Indiction(INDIZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1081 INDIZIONE. – A chronological computation based on a fifteen-year cycle, whose years are numbered successively from 1 to 15 and designated respectively as i. I,…
Indifference(INDIFFERENZA)Vol. VI, p. 1062 INDIFFERENCE. — In the ascetical sense, it is the habitual disposition of the will by which it does not prefer one thing to another until it knows what the…
Indifferentism(INDIFFERENTISMO)Vol. VI, p. 1061 INDIFFERENTISM. — Etymologically, it means making no distinction between one thing and its opposite, deciding neither for one side nor the other. Here,…
Indigenous Clergy of the Missions(CLERO INDIGENO DELLE MISSIONI)Vol. III, p. 1087 The specific end of missions is to establish the Church in territories where it does not yet exist, providing it with the necessary means for its further…
Indigetes (of the Indigetes)(INDIGETI (DI INDIGETES))Vol. VI, p. 1063 INDIGETI (Di indigetes). — The term, which evidently denotes a category or group of deities, occurs, for example, in a Roman formula of collective invocation…
IndigitamentaVol. VI, p. 1063 INDIGITAMENTA. - From the Latin a(g)io, aio “I say, entreat, invoke,” these are lists of animistic-type divinities who are invoked (“indigitate”) by an epithet…
Indirect Power(POTERE INDIRETTO)Vol. IX, p. 1104 INDIRECT POWER: v. CHURCH, A, v. C. and State.
Indissolubility of Marriage and Divorce(INDISSOLUBILITÀ DEL MATRIMONIO E DIVORZIO)Vol. VI, p. 1063 INDISSOLUBILITY OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE – Indissolubility is one of the essential properties of marriage, which finds its fullest sanction in the Sacrament of…
Individual(INDIVIDUO)Vol. VI, p. 1078 INDIVIDUO. – I. PHILOSOPHY. – The term i. is commonly used to signify concrete reality, that is, reality essentially determined in itself and therefore by its…
Individualism(INDIVIDUALISMO)Vol. VI, p. 1074 INDIVIDUALISMO. — In general, every system, orientation, or tendency that regards the individual (v.) as the most authentic and essential reality (in its…
Individuation, Principle of(INDIVIDUAZIONE, PRINCIPIO DI)Vol. VI, p. 1076 INDIVIDUATION, PRINCIPLE OF. — Existing beings in the world, while displaying an essential commonality in specific nature, are singular and individual: the…
Indo-European(INDOEUROPEI)Vol. VI, p. 1086 INDO-EUROPEANS. – These are the peoples speaking Latin, Greek, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, Slavic, Indian, and Persian languages. SUMMARY: I. General…
Indochinese, Federation(INDOCINESE, FEDERAZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1082 INDOCHINA, FEDERATION. – This is the name given to the group of territories controlled by France in the peninsula of the same name; before the last great war,…
Indole (from Ἰνδάλλωμαι = "I appear", "I show myself")(INDOLE (DA ἸΝΔΆΛΛΩΜΑ = « APPARISCO », « MI MOSTRO »))Vol. VI, p. 1089 INDOLE (from ἰνδάλλωμα = “I appear,” “I show myself”). — It denotes the natural disposition, the particular neuropsychological “native state,” proper to each…
IndonesiaVol. VI, p. 1089 INDONESIA. — The Indo-Malayan Archipelago, also called the East Indies (or Insulindia), links two continental masses, joining the oldest to the newest of the…
Indore, Apostolic Prefecture of(INDORE, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VI, p. 1096 INDORE, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. — Ecclesiastical district of central-southern India erected on 11 March 1935 with territory detached from the dioceses of…
Inducement to Sin(INDUZIONE AL PECCATO)Vol. VI, p. 1108 INDUCEMENT TO SIN. — Whoever, by word, example, or cooperation, incites or encourages another to commit sinful actions induces him to sin. One induces another…
Induction(INDUZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1105 INDUCTION. — In ordinary language (apart from the technical meaning in physical science, e.g., magnetic induction) it means “conjecture,” “supposition.” In…
Indulgences(INDULGENZE)Vol. VI, p. 1099 INDULGENZE. – Indulgentia, indulgere, in the proper sense, denotes indulgence and condescension, in the various nuances of the idea. Imperial Roman…
Indult(INDULTO)Vol. VI, p. 1103 INDULTO. — According to its etymological meaning (from indulgere), the term designates any concession, permission, or favor. In modern civil law, an i. is an…
Industrialism(INDUSTRIALISMO)Vol. VI, p. 1104 INDUSTRIALISMO. – That set of phenomena characterizing the formation of contemporary large-scale industry may be defined as industrialism. I. is therefore a…
Indwelling Of God In Man(INABITAZIONE DI DIO NELL'UOMO)Vol. VI, p. 1007 INABITAZIONE DI DIO NELL'UOMO. – It is the special, permanent presence of the Most Holy Trinity in the soul that is in a state of Grace; it must therefore not…
Ineffabilis DeusVol. VI, p. 1108 « INEFFABILIS DEUS ». — With these words begins the apostolic letter (dogmatic bull) by which Pius IX defined, on 8 December 1854, the dogma of the Immaculate…
Inerrancy(INERRANZA)Vol. VI, p. 1108 INERRANZA. — Immunity from error, a quality enjoyed by the books of Sacred Scripture, which preserves them from every formal error. Inerrancy is distinguished…
Infallibility(INFALLIBILITÀ)Vol. VI, p. 1108 INFALLIBILITY. — This is that supernatural prerogative by which the Church and the Pope cannot err in professing and defining revealed doctrine, through a…
Infamy(INFAMIA)Vol. VI, p. 1112 INFAMIA. – It may indicate: ill repute, disgrace, a reputation for shame, wickedness. (V. FAMA). Here, however, we shall discuss a particular legal institution…
Infant Jesus, Cult of the(BAMBINO GESÙ, CULTO DEL)Vol. II, p. 460 BAMBINO GESÙ, cULTO del. — The cult of the B. G., not entirely unknown in the early Middle Ages, originated in the 12th and 13th centuries, when, in Christian…
InfantaVol. VI, p. 1113 INFANTA. – Nullius prelature and city in the Philippine Islands, established on 25 April 1950 by Pope Pius XII through the apostolic constitution Praecibus…
Infanticide(INFANTICIDIO)Vol. VI, p. 1113 INFANTICIDE. – From infanticidium (infans and caedo). It is voluntary homicide committed against a newborn. In the strict sense, it is the intentional killing…
Infantilism(INFANTILISMO)Vol. VI, p. 1113 INFANTILISM. — A particular condition of the individual characterized by the persistence of infantile development and characteristics at an age already beyond…
Infessura, StefanoVol. VI, p. 1126 INFESSURA, STEFANO. - Chronicler, born in Rome to a family of the lesser nobility living in the Trevi district in the first half of the fifteenth century; died…
Infinite(INFINITO)Vol. VI, p. 1126 INFINITE. — That which has neither end nor limit. If that whose limit is denied is something negative and imperfect, there is a negative i., which coincides…
Infinite and Infinitesimal(INFINITO E INFINITESIMO)Vol. VI, p. 1126 INFINITO e INFINITESIMO: v. MATEMATICA.
