AristeaVol. I, p. 1121 ARISTEA. — Pseudonym of the author of the Letter to Philocrates, which recounts the origin of the Greek biblical version of the Septuagint (v.). Some, however,…
Aristeno, AlessioVol. I, p. 1122 ARISTENO, ALESSIO. — Byzantine canonist of the 12th century, who wrote his Commentaries on the Synopsis of the Canons at the request of the emperor Giovanni…
Aristide, MarcianoVol. I, p. 1122 ARISTIDE, MARCIANO. - One of the first Christian apologists. According to Eusebius (Hist. eccl., IV, 3, 3, and Chron., ad a. 2140) he was an Athenian…
Aristion of Pella(ARISTONE DI PELLA)Vol. I, p. 1124 ARISTONE di PELLA. — This author is mentioned twice by name in ancient Christian literature. The first time by Eusebius (Hist. ecl., IV, 6, 3), who attributes…
Aristion, Saint(ARISTIONE, SANTO)Vol. I, p. 1122 ARISTIONE, Saint. - A disciple of the Lord. Papias, in the preface to his Exegesis of the Lord’s Words, says that he wished to hand on what he had heard and…
Aristippus, Enrico(ARISTIPPO, ENRICO)Vol. I, p. 1123 ARISTIPPO, ENRICO. - Archdeacon of Catania, he lived in the 12th century; of his life, only a few facts are historically certain. Probably born between 1105…
Aristobulus(ARISTOBULO)Vol. I, p. 1123 ARISTOBULUS. – Name of various members of the Hasmonean dynasty, two of whom were kings and a third a claimant to the throne of Judah. - A. I (his Jewish name…
Aristobulus of Alexandria(ARISTOBULO DI ALESSANDRIA)Vol. I, p. 1123 ARISTOBULO of ALESSANDRIA. - Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, apparently living in Alessandria in the time of Tolomeo IV Filometore (181–145 B.C.), to whom he…
Aristocracy(ARISTOCRAZIA)Vol. I, p. 1123 ARISTOCRACY. — In Plato and Aristotle, this signifies a form of government: that constituted by men who stand out for their intellectual and moral qualities.…
AristotelfVol. I, p. 1131 ARISTOTELF - Commendatory texts prefixed to the editio princeps, edited by Aldo Manuzio, Venice 1495. remaining in its simplicity through every change,…
Aristotelianism(ARISTOTELISMO)Vol. I, p. 1137 ARISTOTELIANISM. — 1. MEDIEVAL A. — An event of primary importance in the development of medieval thought, destined to produce consequences of the first order…
Aristotle(ARISTOTELE)Vol. I, p. 1133 ARISTOTELE - Ethica. Translation into the vernacular with commentary by Bernardo Segni, Florence 1550. contemplation, through which man enjoys for brief…
Aristotle ('Αριστοτέλης)(ARISTOTELE ('ἈΡΙΣΤΟΤΈΛΗΣ))Vol. I, p. 1124 ARISTOTLE ('Aristotle). — Greatest Greek philosopher and one of the greatest of all time. SUMMARY: I. 1. LIFE. — 2. WORKS. — 3. Historical development of…
Arizzara, GiacintoVol. I, p. 1141 ARIZZARA, GIACINTO. — Dominican of the eighteenth century, professor of Sacred Scripture and Oriental languages at the University of Modena. As a Hebraist, he…
Arjona, Manuel María deVol. I, p. 1141 ARJONA, MANUEL MARÍA de. - Spanish poet, b. at Osuna, near Seville, 12 June 1771, d. at Madrid, 25 July 1820. The sources of his inspiration may be reduced to…
Ark(ARCA)Vol. I, p. 1055 ARCA. — Latin name used as a synonym for sarcophagus (v.) situated in ancient Christian cemeteries (v.) above ground. It was used, from the end of the fourth…
Ark (of Noah)(ARCA (DI NOÈ))Vol. I, p. 1057 ARK (OF NOAH). — A large floating wooden receptacle, which Noah built before the Flood (v.) at God’s command, as a refuge for himself, his family, and all the…
Ark (of the Covenant), Ark of the Testimony(ARCA (DELL'ALLEANZA), ARCA DELLA TESTIMONIANZA)Vol. I, p. 1056 ARK (OF THE COVENANT), ARK OF THE TESTIMONY. — Thus the Pentateuch designates the most important and ancient object of Israelite worship from Moses to the…
Ark of the Covenant(ALLEANZA, ARCA DELLA)Vol. I, p. 544 ALLEGIANZA, ARK of the: v. ARK OF THE ALLIANCE.
ArlesVol. I, p. 1141 ARLES. — City of southeastern France, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, with a population of approximately 29,000, A. was an archiepiscopal see,…
Arlincourt, Charles-Victor Prévost D'(ARLINCOURT, CHARLES-VICTOR PRÉVOT D')Vol. I, p. 1144 ARLINCOURT, CHARLES-VICTOR PRÉVOT d': v. PRÉVOT, CHARLES-VICTOR.
Arlotto da PratoVol. I, p. 1144 ARLOTTO da PRATO. - Franciscan theologian, born in Prato, died in Paris in 1286. He studied in Paris and, having become a « magister », taught theology at…
Arlotto, PievanoVol. I, p. 1144 ARLOTTO, PIEVANO: v. MAINARDI, ARLOTTO.
Arma ChristiVol. I, p. 1144 ARMS OF CHRIST: v. PASSION, INSTRUMENTS OF THE.
