Ashkelon (Heb. 'Alqelôn; Assyr. Asqalâna; Egyp. Asqalna; mod. Arab. Hirbet 'Asqalân)(ASCALON (EBR. 'ALQELÔN; ASSIR. ASQALÂNA; EGIZ. ASQALNA; ODIERNO ARAB. HIRBET 'ASQALÂN))Vol. II, p. 73 ASCALON (Hebr. 'Alqelôn; Assyr. Asqalâna; Egypt. Asqalna; modern Arab. Hirbet 'Asqalân). – Palestinian city between Azotus and Gaza, almost on the coast. It…
Ashkenaz (Heb. Aškenaz; LXX Ašqaváč)(ASCENEZ (EBR. AŠKENAZ; SETTANTA AŠQAVÁČ))Vol. II, p. 74 ASCENEZ (Heb. Aškenaz; Septuagint Ašqaváč). - Son of Gomer, grandson of Iafet (Gen. 10:3), he designates a branch of the Japhetic stock. Many connect A. with…
Ashkenaz (plural Ashkhanazim)(AŠKENAZ (PLUR. AŠKHĀNĀZIM))Vol. II, p. 115 AŠKENAZ (pl. Aškhānāzim). - In modern Judaism, the designation of German Jews, as opposed to Sēphārādh (pl. Sēphardhām). From the 10th century A.D. in Hebrew…
Ashline AnnisVol. II, p. 91 ASHLINE ANNIS: v. KILLA.
Ashoka (Pāli Aśoka)(AŠOKA (PĀLI AŠOKA))Vol. II, p. 116 AŠOKA (Pāli Ašoka). — Emperor of India, grandson of Candragupta, founder of the Maurya dynasty. He ascended the throne in 272 B.C., reigned until 233, and…
Ashura(AŠURA)Vol. II, p. 172 AŠURA. - In the most ancient religious texts of India, the word A., corresponding to the Iranian Ahura, means spirit, god (from asu, vital spirit?). It is an…
Ashurbanipal (Aššur-bāni-aplu "Assur Creates an Heir")(ASSURBANIPAL (AŠŠUR-BĀN-APLU « ASSUR CREA UN EREDE »))Vol. II, p. 151 ASSURBANIPAL (Aššur-bān-aplu “Assur creates an heir”). — Assyrian king from 669 to 626 B.C., son and successor of Asarhaddon (v.). He brought the campaign…
AsiaVol. II, p. 91 ASIA. - One of the five largest continents of the Earth. CONTENTS: I. Geography. - II. Ethnography and religions. - III. A. in the Bible. - IV. Christianity in…
Asia Minor (Ἀσία ἡ ἐλάττων, ἡ μικρά Ἀσία)(ASIA MINORE. ('ΑΣΊΑ Ἡ ἘΛΆΤΤΩΝ, Ἡ ΜΙΚΡΆ ἈΣΊΑ))Vol. II, p. 101 ASIA MINOR. (Ἀσία ἡ ἐλάττων, ἡ μικρά Ἀσία). — A rather late designation (4th century A.D.: cf. Orosius, I, 2), which in learned usage preceded the…
Asiatic Civilization, East(ORIENTE ASIATICO, CIVILTÀ DELL')Vol. IX, p. 201 EASTERN ASIA, CIVILIZATION OF. – The peoples who constituted the civilization of Asia and wove its historical fabric are China in the east, India in the south,…
AsidoVol. II, p. 108 ASIDO. — Asidonia (today Medina-Sidonia, civil province and diocese of Cadiz, Spain), a diocese of the Visigothic and Mozarabic period (7th, 12th centuries),…
AsimboliaVol. II, p. 113 ASIMBOLIA. – From the Greek à privative and οὐμβόλον, symbol, representative sign; the temporary or definitive disappearance of groups of memories or…
Asinara, Island of(ASINI, ISOLE)Vol. II, p. 113 ASINI, ISOLE: v. COOK, ISOLE.
Asini, Festa degliVol. II, p. 113 ASINI, FESTA degli. — Medieval, paraliturgical religious observance intended to recall the role played by the donkey in various episodes of Sacred Scripture…
Asioli, BonifazioVol. II, p. 115 ASIOLI, BONIFAZIO. – Musician, born in Correggio on 30 August 1769; died there on 18 May 1832. He studied composition in Parma and became chapel master of…
Asiongaber (Hebrew Ešjōn-Gēbher "Grove of Gēbher [Name of a Man?]")(ASIONGABER (EBR. ESJŌN-GĒBHER « BOSCHETTO DI GĒBHER [NOME DI UOMO?]))Vol. II, p. 115 ASIONGABER (Heb. Esjōn-gēbher “grove of Gēbher [a man’s name?]”). - A city in Edomite territory on the Red Sea, at the head of the Gulf of Elath, near Elath…
Askidas, TeodoroVol. II, p. 116 ASKIDAS, TEODORO. – An Origenist monk of Palestine. He first appears in history as abbot of the “New Laura” near Jerusalem, at the Council of Constantinople in…
AsmaraVol. II, p. 116 ASMARA. – Residence of the apostolic vicar of Eritrea (v. ERITREA, vicariato apostolico di) and of the ordinary for Catholics of the Ethiopian rite since 1930.…
Asmodeus(ASMODEO)Vol. II, p. 116 ASMODEO: v. AESMA DAEVA.