Inflation(INFLAZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1126 INFLAZIONE. – By monetary inflation is meant the increase in the quantity of money in circulation beyond the requirements of the market’s means of payment.…
Infusion(INFUSIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1131 INFUSIONE: v. BATTESIMO.
Ingegneri, Marc'AntonioVol. VI, p. 1131 INGEGNERI, MARC'ANTONIO. — Musician, born in Verona, probably around 1545–47, died in Cremona on 1 July 1592. Biographical information is extremely scarce. He…
Ingenio, Andrea d'Aloigi d'Assisi, called(INGEGNO, ANDREA D'ALOIGI D'ASSISI, DETTO)Vol. VI, p. 1131 INGEGNO, ANDREA D'ALOIGI D'ASSISI, so called. – Umbrian painter whose personality still remains insufficiently defined; the reconstruction attempted by certain…
Ingoli, FrancescoVol. VI, p. 1163 INGOLI, FRANCESCO. — A priest, born at Ravenna on 21 November 1578 into a distinguished family, died at Rome on 29 April 1649. He studied at Padua, where he…
Ingratitude(INGRATITUDINE)Vol. VI, p. 1163 INGRATITUDE. - It is the disposition of mind (vice) of one who does not acknowledge and does not appreciate benefits received. It may take the concrete form of…
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-DominiqueVol. VI, p. 1163 INGRES, JEAN-AUGUSTE-DOMINIQUE. — French painter, born in Montauban on 29 August 1780, died in Paris on 14 January 1867. Initially a pupil of his father and…
Inhibition(INIBIZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1164 INIBIZIONE. — From the Latin verb inhibere, to restrain, to check. Among jurists it retained its etymological meaning and was used to indicate the coercive…
Initiation(INIZIAZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 1164 INIZIAZIONE. – From Lat. in-eo (whence initium, initiare), “to enter within,” here in the sacred sense of being admitted among the members of a given religious…
Iniunctis De Iure IniungendisVol. VI, p. 1164 INIUNCTIS DE IURE INIUNGENDIS. – A clause customarily appended to rescripts by which dispensations and absolutions are granted. Evidently, its content varies…
Inmarus, Archbishop of Reims(INCMARO, ARCIVESCOVO DI REIMS)Vol. VI, p. 1025 INCMARO, archbishop of REIMS. — Born ca. 806 into a noble Frankish family, he died on 21 December 882 at Epernay while fleeing the Normans. Educated in the…
Innocent I, Pope, Saint(INNOCENZO I, PAPA, SANTO)Vol. VII, p. 29 INNOCENZO I, POPE, saint. — According to the Liber Pontificalis, he was a native of Albano and succeeded Pope Anastasius I in 401. His pontificate fell in a…
Innocent II, Pope(INNOCENZO II, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 30 INNOCENT II, POPE. — Gregorio, of the Roman, indeed Trasteverine, family of the Papareschi, was perhaps a monk in his youth, then for many years a cardinal…
Innocent III, Antipope(INNOCENZO III, ANTIPAPA)Vol. VII, p. 31 INNOCENZO III, ANTIPAPA: V. LANDO DI SEZZE.