ArmadioVol. I, p. 1144 ARMADIO. — The mosaics of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna and a miniature in the cod. Amiatino (Florence, Laurenziana) provide the earliest evidence…
Armagh, Archdiocese of(ARMAGH, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. I, p. 1147 ARMAGH, ARCHDIOCESE of. — Based in Armagh, a city of Northern Ireland approximately 120 km north of Dublin and the capital of a county. The name derives from…
Armagnac, Georges D'Vol. I, p. 1147 ARMAGNAC, GEORGES d'. — Cardinal, born probably in 1507, died on 5 June 1585. He received an excellent education, especially at the court of the king of…
Armand, ErnestVol. I, p. 1147 ARMAND, ERNEST. — French diplomat, born in Paris on 6 March 1828, died there on 28 November 1898. First secretary of the embassy in Rome, he served there as…
Armando De Bellovisu (Armand De Belvezer)Vol. I, p. 1147 ARMANDO DE BELLOVISU (ARMAND DE BELVEZER). - Dominican philosopher and theologian, born in Provence in the second half of the 13th century; the date of his…
Armania y Font, FranciscoVol. I, p. 1148 ARMANIA Y FONT, FRANCISCO. – Spanish Augustinian, born on 3 June 1718 at Villanueva y Geltrú (Barcelona), died at Tarragona on 4 May 1803. He was master of…
Armannino da BolognaVol. I, p. 1148 ARMANNINO DA BOLOGNA. – Born in Bologna, he was a notary in Fabriano in 1320. His fame is linked to the Fiorita d'Italia, a history of humankind from the…
Armel, Nicolas, called La Bonne Armelle(ARMELLE NICOLAS, DETTA LA BONNE ARMELLE)Vol. I, p. 1148 ARMELLE NICOLAS, called LA BONNE ARMELLE. – French mystic, born in Campénéac (Brittany) on 9 September 1606, died as a domestic servant at the castle of…
Armellini de' Medici, FrancescoVol. I, p. 1149 ARMELLINI de' MEDICI, FRANCESCO. – Cardinal, born in Perugia or Fossato (diocese of Nocera) in 1469, died in Rome in 1527. The son of merchants, he changed his…
Armellini, CarloVol. I, p. 1148 ARMELLINI, CARLO. - Lawyer, triumvir of the Roman Republic, b. in Rome in 1777, d. at Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (Belgium) in 1863. During the Jacobin invasion of…
Armellini, MarianoVol. I, p. 1148 ARMELLINI, MARIANO. – Benedictine of the Cassinese Congregation, b. at Ancona on 10 December 1662, d. at Foligno on 4 May 1737. A monk in the monastery of S.…
Armendáriz, JuliánVol. I, p. 1150 ARMENDÁRIZ, JULIÁN. – Spanish poet and dramatist, b. perhaps in 1585 in Salamanca, where he studied the arts, and d. in 1614. In honour of the patron saint of…
Armengol, Pedro, Blessed(ARMENGOL, PEDRO, BEATO)Vol. I, p. 1150 ARMENGOL, PEDRO, Blessed. — Born probably in 1238 in the village of Guardia del Prats, in the province of Tarragona, to the family of the counts of Urgel.…
ArmeniaVol. I, p. 1150 ARMENIA - Basilica of Odzum (ca. 8th century). of Catholicism. He was wrongly accused of having granted, in the Regolamento of the patriarchate, to the laity a…
ArmeniaVol. I, p. 1158 ARMENIA - Basilica of Odzum (ca. 8th century). of Catholicism. He was wrongly accused of having granted, in the Regolamento of the patriarchate, to the laity…
ArmeniaVol. I, p. 1168 BIBL.: J. Strzygowski, Die Baukunst der Armenier u. Europa, 2 voll., Vienna, 1918; id., Ursprung der christl. Kirchenkunst, Vienna 1920; C. M. Kauffmann,…
Armenia Minor(ARMENIA MINORE)Vol. I, p. 1168 ARMENIA MINORE: v. IRÄQ.
Armenia, Soviet Republic of(ARMENA, REPUBBLICA SOVIETICA)Vol. I, p. 1149 ARMENA, REPUBBLICA SOVIETICA. – The smallest (29,900 sq km) of the sixteen federated Republics constituting the U.S.S.R., among which it was admitted in 1936,…
Armenian Antonians(ANTONIANI ARMENI)Vol. I, p. 914 ANTONIANI ARMENI. - A monastic institute, now extinct, begun in the 18th century by the four Muradian brothers, during the persecution carried out by the…
Armenian, Pontifical College(ARMENO, PONTIFICIO COLLEGIO)Vol. I, p. 1168 ARMENO, PONTIFICIO COLLEGIO: v. COLLEGI ORIENTALI.
ArmenopoliVol. I, p. 1168 ARMENOPOLI. – Armenian city in Transylvania, founded in 1700 by Armenians who had emigrated from Ani as early as the 13th century. The city plan was drawn up…
Armentía, NicolásVol. I, p. 1168 ARMENTÍA, NICOLÁS. — Friar Minor, missionary, explorer, and bishop in Bolivia, b. in Bermedo (Spain) on 6 Dec. 1845, d. in La Paz on 24 Dec. 1919. He completed…
Armidale, Diocese of(ARMIDALE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. I, p. 1169 ARMIDALE, DIOCESE of. – In southern Australia, erected on 28 November 1862 by division of the archdiocese of Sydney. The territory covers an area of 72,400 sq.…
Armilustrium (Armilustrium)(ARMILUSTRIO (ARMILUSTRIUM))Vol. I, p. 1169 ARMILUSTRIO (Armilustrium). – Festival of the most ancient Roman calendar, falling on 19 October. The name defines it as a festival for the purification of…
Arminius and Arminianism(ARMINIO E ARMINIANESIMO)Vol. I, p. 1169 ARMINIO and ARMINIANISM. — A. is the author of the anti-Calvinist Protestant movement that took its name from him. 1. LIFE AND DOCTRINE OF A. — Jacob A.…
Armistice(ARMISTIZIO)Vol. I, p. 1171 ARMISTIZIO. — The armistice is the mutual agreement of the belligerents whose effect is the total or partial suspension of hostilities for a determinate or…
ArmonioVol. I, p. 1172 HARMONIUM. — This is a keyboard instrument whose sound is produced by free reeds without resonators, placed horizontally beneath the keyboard. The air is…
Arms, Prohibition of(ARMI, DIVIETO DI)Vol. I, p. 1169 ARMS, PROHIBITION of. - The CIC (can. 138), reproducing a rule that, with few substantial variations, has been in force in the Church since the earliest…
Arn, Archbishop of Salzburg(ARNONE ARCIVESCOVO DI SALISBURGO)Vol. II, p. 26 ARNONE, archbishop of SALZBURG. — Born around 746 in Bavaria, he died at Salzburg on 24 January 821. Having completed his studies at Freising and been ordained…
Arnaia, Nicolás De(ARNAYA, NICOLÁS DE)Vol. I, p. 1176 ARNAYA, NICOLÁS de. – Ascetic writer, b. in Segovia in 1558, a Jesuit from 1571, missionary and several times superior in Mexico, d. in Mexico in 1623. He…
Arnaldi, Giovanni Battista(ARNALDI, GIOVAN BATTISTA)Vol. I, p. 1172 ARNALDI, GIOVAN BATTISTA. - Born at Castellaro, in the diocese of Ventimiglia, on 8 Jan. 1806; died at Spoleto on 28 Feb. 1867. In 1829 A. dedicated a…
Arnaldists(ARNALDISTI)Vol. I, p. 1172 ARNALDISTI: V. ARNALDO DA BRESCIA.