Asmodeus(ASMODEO)Vol. II, p. 116 ASMODEO. – Demon (Tob. 3:8) who caused the death of Sara’s seven husbands, the daughter of Raguele, from the very first nights of marriage (ibid. 6:14–17).…
Asola, Giovanni MatteoVol. II, p. 117 ASOLA, GIOVANNI MATTEO. - Musician, born at Verona about 1560, died at Venice on 1 Oct. 1609. The scant biographical information is derived from isolated…
AsoloVol. II, p. 117 ASOLO. – A small municipality in the Veneto, in the hills of the Treviso area. It was an episcopal see at the end of the sixth century, when its bishop sided…
Asot IVol. II, p. 117 ASOT I. — King of Armenia, the first of the Bagratid dynasty, from 885 to 890, created by the caliph Maometto Pullah at the unanimous request of the Armenian…
Asperges MeVol. II, p. 117 « ASPERGES ME ». — Formula with which the ritual sprinkling of blessed water is performed (v. ASPERSIONE). It is not easy to determine whether the use of the…
Aspergillum(ASPERSORIO)Vol. II, p. 118 ASPERGILLUM. – This is an instrument of silver, gold, or another metal, used to sprinkle people and objects with holy water. In addition to the stoups for holy…
Aspersion(ASPERSIONE)Vol. II, p. 118 ASPERSIONE. – It is the act of sprinkling blessed water on persons or things, usually by using a metal instrument or sprigs of certain plants (v. ASPERSORIO).…
Asperti, SamueleVol. II, p. 118 ASPERTI, SAMUELE. - Jesuit spiritual director, b. at Gorlago (Bergamo) in 1818, d. at Mantova on 20 June 1896. Ordained priest at Bergamo, he was for several…
Aspetti, TizianoVol. II, p. 118 ASPETTI, TIZIANO. – Sculptor, born in Padua in 1565 and died in Pisa in 1607. He remained consistently within the sphere of Tuscan Mannerism, particularly that…
Aspromonte, Battle of(ASPROMONTE, SCONTRO DI)Vol. II, p. 118 ASPROMONTE, BATTLE OF. - The tortuous attitude of the Rattazzi cabinet, which seemed to promise, if not support, at least benevolent neutrality; the illusion…
Ass(ASINO)Vol. II, p. 114 ASINO. - Among the many animals that early Christian art admitted into its repertory, the a. must also be counted. In a fresco in the cemetery of Pretestato…
Ass, Adoration of the(ASINO, ADORAZIONE DELL')Vol. II, p. 114 ASS, ADORATION OF THE See: ACCUSATIONS AGAINST CHRISTIANS.
Assarotti, Ottavio GiovambattistaVol. II, p. 119 ASSAROTTI, OTTAVIO GIOVAMBATTISTA. — Piarist, born in Genoa on 25 October 1753 and died there on 24 January 1829. Having entered the Congregation of the Pious…
Assassination Attempt(ATTENTATO)Vol. II, p. 208 ATTENTATO. — In the broadest meaning of the word, it is any violent act directed against another’s right. When it has as its object a right protected by…
AssemaniVol. II, p. 120 ASSEMANI. - Name of four celebrated Catholic Orientalists, belonging to an illustrious Maronite family of Lebanon. The name in Arabic is as-Sim'ānī, not…
Assemblies of God(ASSEMBLEE DI DIO)Vol. II, p. 123 ASSEMBLEE DI DIO : v. PENTECOSTALI.
Assent(ASSENSO)Vol. II, p. 123 ASSENSO. – An essential moment of judgment (v.) consisting in the act by which the mind adheres to a proposition, that is, affirms the relation of unity or…
Asser, GiovanniVol. II, p. 123 ASSER, GIOVANNI. – English historiographer, b. in Wales, at Menevia, d. in 909; he was educated in the monastery of S. David. He lived for some time at the…
Assereto, GioacchinoVol. II, p. 123 ASSERETO, GIOACCHINO. — Painter, born in Genoa in 1600, died there on 26 July 1649. First a pupil of Borzone and then of Ansaldo, he produced a great many…
Assessor(ASSESSORE)Vol. II, p. 124 ASSESSOR. - He is the person who advises and assists the judge in the examination and determination of a case. According to the Roman law of the republic, the…
Assignies, Jean D'Vol. II, p. 126 ASSIGNIES, JEAN d'. – Belgian Cistercian and ascetical writer, born into a noble family around 1565 at Bauffe, near Chièvres. He entered the abbey of Cambron,…
Assisi, Diocese of(ASSIS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 127 ASSIS, DIOCESE of. — In the State of S. Paolo (Brazil), a suffragan of S. Paolo, erected on 30 November 1928 with thirteen parishes from the diocese of…
Assisi, Diocese of(ASSISI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 127 ASSISI, DIOCESE OF. — In Umbria, in the province of Perugia, it covers an area of 352.17 sq. km., with a population of 34,653 inhabitants, all Catholics,…
Assistance to Parents(ASSISTENZA AI GENITORI)Vol. II, p. 131 ASSISTENZA AI GENITORI: v. GENITORI, ASSISTENZA AI.
Assistant to Study(AIUTANTE DI STUDIO)Vol. I, p. 378 STUDY ASSISTANT. - He is a senior official of the Sacred Congregations and offices of the Holy See, and represents the highest rank among the junior officials,…
Assistant to the Papal Throne(ASSISTENTE AL SOGLIO)Vol. II, p. 130 ASSISTENTE AL SOGLIO. - This is a high honour, instituted in the 16th century, which is conferred upon ecclesiastical and secular personages, and which entails…
Assistants(ASSISTENTI)Vol. II, p. 131 ASSISTENTI: v. PENITENZA.