Innocent III, Pope(INNOCENZO III, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 31 INNOCENZO III, POPE. — Named Lotario, born at Gavignano (Segni) in 1160 or 1161 to Trasmondo, belonging to the local nobility (hence the name Conti given to…
Innocent IV, Pope(INNOCENZO IV, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 32 INNOCENZO IV, POPE. — Sinibaldo Fieschi, of the counts of Lavagna and of a Genoese family, toward the end of the twelfth century; he studied under the guidance…
Innocent IX, Pope(INNOCENZO IX, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 40 INNOCENZO IX, PAPA. – Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce, born on 20 July 1519 to a Veronese family that had moved to Bologna. He served in the household of…
Innocent V, Pope, Blessed(INNOCENZO V, PAPA, BEATO)Vol. VII, p. 33 INNOCENT V, POPE, Blessed. — A Dominican friar, known by the name of Fr. PETRUS DE TARANTASIA, was born in Tarantasia proper (the upper Isère Valley and not in…
Innocent VI, Pope(INNOCENZO VI, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 34 INNOCENZO VI, POPE. - A native of Limousin, Étienne Aubert was elected pope on Dec. 18, 1352 and crowned on the 30th. He was an esteemed jurist who (phot.…
Innocent VII, Pope(INNOCENZO VII, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 39 INNOCENZO VII, POPE. — Cosimo Gentile de' Migliorati, born at Sulmona around 1336, died in Rome on 6 November 1406. He entered the Curia, where he became a…
Innocent VIII, Pope(INNOCENZO VIII, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 39 INNOCENT VIII, POPE. – Born in Genoa in 1432, died in Rome between 25 and 26 July 1492. At the death of Pope Sixtus IV, in 1484, Rome was under arms, and the…
Innocent X, Pope(INNOCENZO X, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 40 INNOCENT X, POPE. – Born in Rome on 7 May 1574, died there on 7 January 1655. G. B. Pamphili, descended from a family that had come to Rome from Gubbio toward…
Innocent XI, Pope(INNOCENZO XI, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 41 INNOCENZO XI, POPE. — Born in Como on 19 May 1611, died in Rome on 12 August 1689. Benedetto Odelscalchi, from a wealthy merchant family, carried out his early…
Innocent XII, Pope(INNOCENZO XII, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 43 INNOCENZO XII, PAPA. – Antonio Pignatelli, born on 13 March 1615 near Spinazzola, of a Neapolitan princely family, died in Rome on 27 September 1700. He…
Innocent XIII, Pope(INNOCENZO XIII, PAPA)Vol. VII, p. 44 INNOCENZO XIII, PAPA. – Michelangiolo Conti, of the dukes of Poli, born at Poli on 13 May 1655, died at Rome on 7 March 1724. He was governor of Ascoli,…
Innocentian Curia(CURIA INNOCENZIANA)Vol. IV, p. 640 CURIA INNOCENZIANA. — Innocenzo XII, after abolishing various privileged jurisdictions by the constitution Romanus Pontifex curae of 17 September 1692 and…
Innocenzo Da CaltagironeVol. VII, p. 29 INNOCENZO da CALTAGIRONE. — Capuchin, of the Marcinò family, born at Caltagirone on 24 October 1589, died there on 16 November 1665. He taught Hebrew,…
Innocenzo Di Sant'AndreaVol. VII, p. 44 INNOCENZO di SANT'ANDREA. — Spanish Discalced Carmelite, in the world Innocenzo de la Carra y López, born in 1553 at Tafalla (Navarra), died in 1620 at…
Innodic Canon(CANONE INNODICO)Vol. III, p. 343 CANONE INNODICO. - Indicates the rule to be followed in liturgical poetry. Rhythm, in this case, assumes a form or pattern already established, to which the…
InnsbruckVol. VII, p. 52 INNSBRUCK. – Apostolic administration, established on 11 December 1921 for the territories of the diocese of Bressanone that remained in Austria after 1918.…
Inquisition(INQUISIZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 54 INQUISIZIONE. – Special ecclesiastical tribunal for combating and suppressing heresy. SUMMARY: I. Medieval Inquisition. – II. Spanish Inquisition. I. MEDIEVAL…
Inquisition(PERQUISIZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 725 PERQUISITION. — This is a search that may be carried out coercively in order to secure material evidence for the proceedings or to arrest a suspect or an…
Insanguine, GiacomoVol. VII, p. 57 INSANGUINE, GIACOMO. – Musician, known as Monopoli after the town of that name in Apulia, where he was born around 1740; he died in Naples in 1795. An opera…
Insanity(INSANIA)Vol. VII, p. 57 INSANIA: V. MENTALI, INFERMITÀ.
Inscriptions(ISCRIZIONI)Vol. VII, p. 166 ISCRIZIONI: v. EPIGRAFIA CRISTIANA.
