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2,761 articles · English index · Indice italiano

Appendini, Francesco Vol. I, p. 1013
APPENDINI, FRANCESCO. - Born at Poirino in Piedmont on 6 Nov. 1769. Piarist on 15 Apr. 1787. Sent while still very young to Ragusa, he made that city his…
Apperception (APPERCEZIONE) Vol. I, p. 1013
APPERCEPTION. - A term that came into use with Leibniz (v.), who, by distinguishing between perception and a., claimed to avoid the difficulties encountered by…
Appetite (APPETITO) Vol. I, p. 1014
APPETITO: v. INCLINAZIONE.
Appia, Giorgio Vol. I, p. 1014
APPIA, GIORGIO. - Waldensian pastor, son of Paolo, b. 1827, d. 1910. At Torre Pellice, between 1854 and 1855, A. founded a hospice for boys, an orphanage for…
Appiani, Andrea Vol. I, p. 1014
APPIANI, ANDREA. — Painter, born in Milan on 23 May 1754, died there on 8 November 1817. Under his teacher Carlo Maria Giudici, wholly absorbed in Mengs’s…
Appiani, Luigi Antonio Vol. I, p. 1014
APPIANI, LUIGI ANTONIO. - Lazarist missionary, b. at Dogliani (Cuneo) in 1663, d. at Canton (photo Alinari) APPIANI, ANDREA - Self-portrait - Florence, Uffizi…
Appregation (APPREGAZIONE) Vol. I, p. 1014
APPREGAZIONE: v. DOCUMENTO.
Apprehension (APPRENSIONE) Vol. I, p. 1014
APPRENSIONE. - In philosophical, chiefly scholastic, language, a. (from ad-prehendere, to take, to grasp) denotes, in a broad sense, every perceptive act by…
Apprenticeship, Contract of (TIROCINIO, CONTRATTO DI) Vol. XII, p. 109
TIROCINIO, CONTRATTO di. — The contract of t. (or apprenticeship) is generally concluded for manual and technical work, but may also be concluded for clerical…
Appropriation (APPROPRIAZIONE) Vol. I, p. 1015
APPROPRIATION. - “Manifestation of the divine person through the attributes proper to the divine essence” (Sum. theol., 1ᵃ, q. 39, a. 1). This entry belongs to…
Apringius (APRINGIO) Vol. I, p. 1015
APRINGIO. - He was bishop of Pax Iulia (now Béja) in southern Lusitania (Portugal), in the time of Teude, king of the Visigoths (531-48). His writings cannot…
Apriorism (APRIORISMO) Vol. I, p. 1016
APRIORISM. — A philosophical term derived from the expression a priori. In its most common meaning today, it designates every method of study and research that…
Apsaras (APSÀRAS) Vol. I, p. 1016
APSÀRAS. - This name means “she who moves in the water” and denotes an Indian water divinity, akin to the Greek Nereid. Already in the Rgueda, X, 123, 5, the…
Apse (ABSIDE) Vol. I, p. 110
ABSIDE - 1. Manoppello, S. M. d'Arabona (13th century). (Gavini, St. dell'Arch. in Abruzzo). - 2. Chiusi, S. Vittore (11th century). (Toesca, St. dell'arte…
Apse (from Greek ἀφίς "Joint" and later also "Arch, Vault"), or Exedra (ABSIDE (DAL GR. ἈΦΊΣ « GIUNTURA » E POI ANCHE « ARCO, VOLTA »), OVVERO EXEDRA) Vol. I, p. 108
ABSIDE (from Greek ἀφίς “joint” and subsequently also “arch, vault”), or exedra. — This is a semicircular structure with a hemispherical vault, used in Roman…
Apsu Vol. I, p. 1017
APSU. - It is a Semitized Sumerian word, which in Sumerian was written ZU-AB and read abzu, with the meaning “house of wisdom” (?). This etymology (ab “house,”…
Apt Vol. I, p. 1017
APT. - City in the department of Vaucluse, on the Coulon river (France). It was founded by the Celtic tribe of the Vulgientes, occupied by the Romans at the…
Apulia (PUGLIA) Vol. X, p. 191
PUGLIA. – I. GEOGRAPHY. – Historical region formed by the Adriatic slope of the Apennines SE of the Fortore and by the Salentine Peninsula. Four distinct…
Aqra of the Chaldeans (AQRA DEI CALDEI) Vol. I, p. 1018
AQRA dei CALDEI: v. AKRA dei CALDEI.