Assiut, Diocese of(ASSIUT, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 133 ASSIUT, DIOCESE of. – In Egypt. Pope Pius XII, by the apostolic constitution Ex Petri cathedra, dated 10 August 1947, erected the diocese of A., assigning it…
Assmayer, IgnazVol. II, p. 133 ASSMAYER, IGNAZ. — Musician, born in Salzburg on 11 February 1790, died in Vienna on 31 August 1862. A pupil of Michele Haydn, he was a renowned organist and…
Association(ASSOCIAZIONE)Vol. II, p. 133 ASSOCIATION. — An association may be defined as a group of men freely constituted within the State for the attainment of a common purpose through the union of…
Association of Ideas(ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE IDEE)Vol. II, p. 134 ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE IDEE: v. IDEE, ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE.
Association of Ideas(IDEE, ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE)Vol. VI, p. 915 IDEAS, ASSOCIATION OF. — It is the fact that the images of consciousness, like ideas and cognitive contents in general, present themselves in connection with…
Association of Sunday Schools(ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE SCUOLE DOMENICALI)Vol. II, p. 134 ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE SCUOLE DOMENICALI: v. DOMENICALI, SCUOLE.
Associationism(ASSOCIAZIONISMO)Vol. II, p. 137 ASSOCIAZIONISMO: v. IDEE, ASSOCIAZIONE DELLE.
Associations of Catholic Action(ASSOCIAZIONI DI AZIONE CATTOLICA)Vol. II, p. 136 ASSOCIAZIONI DI AZIONE CATTOLICA : v. AZIONE CATTOLICA; AZIONE CATTOLICA ITALIANA.
Assumption(ASSUNZIONE)Vol. II, p. 143 ASSUNZIONE. - This term is commonly used to express the privilege according to which the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the end of her earthly life, was glorified in…
Assumption of Moses(ASSUNZIONE DI MOSÈ)Vol. II, p. 150 ASSUNZIONE di MOSÈ: v. MOSÈ, ASSUNZIONE di.
Assumptionists(ASSUNZIONISTI)Vol. II, p. 150 ASSUNZIONISTI: v. AGOSTINIANI DELL'ASSUNZIONE.
Assur(AŠŠUR)Vol. II, p. 150 AŠŠUR. – 1. DEITY. – The national god of the Assyrians, who gave his name to the capital of the kingdom. He is one of the few gods who did not penetrate…
Assyria, Religion of(ASSIRIA, RELIGIONE DELL')Vol. II, p. 127 ASSIRIA, RELIGIONE dell': v. BABILONIA.
Assyrians(ASSIRI)Vol. II, p. 126 ASSIRI. – People settled along the middle Euphrates, so called from Aššur (v). It was commonly held that they were originally Subareans who, first colonized by…
Astalli, FulvioVol. II, p. 152 ASTALLI, FULVIO. — Born at Sambuci near Tivoli, of a noble Roman family; he died in Rome in 1721. Clement X, bound to him by ties of kinship, enrolled him…
AstarothVol. II, p. 152 ASTAROTH. - A city between the Lake of Gennesaret and the Aran, ancient residence of Og, king of Bashan (Ios. 9, 10; 12, 4). After the conquest of Canaan it…
AstarteVol. II, p. 152 ASTARTE. — This is the Greek name of the principal goddess of the Chaldeans. In the Hebrew text of the Old Testament she is called 'Aštoreth instead of…
Astengo, GiambattistaVol. II, p. 153 ASTENGO, GIAMBATTISTA. — Priest, born in Savona in 1817, died near Balaclava on 3 May 1855. Educated in the Piarist Schools, after spending some time among the…
Aster or Asterisk (Ὁ Ἀστήρ. Ὁ Ἀστερίσκος)(ASTER O ASTERISCO (Ὁ ἈΣΤΉΡ. Ὁ ἈΣΤΕΡΊΣΚΟΣ))Vol. II, p. 153 ASTER O ASTERISCO (ὁ ἀστήρ. ὁ ἀστερίσκος). — It is an instrument consisting of two metal plates bent into semicircles, crossed and sometimes fixed at the point…
Asterisk(ASTERISCO)Vol. II, p. 154 ASTERISCO. – This is the name given to a small star used in liturgical books to mark, with a pause, the middle of each verse in the psalms, so as to facilitate…
Asterius of Cappadocia(ASTERIO DI CAPPADOCIA)Vol. II, p. 153 ASTERIO of CAPPADOCIA. – A rhetorician by profession, described by St. Athanasius as “the many-headed sophist and advocate of the Arian heresy,” he was born in…
Asterius of Petra in Arabia, Saint(ASTERIO DI PETRA NELL'ARABIA, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 153 ASTERIO of PETRA in ARABIA, saint. - He took part, together with the 80 Eastern bishops, in the Council of Sardica (autumn 343); but, along with Ario, bishop…
Asterius, Bishop of Amasea(ASTERIO, VESCOVO DI AMASEA)Vol. II, p. 153 ASTERIO, bishop of AMASEA. — He lived between the 4th and 5th centuries, and we have no information about his life except that, before becoming bishop of…
Asterius, Saint, Martyr(ASTERIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. II, p. 153 ASTERIO, saint, martyr: v. CLAUDIO, ASTERIO E NEONE, santi, martiri.
Asterius, Turcius Rufus(ASTERIO, TURCIO RUFO)Vol. II, p. 153 ASTERIUS, TURCIUS RUFUS. — Consul of the West in A.D. 494; according to indications in ancient codices, he is said to have published the Paschale Carmen of…
Astete, GasparVol. II, p. 154 ASTETE, GASPAR. – Distinguished Spanish catechist, born in Salamanca around 1537; he entered the Society of Jesus in 1555. He was master of novices and rector…
Astolf, King of the Lombards(ASTOLFO, RE DEI LONGOBARDI)Vol. II, p. 160 ASTOLFO, king of the LONGOBARDI. — He succeeded his brother Rachis in 749. Resuming his predecessor’s anti-Byzantine policy, before July 751 he had Ravenna…
Astorini, Pietro EliaVol. II, p. 160 ASTORINI, PIETRO ELIA. – Carmelite, born in 1651, died in 1702. Highly learned in philosophy and Oriental languages, lively and open to new ideas, he was…
Astorri, Pier EnricoVol. II, p. 160 ASTORRI, PIER ENRICO. – Sculptor, born in Paris on 23 July 1882, died on 30 May 1926. He studied in Piacenza and Milan. After winning the competition for the…
Astragalus(ASTRAGALO)Vol. II, p. 160 ASTRAGAL (Architecture): v. ORDINI ARCHITETTONICI.