Insignia(INSEGNE)Vol. VII, p. 58 INSIGNIA. - Both bishops and canons may use certain insignia. Episcopal insignia are the violet skullcap and biretta, the pectoral cross, the gemmed ring, the…
Inspection (Corporal, Real, and Local)(ISPEZIONE (CORPORALE, REALE E LOCALE))Vol. VII, p. 204 INSPECTION (CORPORAL, REAL, AND LOCAL). — Reconnaissance and access are two means of proof available to the judge, enabling him, through his personal…
Inspiration(ISPIRAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 205 INSPIRATION. — From the Latin in-spirare = to breathe into, to infuse the spirit. SUMMARY: I. Biblical i. — II. Divine i. — III. i. in non-Christian religions.…
Installation(ISTALLAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 211 ISTALLAZIONE. – The i. (a term used alongside inthronisatio for bishops and the Supreme Pontiff) is the taking of possession of a benefice, whether…
Instance(ISTANZA)Vol. VII, p. 212 ISTANZA. – This is a term used in procedural law with two different meanings. I., also outside canonical terminology, in fact denotes any request or petition…
Instinct(ISTINTO)Vol. VII, p. 215 INSTINCT. – It is a tendency, an inner impulse, which determines and directs a complex of external, spontaneous, and coordinated acts, by means of which the…
Institoris, Heinrich (Henricus de Slectat)Vol. VII, p. 60 INSTITORIS, HEINRICH (Henricus de Slectat). — Dominican theologian, born in Schlettstadt around 1430, died in Moravia in 1505. He was teaching theology when…
Institute of Charity(ISTITUTO DELLA CARITÀ)Vol. VII, p. 225 ISTITUTO DELLA CARITÀ. - Religious congregation with simple and perpetual vows, founded by the priest Antonio Rosmini Serbati (v.) on February 20, 1828, at…
Institute of Maria Teresa(ISTITUTO DI MARIA TERESA)Vol. VII, p. 226 INSTITUTE OF MARIA TERESA. - The Ladies of Maria Teresa, called Servants of Jesus Christ, were founded at Bordeaux in 1815 by Maria Brochet de la Rochetière,…
Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (English Ladies)(ISTITUTO DELLA BEATA VERGINE MARIA (DAME INGLESI))Vol. VII, p. 224 INSTITUTE OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (ENGLISH LADIES). — Founded at St-Omer (Belgium) in 1609 by Maria Ward (v.), both for the education of English girls of…
Institute of the Consolata Missions(ISTITUTO MISSIONI CONSOLATA)Vol. VII, p. 226 ISTITUTO MISSIONI CONSOLATA. — In 1891, the canon Giuseppe Allamano (v.), nephew and continuator of the work and spirit of s. Giuseppe Cafasso, intending to…
Institute of the Missionary Brothers of Saint Francis of Assisi(FRATELLI MISSIONARI DI SAN FRANCESCO D'ASSISI, ISTITUTO DEI)Vol. V, p. 1023 FRATELLI MISSIONARI DI SAN FRANCESCO D'ASSISI, ISTITUTO dei. — It began in 1896 through the work of a certain Paolo Moritz, a converted Jew from Danzig,…
Institute of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri(ISTITUTO DELL'ORATORIO DI SAN FILIPPO NERI)Vol. VII, p. 225 ISTITUTO DELL'ORATORIO DI SAN FILIPPO NERI. - Its first nucleus was formed at the church of S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini in Rome, when several priests, drawn by…
Institutes of Higher Studies(ISTITUTI DI STUDI SUPERIORI)Vol. VII, p. 219 INSTITUTES OF HIGHER STUDIES. — This name designates the athenaeums or universities for ecclesiastical studies, where instruction is imparted scientifically,…
Institutes of Justinian(ISTITUZIONI DI GIUSTINIANO)Vol. VII, p. 229 ISTITUZIONI di GIUSTINIANO : v. CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS. ISTITUZIONI ed OPERE DI BENEFICENZA : v. OPERE PIE.
Instruction(ISTRUZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 236 INSTRUCTION. — By this name, in the language of sacred eloquence and also in the CIC, is understood a certain manner of expounding the truths of the faith in…
Instructions of the Sacred Congregations(ISTRUZIONI DELLE SACRE CONGREGAZIONI)Vol. VII, p. 236 INSTRUCTIONS OF THE SACRED CONGREGATIONS. — The Roman Congregations (v.) are invested with a threefold power: legislative (which, at least in the broad sense,…
Instrumentalism(STRUMENTALISMO)Vol. XI, p. 870 STRUMENTALISM. — This term denotes the form of pragmatism (v.) characteristic of the North American philosopher J. Dewey (born in Burlington on 28 October…
Insufflation(INSUFFLAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 60 INSUFFLATION. — Like exsufflation, insufflation is an ancient ecclesiastical ceremony still used today in the solemn administration of Baptism, in the blessing…
Insular Script and Illumination(INSULARE, SCRITTURA E MINIATURA)Vol. VII, p. 60 INSULARE, WRITING and MINIATURE. — The Latin script of Great Britain between the 7th and 10th centuries and of Ireland between the 7th and 12th centuries is…
Insult(INGIURIA)Vol. VI, p. 1161 INGIURIA. — From the Latin iniuria, it means any violation of justice: «iniuria est alieni iuris violatio» (l. 5, D. IX, 2). In this sense, in which i. is…
Insurance(ASSICURAZIONE)Vol. II, p. 124 ASSICURAZIONE. – The contract of insurance (the earliest examples of which date back to the late Middle Ages in the case of maritime insurance, and to the…
Insurgence(INSORDESCENZA)Vol. VII, p. 59 INSORDESCENZA. — In ecclesiastical juridical language, the fully deliberate and obstinate persistence in excommunication for a year, without any manifestation…
Intarsia(INTARSIO)Vol. VII, p. 62 INTARSIO : V. TARSIA. INTAVOLATURA. — A now obsolete system of instrumental musical notation. When, in the second half of the fifteenth century, choral…
Integrity of Confession(INTEGRITÀ DELLA CONFESSIONE)Vol. VII, p. 63 INTEGRITÀ DELLA CONFESSIONE: V. CONFESSIONE.
Integrity, State of(INTEGRITÀ, STATO DI)Vol. VII, p. 63 INTEGRITÀ, STATO DI: V. DONI PRETERNATURALI.
