Confessor(CONFESSORE)Vol. IV, p. 161 CONFESSORE – Inscription recalling the “confessor” Quirino Maggiore, commemorated on 10 May in the Martirologia geronimiana (5th century) – Rome, cemetery of…
Confirmation(CONFERMA)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFERMA: v. PROVVISTA CANONICA.
Confirmation(CONFERMAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 149 CONFERMAZIONE: v. CRESIMA.
Confirmation(CRESIMA)Vol. IV, p. 502 CONFIRMATION. It is the term commonly used in Italy to denote the sacrament of Confirmation. SUMMARY: I. Dogmatic theology of C. — II. Moral theology and canon…
Confiscation of Ecclesiastical Goods(CONFISCA DEI BENI ECCLESIASTICI)Vol. IV, p. 164 CONFISCA DEI BENI ECCLESIASTICI: v. SECOLARIZZAZIONE; USURPAZIONE.
ConfiteorVol. IV, p. 164 « CONFITEOR ». — Formula of the general confession of sins in the Latin liturgy, whose origin goes back to the custom of priests confessing their own…
Conforti, Giovanni FrancescoVol. IV, p. 164 CONFORTI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO. — Theologian, born at Calvanico on 7 January 1743. Ordained a priest, he went to Naples, where he published De variate religionis…
Conforti, Guido MariaVol. IV, p. 164 CONFORTI, GUIDO MARIA. - Bishop, b. at Ravadese (Parma) on March 30, 1865, d. at Parma on Nov. 5, 1931. He completed his studies in Parma, always ranking first…
Confraternity(CONFRATERNITA)Vol. IV, p. 167 CONFRATERNITA. — An ecclesiastical corporation composed predominantly of lay faithful, canonically erected and governed by a competent superior, with the aim…
Confucianism(CONFUCIANESIMO)Vol. IV, p. 170 CONFUCIANISM. — This is the name given to the entire body of religious, ethical, and political doctrines that Confucius (v.) gathered from antiquity,…
Confucius(CONFUCI)Vol. IV, p. 173 CONFUCI. — Italianized form, from the Chinese Ccomfuze [K'ung Fu-tzu], meaning “The Master (or the Philosopher) Ccom,” subsequently adopted by almost all…
Congregation of Ancona(ANCONA, CONGREGAZIONE DI)Vol. I, p. 720 ANCONA, CONGREGAZIONE di: v. CONGREGA- ZIONI PONTIFICIE.
Congregation of Benedictine Virgins(VERGINIANI, CONGREGAZIONE BENEDETTINA DEI)Vol. XII, p. 810 VERGINIANI, CONGREGAZIONE BENEDETTINA dei. – Founded at Montevergine (v.) by s. Guglielmo da Vercelli (v.), between 1114 and 1126. At the death of the founder…
Congregation of Cistercians of Casamari(CASAMARI, CONGREGAZIONE CISTERCENSE DI)Vol. III, p. 567 CASAMARI, CISTERCIAN CONGREGATION of. – Cistercian abbey in the diocese of Veroli, in a locality called Cerate, traditionally the birthplace of Gaius Marius,…
Congregation of Jesus and Mary (Eudists)(CONGREGAZIONE DI GESÙ E MARIA (EUDISTI))Vol. IV, p. 188 CONGREGAZIONE DI GESÙ E MARIA (EUDISTI). — Founded in the seventeenth century by St Giovanni CONGR. DI GESÙ E MARIA - CONGREGAZIONE DI S. PAOLO Eudes (v.),…
Congregation of Our Lady(CONGREGAZIONE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA)Vol. IV, p. 189 Congregation of Our Lady Founded at Montreal, in Canada, in 1618 by the Venerable Marguerite Bourgeoys (q.v.) for the instruction and education of youth.…
Congregation of Priests of the Schools of Charity(CONGREGAZIONE DEI SACERDOTI DELLE SCUOLE DI CARITÀ)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGATION OF THE PRIESTS OF THE SCHOOLS OF CHARITY. – It was founded in Venice in 1802 by the priest brothers Marcantonio and Antonio Angelo Crvanis (v.) to…
Congregation of S.(CONGREGAZIONE DI S)Vol. IV, p. 190 new C. under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See. The founder nevertheless mitigated the external severities. Other, graver persecutions followed in the…
Congregation of Saint Paul(CONGREGAZIONE DI S. PAOLO)Vol. IV, p. 190 CONGREGATION OF S. PAOLO – General house – Rome. Arona, soon abandoned. Then, almost simultaneously, boarding schools for the nobility were opened in Milan and…
Congregation of Saint Paul (Barnabites)(CONGREGAZIONE DI SAN PAOLO (BARNABITI))Vol. IV, p. 189 CONGREGATION OF ST PAUL (BARNABITES) Founded in 1530 in Milan by St Antony Mary Zaccaria (v.) together with Giacomo Morigia and Bartolomeo Ferrari, Milanese…
Congregation of the Body of Christ(CONGREGAZIONE DEL CORPO DI CRISTO)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGATION OF THE BODY OF CHRIST. — Monastic institute founded in 1328 by Bl. Andrea di Paolo (d. ca. 1345), marquis of Torre Andrea (near Assisi), who,…