Arnaldo (Arnoldo, Ernald), Abbot of Bonneval(ARNALDO (ARNOLDO, ERNALDO), ABATE DI BONNEVAL)Vol. I, p. 1172 ARNALDO (ARNOLDO, ERNALDO), abbot of BONNEVAL. — Friend and biographer of St. Bernard. Little is known of his life. He was a monk at Marmoutier when, after…
Arnaldo (Arnoldo, Renaldo) da FolignoVol. I, p. 1174 ARNALDO (ARNOLDO, RENALDO) da FOLIGNO. — Franciscan. He was mistakenly called “of Corbie.” Contrary to Sbaralea’s opinion (I, 103), it seems certain that Fra’…
Arnaldo da BresciaVol. I, p. 1173 ARNALDO DA BRESCIA. — Born toward the end of the 11th century or at the beginning of the following one in Brescia, he embarked upon an ecclesiastical career,…
Arnaldo da VillanovaVol. I, p. 1174 ARNALDO da VILLANOVA. — Lay physician and theologian, prolific Catalan writer, born around the middle of the thirteenth century in the diocese of Valencia,…
Arnaldo Daniello (Arnautz Daniel)Vol. I, p. 1174 ARNALDO DANIELLO (ARNAUTZ DANIEL). — Provençal troubadour of the second half of the twelfth century. From a brief biography of the period, in the Provençal…
Arnaldo of Chartres(ARNALDO DI CHARTRES)Vol. I, p. 1174 ARNALDO di CHARTRES: v. ARNALDO di BONNEVAL.
Arnaldo of Tongern(ARNALDO DI TONGERN)Vol. I, p. 1174 ARNALDO di TONGERN. – Augustinian canon regular, born in Tongern at an unknown date, died in Leiden in 1540. Dean of the Faculty of Arts of Cologne and…
Arnauld, Family(ARNAULD, FAMIGLIA)Vol. I, p. 1175 ARNAULD, FAMIGLIA. — Three names that concentrate Jansenist spirituality in its theological, ascetical, and mystical aspects belong to this family, originally…
Arndt, Ernst MoritzVol. I, p. 1176 ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ. - German writer, born on the island of Rügen in 1769, died in 1860. A fanatical love of հայրland and freedom, both threatened by Napoleon,…
Arndt, JohannVol. I, p. 1176 ARNDT, JOHANN. – German Lutheran theologian and mystic, born at Edderitz (Anhalt) on 27 December 1555, died at Celle (Hannover) on 11 May 1621. He is known as…
Arnepck, Veit(ARNPECK, VEIT)Vol. II, p. 29 ARNPECK, VEIT. – German priest and historian, born ca. 1440, probably in Freising (Bavaria), and died probably in 1495. He studied at the University of Vienna;…
Arnest of Pardubice(ARNOST DA PARDURICE)Vol. II, p. 29 ARNOST da PARDURICE — Archbishop of Prague, born at Hosty in 1297, died at Prague in 1364. He studied at Bologna and Padua and until 1342 served at the papal…
Arnim, Harry Karl Kurt Eduard, Count of(ARNIM, HARRY KARL KURT EDUARD, CONTE DI)Vol. I, p. 1177 ARNIM, HARRY KARL KURT EDUARD, count. — Prussian diplomat, born at Moitzelfitz (Pomerania) on 3 October 1824, died at Nice on 19 May 1881. From 1853 to 1855 he…
Arnim, Ludwig Achim vonVol. I, p. 1177 ARNIM, LUDWIG ACHIM von. - German writer, born in Berlin on 26 Jan. 1781, died in Wiepersdorf on 21 Jan. 1831. He was one of the most prominent figures of the…
Arnobius of Sicca, Known as the Elder(ARNOBIO DI SICCA, DETTO IL VECCHIO)Vol. I, p. 1178 ARNOBIO of SICCA, called the ELDER. — Christian writer and apologist, who lived at Sicca Veneria (today el-Zef) in Proconsular Africa at the beginning of the…
Arnobius the Younger(ARNOBIO IL GIOVANE)Vol. I, p. 1177 ARNOBIO il GIOVANE. – Christian writer, probably a monk, who lived in Rome around the middle of the 5th century; perhaps originally from Gaul. The scant and…
Arnold, GottfriedVol. I, p. 1178 ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED. – Protestant theologian, b. at Annaberg (Saxony) on 5 September 1666, d. at Perleberg on 30 May 1714. He pursued his university studies at…
Arnold, ThomasVol. I, p. 1178 ARNOLD, THOMAS. - English theologian, historian, politician, and educator, b. at West Cowes (Isle of Wight) on 13 June 1795, d. at Fox How (Westsnorchend) on…
Arnoldi, AlbertoVol. I, p. 1178 ARNOLDI, ALBERTO. - Known as Alberto Fiorentino, sculptor, son of a Lombard stonecutter: he is mentioned in a tale by Sacchetti. In 1351 he was working under…
Arnoldi, BartolomeoVol. I, p. 1179 ARNOLDI, BARTOLOMEO. - Catholic theologian and philosopher, b. at Ussingen (Nassau) in 1465, d. at Würzburg in Sept. 1532. In 1484 he attended the University…
Arnoldi, GiovanniVol. I, p. 1179 ARNOLDI, GIOVANNI. – Jesuit, born at Warburg (Westphalia) on 24 June 1596, died a martyr at Verden on 4 November 1631. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1617;…
Arnoldi, HeinrichVol. I, p. 1179 ARNOLDI, HEINRICH. – Carthusian ascetical writer. Born in 1407 at Alfeld (hence the appellation de Allevaldia) in Saxony, he pursued brilliant studies in Rome…