Intellect(INTELLETTO)Vol. VII, p. 63 INTELLECT. — It is the principle of the thought of human consciousness that distinguishes man from the lower forms of life. The first affirmation of the…
Intellectual Professions(PROFESSIONI INTELLETTUALI)Vol. X, p. 74 INTELLECTUAL PROFESSIONS. – A contract whose object is the performance of intellectual work is a species of the genus of the contract for autonomous work (v.),…
Intellectualism(INTELLETTUALISMO)Vol. VII, p. 63 INTELLECTUALISM. – In a generic sense, every conception of truth that admits the superiority of intelligence over the sensory faculties and over the rational…
Intelligence(INTELLIGENZA)Vol. VII, p. 64 INTELLIGENZA. L'. - An allegorical poem in nine-line stanzas, comprising 309 stanzas, by an unknown author (the attribution to Dino Compagni is highly…
Intemperance(INTEMPERANZA)Vol. VII, p. 64 INTEMPERANCE. - From the Latin intemperantia, immoderation, it is, in the generic sense, the vice opposed to temperance considered as a general virtue, and…
Intention(INTENZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 67 INTENZIONE. – S. Bonaventura (In IV lib. Sent., D. 6, p. 2, a. 2) defines intention as: “Reflected (ratiocinata) will insofar as it is directed toward the…
Intentionality(INTENZIONALITÀ)Vol. VII, p. 64 INTENTIONALITY. – A philosophical term derived from intenzione, now used predominantly to designate the order of knowability in its broadest sense of tendency…
Inter CaeteraVol. VII, p. 71 «INTER CAETERA». — Thus begin two bulls sent by Alessandro VI dated 3 and 4 May 1493: the first, called the bull of donation, and the second, that of division…
Inter Duas Laures, Cemetery of(INTER DUAS LAUROS, CIMITERO DI)Vol. VII, p. 75 INTER DUAS LAUROS, CEMETERY OF. — By this topographical designation the Hieronymian Martyrology indicates, at the fourth milestone, the site on the Via…
IntercessioVol. VII, p. 72 INTERCESSIO. — In Roman public law, intercession begins with the foundation of the Republic and initially signifies the right of one of the consuls to prevent,…
Intercession(INTERCESSIONE)Vol. VII, p. 72 INTERCESSION. — In the theological sense, this means the intervention of a creature with God in order to obtain favors from him for the benefit of another…
Interdict(INTERDETTO)Vol. VII, p. 73 INTERDICT. – It is the canonical penalty that deprives the faithful of the sacred rites and renders them incapable of exercising certain spiritual rights,…
Interdictio Aqua Et IgniVol. VII, p. 74 INTERDICTIO AQUA ET IGNI. – Roman capital punishment, imposed, beginning in the last century of the Republic, by the courts known as quaestiones perpetuae. Its…
Interdiction and Inability(INTERDIZIONE E INABILITAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 75 INTERDIZIONE e INABILITAZIONE: v. INABILITÀ.
Interest(INTERESSE)Vol. VII, p. 76 INTEREST. - From the Latin interesse, “to be included, to matter,” it is the price of a service: that of lending capital. Measured against a conventional unit…
Interest and Right(INTERESSE E DIRITTO)Vol. VII, p. 77 INTEREST AND LAW. – Interest is one of the components of the notion of law. Considered in itself, it exists even outside the law; but, assuming the attribute…
InterimVol. VII, p. 77 INTERIM. – A Latin term indicating the interval of time between one event and another, and which, used specifically in the terminology of public law, refers to…
IntermezzoVol. VII, p. 78 INTERMEZZO. — Also called “intermediate,” “intermediated representation,” it is a brief scenic composition to be inserted between two acts of the principal…
International(INTERNAZIONALE)Vol. VII, p. 78 INTERNAZIONALE. – An association formed by intellectuals and workers with the aim of coordinating the anticapitalist struggle internationally. The “League of…
International Catholic Union for Social Service(UNIONE CATTOLICA INTERNAZIONALE DI SERVIZIO SOCIALE)Vol. XII, p. 505 INTERNATIONAL CATHOLIC UNION OF SOCIAL SERVICE. – Association of Catholics for studying, promoting, and representing internationally the Catholic point of view…
International Institute of Agriculture(ORGANIZZAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE DELL'AGRICOLTURA)Vol. IX, p. 191 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE. — Better known by the acronym F.A.O. (Food and Agriculture Organization), it is the organization established within…
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)(ORGANIZZAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE DEL LAVORO (INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION; SIGLA: I.L.O.))Vol. IX, p. 192 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (International Labour Organisation; abbreviation: I.L.O.). – It is a tripartite institution in which governments, employers,…
International Morality, Codes of(MORALE INTERNAZIONALE, CODICI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 835 INTERNATIONAL MORALITY, CODES OF: v. MALINES, III. Codici di M.
International Review of Social Sciences and Auxiliary Sciences(RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI SCIENZE SOCIALI ED AUSILIARIE)Vol. X, p. 603 RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI SCIENZE SOCIALI ED AUSILIARIE. - Founded in Rome by Prof. G. Toniolo (v.) through the patronage of Leone XIII, as a preparation, on…
International Scientific Congresses of Catholics(CONGRESSI SCIENTIFICI INTERNAZIONALI DEI CATTOLICI)Vol. IV, p. 218 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSES OF CATHOLICS. — Held successively in Paris (1888 and 1891), Brussels (1894), Fribourg in Switzerland (1897), and Munich in…
International Treaties(TRATTATI INTERNAZIONALI)Vol. XII, p. 295 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. — In the broad sense, a treaty is any legal act concluded between two or more States or other subjects of international law. Treaties…
International Union of Social Studies(UNIONE INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI SOCIALI)Vol. XII, p. 519 UNIONE INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI SOCIALI: v. MALINES, ARCIDIOCESI DI: III. Codice di M. UNIONE INTERNAZIONALE PER LA PROTEZIONE DELLA PUBBLICA MORALITÀ…
Internationalism(INTERNAZIONALISMO)Vol. VII, p. 82 INTERNAZIONALISMO: v. COSMOPOLITISMO.