Astrain, AntonioVol. II, p. 160 ASTRAIN, ANTONIO. - Jesuit and historiographer, b. at Undiano (Navarre) on 17 Nov. 1857, d. at Loyola on 4 Jan. 1928. Endowed with excellent qualities as a…
Astral Deities(ASTRALI, DIVINITÀ)Vol. II, p. 161 ASTRALI, DIVINITÀ. — The natural tendency to animate things populated the heavens as well, in their planetary and astral manifestations, with divine beings,…
Astrology(ASTROLOGIA)Vol. II, p. 162 ASTROLOGIA. - It is the art of knowing the future by observing the appearance, position, and influences of the planets and constellations. 1. HISTORY. - Such…
Astronomical Observatories(OSSERVATORI ASTRONOMICI)Vol. IX, p. 276 OSSERVATORI ASTRONOMICI. - I. HISTORICAL NOTES. - Leaving aside the very ancient Chinese astronomical observatories, about which the information is highly…
Astronomy(ASTRONOMIA)Vol. II, p. 167 ASTRONOMY. – Among ancient peoples, astrology (v.) was the mother of astronomy. Since, according to the common opinion, the fate of human beings depended on…
Astros, Paul-Thérèse-David deVol. II, p. 171 ASTROS, PAUL-THÉRÈSE-DAVID de. — Cardinal, born in Tourvès on 15 October 1772, died in Toulouse on 29 September 1851. He entered the clergy in 1790, was…
Astroy, Barthélemy d'Vol. II, p. 171 ASTROY, BARTHÉLEMY d'. - Belgian Franciscan, celebrated controversialist and ascetic writer, b. at Ciney (Namur), d. at Liège on Dec. 6, 1681. In his Order he…
Astruc, JeanVol. II, p. 172 ASTRUC, JEAN. – French physician, b. on 19 March 1684 at Montpellier, where he took his doctorate and distinguished himself in combating the plague; d. in 1766…
Astyages (Greek Ἀστυνάγης; Hittite in Cuneiform Documents)(ASTIAGE (GRECO ἈΣΤΙΝΆΓΗΣ; ITTUEGGU NEI DOCUMENTI CUNEIFORMI))Vol. II, p. 155 ASTIAGE (Greek Ἀστινάγης; Ittueggu in the cuneiform documents). - Last king of Media (584–50 B.C.), son of Ciassare (v.). Around 553 Ciro (v.), king of Anfani…
Asylum, Right of(ASILO, DIRITTO DI)Vol. II, p. 108 ASILO, DIRITTO di. — It is the right of immunity acquired by one who, guilty or in conflict with the authority administering justice, takes refuge in a sacred…
Asín Palacios, MiguelVol. II, p. 114 ASÍN PALACIOS, MIGUEL. — Spanish priest and Arabist, born in Saragossa on 5 July 1871, died on 12 August 1944. A member of the Royal Spanish Academy (president…
Atamboe, Apostolic Vicariate of(ATAMBOEA, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. II, p. 173 ATAMBOEA, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — In Indonesia. It comprises the western part, under Dutch rule, of the island of Timor, the largest of the Lesser Sunda…
AtargatisVol. II, p. 181 ATARGATIS. — She is the principal goddess of the Aramaeans (Syrians). The name is composed of two elements: the Semitic ’Aytar-Astarte-Istar and ’ata. The…
Atavism(ATAVISMO)Vol. II, p. 181 ATAVISMO. – Reappearance of morphological, physiological, and psychic hereditary traits of more or less distant, often extremely remote, ancestors, which have…
AtellaVol. II, p. 190 ATELLA. — Ancient episcopal see in Campania, between Naples and Capua, whose ruins lie within the territory encompassed by the villages of S. Arpino, Grupo,…
Aterrado, Diocese of(ATERRADO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 200 ATERRADO, DIOCESI di. — In the State of Minas Geraes (Brazil), erected on 8 July 1918 with 16 parishes from the archdiocese of Marianna and 2 from the diocese…
Athalia(ATALIA (ATHALIA))Vol. II, p. 173 ATALIA (Athalia). - Wicked queen of Judah, daughter of Achab, king of Samaria, and of Jezabel (v.) of Tyre. She was the wife of Joram, king of Judah. She…
Athanaric(ATANARICO)Vol. II, p. 173 ATANARICO. — Visigothic military leader, son of Rotesteo, “judge,” that is, chief of the Tervingi settled on the Danube, antagonist of Fritigero. At war with…
Athanasius I, Gammāl(ATANASIO I, GAMMĀL)Vol. II, p. 180 ATANASIO I, GAMMĀL. - Born at Samosata, died in 630-31. He was a monk at Qinnešrin. When he was elected patriarch in 594-95, he served as a camel-driver out of…
Athanasius III (II), Melkite Patriarch of Alexandria(ATANASIO III (II), PATRIARCA MELKITA DI ALESSANDRIA)Vol. II, p. 179 ATANASIO III (II), Melkite patriarch of ALEXANDRIA. – Died in Crete or Sinai between 1316 and 1320. A monk at Sinai, he became dissident patriarch of…