Arnoldo of Bohéries(ARNOLDO DI BOHÉRIES)Vol. I, p. 1179 ARNOLDO di BOHÉRIES. - A Cistercian monk of Bohéries (diocese of Laon, now Soissons), probably living at the end of the 12th century. He became known only when…
Arnoldo of Cologne(ARNOLDO DA COLONIA)Vol. I, p. 1180 ARNOLDO of COLONIA. – Missionary; in 1303 he went to Khambalicq (Peking) to assist Giovanni da Monte Corvino. Under his name there was transmitted a…
Arnoldo of Saint Peter and Paul(ARNOLDO DI SAN PIETRO E PAOLO)Vol. I, p. 1180 ARNOLDO of SAN PIETRO E PAOLO. — In the world Tilman Coix, a Flemish Discalced Carmelite belonging to the province of Lombardy, born at Roermond (Netherlands)…
Arnoldo, Abbot of Lübeck(ARNOLDO, ABATE DI LUBECCA)Vol. I, p. 1180 ARNOLDO, abbot of LUBECK. — German chronicler, who lived in the twelfth century and was still alive in 1212. After spending some time in Brunswick, in 1177 he…
Arnoldo, Archbishop of Cologne(ARNOLDO, ARCIVESCOVO DI COLONIA)Vol. I, p. 1180 ARNOLDO, archbishop of COLONIA. — Of the family of the counts of Wied; died on 11 May 1156. He was first provost of the cathedral of Colonia, then chancellor…
Arnoldo, Bishop of Maguelone(ARNOLDO, VESCOVO DELL'ISOLA MAGUELONE)Vol. I, p. 1180 ARNOLDO, bishop of the island of MAGUELONE. — He occupied the episcopal see from 1029 until his death in 1059. An engineer and architect, he was a precursor of…
ArnoldusVol. I, p. 1180 ARNOLDUS: v. AERNOULDT, PIERRE. END OF VOLUME ONE The Ground Truth image displays a single, solid horizontal line. According to Rule 2 (UNDERSCORE & LINE…
Arnolfine, Lands(ARNOLFINE, TERRE)Vol. II, p. 23 ARNOLFINE, LAND.- Group of castles in southern Umbria, between Terni, Spoleto, Amelia, and Narni, whose administrative unity, in memory of a previous feudal…
Arnolfo Di CambioVol. II, p. 24 ARNOLFO di CAMBIO. — Sculptor and architect, born at Colle Val d'Elsa around 1240–45, died in Florence on 18 March 1302. He is mentioned as Nicola Pisano’s…
Arnolfo, Archbishop of Milan(ARNOLFO, ARCIVESCOVO DI MILANO)Vol. II, p. 26 ARNOLFO, archbishop of MILANO. — Elected on 6 Dec. 1093 by popular vote, he was confirmed in his dignity by Corrado, recognized at that time as king of Italy.…
Arnolfo, Bishop of Lisieux(ARNOLFO, VESCOVO DI LISIEUX)Vol. II, p. 25 ARNOLFO, bishop of LISIEUX. — Born probably toward the end of the 11th century or at the beginning of the 12th, he died at Lisieux in 1184. He spent his youth…
Arnolfo, Bishop of Orléans(ARNOLFO, VESCOVO DI ORLÉANS)Vol. II, p. 26 ARNOLFO, bishop of ORLÉANS. – A Benedictine, bishop of Orléans in the 10th century, he died before 1003. Of noble and generous character, he was praised by his…
Arnolfo, Bishop of Soissons(ARNOLFO, VESCOVO DI SOISSONS)Vol. II, p. 26 ARNOLFO, bishop of SOISSONS. — A native of Brabant, he died at Altenburg on the eve of the Assumption in 1087. First a soldier, then a monk at S. Medardus of…
Arnolfo, King of Germany(ARNOLFO, RE DI GERMANIA)Vol. II, p. 25 ARNOLFO, king of GERMANIA. - Natural son of Carlomanno, he was elected duke of Carinthia in 887, and in the following year, having led the rebellion that…
Arnolfo, Saint(ARNOLFO, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 23 ARNOLFO, santo. - Bishop of Metz, born probably at Lay-Saint-Christophe near Nancy, c. 582, died at Habend (Remiremont) in 640 or 41. Of (fot. Alinari) ARNOLFO…
ArnonVol. II, p. 26 ARNON. - Eastern tributary (today Wädi el-Mö-gib) of the Mar Morto, the largest after the Giordano. It is formed by the confluence of the Seil es-Sufçi with…
Arnono of Reichersberg(ARNONE DI REICHERSBERG)Vol. II, p. 26 ARNONE di REICHERSBERG. — Provost, died on 30 January 1175. He perfected his theological studies under the direction of his brother Gerhob, whom he succeeded…
Arnoux, JeanVol. II, p. 29 ARNOUX, JEAN. - Jesuit, b. at Riom in 1575, d. at Toulouse on 14 May 1636. Having entered the Society of Jesus in 1592, he became a skilled controversialist…
AroerVol. II, p. 29 AROER. - Three biblical localities. 1. A city on the southern frontier of the Amorite kingdom of Sehon, from whom it was taken by the Israelites (Deut. 2, 36;…
Aron (Aaron), PietroVol. II, p. 29 ARON (AARON), PIETRO. – Musician, born in Florence toward the end of the 15th century (1490?), died in Venice in 1545. A lucid theorist in his treatises, he…
Aronne (Heb. 'Ahărān, of uncertain etymology)(ARONNE (EBR. 'AHĀRĀN, DI ETIMOLOGIA INCERTA))Vol. II, p. 29 ARONNE (Heb. 'Ahārān, of uncertain etymology). — First high priest and founder of the priesthood of Israel. The firstborn of Amram, son of Caath and Iochabed,…