Interpolations(INTERPOLAZIONI)Vol. VII, p. 82 INTERPOLATIONS. — Alterations introduced into a transmitted text. In Romanistic scholarship, interpolations are the modifications made in legislative and…
Interpretation(INTERPRETAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 82 INTERPRETATION. — In legal language, the logical operation whose object is the investigation and explanation of the genuine meaning of the law, with the aim of…
Interpreter(INTERPRETE)Vol. VII, p. 88 INTERPRETE. – In the current canonical order as well, the ancient juridical institution of the interpreter has its importance. With regard to the Sacrament of…
Interstices(INTERSTIZI)Vol. VII, p. 89 INTERSTIZI. — Intervals of time established by the Church between Orders, for the testing and formation of clerics and the exercise of each Order. The…
Intervention in a Cause(INTERVENTO IN CAUSA)Vol. VII, p. 90 INTERVENTION IN PROCEEDINGS. – The entry into the procedural relationship of a third party who was a stranger to it at the time when it arose (can. 1852). I.…
Intimidation(INTIMIDAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 91 INTIMIDAZIONE: V. VIOLENZA.
Intorcetta, ProsperoVol. VII, p. 91 INTORCETTA, PROSPERO. - Jesuit, missionary, b. at Piazza Armerina (Enna) on 28 Aug. 1625, d. at Hang-tcheu on 3 Oct. 1696. Having fled at the age of 16 from…
Intrados (from French intrados)(INTRADOSSO (DAL FRANC. INTRADOS))Vol. VII, p. 92 INTRADOSSO (from the French intrados). - Technical term in architecture, meaning “soffit,” indicating the inner, curved surface of arches and vaults. The…
Introduction of a Cause(INTRODUCTIO CAUSAE)Vol. VII, p. 92 INTRODUCTIO CAUSAE. - With the introduction of the cause (also called introductio litis), the way is opened for the constitution of the trial, and the suit…
Introit(INTROITO)Vol. VII, p. 94 INTROITO. — This is what the chant performed in the Roman liturgy is called while the celebrant, during the solemn Mass, proceeds to the altar. Like the…
Introspection(INTROSPEZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 94 INTROSPECTION. - It is the method of analyzing the appearance and content of psychic processes through self-observation, which is called i. when conducted…
Intrusion(INTRUSIONE)Vol. VII, p. 94 INTRUSION. — Intrusion, in the strict sense, occurs when, in the provision of a benefice, at least in the act of collation, it is not the competent…
Intuition(INTUIZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 95 INTUITION. — From the Latin intueri (Gr. εἰσπρέω), to see, look within, contemplate, it indicates, etymologically, vision, gaze, generally with a sense of…
Intuitionism(INTUIZIONISMO)Vol. VII, p. 96 INTUITIONISM. — A philosophical term whose meaning cannot always be precisely defined, sometimes replaced by the alternative term intuitionism. In general, it…
Invention of the Holy Cross(INVENZIONE DELLA SANTA CROCE)Vol. VII, p. 101 INVENTION OF THE HOLY CROSS. — Reliable information concerning the wood of the Cross dates back to the middle of the fourth century. St. Cyril of Jerusalem…
Inventories Of Art Objects(INVENTARI DEGLI OGGETTI D'ARTE)Vol. VII, p. 101 INVENTORIES OF ART OBJECTS. — The protection of the artistic heritage is currently the concern of all governments; in the past, the Papal government in…
Investigation(INVESTIGAZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 102 INVESTIGATION. – Inquiry to be conducted prior to the celebration of Marriage and the conferral of Orders, in order to ascertain the existence of the…
Investitures, Investiture Controversy(INVESTITURE, LOTTA DELLE)Vol. VII, p. 104 INVESTITURE, STRUGGLE OVER.—This is the struggle between the Roman Church and the Empire over the conferment of ecclesiastical benefices (bishoprics, abbeys,…
Invicte Martyr, UnicumVol. VII, p. 105 « INVICTE MARTYR, UNICUM ». — Hymn of Lauds in the Common of a martyr, by an unknown author; it is already found in manuscripts of the ninth century (cf. C.…
Invitatory(INVITATORIO)Vol. VII, p. 106 INVITATORIO: v. UFFICIO DIVINO.
Involuntary(INVOLONTARIO)Vol. VII, p. 106 INVOLONTARIO: v. VOLONTARIO.
Inés de la Cruz(CRUZ, INÉS DE LA)Vol. IV, p. 610 CRUZ, INÉS DE LA: V. JUANA INÉS DE LA CRUZ.