Athanasius of Naples, Saint(ATANASIO DI NAPOLI, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 180 ATANASIO di NAPOLI, saint. — Bishop of Naples from 22 December 849 to 15 July 872; son of the celebrated Neapolitan duke Sergio and his wife Drosa, he was…
Athanasius of Paros(ATANASIO DI PARO)Vol. II, p. 180 ATANASIO di PARO. — Greek dissident theologian and polemicist, born on the island of Paro around 1725, died on the island of Chio on 24 June 1813. Having…
Athanasius, African Bishop(ATANASIO, VESCOVO AFRICANO)Vol. II, p. 179 ATHANASIUS, African bishop. — Mentioned by Sozomen (Hist. eccl., IV, 15) in connection with the fourth Council of Sirmium (358). He was at the court of the…
Athanasius, Bishop of Anazarbo(ATANASIO VESCOVO DI ANAZARBO)Vol. II, p. 179 ATANASIO bishop of ANAZARBO. – A disciple of Luciano of Antioch mentioned by Arius, in his letters to Eusebius of Nicomedia, among the bishops who accepted his…
Athanasius, Bishop of Ancyra(ATANASIO VESCOVO DI ANCIRA)Vol. II, p. 180 ATHANASIUS bishop of ANCYRA. - He was consecrated by Acacius of Caesarea in Palestine, leader of the Homoeans, as successor to Basil of Ancyra, leader of the…
Athanasius, Enrico(ATTANASIO, ENRICO)Vol. II, p. 208 ATTANASIO, ENRICO. — Priest, orator, and writer, born in Naples in 1831, died there in 1903. A fellow student and kindred spirit of Fr. Capecelatro, and a…
Athanasius, Saint(ATANASIO, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 173 ATHANASIUS, saint. — Bishop of Alexandria, Father and Doctor of the Church. 1. LIFE. — Extremely agitated, it is almost wholly interwoven and confused with the…
Athanasius, Varuchas(ATANASIO, VARUCHAS)Vol. II, p. 180 ATANASIO, VARUCHAS. - Cretan hieromonk, d. 1708, author and translator of many ascetic books. Worth noting are: 1) the translation into modern Greek of the…
Atharva VedaVol. II, p. 200 ATHARVA VEDA: V. VEDA.
Atheism(ATEISMO)Vol. II, p. 181 ATHEISM. A theory that denies the existence of a personal God. OUTLINE: I. Notion, division, and possibility. – II. History and philosophical systems. – III.…
Athena (Ἀθήνη)(ATENA ('ΑΘΉΝΗ))Vol. II, p. 190 ATENA ('Αθήνη). — Goddess of Greece. The name, probably pre-Hellenic, should perhaps be related to that of the Greek city that venerated her most, Athens:…
Athenagoras(ATENAGORA)Vol. II, p. 191 ATENAGORA. – Athenian and philosopher, one of the earliest Christian apologists. I. LIFE. — The works are virtually the sole source for the life of A. Among…
Athens (Ἀθ/νχ)(ATENE ('ΑΘ/ΝΧΙ))Vol. II, p. 192 ATENE ('Αθ/νχι). – Capital of Attica and of the present-day Kingdom of Greece. SUMMARY: I. A. in antiquity. – II. A. in the Bible. – III. Christianity in A. –…
Athleta Christi NobilisVol. II, p. 200 « ATHLETA CHRISTI NOBILIS ». — Matins hymn for the feast of s. Venanzio the martyr, by an unknown author. It was inserted into the breviary in 1670 by Clement…
Athos, Mount(ATHOS, MONTE)Vol. II, p. 200 ATHOS, MONTE. – It is the easternmost of the three peninsulas extending southward from the Chalcidic Peninsula. It is almost 50 km long and on average 5 to 7…
Atienza, Juan deVol. II, p. 204 ATIENZA, JUAN de. — Jesuit missionary. Born at Tordehumos (Valladolid) in 1542, died at Lima on 1 November 1592. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1564 and…
Atmosphere(ATMOSFERA)Vol. II, p. 204 ATMOSFERA: v. METEREOLOGIA.
Atom(ATOMO)Vol. II, p. 207 ATOMO (SISTEMA PERIODICO ISOTOPI): v. MATERIA.
Atomic Nucleus(NUCLEO ATOMICO)Vol. VIII, p. 1162 ATOMIC NUCLEUS. — The study undertaken to discover the intimate constitution of chemical atoms led to the conclusion that every atom in fact consists of a…
Atomism(ATOMISMO)Vol. II, p. 204 ATOMISM. – Philosophical and scientific theory that resolves reality into an aggregate of indivisible prime elements, called atoms (from the Greek ἄνωσις,…
AtonVol. II, p. 207 ATON. — From itu, “the disk,” it was the proper name of the disk of the sun, which Amenhotep IV (v. AMENOPHIS IV) adopted as the sole deity of Egypt, thereby…
Atonement(ESPIAZIONE)Vol. V, p. 378 EXPIATION. - The act by which the offense and wrong done to the divinity by sin are repaired (either by the sinner himself or by another in his stead). Like…
Atonement, Society of the(ATONEMENT, SOCIETÀ DELL')Vol. II, p. 207 ATONEMENT, SOCIETY OF: v. REPARATION.
AtripaldaVol. II, p. 207 ATRIPALDA: v. AVELLINO. (da P. Crostaroue, Le basiliche cristiane, Roma 1192) ATRIO - Reconstruction of the atrium of the ancient basilica of St Peter.