Aqrabbim (Hebrew Ma'aleh 'Aqrabbim "Ascent of Scorpions") (ACRABBIM (EBR. MA'ALEH 'AQRABBIM «SALITA DEGLI SCORPIONI»)) Vol. I, p. 173
ACRABBIM (Heb. Ma'aleh 'aqrabbim, “ascent of the scorpions”). - A locality situated between the Dead Sea and the wilderness of Sin (Num. 34, 3-4; Ios. 15,…
Aquaelicium Vol. I, p. 1018
AQUAELICIUM. - A public Roman sacred-magical ceremony, since the pontiffs and magistrates took part in it in expiatory dress, that is, without the toga…
Aquarians (ACQUARIANI) Vol. I, p. 167
ACQUARIANI. - Heretics who appeared in the 2nd century, who substituted water for wine in the celebration of the Eucharist. This practice was common among the…
Aquarius, Mattia dei Gibboni Vol. I, p. 1018
AQUARIUS, MATTIA dei GIBBONI. - Dominican theologian, born at Aquaro, near Eboli, on an uncertain date, and died in 1591 in the convent of S. Domenico in…
Aquatint (ACQUATINTA) Vol. I, p. 169
ACQUATINTA. - A method of engraving which, by itself or combined with etching (v.) or drypoint (v.), produces various gradations of chiaroscuro very similar to…
Aqueducts, Vitale (ACQUEDOTTI, VITALE) Vol. I, p. 171
ACQUEDOTTI, VITALE. – Monk of the Camaldolese monastery of S. Apollinare in Classe. He left a manuscript work entitled De antiquitate Classitanae Urbis atque…
Aquila Vol. I, p. 1019
AQUILA: v. L'AQUILA. AQUILA (translator of the Bible): V. GRECHE, VERSIONI della BIBBIA.
Aquila and Priscilla (Prisca) (AQUILA E PRISCILLA (PRISCA)) Vol. I, p. 1019
AQUILA and PRISCILLA (PRISCA). — Jewish-Christian spouses, “co-workers” of St. Paolo (Rom. 16:3). Coming from Rome following the decree of Claudius (A.D.…
Aquila, Kaspar Vol. I, p. 1019
AQUILA, KASPAR. - Lutheran theologian, b. in 1488 at Augsburg, where his father was mayor, and d. at Saalfeld in 1560. He completed his education at the…
Aquileia Vol. I, p. 1019
AQUILEIA. — Today a village of Friuli in the province of Udine, near the lagoon of Grado, on the Nattissa River, which connects it with the sea. It has barely…
Aquilini, Ignazio Vol. I, p. 1022
AQUILINI, IGNAZIO. – Dominican of Amata, born at Ragusa in 1632, died there in the convent of Val di Noce on 7 April 1715. His studies, pursued at Bologna,…
Aquilio, Antonio Vol. I, p. 1022
AQUILIO, ANTONIO: V. ANTONIAZZO ROMANO.