Arosio, LuigiVol. II, p. 31 AROSIO, LUIGI. - Priest, b. at Milano on 16 Nov. 1822; d. there on 2 July 1901. Throughout his life he was engaged in the care of souls in his native city,…
Arpe, GiacomoVol. II, p. 31 ARPE, GIACOMO. - Augustinian, born at Levanto around 1660, died in 1729. He entered the Order at Genoa in 1675. As soon as he had completed his studies, he was…
Arphaxad(ARFAXAD (ARPHAXAD))Vol. I, p. 1102 ARFAXAD (Arphaxad). - Two biblical personages. 1. A. (Hebr. 'Arpahšad), son of Sem, born 2 years after the flood (Gen. 10, 22; 11, 10), grandfather or…
ArpiVol. II, p. 31 ARPI. – City and seat of an ancient bishopric in Apulia (Virgil’s Argyripa, Aen., XI, 246), in the middle of the plain south of the Gargano, 20 miles from the…
Arpocrates(ARPOCRATE)Vol. II, p. 31 ARPOCRATE. – One of the numerous forms under which the Egyptian god Horus was worshipped, specifically Horus the child: A. is in fact the Hellenized form of…
Arques y Jover, Agustín deVol. II, p. 32 ARQUES y JOVER, AGUSTÍN de. - Spanish Mercedarian historian, born at Cocenteina (Alicante) on 30 April 1734, died at Valencia on 14 June 1808. He entered the…
Arraes (Arrais, Arraiz) de Mendoza, AmadorVol. II, p. 32 ARRAES (ARRAIS, ARRAIZ) DE MENDOZA, AMADOR. - Portuguese Carmelite writer, born of a noble family at Beja in 1530, died at Coimbra on 1 Aug. 1600. Having…
Arras, Blessed Martyrs of(ARRAS, MARTIRI DI, BEATE)Vol. II, p. 33 ARRAS, MARTYRS of, blessed. - This is the name given to the four “Daughters of Charity” of the religious house of A.: Maria Maddalena Fontaine, superior; Maria…
Arras, Diocese of(ARRAS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 32 ARRAS, DIOCESE of. — This bishopric of northern France, suffragan to Cambrai, is bounded by the English Channel to the north and by the dioceses of Cambrai,…
Arregui, Antonio MaríaVol. II, p. 35 ARREGUI, ANTONIO MARÍA. - Spanish Jesuit and renowned moral theologian, b. at Pamplona on 17 Jan. 1863, d. at Barcelona on 10 Dec. 1942. After the customary…
Arresti, Giulio CesareVol. II, p. 35 ARRESTI, GIULIO CESARE. — Musician, born in Bologna in 1630, died there in 1695. Chapel master at S. Salvatore in 1668 and, in 1685, organist at S. Petronio,…
Arrhae SponsalitiaeVol. II, p. 35 ARRHAE SPONSALITIAE: v. MATRIMONIO; SPONSALI.
Arrhenius, Svante August(ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUSTO)Vol. II, p. 35 ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUSTO. - B. at Wijk near Uppsala (Sweden) in 1859, d. at Stockholm in 1927. In 1883 he set forth the hypothesis that now bears his name in…
Arriaga, Pablo-JoséVol. II, p. 35 ARRIAGA, PABLO-JOSÉ. - Spanish Jesuit, b. in 1564 at Ocaña (or at Vergara?), d. in 1622. Having entered religious life in 1579 and departed for Peru in 1585,…
Arriaga, RodrigoVol. II, p. 35 ARRIAGA, RODRIGO. – Spanish Jesuit, renowned philosopher and theologian, b. at Logroño on 17 January 1592, d. at Prague on 7 June 1667. After studying at…
Arrighi, Giulio(ARRIGHETTI, GIULIO)Vol. II, p. 36 ARRIGHETTI, GIULIO. - Born at S. Piero a Sieve in 1622, died at Firenze in 1705. A maternal uncle of his, Sbaccheri Iacopo, secretary to Card. Giulio Cesare…
Arrigo Fiammingo (Heinrich Van Der Broek)Vol. II, p. 36 ARRIGO FIAMMINGO (HEINRICH VAN DER BROEK). — Painter, born in Malines in 1530, died in Rome in 1597. He lived for forty years in Italy, especially in Umbria,…
Arrigo of Settimello(ARRIGO DA SETTIMELLO)Vol. II, p. 36 ARRIGO da SETTIMELLO. - Poet of the 12th century. Little is known of his life. He was a cleric and also enjoyed honours and comforts, but later fell into…
Arrigoni, GiulioVol. II, p. 36 ARRIGONI, GIULIO. — Archbishop, born in Bergamo on 22 September 1806, died in Lucca on 9 January 1875. Having completed his early studies at the diocesan…
Arrivabene, GiovanniVol. II, p. 36 ARRIVABENE, GIOVANNI. - Patriot and economist, born into a noble family in Mantova on 24 June 1787, died there on 11 Jan. 1881. A student of economic and…
Ars AntiquaVol. II, p. 39 ARS ANTIQUA. — This is the name given, in contrast to the Ars nova (v.) of the 14th century, to the sacred composition of the first period of polyphony…
Ars DictandiVol. II, p. 39 ARS DICTANDI. – The art of composing letters and documents, known since antiquity, was taught especially in theoretical and practical treatises, which…
Ars MoriendiVol. II, p. 40 ARS MORIENDI. — An ascetic booklet in Latin, extremely widespread in the early days of typography (15th century), containing exhortations and prayers, together…