Congregation of the Holy Cross(CONGREGAZIONE DI SANTA CROCE)Vol. IV, p. 191 CONGREGATION OF SANTA CROCE. In 1820, Giacomo Francesco Dujarié, parish priest of Ruillé-sur-Loir (Sarthe), founded, under the name «Brothers of St Joseph», an…
Congregation of the Holy Cross of Saint Quentin(CONGREGAZIONE DELLA SANTA CROCE DI SAN QUENTIN)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY CROSS OF SAN QUENTIN. — It originated in 1622 at Amiens through the work of Cristoforo Belliot, vicar general of Amiens, with the…
Congregation of the Holy Family of Nazareth(CONGREGAZIONE DELLA SACRA FAMIGLIA DI NAZARET)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY FAMILY OF NAZARETH. — It was founded in 1886 in Brescia by the pious priest Giovanni Piamarta (b. 1841, d. 1913) for the Christian…
Congregation of the Holy Spirit(CONGREGAZIONE DELLO SPIRITO SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGAZIONE DELLO SPIRITO SANTO. – It was founded in Paris on 20 May 1703 by Claudio Francesco Poullart des Places. While still a layman, he came to the aid…
Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Missionaries of Scheut)(CONGREGAZIONE DEL CUORE IMMACOLATO DI MARIA (MISSIONARI DI SCHEUT))Vol. IV, p. 182 CONGREGATION OF THE IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY (MISSIONARIES OF SCHEUT). – Founded in 1862 by Fr. Teofilo Verbist at Scheut, a suburb of Brussels, with the…
Congregation of the Mission(CONGREGAZIONE DELLA MISSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 182 CONGREGAZIONE DELLA MISSIONE. – A congregation of secular priests with private and perpetual vows, founded in Paris by S. Vincenzo de' Paoli in 1625. In France…
Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer(CONGREGAZIONE DEL S.MO REDENTORE)Vol. IV, p. 187 CONGREGATION OF THE MOST HOLY REDEEMER. — It was founded at Scala near Amalfi by St. Alfonso M. de' Liguori (v.), on 9 November 1732, for preaching missions to…
Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary(CONGREGAZIONE DEI CUORI DI GESÙ E MARIA)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGATION OF THE HEARTS OF JESUS AND MARY. — It originated in Lanciano, in Abruzzo, in 1880, at the initiative of Rev. Lorenzo Lisio and Maria Domenica…
Congregation of the Sacred Hearts(CONGREGAZIONE DEI SACRI CUORI)Vol. IV, p. 181 CONGREGAZIONE DEI SACRI CUORI. — A women’s institute founded at Poitiers in 1797 through the work of the priest Pietro Coudrin and Countess Enrichetta Aymer de…
Congregation of Waters and Roads(ACQUE E STRADE, CONGREGAZIONE DELLE)Vol. I, p. 172 ACQUE e STRADE, CONGREGAZIONE DELLE: V. CONGREGAZIONI PONTIFICIE.
Congregationalists(CONGREGAZIONALISTI)Vol. IV, p. 179 CONGREGATIONALISTS. – Designation of Protestants who profess absolute independence from every community (congregation) of the faithful. The pseudo-Reformation…
CongruaVol. IV, p. 219 CONGRUA. — Under the name c. or portio congrua, canonists designate that amount of income considered necessary for the dignified support of a beneficiary (v.…
Congruism(CONGRUISMO)Vol. IV, p. 220 CONGRUISMO. — The name of this theological system derives from s. Agostino, who, in bk. I of De diversis quaestionibus ad Simplicianum, explaining how…
ConimbricensesVol. IV, p. 221 CONIMBRICENSES. - This is the name given to those Jesuits, professors of philosophy at the University of Coimbra, who, between the final years of the sixteenth…
Conjugicide(CONIUGICIDIO)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONIUGICIDIO: v. CRIMINE.
Connection(CONNESSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONNESSIONE (CONTINENTIA CAUSARUM): v. COMPETENZA.
Conon, Bishop of Tarsus(CONONE, VESCOVO DI TARSO)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONONE, bishop of TARSO. – Heretic of the sixth century. Beginning from Monophysitism, he followed the doctrines of Giovanni Filopono of Alexandria, which led…
Conon, Pope(CONONE, PAPA)Vol. IV, p. 223 CONONE, POPE. - When Giovanni V died in Aug. 686, the Romans found themselves divided over the election of his successor: the clergy wanted the archpriest…
Conopeum(CONOPEO)Vol. IV, p. 224 CONOPEUM. – A veil that covers the Tabernacle: v. TABERNACOLO. BIBL.: See the bibliography under TABERNACOLO.