Aquino, Carlo D' Vol. I, p. 1022
AQUINO, CARLO d'. — Born in Naples in 1654, died in Rome in 1737. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1669, taught rhetoric in Rome, and was rector at Tivoli.…
Aquino, Filippo D' (Giuda Mordechai) Vol. I, p. 1022
AQUINO, FILIPPO d' (GIUDA MORDECHAI). — Hebraist, b. at Avignon or Carpentras (second half of the sixteenth century), d. in Paris in 1650. He converted from…
Aquino, Ladislao D' Vol. I, p. 1022
AQUINO, LADISLAO d'. - Cardinal, born in Napoli around 1546, of the family of s. Tommaso, died in Roma in 1621. Pio V opened the way to a prelatic career for…
Aquino-Sora-Pontecorvo, Diocese of (AQUINO-SORA-PONTECORVO, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1025
AQUINO-SORA-PONTECORVO, DIOCESE of. — In the province of Frosinone, immediately subject to the Holy See. It has 191,000 inhabitants, distributed among 88…
Aquitania Vol. I, p. 1026
AQUITANIA. – Natural region of south-western France, bounded by the Pyrenees, the Massif Central, and the Atlantic Ocean, formerly inhabited by tribes of…
Ar ('Ar, Moabite form for 'Ir "City", or 'Ar "Vulture") of Moab (AR ('AR FORMA MOABITA PER 'IR «CITTÀ», OPPURE 'AR «AVVOLTOIO») DI MOAB) Vol. I, p. 1027
AR (“city,” the Moabite form of ‘ir; or “vulture”) of MOAB. - Capital of the Moabites (Num. 21:15, 28; Deut. 2:9, 18, 29). God forbade the Israelites to…
Ara Vol. I, p. 1027
ALTAR. – It is a limited space, at least ideally, on which sacrifice is made to the divinity—that is, where the offerings intended for it are placed and often…
Arab-Norman, Art (ARABO-NORMANNA, ARTE) Vol. I, p. 1035
ARABO-NORMANNA, ARTE: v. SICULO-NORMANNA, ARTE.
Arab-Spanish, Ascetic-Mystic Writers (ARABO-SPAGNOLI, SCRITTORI ASCETICO-MISTICI) Vol. I, p. 1035
ARABO-SPANISH ASCETIC-MYSTICAL WRITERS. — The long period of Islamic domination in Spain (more than seven centuries: 711–1492), with the consequent…
Arabesque (ARABESCO) Vol. I, p. 1028
ARABESCO — A. in an Irish miniature. Lindisfarne Gospels (early 8th century) — London, British Museum, Cotton Ms. Nero I. Bordered by various mining centers,…
Arabia Vol. I, p. 1030
ARABIA. – The largest peninsula on earth (2.8–3 million sq. km.), covering more than one quarter of Europe. 1. GEOGRAPHY. – Arabia consists of a roughly…
Arabic Numerals (ARABICHE, CIFRE) Vol. I, p. 1035
ARABICHE, CIFRE: v. CIFRE ARABICHE.
Arabic Numerals (CIFRE ARABICHE) Vol. III, p. 934
ARABIC NUMERALS. — The system now in use for indicating numbers, known by the name of Arabic numerals, in fact originated with the Indians and, according to…
Arabici Vol. I, p. 1035
ARABICI. – Heretical sect of the 2nd century, which arose in Arabia, especially in the region of Damascus. The name was given to its followers by St Augustine…
Arabs, Philosophy Of The (ARABI, FILOSOFIA DEGLI) Vol. I, p. 1028
ARABI, FILOSOFIA degli. — The A. regarded as fajlasāf, that is, philosopher in the exact sense of the term, not every thinker, but only those who concerned…
Aracaju, Diocese of (ARACAJU, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1036
ARACAJU, DIOCESE of. — Capital of the state of Sergipe (Brazil), situated on the Atlantic approximately 300 km northeast of Bahia, A. is the seat of a diocese,…
Aracoeli Vol. I, p. 1036
ARACOELI. — In the oldest recension of the Mirabilia urbis Romae (ca. mid-12th century), the name A. occurs for the first time, indicating the church dedicated…
Aracri, Gregorio Vol. I, p. 1037
ARACRI, GREGORIO. – Capuchin, born in Staletti (Squillace) in 1749, died in Catanzaro on 23 June 1813. Under the name of Father Fedele, he soon became well…
Arad Vol. I, p. 1037
ARAD. - A city in western Romania, capital of the province of the same name in Transylvania. It enters history as early as the 11th century, and at the end of…
Arago, Jean François Dominique Vol. I, p. 1038
