diocese of(CIUDAD VICTORIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1019 CIUDAD VICTORIA, DIOCESI di: v. TAMAULIPAS, DIOCESI di.
Ciudadela, Diocese of(CIUDADELA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 1019 CIUDADELA, DIOCESI di: v. MINORCA, DIOCESI di.
Ciuffagni, Bernardo di Piero di BartolomeoVol. III, p. 1019 CIUFFAGNI, BERNARDO di PIERO DI BARTOLOMEO. - Sculptor, born in Firenze in 1381, died there in 1457. An assistant to Ghiberti on the second door of the…
Cividale Del FriuliVol. III, p. 1020 CIVIDALE DEL FRIULI. – Roman remains and, in particular, inscriptions (which do not seem to have been transported from elsewhere) speak of a community under…
Civil Constitution of the Clergy(COSTITUZIONE CIVILE DEL CLERO)Vol. IV, p. 461 COSTITUZIONE CIVILE DEL CLERO: v. RIVOLUZIONE FRANCESE.
Civil Marriage(MATRIMONIO CIVILE)Vol. VIII, p. 296 CIVIL MARRIAGE. — 1. Definition and various types. — Civil marriage is that contracted before the civil official and in accordance with civil law. After the…