Conrad Confalonieri of Piacenza, Saint(CORRADO CONFALONIERI DI PIACENZA, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 376 CORRADO CONFALONIERI of PIACENZA, saint. - Hermit and Franciscan tertiary, b. in 1290, d. 19 Feb. 1351. Devoted to hunting in his youth, one day he set fire to…
Conrad I, King of the East Franks(CORRADO I, RE DEI FRANCHI ORIENTALI)Vol. IV, p. 372 CORRADO I, king of the EAST FRANKS. - He lived in the 9th-10th centuries. When the eastern line of the Carolingians became extinct with Ludovico il Fanciullo…
Conrad II, Emperor, Known as the Salic(CORRADO II, IMPERATORE, DETTO IL SALICO)Vol. IV, p. 373 CORRADO II, EMPEROR, called the SALIAN. — When the Saxon dynasty died out with Enrico II in 1024, the choice fell upon the Frankish-Rhenish count C., who, born…
Conrad III, Emperor(CORRADO III, IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 373 CORRADO III, EMPEROR. — Duke of Franconia, nephew of Henry V and brother of Frederick of Swabia, representative of the Salian tradition and party, which the…
Conrad IV, Emperor(CORRADO IV, IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO IV, IMPERATORE. — Born at Andria in 1228 from the marriage of Federico II with Iolanda di Brienne, heiress to the kingdom of Jerusalem, he was…
Conrad of Gelnhausen(CORRADO DI GELNHAUSEN)Vol. IV, p. 372 CORRADO di GELNHAUSEN. — Theologian and canonist, born in the Palatinate around 1320 to a family of modest means, died at Heidelberg on 13 April 1390. He…
Conrad of Halberstadt(CORRADO DI HALBERSTADT)Vol. IV, p. 373 CORRADO di HALBERSTADT. — Name of two Dominican writers on theological and historical subjects, of whom neither the year of birth nor that of death is known,…
Conrad of Marburg(CORRADO DI MARBURGO)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO of MARBURGO. — A celebrated inquisitor, born in Marburgo (Assia), and a member of the secular clergy of the diocese of Magonza. Called magister by his…
Conrad of Megenberg(CORRADO DI MEGENBERG (DE MONTE PUELLARUM))Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO di MEGENBERG (de Monte Puellarum). – German canon, theologian, historian, jurist, and polemicist, born probably at Mainsberg ca. 1308–10, died at…
Conrad of Offida, Blessed(CORRADO DA OFFIDA, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO da OFFIDA, blessed. - He was a Franciscan who renewed the characteristic figures of the friars of the Fioretti. Born in Offida in 1237, he entered the…
Conrad of Parzham, Saint(CORRADO DA PARZHAM, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO da PARZHAM, saint. - Capuchin lay brother of the Bavarian province, Giovanni Biradorfer in the world, b. 22 Dec. 1818, d. 21 Apr. 1894. After his…
Conrad of Prussia(CORRADO DI PRUSSIA)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di PRUSSIA. — In the world C. de Grossis, a Dominican; born perhaps in Bruxelles, but more probably in Prussia, died on 10 March 1426 at…
Conrad of Rodenberg(CORRADO DI RODENBERG)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di RODENBERG. - Benedictine abbot, also known by the name of C. Barscerier, born at Rodenberg in an unknown year; died at Rheingau on 15 Dec. 1486. He…
Conrad of Saxony(CORRADO DI SASSONIA (HOLZINGER, HOLTHNIKER, HOLTZUHLER))Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di SASSONIA (Holzinger, Holthniker, Holtzuhler). — Franciscan, preacher, and ascetical writer, born at Braunschweig, probably at the beginning of the…
Conrad of Urach(CORRADO DI URACH)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di URACH: v. CORRADO di ZÄHRINGEN.
Conrad of Waldhausen(CORRADO DI WALDHAUSEN (C. D'AUSTRIA))Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di WALDHAUSEN (C. d'AUSTRIA). - Regular canon, born in Upper Austria certainly before 1320, died in Prague on 8 Dec. 1369. He was a canon at…
Conrad of Wittelsbach(CORRADO DI WITTELSBACH)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO di WITTELSBACH. - One of the most eminent figures of the German episcopate of the 12th century, b. c. 1130 to Ottone V of Scheyern-Wittelsbach, of the…
Conrad of Zähringen, Blessed(CORRADO DI ZÄHRINGEN, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 376 CORRADO of ZÄHRINGEN, blessed. - A Cistercian, cardinal, also called of Urach (because he was the son of Count Egino IV), born in the last quarter of the 12th…
Conrad the Priest(CORRADO IL PRETE)Vol. IV, p. 375 CORRADO il PRETE: v. KAISERCHRONIK.
Conrad V, Emperor(CORRADO V, IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 374 CORRADO V, IMPERATORE: v. CORRADINO di SVEVIA.
Conradin of Swabia(CORRADINO DI SVEVIA)Vol. IV, p. 371 CORRADINO di SVEVIA. - B. at the castle of Wolfstein, near Landshut (Niederbayern), on 25 March 1252; d. at Naples on 29 Oct. 1268. The last descendant of the…
Conradus, LagusVol. IV, p. 238 CONRADUS, LAGUS. – German jurist, died on 7 November 1546; he taught at various German universities. He wrote a treatise entitled Iuris circusque traditio…
Conry (Conrius), FlorentVol. IV, p. 238 CONRY (CONRIUS), FLORENT. - Franciscan theologian, b. in Ireland (Connaught) in 1560, d. at Madrid on 16 Nov. 1629. He entered the Reformed Friars Minor.…
Consalvi, ErcoleVol. IV, p. 239 CONSALVI, ERCOLE. – Cardinal, born in Rome on 7 June 1757, died at Anzio on 24 January 1824. He studied at the seminary of Frascati; although a deacon, he was…
Consanguinity (Lat. Consanguinitas; Greek Ὀμειμότης = Being of the Same Blood)(CONSANGUINEITÀ (LAT. *CONSANGUINITAS* ; GRECO ὈΜΕΙΜΌΤΗΣ = L'ESSERE DELLO STESSO SANGUE).)Vol. IV, p. 241 CONSANGUINEITÀ (Latin consanguinitas; Greek ὀμειμότης = being of the same blood). I. BIOLOGY. — According to its etymological and literal meaning, c. is the…
Conscience(COSCIENZA)Vol. IV, p. 401 CONSCIENCE. - I. PHILOSOPHY. - In its etymological sense (from Lat. cum-scientia, conscience συν-εἰδησις = common knowledge, corresponding to judgment)…
Conscientious Objection(OBIEZIONE DI COSCIENZA)Vol. IX, p. 35 CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION. – The act by which a citizen refuses to obey the order of the public authority to perform ordinary military service or to mobilize in…
ConsecratioVol. IV, p. 244 CONSECRATIO v. APOTEOSI. (propr. Enc. Catt.) CONSANGUINITY — Diagram of the degrees of c. according to Roman law (Roman numerals) and canon law (Arabic…
Consecration(CONSACRAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 238 CONSECRATION. – It is the stable and legally valid passage of a person or thing from the profane order (ius humanum) to the sacred order (ius divinum), by…
ConsensusVol. IV, p. 246 CONSENSUS. – A term used by Protestants to indicate a concise doctrinal exposition. They give various names to summaries of their doctrines; they call them…
Consent(CONSENSO)Vol. IV, p. 245 CONSENT. — In its broadest meaning, it is the adherence of the will to the idea presented by the intellect: it is a necessary element for a human act to be…
Consenti, DeiVol. IV, p. 246 CONSENTI, DEI. — Although differing in part from the Greek one, in which Poseidon or Hermes is associated with Athena, and less important than the Etruscan one…
Conserans, Diocese of(CONSERANS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 246 CONSERANS, DIOCESI di: v. PAMIERS, DIOCESI di.