ARAGO, JEAN FRANÇOIS DOMINIQUE. – French physicist and astronomer, born in Estagel, near Perpignan, in the Pyrenees, on 27 February 1786, died in Paris on 2…
Aragona Vol. I, p. 1038
ARAGONA. – Region of north-eastern Spain. It is among the most mountainous regions of Spain because, bounded to the north by the Pyrenees (from the peak of…
Aragona, Giovanni D' Vol. I, p. 1039
ARAGONA, GIOVANNI d’. — Cardinal, born in Naples around 1460, died in Rome on 17 October 1485. Son of Ferdinando, king of Naples, he became abbot of Cava and…
Aragona, Luigi D' Vol. I, p. 1039
ARAGONA, LUIGI d'. — Cardinal, born in Naples in 1474, died in Rome on 11 January 1519. Nephew of Ferdinando I d'Aragona and great-nephew of Alfonso I, king of…
Aragón, Martín de (ARAGÓN, MARTIN DE) Vol. I, p. 1038
ARAGÓN, MARTIN de. – Franciscan missionary in the Holy Land. Toward the end of the 14th century he lived in the convent of Famagosta, on the island of Cyprus.…
Aragón, Pedro de Vol. I, p. 1038
ARAGÓN, PEDRO de. – Augustinian religious, born in Salamanca, died between 30 September and 9 October 1592. He made his profession in 1561 and completed his…
Arallu Vol. I, p. 1045
ARALLU. — Among the Mesopotamians it was equivalent to the Sheol of the Hebrews and the Hades of the Greeks; an infernal abode, called irsìt la tari, “the land…
Aram Vol. I, p. 1046
ARAM. — A region of western Asia, mentioned in the Bible, where A. also designates the people (v. ARAMEI). Aram Nahārajim (Gen. 24, 10 and Deut. 23, 5; Iud. 3,…
Aramaic, Language (ARAMAICA, LINGUA) Vol. I, p. 1046
ARAMAIC, LANGUAGE. – Aramaic belongs to the Semitic stock. It is impossible to determine the territory in which Aramaic was originally spoken. Its history,…
Arameans (ARAMEI) Vol. I, p. 1047
ARAMEANS. - A people dwelling in Aram. In a letter from el-Amarna (14th century B.C.) the term aḫlamē occurs, which was understood as designating the A. But…
Aranda Vol. I, p. 1048
ARANDA: v. ANTONIO de ARANDA.
Aranda Valdivia, Martín de Vol. I, p. 1048
ARANDA VALDIVIA, MARTÍN de. - Jesuit missionary, b. at Villarica (Chile) in 1560 or 1561, a soldier and formerly «corregidor» of Riobamba before entering the…
Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of (ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA, CONTE D') Vol. I, p. 1048
ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA de BOLEA, conte d'. - Minister of Carlo III of Spain, b. in 1719 near Huesca (Aragon), d. at Epila (Aragon) in 1798. Having entered…
Araneo, Clemente Vol. I, p. 1048
ARANEO, CLEMENTE. - Dominican preacher and controversialist of the 16th century, born at Ragusa (Dalmatia). He appears in 1547 as a member of the province of…
Ararat Vol. I, p. 1048
ARARAT. – A mountainous region between the Araxe River and Lakes Van and Urmia. This geographical name of the Old Testament (Gen. 8:4; II Reg. 19:37; Is.…
Arason, Jón (ARASON, JOP) Vol. I, p. 1048
ARASON, JOP. — Last Catholic bishop of Iceland, b. in 1484, d. on 7 November 1550. He was consecrated bishop of Hôlar in 1524. In 1538, when Christian III,…
Arator (ARATORE) Vol. I, p. 1049
ARATORE. — Christian poet, born in Milan around the beginning of the sixth century. Having lost his father at an early age, he found in Lorenzo, bishop of…
Aratus (ARATO) Vol. I, p. 1049
ARATO. - Greek poet, who lived between the end of the 4th century and the middle of the 3rd century B.C., born probably at Tarsus in Cilicia, but a citizen of…
Arauca, Apostolic Prefecture of (ARAUCA, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI) Vol. I, p. 1049
ARAUCA, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE. — This prefecture, erected in Colombia (South America) by decree of the S. Congregation of the Council of 26 May 1915, through…
Araucania, Apostolic Vicariate of (ARAUCANIA, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI) Vol. I, p. 1049