IOAB (HEB. JÔ'ÂBH "YAHWEH IS FATHER")(IOAB (EBR. JÔ'ÂBH « JAHWEH È PADRE »))Vol. VII, p. 108 IOAB (Hebr. Jô'âbh “Jahweh is Father”). — Son of Sarvia, David’s sister (v.), he was a leading figure during his uncle’s reign. During the first seven years he…
IOACHINVol. VII, p. 108 IOACHIN. — King of Judah, better known as Iechonia (the same name with the component parts transposed [“Jahweh disposes”]: cf. Ier. 37, 1; I Par. 3, 16-17; Mt.…
Ioakim (Eliacim)Vol. VII, p. 109 IOAKIM (ELIACIM). — King of Judah (608–597), eldest son of King Iosia, was placed on the throne, after his brother Ioachaz (v.) had been deposed, by Pharaoh…
Ioannicos, Saint(IOANNICOS, SANTO)Vol. VII, p. 109 IOANNICOS, saint. – Thaumaturge originating from Bithynia, born at Mericati in 754, died on 3 Nov. 846. As a soldier he fought in Thrace and against the…
Ioarib(IOIARIB)Vol. VII, p. 111 IOIARIB. – Name of several figures of the Old Testament (Heb. Jēhōjārībh, more often Jējārībh). 1. A prominent priest (I Par. 9:10), entrusted with the first…
IOAS (HEB. JŌ'ĀF AND JĒHŌ'ĀF; GREEK: 'IŌZŌZ)(IOAS (EBR. JŌ'ĀF E JĒHŌ'ĀF; GRECO: 'IŌZŌZ))Vol. VII, p. 109 IOAS (Hebr. Jō'āf and Jēhō'āf; Greek: 'Iōzōz). – 1. King of Judah (836–797), son of Ochozia. Only one year old, he was rescued from the slaughter carried out…
IoathamVol. VII, p. 110 IOATHAM. – Son of Gideon (Iudc. 9:7–21, 57). He was the only one to escape the massacre of his brother Abimelech (v., n. 2), who, after their father’s death,…
IOHANAN (HEB. JĒHĀHĀNĀN AND JĀHĀNĀN "JAHWEH IS GRACIOUS")(IOHANAN (EBR. JĒHĀHĀNĀN E JĀHĀNĀN «JAHWEH FA GRAZIA»))Vol. VII, p. 110 IOHANAN (Hebr. Jēhāhānān and Jāhānān, “Jahweh shows grace”). — Name of 16 figures of the Old Testament. 1. Military commander under Sedecias. When the…
IoiadaVol. VII, p. 111 IOIADA. — Among the biblical figures bearing this name, two deserve special mention. 1) A priest, son of Banaia, counsellor of King David together with…
Iona(IONA (HY))Vol. VII, p. 111 IONA (HY). — An islet west of Scotland which, according to the Venerable Bede, King Bruda of the Picts gave to the Irishman St Columba, who founded there in…
Ionathan Maccabeus(IONATHAN MACCABEO)Vol. VII, p. 112 IONATHAN MACCABEO: v. MACCABEI.
Iorga, NicolaeVol. VII, p. 113 IORGA, NICOLAE. — Historian, born in Botosani on 5 June 1871, assassinated in the forest of Pantelimon (Bucharest) on 28 November 1940. The figure of I. is…
IOSABETH (IOSABA)Vol. VII, p. 113 IOSABETH (IOSABA). – Daughter of Ioram (v.), king of Judah, and sister of Ochozia; she was the consort of the high priest Ioiada (v.; cf. II Par. 22:11). This…
Ipamu, Apostolic Vicariate Of(IPAMU, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. VII, p. 115 IPAMU, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - It is situated in the central-western part of the Belgian Congo, and is entrusted to the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. On 13…
Ippolita di GesùVol. VII, p. 124 IPPOLITA di Gesù. - Dominican writer, in the world Isabella de' Rocaberti, Spanish, born at Barcelona on 22 Jan. 1551, died there on 6 Aug. 1624. She entered…
ipso facto e ipso iureVol. VII, p. 129 IPSO FACTO and IPSO IURE. – These two formulas are equivalent in meaning, and their use is found especially in penal matters: more precisely, to indicate…
IquiqueVol. VII, p. 129 IQUIQUE. - City and diocese of Chile, erected on 20 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI with the apostolic constitution Ad gregem dominicum through the suppression…
IQUITOS, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF(IQUITOS, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. VII, p. 130 IQUITOS, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — Situated in the north-eastern region of Peru, it comprises the territory of the civil province of Alto y Bajo Amazonas,…
Iraq(IRĀQ)Vol. VII, p. 131 IRĀQ. – Arab state of Western Asia, comprising the lower basins of the Tigris and Euphrates and part of the adjoining Syrian and Arabian deserts. SUMMARY: I.…
Ireland(IRLANDA)Vol. VII, p. 138 IRELAND. - Officially called, from the Gaelic, Eire. SUMMARY: I. Geography. - II. Civil and Religious History. - III. Legal Status of the Church and…
Ireland, JohnVol. VII, p. 134 IRELAND, JOHN. - The most popular of the American bishops, alongside card. Gibbons, b. at Burnchurch (Ireland) on 11 Sept. 1838, d. at St Paul, Minnesota, on…
Irenaeus, Saint, Martyr(IRENEO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. VII, p. 134 IRENEO, saint, martyr. – Bishop of Sirmium, he is commemorated on 6 April in the Hieronymian Martyrology, which gives the actual dies natalis. There exists a…
Irene of Portugal, Saint, Martyr(IRENE DI PORTOGALLO, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. VII, p. 134 IRENE di PORTOGALLO, saint, martyr. – Of the seventh century, commemorated on 20 October in the Roman Martyrology, her life bears legendary features. A nun in…
Irene, Saint, Martyr(IRENE, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. VII, p. 134 IRENE, saint, martyr: v. AGAPE, IRENE e CHIONE, sante, martiri.
Iringa, Apostolic Vicariate of(IRINGA, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. VII, p. 138 IRINGA, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE di. - It is situated in British East Africa, in the southern part of Tanganyika north of Lake Nyassa, and is entrusted to the…
Irish Ecclesiastical RecordVol. VII, p. 138 IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD. – Monthly journal published in Dublin, founded by Cardinal Cullen in 1864 and first appearing the following year. It underwent an…
Irish MonthlyVol. VII, p. 138 IRISH MONTHLY. — Irish Catholic monthly journal, founded in July 1873, intended for laypeople and rich in various contributions presented in a lucid and…
Irish Script and Illumination(IRLANDESE SCRITTURA E MINIATURA)Vol. VII, p. 146 IRLANDESE SCRITTURA E MINIATURA: V. INSULARE SCRITTURA E MINIATURA.