Conservation(CONSERVAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 247 CONSERVAZIONE: v. PROVIDENZA.
Conservatore, Judge(CONSERVATORE, GIUDICE)Vol. IV, p. 246 CONSERVATORE, GIUDICE. — Designation given to a particular category of delegated judges, whom the supreme pontiff would customarily grant to juridical persons…
ConsignatoriumVol. IV, p. 250 CONSIGNATORIUM. - This refers to a room for the administration of the Sacrament of Confirmation, which in the first centuries was administered in places of…
Consilinum, Diocese of(CONSILINUM, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 251 CONSILINUM, DIOCESE of. – An ancient diocese in Lucania (Sala Consilina), of which only two bishops are known: Sabinus, in the years 494–496 (Jaffé-Wattenbach,…
Consistory (Concistoro)(CONCISTORIO (CONCISTORO))Vol. IV, p. 121 CONCISTORIO (CONCISTORO). – For Protestants, the c. (they rarely call it concistoro) has multiple forms and meanings. For Calvino (1509–64) in Geneva, the c.…
Consobrino (Sobrinho), JoãoVol. IV, p. 251 CONSOBRINO (SOBRINHO), JOÃO. – Carmelite theologian, born in Lisbon at the beginning of the 15th century, died there on 11 January 1486 (not in 1475, as others…
Consors Paternus Luminis(CONSORS PATERNI LUMINIS)Vol. IV, p. 251 « CONSORS PATERNI LUMINIS ». — Hymn of Tuesday’s Matins, composed by St Ambrose. It is a prayer addressed to Christ, bearer of light: it asks this unfailing…
Conspiracy(COSPIRAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 420 COSPIRAZIONE: v. AUTORITÀ ECCLESIASTICHE, DELITTI contro le; RIVOLUZIONE.
Constance(COSTANZA)Vol. IV, p. 452 COSTANZA. – A moral virtue that gives the soul continuity in doing good, guarding it against the difficulties that come from outside: discouragement,…
Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin-HenriVol. IV, p. 252 CONSTANT DE REBECQUE, BENJAMIN-HENRI. — Writer, polemicist, and orator, born in Lausanne on 25 October 1767 to a Protestant family, died in Paris on 8 December…
Constantina, Diocese of(COSTANTINA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 423 COSTANTINA, DIOCESE of. — This is ancient Cirta in Numidia (now Algeria), which had an episcopal see in the 3rd century, restored on 25 July 1866 by Pius IX,…
ConstantineVol. IV, p. 253 CONSTANTINE: v. COSTANTINA.
Constantine Acropolita(COSTANTINO ACROPOLITA)Vol. IV, p. 432 COSTANTINO ACROPOLITA. — Greek writer who lived at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th. Like his father Giorgio, he was for many years…
Constantine da Loreto Piceno(COSTANTINO DA LORO PICENO)Vol. IV, p. 431 COSTANTINO da LORO PICENO. – Capuchin (in the world Lorenzo Mocchi), b. at Ascoli Piceno in 1770. He was a missionary in Tibet, whence in 1742 he sent an…
Constantine I(COSTANTINO I)Vol. IV, p. 424 COSTANTINO I. — Armenian Katholikós, born in 1220, died on 9 April 1267, known as Bartarberdtzi, and praised by his contemporaries as a virtuous and wise man.…
Constantine I, Pope(COSTANTINO I, PAPA)Vol. IV, p. 431 CONSTANTINE I, POPE. – After the very brief pontificate of Sisinnius, C. was elected as his successor. A Syrian by origin, he was consecrated on 25 March 708.…
Constantine II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), Emperor(COSTANTINO II (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS CONSTANTINUS), IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 431 COSTANTINO II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), EMPEROR. - Son of Constantine the Great and (from J. Maurier, Numismatique Constant., I, Paris 189, pl. XII, 38)…
Constantine II, Antipope(COSTANTINO II, ANTIPAPA)Vol. IV, p. 432 COSTANTINO II, ANTIPOPE. – At the death of Paolo I (28 June 767), Toto, duke of Nepi, by force had his own brother C., still a simple layman, elected; the…
Constantine III Lichudes(COSTANTINO III LICHUDES)Vol. IV, p. 431 COSTANTINO III LICHUDES. - Patriarch of Constantinople (1059–63), immediate successor of Michele Cerulario (v.). Around 1062 he wrote to Pope Alessandro II a…
Constantine Meliteniota(COSTANTINO MELITENIOTA)Vol. IV, p. 432 COSTANTINO MELITENIOTA. — He belonged to the celebrated family of the M. and held the office of archdeacon and chartophylax of the church of S. Sofia in…
Constantine of Barbentane(COSTANTINO DA BARBENÇON)Vol. IV, p. 424 COSTANTINO da BARBENÇON. — Capuchin preacher and ascetical writer, born at Barbençon (Hainaut, Flanders) around 1582, died at Bonn on 26 (or 25) November 1631…
Constantine the African(COSTANTINO AFRICANO)Vol. IV, p. 424 COSTANTINO AFRICANO. - A Carthaginian Benedictine, converted from Islam, translator of Arabic and Greek works, d. 1087. He travelled through the East and Egypt…
Constantinople(COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. IV, p. 432 CONSTANTINOPLE. – The ancient Byzantium (Byzantion), founded in 658 B.C. by a colony from Megara, led by Byzas; almost entirely destroyed by Septimius Severus…
Constantius da Fabriano, Blessed(COSTANZO DA FABRIANO, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 456 COSTANZO da FABRIANO, blessed. — Dominican, born at the beginning of the 15th century at Fabriano to the humble family of Bernardo de Servoli. He spent some…
Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), Roman Emperor, Surnamed Chlorus(COSTANZO I (FLAVIUS VALERIUS CONSTANTINUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO, SOPRANNOMINATO CLORO)Vol. IV, p. 456 CONSTANTIUS I (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), ROMAN EMPEROR, nicknamed CHLORUS. - Founder of the second Flavian dynasty, born in Illyricum, died at Eboracum…