Atrium (Atrion, Aidrion)(ATRIO (A-TRIUM, ΑἸΔΡΊΟΝ))Vol. II, p. 207 ATRIO (a-trium, αἰδρίον). — In the Christian architecture of the early centuries, it consisted of an open space directly in front of the church façade and…
Attalids(ATTALIDI)Vol. II, p. 207 ATTALIDS. - Dynasty of the kings of Pergamum in the Hellenistic period (282-133 B.C.). Its founder was PHILETAERUS (282-262), who was succeeded by EUMENES I…
Attalo of Petovio (Pettau)(ATTALO DI PETOVIO (PETTAU))Vol. II, p. 207 ATTALO di PETOVIO (Pettau). — In the 4th century, he was a disciple of the Arian Giuliano Valente, intruded bishop of that city. After accepting the Nicene…
Attalus of Pergamum, Saint, Martyr(ATTALO DI PERGAMO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. II, p. 207 ATTALUS of PERGAMUM, saint, martyr: v. LIONE, SANTI, MARTIRI di.
Attavanti, Attavante degliVol. II, p. 208 ATTAVANTI, ATTAVANTE degli. - Illuminator, born perhaps in 1452 at Castelfiorentino, died no later than 1517. A large number of works by him exist, nearly all…
Attempted Crime(TENTATIVO DI DELITTO)Vol. XI, p. 1153 ATTEMPTED CRIME. — The notion of the t. (conatus) was delineated by the Italian jurists of the Middle Ages, who accurately identified its essence in cogitare,…
Attention(ATTENZIONE)Vol. II, p. 208 ATTENZIONE. - I. PHILOSOPHY. - From the Latin ad and tendere, it is the convergence or direction of consciousness (v.) toward some object of the world, whether…
Atticus, Patriarch of Constantinople(ATTICO, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. II, p. 209 ATTICO, patriarch of CONSTANTINOPLE. — Born at Sebaste, in Armenia, and having gone to Constantinople, he was among the most ardent opponents of s. Giovanni…
AttilaVol. II, p. 221 ATTILA. - He was the leader of the Huns around the middle of the 5th century, at first together with his brother Bleda, then, after the latter had been killed,…
Attilanus, Saint(ATTILANO, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 222 ATTILANO, saint. – Bishop of Zamora. When, at the end of the 9th century, Alfonso III, king of Asturias (d. 910), reconquered the cities of León and Zamora…
Attimis, Tristano deVol. II, p. 222 ATTIMIS, TRISTANO de. - Jesuit missionary and martyr; b. on 28 July 1707 at Attimis, in Friuli, of a noble family; in 1725 he entered the Society of Jesus at…
Attiret, Jean-DenisVol. II, p. 222 ATTIRET, JEAN-DENIS. — Jesuit painter and missionary, born at Dôle on 31 July 1702, died at Beijing on 8 December 1768. Trained in the art of painting within…
Attribute(ATTRIBUTO)Vol. II, p. 238 ATTRIBUTE. - In grammar, it is an accidental element of the proposition and may be a pronoun, numeral, participle, and, more often, an adjective. In logic, it…
Attrition (From Latin Attero = To Abase, Crush)(ATTRIZIONE (DAL LAT. ATTERO = ABBATTO, SCHIACCIO))Vol. II, p. 238 ATTRITION (from Lat. attero = I strike down, crush). — It is the act by which man detests sin for a supernatural motive inferior to pure love. There is, in…
Atum(ATŪM)Vol. II, p. 243 ATŪM. – In ancient Egyptian: jtm. v. vocalized ’atōm, as yet without etymology, he was the primitive god of Heliopolis: the “Heliopolitan.” His temple was…
Aubanel, ThéodoreVol. II, p. 243 AUBANEL, THÉODORE. – Provençal poet, one of the leaders of Felibrism (born in Avignon on 26 March 1829, died there on 24 October 1886). His two collections are…
Aube NouvelleVol. II, p. 244 AUBE NOUVELLE. – Quarterly periodical of political thought and action, published in Paris from 1910 by the “Sillon Catholique” (v.), with the aim of…
Aubigné, Jean-Henri Merle d'(AUBIGNÉ, JEAN-HENRY MERLE D')Vol. II, p. 244 AUBIGNÉ, JEAN-HENRY MERLE d'. – Born in Geneva in 1794, died there in 1872. Son of the merchant L. Merle. The name d'A. was added to that of the Merle family…
Aubigné, Théodore-Agrippa d'Vol. II, p. 244 AUBIGNÉ, THÉODORE-AGRIPPA d'. – Born at St-Maury (Pons-Saintonge) on 8 February 1552, died at Geneva on 9 May 1630. A man of arms and poet, an uncompromising…
Aubry, Jean-BaptisteVol. II, p. 245 AUBRY, JEAN-BAPTISTE. – Missionary, born on 5 October 1844 at Ourscamps, died in Kwei chow on 10 September 1882. He studied at the seminary of Beauvais and…
Aubry, Noël-VéranVol. II, p. 245 AUBRY, NOËL-VÉRAN. — Ascetical writer, b. at Orgon (Avignon) on 23 March 1719, d. at Avignon on 8 January 1756. He entered the Congregation of the Mission in…
Aubry, PierreVol. II, p. 245 AUBRY, PIERRE. – Musicologist, born in Paris on 14 February 1874, died in Dieppe on 31 August 1910. Learned in the Oriental languages, he was an acute scholar…
Aubusson, Pierre d'Vol. II, p. 245 AUBUSSON, PIERRE d'. – Cardinal, born in 1423, died at Rhodes in 1503. Having entered the Order of the Knights of Rhodes at an early age, he gradually attained…
Aubé, BenjaminVol. II, p. 243 AUBÉ, BENJAMIN. - Historian, b. in Paris on 1 Dec. 1826, d. there on 24 June 1887. A teacher in several French lycées—Pau, Angoulême, Reims, Orléans,…