ARAUCANIA, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - The civilizing work of the Araucanian mission (South America), begun at the time of the Spanish conquest, was vigorously…
Arazzo Vol. I, p. 1050
ARAZZO. — It is a special textile made on a high- and low-heddle loom with threads of wool and colored silk in many gradations, and sometimes also with gold…
Araçuaí, Diocese of (ARASSUAHY, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1049
ARASSUAHY, DIOCESE of. — In the state of Minas Geraes (Brazil). The city, which extends across the plateaus west of the Serra do Chifre, is the seat of the…
Araújo, Francesco (ARAUJO FRANCESCO) Vol. I, p. 1050
ARAUJO FRANCESCO. – Dominican theologian, born at Verin (Spain) in 1580, died at Madrid in 1664. He was a lecturer at the University of Salamanca (1617–37),…
Arbanasich, Pietro Vol. I, p. 1050
ARBANASICH, PIETRO. — Sardinian apostate. During the culminating period of the Italian Risorgimento, he passed from Catholicism to Protestantism. He was…
Arbela (Ἀρβήλα [τὰ]) of Galilee (ARBELA ("ΑΡΒΗΛΑ [ΤᾺ]) DI GALILEA) Vol. I, p. 1051
ARBELA ("Αρβηλα [τὰ]) of GALILEA. - A locality in northern Palestine taken by the Syrian Bacchide (v.), who captured there many Jews who had taken refuge…
Arbela, Chronicle of (ARBELA, CRONACA DI) Vol. I, p. 1050
ARBELA, CRONACA di. — Syrian document published by A. Mingana (Sources Syriagues, I, Lipsia 1907) and subsequently extensively used by those who study the…
Arbeo (Arbio, Aribo), Bishop of Freising (ARBEO (ARBIO, ARIBO), VESCOVO DI FRISINGA) Vol. I, p. 1051
ARBEO (Arbio, Aribo), bishop of FRISINGA. Born ca. 723 at Maia, near Merano, he studied at Frisinga (Bavaria), where he later became episcopal chancellor. In…
Arbiol y Díez, Antonio (ARBIOL Y DIEZ, ANTONIO) Vol. I, p. 1051
ARBIOL Y DIEZ, ANTONIO. — Spanish Franciscan, preacher and mystical writer, born at Torrellas in 1651, died at Saragossa on 31 January 1726. In his Order he…
Arbitration (ARBITRATO) Vol. I, p. 1052
ARBITRATO. - 1. CONCEPT. - By arbitrato (arbitration) is meant the procedure by which a legal dispute is resolved in an obligatory manner by one or more…
Arbogast (ARBOGASTE) Vol. I, p. 1055
ARBOGASTE. – Frankish general who, having distinguished himself in the time of Graziano and Teodosio, became magister militum of Valentiniano II; but his…
Arcadelt, Jakob Vol. I, p. 1058
ARCADELT, JAKOB. – Musician, born in Flanders (1514?), a pupil of Josquin des Prés. After a brief stay in Florence, he came to Rome (1536), where he was…
Arcadia, Accademia della Vol. I, p. 1058
ARCADIA, ACCADEMIA della. — Literary academy, founded in Rome in 1690 by 14 men of letters and rapidly rising to great prominence and extremely wide diffusion.…
Arcaf, Giovanni Vol. I, p. 1059
ARCAF, GIOVANNI. - Bishop of Menfi and head of the Melitians of Egypt (4th century). A singularly turbulent figure, known for his intrigues against St.…
Arcamone (Archemone), Ignazio Vol. I, p. 1060
ARCAMONE (ARCHEMONE), IGNAZIO. — Jesuit missionary, born in Bari around 1615, died at Rachol on 30 April 1683. He entered the novitiate in Naples in 1631,…
Arcangeli, Giuseppe Vol. I, p. 1060
ARCANGELI, GIUSEPPE. - B. at S. Marcello Pistoiese on 13 Dec. 1807, d. at Firenze on 17 Sept. 1855; he studied at the Seminary of Pistoia and was ordained…
Arcangelo di Cola da Camerino Vol. I, p. 1061
ARCANGELO di COLA da CAMERINO. – Marchigian painter of the first half of the 15th century, a follower of Gentile da Fabriano, though not without Florentine…
Arcangelo di Lion (Michel Degranges or Desgrange) (ARCANGELO DI LIONE (MICHEL DEGRANGES O DESGRANGE)) Vol. I, p. 1061
ARCANGELO di LIONE (Michel Degranges or Desgrange). – Capuchin Friar Minor, born in Lione in 1736, died in 1822. At the age of fifteen he embraced the…
Arcangelo Ripaut Vol. I, p. 1061
ARCANGELO RIPAUT: v. RIPAUT.