Constantius I, Chlorus(COSTANZO I, CLORO)Vol. IV, p. 457 COSTANZO I, CLORO – Bronze head (3rd–4th century). Munich, Glyptothek. s. v. in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, cols. 1044–94; id., Regesten der Kaiser und Pöpste (1919).…
Constantius II (Flavius Julius Constantinus), Emperor(COSTANZO II (FLAXIUS IULIUS CONSTANTINUS), IMPERATORE)Vol. IV, p. 457 CONSTANTIUS II (Flavius Julius Constantinus), EMPEROR. - Son of CONSTANTINE THE GREAT and of FAUSTA, born on 7 Aug. 317, probably at Sirmium, appointed Caesar…
Constitution(COSTITUZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 460 CONSTITUTION. — From cum and statuere, it denotes, in the ancient sense, the morphological structural complex of the human body; the individual's original…
Constitution of the Apostles(APOSTOLI, COSTITUZIONE DEGLI)Vol. I, p. 1002 APOSTOLI, COSTITUZIONE DEGLI: V. COSTITUZIONI APOSTOLICHE.
Consubstantial(CONSOSTANZIALE)Vol. IV, p. 252 CONSOSTANZIALE. — This is the translation of the Greek term ὁμοούσιος (= of the same essence), which became the watchword of orthodoxy against Arianism (v.) at…
Consuetudinaries(CONSUETUDINARI)Vol. IV, p. 253 CONSUETUDINARI. — In general, C. are those who have contracted a consuetudo in the most proper sense of a habit, and are therefore also called “abitudinari.”…
ConsuetudinesVol. IV, p. 256 CONSUETUDINES. - These are particular regulations intended to govern the uniformity of sacred functions, made necessary, especially in large churches, as the…
Consultatio Veteris Cuiusdam IurisconsultiVol. IV, p. 256 CONSULTATIO VETERIS CUIUSDAM IURISCONSULTI. - This is a carefully composed opinion, delivered under pre-Justinian Roman law by a jurist of the fifth century,…
Consultationes Zacchae et Apollonii(CONSULTATIONES ZACCHAEI ET APOLLONII)Vol. IV, p. 256 CONSULTATIONES ZACCHAEI ET APOLLONII. — Title of an anonymous book which, in the form of a dispute between a Christian and the pagan philosopher Apollonius,…
Consultors of the Sacred Congregations(CONSULTORI DELLE SACRE CONGREGAZIONI)Vol. IV, p. 256 CONSULTORS OF THE SACRED CONGREGATIONS. — Every Sacred Congregation for the study of questions of greater importance has a body of consultors: prelates,…
Consumption(CONSUMO)Vol. IV, p. 257 CONSUMO. – I. GENERAL NOTION. – C. (actus consummandi) is the concluding act of the entire economic process, the end and object of all production, consisting…
Consus(CONSO)Vol. IV, p. 251 CONSO. - An ancient Roman god: his two festivals, called Consualia, on 21 Aug. and 15 Dec., are marked in the oldest Roman calendar. His cult was centred…
Contant, Philippe de La Miette du(CONTANT, PHILIPPE DE LA MOLETTE DU)Vol. IV, p. 259 CONTANT, PHILIPPE de la MOLETTE du. — Exegete, born in Dauphiné on 29 August 1739, doctor of the Sorbonne and vicar general of Vienna, guillotined by the…
Contarelli, MatteoVol. IV, p. 259 CONTARELLI, MATTEO. - Cardinal, b. in 1519 at Morannes (Maine-et-Loire). He studied at Bologna, where he became acquainted with Ugo Boncompagni (later Pope…
Contarini, AntonioVol. IV, p. 259 CONTARINI, ANTONIO. - Rhenish regular canon and tenth patriarch of Venice. Descended from two noble Venetian families, his parents were Luigi and Orsola Barbo.…
Contarini, GaspareVol. IV, p. 259 CONTARINI, GASPARE. — Cardinal, born in Venice to Luigi, of the branch of the C. of S. Maria dell'Orto, on 16 October 1483; died in Bologna on 24 August 1542.…
Contemplation(CONTEMPLAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 261 CONTEMPLATION. - Etymologically, it is the act of "gazing at length with great admiration and reflection." It can be either natural or supernatural. Natural…
Contemplative Life(CONTEMPLATIVA, VITA)Vol. IV, p. 260 CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE. — A manner of life ordered toward contemplation (v.), through the exclusion of external activities and concerns, not only those that are…
Contenson, Guillaume-VincentVol. IV, p. 267 CONTENSON, GUILLAUME-VINCENT. - Dominican theologian and preacher, b. at Auvillar (Tarne-et-Garonne) in 1641, d. at Creil (Oise) on 26 Dec. 1674. He entered…
Contestation of the Suit(CONTESTAZIONE DELLA LITE)Vol. IV, p. 268 CONTESTATION OF THE SUIT. — The contestation of the suit, also in canonical procedure, is one of the most salient moments of the trial, since it is through…
Conti (De Comitibus), BiagioVol. IV, p. 269 CONTI (DE COMITIBUS), BIAGIO. - Italian theologian and philosopher, b. at Canzo in the Como region in 1636, d. at Prague on 4 Apr. 1685. Having entered the…
Conti, AntonioVol. IV, p. 268 CONTI, ANTONIO. – A scholar of mathematics and philosophy, man of letters, and poet. A Venetian patrician and abbot, he was born in Padua on 22 January 1677…
Conti, AugustoVol. IV, p. 269 CONTI, AUGUSTO. - Man of letters, historian, philosopher, and politician, b. at S. Pietro alle Fonti, near S. Miniato al Tedesco, 6 Dec. 1822; d. at Firenze, 5…
Conti, Sigismondo deVol. IV, p. 269 CONTI, SIGISMONDO de. - Born about 1440 at Foligno into a noble local family; died 18 February 1512. He studied at the University of Perugia; he held many…
Continence(CONTINENZA)Vol. IV, p. 269 CONTINENZA. - Continentia from contineo (cum et teneo) in its primary etymological sense means the very act of restraining oneself within the limits that…
Continents(CONTINENTES)Vol. IV, p. 269 CONTINENTES (ABSTINENTES): V. ENCRATITI.