IRMO (EIRMOS)(IRMO (ΕἸΡΜΌΣ))Vol. VII, p. 146 IRMO (εἰρμός). – It is a rhythmic composition of a chant according to a given metre, which serves as a model for joining (εἴρω) to it a series of strophes or…
Irnerius(IRNERIO)Vol. VII, p. 146 IRNERIO. – Bolognese jurist (12th century). With him, together with the Studium of Bologna and the school of the glossators, began the entire renewal of…
Irrationalism(IRRAZIONALISMO)Vol. VII, p. 147 IRRAZIONALISMO. – A term whose meaning is not easily definable because of the many senses it has acquired in the history of philosophy and, above all, in…
Irredentism(IRREDENTISMO)Vol. VII, p. 149 IRREDENTISMO. — I., a phenomenon that was almost exclusively Italian, was more than a doctrine: it was a political movement animated chiefly by sentimental…
Irregularity(IRREGOLARITÀ)Vol. VII, p. 150 IRREGULARITY. — Irregularity is a perpetual canonical impediment which, for the sake of the dignity of the sacred ministry, first of all forbids the licit…
Irreligion(IRRELIGIOSITÀ)Vol. VII, p. 152 IRRELIGIOSITY. - The term is to be understood not only in a privative sense (areligiosity), that is, as the attitude of one who, through habit, practises no…
Irresponsibility(IRRESPONSABILITÀ)Vol. VII, p. 152 IRRESPONSABILITÀ: v. RESPONSABILITÀ.
Irsina (formerly Montepeloso)(IRSINA (GIÀ MONTEPELOSO))Vol. VII, p. 152 IRSINA (formerly MONTEPELOSO). — In the province of Matera. The antiquity of the Church is supported by no document. Throughout the succession of dominations,…
Irving, EdwardVol. VII, p. 152 IRVING, EDWARD. – Protestant pastor, b. at Annan (Scotland) on 4 Aug. 1792, d. at Glasgow on 7 Dec. 1834. In 1819 he was appointed assistant to Chalmers in the…
IRÉNIKONVol. VII, p. 137 IRÉNIKON. — Quarterly journal, published from 1926 (from 1941 to 1945 replaced by several issues under the title: Questions sur l'Eglise et son unité,…
Isaac(ISACCO)Vol. VII, p. 156 ISAAC. — Son of Abraham and Sarah, father of Jacob and Esau. He is the second of the great patriarchs of the Hebrew people. In Holy Scripture he is presented…
Isaac ben Solomon Israeli(ISACCO BEN SALOMON ISRAELI)Vol. VII, p. 159 ISACCO ben SALOMON ISRAELI. — Jewish philosopher, born in Egypt ca. 1865, died in Tunis ca. 955. He practiced medicine at the court of the caliphs of Qajrawān.…
Isaac II Angelos, Emperor of the East(ISACCO II, ANGELO, IMPERATORE D'ORIENTE)Vol. VII, p. 159 ISACCO II, Angelo, EMPEROR OF THE EAST. - He was emperor twice, from 1185 to 1195 and, with the help of the Latins, from August 1203 until January 1204. His…
Isaac Jogues, Saint(ISACCO JOGUES, SANTO)Vol. VII, p. 159 ISAAC JOGUES, Saint: v. CANADO-AMERICAN MARTYRS.
Isaac of Amida(ISACCO DI AMIDA)Vol. VII, p. 158 ISACCO di AMIDA. — A Syriac writer of the 4th or 5th century, of whom it is not known whether he was the same as Isacco of Antioch or a different person.…
Isaac of Antioch(ISACCO DI ANTIOCHIA)Vol. VII, p. 158 ISACCO di ANTIOCHIA. – Also called the Great, who according to some would be identical with I. di Amida. It is known from Gennadius that he was a very prolific…
Isaac of Edessa(ISACCO DI EDESSA)Vol. VII, p. 158 ISACCO di EDESSA. – According to Giacomo di Edessa, there would have been two I. di E., one a Monophysite from the second half of the 5th century and another…
Isaac of Nineveh(ISACCO DI NINIVE)Vol. VII, p. 159 ISACCO di NINIVE. - Syrian spiritual writer of the 7th century, born at Bér Qatrājē and later consecrated bishop of Nineveh by the Nestorian catholicos Giorgio…
Isaac of Stella(ISACCO DELLA STELLA)Vol. VII, p. 159 ISACCO della STELLA. — Cistercian abbot and theologian, born in England at the beginning of the twelfth century, died in the monastery of La Stella (near…
Isaac, Saint(ISACCO, SANTO)Vol. VII, p. 158 ISACCO, saint. - Abbot of Constantinople, who lived in the fourth century and died between 406 and 425. He founded the first monastery of Constantinople and…
ISAAK (IZAC), HEINRICHVol. VII, p. 155 ISAAK (IZAC), HEINRICH. - Flemish composer, b. ca. 1450, d. at Florence in 1517. He first lived at the court of Ferrara, then became organist and chapel master…
ISABELLA II, QUEEN OF SPAIN(ISABELLA II, REGINA DI SPAGNA)Vol. VII, p. 155 ISABELLA II, queen of SPAIN. – B. on 10 Oct. 1830 in Madrid, d. on 9 Apr. 1904 in Paris. Daughter of Ferdinando VII and Maria Cristina, she lost her father at…
ISABELLA OF FRANCE, BLESSED(ISABELLA DI FRANCIA, BEATA)Vol. VII, p. 155 ISABELLA di FRANCIA, blessed. — Daughter of Luigi VIII and Bianca di Castiglia, sovereigns of France, born in March 1225 and died on 23 February 1270. Having…
Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Castile(ISABELLA LA CATTOLICA, REGINA DI CASTIGLIA)Vol. VII, p. 155 ISABELLA the Catholic, queen of CASTILE. – B. 22 April 1451 at Madrigal de las Altas Torres, d. 26 November 1504 at Medina del Campo. Daughter of Giovanni II…