Arcano, Discipline of the (ARCANO, DISCIPLINA DELL') Vol. I, p. 1061
ARCANO, DISCIPLINA dell'. — By the expression disciplina arcani, first used by the Protestant theologian Jean Daille (Dallaeus, in the work De scriptis...…
Arcanum Divinae Sapientiae Consilium Vol. I, p. 1063
ARCANUM DIVINAE SAPIENTIAE CONSILIUM. - Opening words of the encyclical in which Leone XIII (18 Feb. 1880: Acta Leonis XIII, II, Roma 1880, pp. 10-40)…
Archaeology (ARCHEOLOGIA) Vol. I, p. 404
ARCHEOLOGIA. — In the amphitheatre of this town, Domitian forced the consul Acilius Glabrio to fight with wild beasts; he later perhaps perished for the…
Archangel (ARCANGELO) Vol. I, p. 1060
ARCANGELO. — The term occurs only twice (I Thess. 4:16; with the article: Iud. 9) in the New Testament, in the singular, and designates a. Michele (v.), called…
Archbishop (ARCIVESCOVO) Vol. I, p. 1089
ARCIVESCOVO: v. METROPOLITA; VESCOVO.
Archbishop of Mainz, Hatto (ATTONE, ARCIVESCOVO DI MAGONZA) Vol. II, p. 232
ATTONE, archbishop of MAGONZA. — A monk of the abbey of Fulda, in 885 he was at the court of Charles III the Fat and became a friend of King Arnolfo of…
Archconfraternity (ARCICONFRATERNITA) Vol. I, p. 1088
ARCICONFRATERNITA: v. CONFRATERNITA.
Archdeacon (ACHIDIACONUS) Vol. I, p. 1071
ACHIDIACONUS: v. GUIDO DE BAISIO.
Archdeacon (ARCIDIACONO) Vol. I, p. 1088
ARCIDIACONO: v. GUIDO DE BAISIO. ARCIDIACONO: v. DIACONO.
Archdiocese (ARCIDIOCESI) Vol. I, p. 1088
ARCIDIOCESI: v. DIOCESI
Archdiocese of Diamantina (DIAMANTINA, ARCIDIOCESI DI) Vol. IV, p. 899
DIAMANTINA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In Brazil, it is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of the same name, which occupies the entire northern part of…
Archdiocese of Modena (MODENA, ARCIDIOCESI DI) Vol. VIII, p. 703
MODENA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — It is situated on the consular Via Emilia, in a fertile region between the Secchia and Panaro rivers. Provincial capital and…
Archdiocese of Sorrento (SORRENTO, ARCIDIOCESI DI) Vol. XI, p. 591
SORRENTO, ARCHDIOCESE of. — City and archdiocese in the province of Naples. It has an area of 133 sq. km and a population of 72,320 inhabitants, all Catholics,…
Archelaus (ARCHELÀO) Vol. I, p. 1063
ARCHELÀO: v. ACTA ARCHELAI.