Contingency(CONTINGENZA)Vol. IV, p. 270 CONTINGENZA. — In its generic meaning, c. is that which occurs “as necessary as it is unnecessary or possible” (Aristotle, Anal. Pr., I, 3, 25 a 37). In…
Contini, GiovanbattistaVol. IV, p. 271 CONTINI, GIOVANBATTISTA. – Architect, born in Rome in 1641 and died there in 1723. Rather than from his father Francesco, an architect of very limited abil-…
Continuous(CONTINUO)Vol. IV, p. 271 CONTINUO. – The notion of continuity is connected with that of extension, which is a primitive concept not susceptible to a true definition. Extended is that…
Contius (Le Conte), AntoniusVol. IV, p. 272 CONTIUS (LE CONTE), ANTONIUS. - French jurist, born at Moyon around 1526, died at Bourges in 1577 (or 1586). Professor at Bourges and subsequently at Orléans.…
Contract(CONTRATTO)Vol. IV, p. 274 CONTRACT — I. NOTION. — By legal definition, a contract is the agreement of two or more parties to establish, regulate, or dissolve among themselves a legal…
Contractualism(CONTRATTUALISMO)Vol. IV, p. 277 CONTRACTUALISM. — The doctrine that places the foundation of society and the State in the contract has very ancient origins, since it is already found, in…
Contradiction(CONTRADDIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 272 CONTRADICTION. — The relation of opposition existing between the affirmation and negation of the same predicate with regard to the same subject, “simultanea…
Contrition(CONTRIZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 279 CONTRIZIONE. – It is the principal act of the virtue of penance, by which the sinner, under the influence of God’s grace, disposes himself for the remission of…
Controversy of C(COSTROVERSIA DI C)Vol. IV, p. 494 CONTROVERSY of C. — This is the customary name for a sacramental controversy that took place in the eighteenth century and originated in the following event. A…
Contucci, AndreaVol. IV, p. 281 CONTUCCI, ANDREA: v. SANSOVINO, ANDREA.
Contumacy(CONTUMACIA)Vol. IV, p. 281 CONTUMACIA.—Contumacy exists in a proceeding whenever one of the parties, contravening the obligation to appear, remains absent and consequently entirely…
Convalidation(CONVALIDAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 282 CONVALIDATION. — I. GENERAL NOTIONS. — It is an event subsequent to an annullable juridical act, by which the latter loses that quality and becomes perfected.…
Convent(CONVENTO)Vol. IV, p. 288 CONVENT. — A designation often used, in the vulgar and improper sense, to mean a religious house in general (v. CASA RELIGIOSA). In the strict and specific…
Convent in Lebanon, As-Suwaic(AS-SUVAIC, CONVENTO NEL LIBANO)Vol. II, p. 152 AS-SUVAIC, CONVENT in LEBANON: v. SUVAIR.
Convention of September(CONVENZIONE DI SETTEMBRE)Vol. IV, p. 288 CONVENZIONE di SETTEMBRE. — Italo-French diplomatic act signed in Paris on 15 Sept. 1864 with the aim of finding a solution, if only a temporary one, to the…
Conventuals(CONVENTUALI)Vol. IV, p. 288 CONVENTUALI: v. FRATI MINORI CONVENI-TUALI.