Ars NovaVol. II, p. 42 ARS NOVA. — This was the name given to the current of renewal in sacred composition that animated polyphonic music from the early years of the 14th century to…
Arsaces II (Arsace)(ARSAK II (ARSACE))Vol. II, p. 36 ARSAK II (Arsace). – King of Armenia (350–67), he lived in the most critical period, when supremacy in Asia Minor was disputed between the Persians and the…
Arsacius, Saint(ARSACIO, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 36 ARSACIO, saint. — Confessor, died c. 358 at Nicomedia. According to Sozomen (Hist. eccl., IV, 16), he was Persian by birth, confessed the faith under Licinius,…
Arsenius(ARSENIO)Vol. II, p. 39 ARSENIO. — Bishop of Orte, who lived in Rome in the 9th century and died at Benevento. Before entering the clergy, he married and had two sons, who were…
Arsenius Autoreianus(ARSENIO AUTOREIANO)Vol. II, p. 40 ARSENIO AUTOREIANO. - Born in Constantinople at the beginning of the thirteenth century, he changed his name from Giorgio to A. when he entered the monastery…
Arsenius the Great (Ἀρσένιος ὁ Μέγας), Saint(ARSENIO, DETTO IL GRANDE (ἈΡΣΈΝΙΟΣ Ὁ ΜΈΓΑΣ), SANTO)Vol. II, p. 40 ARSENIO, called the GREAT (Ἀρσένιος ὁ Μέγας), saint. — One of the most celebrated “desert fathers.” Born in Rome to a senatorial family around 354. He was…
Arsenius, Bishop of Ypseli(ARSENIO VESCOVO DI YPSELÈ)Vol. II, p. 40 ARSENIO bishop of YPSELÈ. - In the fourth century he was bishop of this city in Egypt, on the western bank of the Nile, near Lycopolis; and he is known only…
Art(ARTE)Vol. II, p. 45 ART. - I. HISTORY OF THE WORD. - The term has never had, strictly speaking, a univocal meaning; indeed, it can be understood in a broader sense (from the ars…
Art Collections(RACCOLTE D'ARTE)Vol. X, p. 267 RACCOLTE D'ARTE : V. MUSEO E MUSEOLOGIA.
Art Criticism(CRITICA D'ARTE)Vol. IV, p. 552 CRITICA D'ARTE. — Art criticism is practiced whenever a work is defined, characterized, or evaluated as a work of art. Once the intrinsic identity of the…
Art Workshop(BOTTEGA D'ARTE)Vol. II, p. 1135 BOTTEGA D'ARTE. — The generic term bottega (from the Greek ἀποθήκη, “storeroom, warehouse”) signifies a place in which objects of every kind are stored and…
Artapanus(ARTAPANO)Vol. II, p. 42 ARTAPANUS. — A Jewish historian who lived in Egypt before the Christian era. His work Περί Ἰουδαίων was used by Flavius Josephus and cited by Eusebius…
Artashat(ARTAŠAT)Vol. II, p. 42 ARTAŠAT. – Ancient city of Armenia, which was also a capital under the Ardašessian dynasty, in the province of Ararat on the Aras. In A.D. 177 Corbulo, after…
Artaxerxes(ARTASERSE)Vol. II, p. 42 ARTAXERXES. – Hellenized name ('Αρταξέρξης'; Heb. 'Artaḥšatā'; Assyrian Artaḥsatsu; from Persian Artaḥšatā, “the great commander”) of three Achaemenid kings.…
Arteaga, Esteban DeVol. II, p. 51 ARTEAGA, ESTEBAN de. — Born in Turolio in Aragon in 1747, died in Paris on 3 October 1799. A Jesuit, expelled during the reign of Carlo III, he found, like…
Arteghiani, Angelo Guglielmo(ARTEGIANI, ANGELO GUGLIELMO)Vol. II, p. 54 ANGELO GUGLIELMO ARTEGIANI. - Augustinian, born at Rocca Contrada (Arcevia) on 27 Nov. 1683, died at ARTE CRISTIANA ANTICA - Multiplication of the Loaves.…
Artemas(ARTEMA)Vol. II, p. 55 ARTEMA. - A disciple and collaborator of s. Paolo, who in 64 or 65 intended, hypothetically, to send him to Creta to replace Tito there, inviting him to join…
Artemis (Ἀρτεμις)(ARTEMIDE ('ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣ))Vol. II, p. 55 ARTEMIDE ('Αρτεμις). — Goddess of Greece, whose cult was very widespread, as is also shown by the very frequent use of the name of the month Artemisius, which…
Artemius(ARTEMIO)Vol. II, p. 56 ARTEMIO. - Ancient commander of Egypt under the emperor Costanzo, beheaded by Giuliano l'Apostata in June 362. A violent Arian, in agreement with the intruded…
Artemyev, Pyotr(ARTÉMIEV, PIOTR)Vol. II, p. 56 ARTÉMIEV, PIOTR. - Russian deacon, b. about 1665 at Surdal, d. a martyr for the Catholic faith in the prison of the monastery of Solovetz, near Archangel, on…
Artificial Fecundation(FECONDAZIONE ARTIFICIALE)Vol. V, p. 652 ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION. — This expression commonly denotes the introduction of the male seed into the internal female organs by methods and means other than…
Artistic Forgeries(FALSIFICAZIONI ARTISTICHE)Vol. V, p. 593 ARTISTIC FALSIFICATIONS. — When the Romans, having conquered Greece, became enthusiastic about its civilization and sought to acquire its most refined…