Auch, Archdiocese of(AUCH, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 245 AUCH, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In Gascony, on the left bank of the Gers, A., which today has 133,000 inhabitants, is the metropolitan see of the dioceses of Aire,…
Aucher, Giovanni BattistaVol. II, p. 246 AUCHER, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Mechitarist of Venice, b. at Ancira in 1762, d. at Venice in 1854. Ordained priest on 4 Jan. 1786, he was assistant general of the…
Auckland, Diocese of(AUCKLAND, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 246 AUCKLAND, DIOCESE of. - In New Zealand, a suffragan diocese of Wellington, erected and entrusted to the secular clergy in 1848 through the division of the…
Auctor Beate SaeculiVol. II, p. 246 « AUCTOR BEATE SAECULI ». – This is the hymn of Matins for the feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, composed in 1763 on the occasion of the first granting of…
AudaceVol. II, p. 246 AUDACE. — Known only from the Augustinian correspondence (PL 33, 1075–77; ed. Goldbacher in CSEL, 57, pp. 616–618). He had asked s. Agostino for a lengthy…
AudenzioVol. II, p. 246 AUDENZIO. – An anti-Priscillianist writer of the late fourth century, of whom Gennadius says in De viris illustribus, 14: “A., a Spanish bishop, wrote against…
AudiVol. II, p. 247 AUDI. — A heretic, born in Mesopotamia, whom Theodoret describes as “Syrian by origin and language,” A. was, in the 4th century, archdeacon of the Church of…
Audi Benigne ConditorVol. II, p. 247 « AUDI BENIGNE CONDITOR ». - Hymn for Vespers in Lent, in which the verse unfolds in a tone of humble prayer, that the Lord, taking account of fasts and…
AudientiVol. II, p. 247 AUDIENTI : v. CATECUMENATO.
Audientia EpiscopalisVol. II, p. 247 AUDIENTIA EPISCOPALIS : v. EPISCOPALIS AUDIENTIA.
Audientia SanctissimiVol. II, p. 247 AUDIENTIA SANCTISSIMI. – When a favor, authorization, dispensation, etc., is requested from a Congregation or another dicastery of the Roman Curia which even…
Audiface, Saint, Martyr(AUDIFACE, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. II, p. 247 AUDIFACE, saint, martyr: v. MARIO, MARTA, AUDIFACE e ABACO, santi, martiri.
Audiffredi, Giovanni BattistaVol. II, p. 247 AUDIFFREDI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Dominican astronomer and bibliographer, b. at Saorgio (Nice) on 2 February 1714, d. at Rome on 4 July 1794. After several…
Audin, Jean-Marie-VincentVol. II, p. 247 AUDIN, JEAN-MARIE-VINCENT. - French man of letters and publisher, b. at Lyon in 1793 and d. in 1851. Among his writings, almost all of a historical-literary…
Audisio, Guglielmo AndreaVol. II, p. 248 AUDISIO, GUGLIELMO ANDREA. — Priest, educator, scholar, and professor of ecclesiastical disciplines, b. at Bra in 1802, d. at Rome on 28 September 1882. Having…
Audit Tyrannus AnxiusVol. II, p. 248 « AUDIT TYRANNUS ANXIUS ». - A Matins hymn for the feast of the Holy Innocents. It forms part of Prudentius’ Hymnus Epiphaniae and consists specifically of…
Auditor of His Holiness(UDITORE DI SUA SANTITÀ)Vol. XII, p. 438 UDITORE DI SUA SANTITÀ. - L'U. di S.S. (Auditor S.mi Domini Nostri Papae, whence the false translation Uditore Santissimo, iudex sacrarum cognitionum,…
Auditor of the Rota(UDITORE DI ROTA)Vol. XII, p. 437 UDITORE DI ROTA. – I. In the ancient law of the Church, auditor was regarded as the person entrusted with the instruction of a case; it is in the Decretales…
Audoeno (Ouen), Saint(AUDOENO (OUEN), SANTO)Vol. II, p. 248 AUDOENO (OUEN), saint. - Born in 610 in the vicinity of Soissons, he was blessed as a child by St. Colombano; while still young—he then bore the name of…
Audomaro, Saint(AUDOMARO, SANTO)Vol. II, p. 248 AUDOMARO, saint. – Also called Omer, born in the environs of Coutances, died on 1 November 670. After embracing the monastic life at Luxeuil with his father…
Auger, EmondVol. II, p. 249 AUGER, EMOND. — One of the most distinguished among the first French Jesuits. Born in Aleman (Champagne) in 1539, he was admitted to the Society in Rome (1550)…
Augier, Émile(AUGIER, EMILE)Vol. II, p. 249 AUGIER, EMILE. - Playwright, born in Valence in 1820, died in 1889. A successor to Ponsard, he in turn reacted against Romanticism, bringing about the triumph…
Augouard, Prosper-PhilippeVol. II, p. 249 AUGOUARD, PROSPER-PHILIPPE. – Titular Bishop of Sinta, Apostolic Vicar of French Congo. Born in Poitiers on 16 September 1852, he entered the Congregation of…
Augurium CanariumVol. II, p. 250 AUGURIUM CANARIUM. — One of the feriae conceptivae (moveable festivals) of Roman paganism. It was fixed from year to year by the pontiffs at a particular…
Augurs(ÀUGURI)Vol. II, p. 249 ÀUGURI. — Roman priests skilled in divination who, from the species, flight, number, and song of birds, interpreted the divine will, both in private affairs,…