ConversanoVol. IV, p. 289 CONVERSANO - Trulli of Alberobello. of the related notification dispatch and the abrupt termination of all discussion on the matter. In a protest to the…
Conversano, Diocese of(CONVERSANO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 289 CONVERSANO, diocese of. — A suffragan diocese of Bari, perhaps originating at ancient Norba; it was a Roman colony, then a municipium, and was subsequently…
Conversion(CONVERSIONE)Vol. IV, p. 290 CONVERSION. — A term derived from the Latin convertere (to turn, to direct), which in theological language generally means the return of the soul that has gone…
ConviviumVol. IV, p. 291 CONVIVIUM. – Bimonthly journal of literature, philosophy, and history founded in Turin in 1929 by Carlo Calcaterra, Paolo Ubaldi, and Luigi Stefanini. It is…
Convocations(CONVOCAZIONI (CONVOCATIONS))Vol. IV, p. 291 CONVOCAZIONI (CONVOCATIONS). - This is the name given in the Anglican Church to the ecclesiastical assemblies of the Upper House (bishops) and the Lower House…
Convulsionaries of Saint Médard(CONVULSIONARI DI SAN MEDARDO)Vol. IV, p. 291 CONVULSIONARIES OF SAINT MEDARD. — A complex of paranormal phenomena that occurred during the eighteenth century in Paris, in the small cemetery adjoining the…
Conwell, HenryVol. IV, p. 292 CONWELL, HENRY. - Second bishop of Philadelphia, b. at Moneymore, Londonderry, in 1745, d. there on 22 Apr. 1842. Ordained priest in 1776, parish priest of…
ConzaVol. IV, p. 292 CONZA. — It is ancient Compsa, in the land of the Hirpini. Having passed from Roman to Gothic, Byzantine, and Lombard rule, in 1076 it became part of the…
Cook, Apostolic Vicariate of the Islands(COOK, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DELLE ISOLE)Vol. IV, p. 292 COOK, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of the ISLANDS. - The evangelization of the C. Islands began in 1894 through the work of the Picpus Fathers, hindered by the…
Cooperation(COOPERAZIONE)Vol. IV, p. 292 COOPERATION. — I. COOPERATION IN EVIL OR IN SIN. 1. Notion and divisions. — C. is etymologically connected with the Latin verb «cooperor» = simul operor and…
Cooperation and Cooperatives(COOPERAZIONE E COOPERATIVE)Vol. IV, p. 294 COOPERAZIONE e COOPERATIVE: v. MUTUALITÀ.
Copenhagen(COPENAGHEN (KØBENHAVN))Vol. IV, p. 295 COPENAGHEN (KØBENHAVN). — Etymologically “merchants’ harbor,” it is the royal and governmental seat, the capital city and the see of the Apostolic Vicar of…
Copernico, NiccolòVol. IV, p. 296 COPERNICO, NICCOLÒ. – Astronomer and canon, b. on 19 February 1473 at Thorn (Torun) in western Prussia to Niccolò and Barbara Watzelrode; d. at Frauenburg on…
Coppi, AntonioVol. IV, p. 297 COPPI, ANTONIO. - Historian, b. 22 Apr. 1783 at Andezeno (Turin), d. 26 Feb. 1870 at Rome. He studied literature and philosophy at the College of Chieri.…
Coppo di MarcovaldoVol. IV, p. 297 COPPO di MARCOVALDO. – Florentine painter. Taken prisoner by the Sienese during the battle of Montaperti (1260), he painted, to ransom himself from captivity,…
Coppée, François-Édouard-Joachim(COPPÉE, FRANÇOIS-EDOUARD-JOACHIM)Vol. IV, p. 296 COPPÉE, FRANÇOIS-EDOUARD-JOACHIM. - French poet, born in Paris on Jan. 12, 1842, died there on Jan. 23, 1908. (from the Nikolaja Kopernika Album, Varnicia…
Copts(COPTI)Vol. IV, p. 297 COPTS. - The name Copts derives from the Greek Αἰγύπτιοι, which the Arabs turned into Qibt. CONTENTS: I. Religious History. - II. The Literature of the Coptic…
Coquilhatville, Apostolic Vicariate of(COQUILHATVILLE, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. IV, p. 306 COQUILHATVILLE, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. – The designation derives from Coquilhat, the name of the founder of the city of C. (Belgian Congo), currently its…
Cor Arca Legem ContinensVol. IV, p. 311 « COR ARCA LEGEM CONTINENS ». – Hymn of Lauds for the feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The heart is the seat of love; in his heart, pierced by the lance,…
Coral(CORALLO)Vol. IV, p. 307 CORALLO. — The working of coral for artistic purposes was characteristic of the peoples of the Mediterranean basin from the earliest times. Although there are…
Corazzini, SergioVol. IV, p. 311 CORAZZINI, SERGIO. - Poet, b. in Rome on 6 February 1886, d. there on 18 June 1907. The same friends who supported him during his life oversaw, after his…
Corban(CORBAN (EBR. QORBĀN, GR. ΚΟΡΒΆΝ; VOLG. CORBAN E CORBONA))Vol. IV, p. 311 CORBAN (Heb. qorbān, Gr. κορβάν; Vulg. corban and corbona). - In Hebrew c., like its Akkadian counterpart qurbān, means “offering” or, according to its…
CorbieVol. IV, p. 311 CORBIE. — A town situated near the confluence of the Encre and the Somme, 15 km from Amiens, in the department of the Somme, in Picardy (France). Clotaire III…
Corbinian, Saint(CORBINIANO, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 312 CORBINIANO, saint. - Bishop, one of the evangelizers of Germany, born at Châtres-Arpajon near Melun under the reign of Clotario III, about 670. As a young man,…
Corblin, Jules(CORBLET, JULES)Vol. IV, p. 312 CORBLET, JULES. – Priest, born at Roy (Somme) on 16 June 1819, died at Versailles on 29 April 1886. In 1857 he founded the Revue de l'art chrétien, which he…
Corboli-Bussi, GiovanniVol. IV, p. 312 CORBOLI-BUSSI, GIOVANNI. - Prelate and diplomat, b. at Urbino on 29 Sept. 1813, d. at Rome on 9 July 1850. He was the son of Curzio and Costanza of the…