Artophorion (Ἀρτοφόριον)(ARTOFORIO (ἈΡΤΟΦΌΡΙΟΝ))Vol. II, p. 67 ARTOFORIO (ἀρτοφόριον). — In the Eastern Church, this denotes the repository of the Most Holy Eucharist, which is generally kept in a small church-shaped…
Artotyrites(ARTOTIRITI)Vol. II, p. 67 ARTOTIRITI. — An ancient Eastern sect, so called because its adherents used bread (ἄρτος) and cheese (τυρός) in the celebration of their mysteries. The scant…
Arundine (from Lat. arundo «reed»)(ARUNDINE (DAL LAT. ARUNDO «CANNA»))Vol. II, p. 68 ARUNDINE (from the Latin arundo, “reed”). - A staff adorned and surmounted by three candles arranged in a triangle, used in the rite of Holy Saturday. After…
Arval Brothers(ARVALI, FRATELLI)Vol. II, p. 68 ARVALI, FRATELLI. — A Roman religious collegial association, composed of 12 members and headed by a magister; recruited from the patriciate, with members…
Arvide, Martín deVol. II, p. 68 ARVIDE, MARTÍN de. - A Friar Minor, missionary and martyr in New Mexico: b. at Puerto de S. Sebastian (Spain), he was slain on 27 February 1632. Having taken…
Arvisenet, ClaudeVol. II, p. 69 ARVISENET, CLAUDE. – French ascetical writer, born at Langres on 8 September 1755, died at Gray on 17 February 1831. He studied at the gymnasium of Molsheim…
Arya-Samaj(ARYA-SAMÁJ)Vol. II, p. 69 ARYA-SAMÁJ. – Properly, “community, society of the Aryans”; one of the numerous religious-social movements of modern India, founded in 1865 by Dayánand…
ArzonVol. II, p. 69 ARZON. – The present-day Chaldean diocese of Séert formerly bore the name of A. The Nestorians also called it Mévadré (“dispersed”), to indicate the scattered…
Arzughi(ARZUGI)Vol. II, p. 69 ARZUGI. – A people who inhabited the region of Leptis Magna (Lebda), in Tripolitania. For a long time they resisted every influence of Christianity; even at…
Arévalo, FaustinoVol. I, p. 1098 ARÉVALO, FAUSTINO. - Spanish Jesuit and patrologist, b. at Campanario (Estremadura) in 1747; he became a Jesuit in 1761 and was one of the most distinguished…
Arévalo, Rodrigo deVol. I, p. 1098 ARÉVALO, RODRIGO de. — Spanish ecclesiastical diplomat and writer, born at S. Maria de Nueva (Segovia) in 1404, died in Rome on 4 October 1470. Under the kings…
Asa(AŠA)Vol. II, p. 69 AŠA. - V. AMEŠA SPENTA. ASA. - Third king of Judah after the division of the kingdom, son and successor of Abia. He reigned for 41 years (910–870 B.C.). He…
Asaba-Benin, Apostolic Vicariate of(ASABA-BENIN, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. II, p. 70 ASABA-BENIN, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - The mission, entrusted to the Society for African Missions of Lyons, originated from the apostolic prefecture of Upper…
Asael (Hebrew 'Āšāh'ēl, «God has made»)(ASAEL (EBR. 'ĀŠĀH'ĒL, « DIO HA FATTO »))Vol. II, p. 70 ASAEL (Heb. 'Āšāh'ēl, “God has made”). — A very agile warrior, David’s nephew, the son of his sister Sarvia, and the younger brother of Joab and Abisai. After…
AsamVol. II, p. 70 ASAM. - Family of German artists. HANS GEORG, painter and stucco-worker (Rotterdam c. 1646–1711), worked in various monasteries and churches in Bavaria…
Asan (Asen)Vol. II, p. 71 ASAN (ASEN). – Name of a Bulgarian dynasty (1186–1258) begun by the three brothers A.: Giovanni, Pietro, and Giovanni, who founded the Second Bulgarian Empire…
Asaph (Hebrew «gatherer»)(ASAF (EBR. « RACCOGLITORE »))Vol. II, p. 70 ASAF (Hebr. “gatherer”). — Head of one of the three groups of Temple singers and a sacred poet in the time of David. According to the genealogy in I Par. 6,…
Asaph, Saint(ASAF, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 70 ASAF, saint. - Bishop of Glasgow, who lived in the sixth century. No literary text has survived concerning the history of this saint, but only local traditions…
Asbury, FrancisVol. II, p. 72 ASBURY, FRANCIS. - Founder of American Methodism, b. in 1745 at Handsworth, near Birmingham, England, d. in 1816 at Spotsylvania, near Richmond. From his youth…
Ascanio, Nicanore, Blessed(ASCANIO, NICANORE, BEATO)Vol. II, p. 73 ASCANIO, NICANORE, blessed. – Spanish Franciscan, martyred at Damascus on 10 July 1860. Born in Villarejo de Salvanco (Madrid) on 10 January 1814, he entered…
Ascaricus(ASCARICO)Vol. II, p. 73 ASCARICO. — Bishop of Asturias in the second half of the eighth century. He addressed to a certain Tuseredo an acrostic on the uncertainty of eternal…
Ascellino (Asselino, Anselm)(ASCELLINO (ASSELINO, ANSELMO))Vol. II, p. 73 ASCELLINO (ASSELINO, ANSELMO). - A Dominican, originally from Lombardy, known for the embassy to the Mongols entrusted to him by Innocenzo IV. After the…
Ascendants(ASCENDENTI)Vol. II, p. 74 ASCENDENTI : v. CONSANGUINITÀ; SUCCESSIONI.