Archelaus, Herod (ARCHELÀO, ERODE) Vol. I, p. 1063
ARCHELÀO, ERODE. – The eldest surviving son of Erode the Great (and of Maltace) and his principal successor (4 B.C.–A.D. 6). Like his two co-heir brothers…
Archeo Vol. I, p. 1063
ARCHEO. – A., qui post discipulos domini episcopus fuit Leptitanae urbis (the present-day Homs-Lebda east of Tripoli), is identified in a Vatican codex (codex…
Archetti, Giovanni Andrea Vol. I, p. 1070
ARCHETTI, GIOVANNI ANDREA. — Apostolic nuncio in Russia, born in Brescia in 1731, died in Ascoli in 1805. Having obtained a degree in utroque, he was appointed…
Archetypal Idea (IDEA ARCHETIPA) Vol. VI, p. 910
IDEA ARCHETIPA. — This designation indicates the logical, supreme, and primordial form of all things. Philosophers and theologians discuss it in order to…
Archidamus (ARCHIDAMO) Vol. I, p. 1070
ARCHIDAMO. – A Roman priest of the 4th century. Together with the priest Filosseno and the deacon Leone, he represented Pope Giulio I (337–52) at the Council…
Archieraticon (Ἀρχιερατινόν) Vol. I, p. 1071
ARCHIERATICON (Ἀρχιερατινόν). — In the Churches of the Byzantine rite, this is the liturgical book containing the religious functions proper to the bishop. It…
Archigallus (ARCIGALLO) Vol. I, p. 1088
ARCIGALLO. - A priest of Cybele, of rank superior to the ordinary galli. From the rather abundant epigraphic material that has come down to us, it appears…
Archimandrite (Ἀρχιμανθρίτης, Etymologically Head Of The Μάνδρα «Sheepfold») (ARCHIMANDRITA (ἈΡΧΙΜΑΝΘΡΊΤΗΣ, ETIMOLOGICAMENTE CAPO DELLA ΜΆΝΘΡΑ « OVILE »)) Vol. I, p. 1071
ARCHIMANDRITA (ἀρχιμανθρίτης, etymologically head of the μάνθρα, “sheepfold”). — Title of the superior of a monastery in the Eastern Church from the 4th…
Archimedes (ARCHIMEDE) Vol. I, p. 1071
ARCHIMEDE. — Great mathematician, born at Syracuse in 287 B.C., died during the siege of that city in 212 B.C. The writings of A., in which the conceptions…
Archinto, Alberico Vol. I, p. 1071
ARCHINTO, ALBERICO. - Cardinal, born in Milan on 8 Nov. 1698, died in Rome on 30 Sept. 1758. He took his degree in law at the University of Pavia in 1722 and…
Archinto, Filippo Vol. I, p. 1071
ARCHINTO, FILIPPO. - Archbishop. B. in Milano on 5 July 1495, d. in Bergamo on 21 June 1558. His compatriots entrusted him with numerous important embassies to…
Archinto, Giuseppe Vol. I, p. 1072
ARCHINTO, GIUSEPPE. - Cardinal, b. in Milano on 16 Apr. 1631, d. there on 9 Apr. 1712. In 1675 he took a degree in law at Pavia and subsequently entered the…
Archippus, Saint (ARCHIPPO, SANTO) Vol. I, p. 1072
ARCHIPPO, saint. — Collaborator of St Paul (“fellow soldier”), of Colossae. He was probably the son of Philemon and Appia, with whom he is associated in the…
Archisynagogue (Heb. Rōš Hak-Kēnēseth «Head Of The Assembly») (ARCHISINAGOGO (EBR. RŌŠ HAK-KĒNĒSETH « CAPO DELLA ASSEMBLEA »)) Vol. I, p. 1072
ARCHISYNAGOGUE (Hebr. rōš hak-kēnēseth “head of the assembly”). — The one who presided over the synagogues, or religious assemblies, of the Jews. Chosen from…
Architectural Orders (ORDINI ARCHITETTONICI) Vol. IX, p. 170
ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS. – The system of supporting architectural elements (column and capital) and supported elements (entablature), which already appears in…
Architectural Rationalism (RAZIONALISMO ARCHITETTONICO) Vol. X, p. 349
RAZIONALISMO ARCHITETTONICO. - From the time of ancient Classicism, first in Greece and then in Rome, certain “laws” or “rules” were established to which the…
Architrave Vol. I, p. 1083
ARCHITRAVE: V. ORDINI ARCHITETTONICI.