Cordara, Giulio CesareVol. IV, p. 313 CORDARA, GIULIO CESARE. – Jesuit, born at Alessandria di Piemonte on 16 December 1704, died there on 6 March 1785. Having devoted himself to literary studies,…
Cordemoy, Géraud deVol. IV, p. 313 CORDEMOY, GÉRAUD de. – French philosopher and historian, born in Paris around 1620, died there on 8 October 1684. In the work Discernement de l’âme et du corps…
Cordoni, Bartolomeo da Città di Castello, Blessed(CORDONI, BARTOLOMEO DA CITTÀ DI CASTELLO, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 314 CORDONI, BARTOLOMEO da CITTÀ DI CASTELLO, blessed. — An Observant Minor of the Umbrian province, born in 1471 of a noble family, he died near Tunis in 1535,…
Corelli, ArcangeloVol. IV, p. 318 CORELLI, ARCANGELO. – Violinist and composer, born in Fusignano on 17 February 1653, died in Rome on 8 January 1713. In 1677 he was received in Rome into the…
Corelli, MariaVol. IV, p. 318 CORELLI, MARIA. - English writer, adopted daughter of Ch. Mackay, b. at Bayswater in 1864, d. at Stratford-on-Avon in 1924. She wrote many works, including: A…
Corenzio, BelisarioVol. IV, p. 321 CORENZIO, BELISARIO. — Painter of Greek origin, born in Acaia in the province of Lecce around 1560 and died after 1640. He seems to have studied under…
Corepiscopus(COREPISCOPO)Vol. IV, p. 321 COREPISCOPO. — The c., or bishop of the countryside (from χώρα = district, and ἐπίσωπος = bishop), formerly governed in the East a rural ecclesiastical…
CoresiVol. IV, p. 322 CORESI. – Romanian deacon, born ca. 1525 and died in 1600, from an Italo-Greek family that had come from Chios to Wallachia. He was the father of the religious…
Corfinio (San Pelino)Vol. IV, p. 322 CORFINIO (SAN PELINO). – On the Via Valeria in the land of the Peligni. The passio Pelini or Peligni (BHL, 6620–21) was composed by a forger in the 11th…
Corfu, Zante and Cephalonia, Diocese of(CORFÙ, ZANTE E CEFALONIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 322 CORFÙ, ZANTE and CEFALONIA, DIOCESE of. - According to tradition, the Gospel was preached by Jason, a disciple of the apostle Paul (Act. 17, 5-9; Rom. 16, 21),…
Corgna, Ascanio dellaVol. IV, p. 322 CORGNA, ASCANIO della. – He was a valiant captain and military architect, at the head of the papal troops under Giulio III. Favorable to the imperial party and…
Corgna, Fulvio (Giulio) dellaVol. IV, p. 322 CORGNA, FULVIO (GIULIO) della. – Cardinal, son of Francia and Iacopa del Monte, sister of Giulio III, and brother of Ascanio, he belonged to the Order of the…
CoriaVol. IV, p. 323 CORIA – Cathedral Choir (15th century). to vice. Paul, in the First Canonical Epistle, also wishes to correct this rigorist interpretation. I. OCCASION. — 1…
Coria, Diocese of(CORIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 322 CORIA, DIOCESE of. - A city of Spain, suffragan to Toledo, situated on the eastern borders of Portugal. There is no information concerning the religious life…
Corinth (Kórinthos, Corinthus)(CORINTO (ΚΌΡΙΝΘΟΣ, CORINTHUS))Vol. IV, p. 327 CORINTH (Κόρινθος, Corinthus). - A city of the Peloponnese, capital of the Roman province of Achaia, famous not only for its wealth, splendor, and corruption…
Corippus, Flavius Cresconius(CORIPPO, FLAVIO CRESCONIO)Vol. IV, p. 328 CORIPPO, FLAVIO CRESCONIO. - Formerly a teacher of grammar in a municipality of Africa, he subsequently went to Carthage. In 549 or 550 he published an epic…
Cork, Diocese of(CORK, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 328 CORK, DIOCESI di. — In Éire (Ireland), suffragan of Cashel. The name derives from the Gaelic corcach (market). The origin of the diocese dates back to the…
Cormier, Hyacinthe-Marie(CORMIER, HYACVNTHE-MARIE)Vol. IV, p. 329 CORMIER, HYACVNTHE-MARIE. - Dominican, b. at Orléans on 8 Dec. 1832, d. at Rome on 17 Dec. 1916. A religious from 1856, after making his profession at S.…
Cornacchini, AgostinoVol. IV, p. 329 CORNACCHINI, AGOSTINO. - Sculptor, b. at Pescia in 1685 and d. at Rome shortly after 1740. A pupil of G. B. Foggini, he embraced Baroque in its pictorial and…
Cornaggia-Medici Castiglioni, Carlo OttavioVol. IV, p. 329 CORNAGGIA-MEDICI CASTIGLIONI, CARLO OTTAVIO. – Senator, born in Milan on 6 December 1851, died there on 10 April 1905. Deputy for Milan in the XXII and XXIII…
Corneille, PierreVol. IV, p. 330 CORNEILLE, PIERRE. - Tragic poet, b. at Rouen on 6 June 1606, d. in Paris on 30 Sept. 1684. His biography, scarcely eventful, offers the vigorous profile of an…
Cornejo Pedrosa, Pietro deVol. IV, p. 331 CORNEJO PEDROSA, PIETRO de. - Carmelite theologian, b. in 1566 at Salamanca, d. there on 31 March 1618. Appointed holder of one of the chairs of philosophy at…
Cornelisse, DoroteoVol. IV, p. 333 CORNELISSE, DOROTEO. – Franciscan theologian, born in Steenbergen (Netherlands) on 21 September 1865, died in Nijmegen on 31 December 1940. He successfully…
Cornelius(CORNELIO)Vol. IV, p. 331 CORNELIO. — Roman centurion stationed at Caesarea in Palestine, converted to Christianity through God’s direct intervention and admitted to baptism by St.…
Cornelius a Lapide (Cornelis Cornelis-Sen van den Steen)(CORNELIO A LAPIDE (CORNELIS CORNELIS-SEN VAN DEN STEEN))Vol. IV, p. 333 CORNELIO a LAPIDE (CORNELIS CORNELIS-SEN van den STEEN). – Celebrated exegete, born at Bocholt (Belgian province of Limburg) on 18 December 1567, died in Rome…