Augusta (Augsburg), Diocese of(AUGUSTA (AUGSBURG), DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 250 AUGUSTA (Augsburg), DIOCESE of. — The diocese of A., the most important center in Bavaria after Munich, comprises the southwestern part of this region, with…
Augusti, Friedrich AlbrechtVol. II, p. 252 AUGUSTI, FRIEDRICH ALBRECHT. — Exegete, born a Jew in Frankfurt an der Oder in 1696, he converted to Lutheranism in 1722 and in 1734 became pastor at…
Augusti, Johann Christian WilhelmVol. II, p. 252 AUGUSTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN WILHELM. - German Protestant theologian, b. 27 Oct. 1771 at Eschenbergen, d. at Coblenza 28 Apr. 1841. In 1803 he became professor of…
Augustine of Alfeld (Aveldensis)(AGOSTINO D'ALFELD (AVELDENSIS))Vol. I, p. 322 AGOSTINO d'ALFELD (Aveldensis). – German Franciscan controversialist, b. at Alfeld (Hannover) in the second half of the 15th century and d. after the year…
Augustine of Ascoli(AGOSTINO DA ASCOLI)Vol. I, p. 322 AGOSTINO da ASCOLI. — Augustinian. He was among the first Doctors of his Order after the union, and carried out his scholarly activity toward the end of the…
Augustine of Hippo, Saint, Bishop of Hippo(AGOSTINO AURELIO, VESCOVO DI IPPONA, SANTO)Vol. I, p. 328 AUGUSTINE AURELIUS, Bishop of HIPPO, Saint. — One of the four great Doctors of the Western Church. SUMMARY: I. The Man. — II. The Works. — III. The Doctrine. —…
Augustine, Aurelius, Saint(AGOSTINO AURELIO, SANTO)Vol. I, p. 337 St. AURELIUS AUGUSTINE – De civitate Dei; colophon of the editio princeps (Subiaco 1467). Yet my soul shall not cease to offer you honor and songs of praise…
Augustine, Bishop of Canterbury, Saint(AGOSTINO, VESCOVO DI CANTERBURY, SANTO)Vol. I, p. 325 AGOSTINO, bishop of CANTERBURY, saint. - Apart from a vague notice by Leone III (PL 102, 1032), who calls him the companion (syncellus) of St Gregory the…
Augustinian Nuns(AGOSTINIANE, MONACHE)Vol. I, p. 317 AGOSTINIANE, MONACHE. — They trace their origin back to St. Augustine. In the fourth century, there already existed in Africa consecrated virgins who received…
Augustinian Nuns of the Sacred Heart of Mary(AGOSTINIANE DEL SACRO CUORE DI MARIA)Vol. I, p. 317 AGOSTINIANE del SACRO CUORE DI MARIA. — Their origin is unknown. In 1678, the A. of Tours opened two houses in Saumur, one of which took charge of the hospital…
Augustinian Recollects(AGOSTINIANE RECOLLETTE)Vol. I, p. 317 AGOSTINIAN RECOLLETTE. — In the sixteenth century, while among the Augustinians of Spain that reform was beginning which gave rise to the Order of the…
Augustinianism (Augustinianism)(AGOSTINISMO (AGOSTINIANISMO))Vol. I, p. 318 AGOSTINISMO (AGOSTINIANISMO). — Not only in the history of dogma did the bishop of Hippo exercise an influence of incalculable scope, but his action was also…
Augustinians(AGOSTINIANI)Vol. I, p. 317 AGOSTINIANI: v. RECOLLETTI; ROMITANI DI SANT'AGOSTINO; ROMITANI SCALZI.
Augustinians, Order Of Saint Augustine(EREMITANI DI SANT'AGOSTINO)Vol. V, p. 311 EREMITANI DI SANT'AGOSTINO. — They originated in the 13th century, when several congregations of hermits, scattered especially throughout Italy (the…
Augustus, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus)(AUGUSTO, GAIO GIULIO CESARE OTTAVIANO (GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS))Vol. II, p. 252 AUGUSTO, GAIO GIULIO CESARE OTTAVIANO (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus). – Son of Gaio Ottavio and Azia (daughter of Giulia, the younger sister of…
Aula CapitolareVol. II, p. 254 AULA CAPITOLARE: V. CAPITOLO.
Aulard, François-Victor-AlphonseVol. II, p. 254 AULARD, FRANÇOIS-VICTOR-ALPHONSE. - Historian of the French Revolution, b. at Montbron on 19 July 1849, d. at Paris on 23 Oct. 1928. Professor of history at…
Aumaître, PierreVol. II, p. 254 AUMAÎTRE, PIERRE. – One of the last martyrs of Korea. Born on 8 April 1837 in Aizecq, he entered the Paris Foreign Missions in 1859 and was ordained a priest…
Aunacario (Aunario), Saint(AUNACARIO (AUNARIO), SANTO)Vol. II, p. 254 AUNACARIO (AUNARIO), saint. - Of noble family, educated at the court of King Gontranno of Burgundy, he was admitted to Holy Orders by Siagrio, bishop of Autun.…
Auner, CarolVol. II, p. 255 AUNER, CAROL. – Priest and publicist, born in Venice in 1865 and died in Bucharest in 1932. He studied at the Catholic Seminary of Bucharest. He was a canon of…
Auran (Hebrew Hauran)(AURAN (EBR. HĂURĂN))Vol. II, p. 255 AURAN (Heb. Hăurăn). — Northern region of Transjordan, of volcanic origin, bounded by Damascus to the north, the Jordan and the Lake of Genesareth to the west,…
Aurea, Saint, Martyr(AUREA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. II, p. 255 AUREA, saint, martyr. — The date of her martyrdom at Ostia is uncertain. The Passio of A., in Greek Chrysé, and the other Passiones in which she appears are…