Ascension(ASCENSIONE)Vol. II, p. 74 ASCENSIONE - I. NELLA S. SCRITTURA. - Dopo essere apparso ripetutamente durante quaranta giorni, Gesù risorto comparve un'ultima volta agli apostoli (fot.…
Ascension of Isaiah(ASCENSIONE DI ISAIA)Vol. II, p. 76 ASCENSIONE DI ISAIA: V. ISAIA, ASCENSIONE di.
Ascension, Islands of(ASCENSIONE, ISOLE)Vol. II, p. 76 ASCENSIONE, ISOLE: V. CAPETOWN, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO di.
Ascetical Theology(ASCETICA, TEOLOGIA)Vol. II, p. 79 ASCETICA, TEOLOGIA. – Systematic doctrine concerning asceticism (v.). The formula “t. a.” seems to date back only to the seventeenth century (in the Franciscan…
Asceticism(ASCESI)Vol. II, p. 76 ASCESIS. — A methodical effort to repress the lower tendencies of nature in order progressively to attain spiritual perfection. SUMMARY: I. Nature. — II.…
Aschbach, Joseph vonVol. II, p. 86 ASCHBACH, JOSEPH von. – German Catholic historian, born in Höchst on 29 April 1801, died in Vienna on 25 April 1882. After earning degrees in theology and…
Aschhausen, Johann GottfriedVol. II, p. 86 ASCHHAUSEN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED. — Born at Oberlauda in 1575, died at Regensburg in 1622. In 1609 he was elected archbishop of Bamberg by that chapter, and in…
Aschites(ASCHITI)Vol. II, p. 87 ASCHITI. - Heretics connected with Montanism (v.). Information concerning them, not always consistent, is provided by ancient writers on heresies, such as…
AsciVol. II, p. 87 ASCI: v. ESPLORATORI CATTOLICI.
Asclepiades of Gaza(ASCLEPIADE DI GAZA)Vol. II, p. 87 ASCLEPIADE di GAZA. - A defender of the consubstantiality of the Word, he was opposed by the Arians, who deposed him from his see at the Council of Antioch…
Asclepius(ASCLEPIO)Vol. II, p. 87 ASCLEPIO: v. ESCULAPIO.
Asclepius(ASCLEPIO)Vol. II, p. 87 ASCLEPIO. — An African bishop, about whom Gennadius writes, De viris illustribus, 73 (PL 58, 1102): “A. African, from the territory of Baiae (an uncertain…
Asclepius (Ἀσκληπιός)(ESCULAPIO (ἈΣΚΛΗΚΤῸΣ))Vol. V, p. 350 ESCULAPIO (Ἀσκληκτὸς). - Greek god of medicine. Numerous etymologies have been proposed to explain his name, both from Greek and from Semitic languages; some…
Ascoli Piceno, Diocese of(ASCOLI PICENO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 88 ASCOLI PICENO, DIOCESE OF. — Bishopric of the Marches, immediately subject, from its earliest origins, to the Apostolic See. Already mentioned by Julius Caesar…
Ascoli Satriano-Cerignola, Diocese of(ASCOLI SATRIANO-CERIGNOLA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 88 ASCOLI SATRIANO-CERIGNOLA, DIOCESE di. - In Puglia, province of Foggia, suffragan of Benevento. It has 15 parishes, 57 diocesan and 18 regular priests, 86,921…
Ascoli, Graziadio IsaiaVol. II, p. 87 ASCOLI, GRAZIADIO ISAIA. – Glottologist, born in 1829 at Gorizia, died in Milan in 1907. A singular example of a self-taught scholar, he amassed, during his…
Aseity (Lat. aseitas, from a se «from itself, by itself»)(ASEITÀ (LAT. ASEITAS, DA A SE « DA SÉ, PER SÉ »))Vol. II, p. 89 ASEITY (Lat. aseitas, from a se “from itself, through itself”). — The property of a reality that does not derive its being from another. In Christian…
Asensio, Esteban DeVol. II, p. 90 ASENSIO, ESTEBAN de. - Missionary, b. in Spain in 1527, d. in Colombia in 1585. He was the sixth and last holder of the Franciscan custody of Colombia. He…
Asfu, IsoleVol. II, p. 91 ASFU, ISOLE: v. ARCIPELAGO DEI NAVIGATORI.
Ash Wednesday(CENERI, MERCOLEDÌ DELLE)Vol. III, p. 753 CENERI, MERCOLEDÌ delle. — In the last years of s. Gregorio Magno, the Lenten fast began on the Wednesday preceding the First Sunday of Lent, which was…
Asham, RogerVol. II, p. 91 ASHAM, ROGER. – Humanist and educational theorist, born at Kirby Wiske (Yorkshire) in 1515, died on 23 December 1568. He cultivated humanistic studies, with…
AshantiVol. II, p. 91 ASHANTI (COSTA D'ORO): v. KUMASI.
Ashdod (Hebrew: ʾAšdādh; Akkadian: Ašdādh; Greek: ʾAšdōr; modern: Esdūd)(AZOTO (EBR. ʾAŠDĀDH; ASIR. AŠDĀDH; GR. ʾAŠḎŌR; OGGI EŠDĀDH))Vol. II, p. 367 AZOTO (Hebr. ʾAšdādh; Assyr. Ašdādh; Greek ʾAšḏōr; today Ešdādh). — One of the five Philistine cities (Ios. 13:3), it always remained so (I Sam. 5:1-8). Five…
Asher (Heb. 'Āšēr — Happy —)(ASER (EBR. 'ĀŠĒR - FELICE -))Vol. II, p. 90 ASER (Heb. ’āšēr—happy).—1. Eighth son of Jacob, born in Mesopotamia after Gad, by Zelfa, Lia’s maidservant. Gen. 30:13 explains his name with Lia’s words: “In…
Ashi ben Sima(AŠI BEN SIMAJ)Vol. II, p. 108 AŠI BEN SIMAJ. – Babylonian Amora (v.) of the sixth generation, born in 352 and died in 427. He reopened the academy of Sura, of which he was the head from 375…