Archive (ARCHIVIO) Vol. I, p. 1083
ARCHIVIO. — Etymologically, it derives from ἀρχέων, the magistrate’s palace where the records of the magistracy were kept. Among the Greeks, however, it was…
Archives de Philosophie Vol. I, p. 1083
ARCHIVES DE PHILOSOPHIE. — Series of philosophical studies published at varying intervals, but generally quarterly, beginning in January 1925, by the…
Archivist of the Holy Roman Church (ARCHIVISTA DI SANTA ROMANA CHIESA) Vol. I, p. 1087
ARCHIVIST OF THE HOLY ROMAN CHURCH. - The supreme direction of the Vatican Secret Archive, of which the Supreme Pontiff “retains, with ownership, governance,…
Archivistics (ARCHIVISTICA) Vol. I, p. 1087
ARCHIVAL SCIENCE. - It is the discipline that studies the arrangement, administration, and preservation of archives, while at the same time teaching how to…
Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum Vol. I, p. 1088
ARCHIVUM FRATRUM PRAEDICATORUM. – Annual journal of historical studies, published by the Dominican Historical Institute of S. Sabina in Rome. The establishment…
Archontics (from Greek ἄρχων 'Archon, Ruler') (ARCONTICI (DAL GRECO ἌΡΓΩΝ «ARCONTE, DOMINANTE»)) Vol. I, p. 1091
ARCONTICI (from the Greek ἄργων, “archon, ruler”). — A Gnostic sect of the 3rd and 4th centuries, which takes its name from the strange doctrine its followers…
Archpriest (ARCIPRETE) Vol. I, p. 1089
ARCHPRIEST. — This term is commonly used to designate the priest who has ordinary pastoral care of souls; technically, it means the parish priest who holds a…
Arcimboldi, Giovanangelo (ARCIMBOLDI, GIOVANNANGELO) Vol. I, p. 1088
ARCIMBOLDI, GIOVANNANGELO. – Papal legate, born in Milan around 1485, died in the same city on 6 April 1555. Nephew of Cardinal Giovanni Arcimboldi, he…
Arcimboldi, Giovanni Vol. I, p. 1089
ARCIMBOLDI, GIOVANNI. — Cardinal, born in Milan and died there on 2 October 1488. He held important offices and undertook numerous missions also on behalf of…
Arcimboldi, Guidantonio Vol. I, p. 1089
ARCIMBOLDI, GUIDANTONIO. — Archbishop, born in Milan and died there on 18 October 1497. After completing his legal studies, he held important offices in his…
Arciprete de Hita (ARCIPRESTE DE HITA) Vol. I, p. 1089
ARCIPRESTE de HITA: v. RUIZ JUAN.
Arconati Visconti, Giuseppe Vol. I, p. 1091
ARCONATI VISCONTI, GIUSEPPE. - Politician, born in Milan on 9 April 1797, died there on 11 March 1873. Of noble family, a student of philosophical and…
Arcosolium (ARCOSOLIO) Vol. I, p. 1091
ARCOSOLIUM. - In Latin, solium means, besides throne and seat, also basin, and, like other analogous names, was subsequently used to designate the tomb. Thus…
Arcudio, Pietro Vol. I, p. 1092
ARCUDIO, PIETRO. – Catholic theologian and controversialist, born in Corfù around 1562, died in Rome in 1633. He was one of the first students of the Greek…
Arculf (ARCULFO) Vol. I, p. 1092
ARCULFO. - Bishop in the Gauls (see unknown). He made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 670 and recounted his journey to s. Adamnano (v.), abbot of Hy or Jona…
Ardagh, Diocese of (ARDAGH, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1093
ARDAGH, DIOCESE of. — In central Ireland (Eire). The name derives from the Gaelic Ardachadh, “high field.” In 454, St. Patrick founded a church and monastery…
Ardica Vol. I, p. 1093
ARDICA. — The expression is used particularly in Ravenna to designate the portico of the church, which is a reduced form of the atrium, as, for example, the a.…
Ardigò, Roberto Vol. I, p. 1093
ARDIGÒ, ROBERTO. — Philosopher, born at Casteldidone (Cremona) in 1828 to a modest family, died by suicide at Mantua in 1920. With the aid of financial…
Ardmaine Vol. I, p. 1093
ARDMAINE: v. DROMORE.
Arduino of Ivrea, King of Italy (ARDUINO D'IVREA, RE D'ITALIA) Vol. I, p. 1093
ARDUINO D'IVREA, king of Italy. — Of the strong Arduinic stock, of Germanic origin and later a family of feudal lords of the Kingdom of Italy, A. was born in…
Arduino, Giovanni Vol. I, p. 1093
ARDUINO, GIOVANNI. – Geologist, born in Caprino Veronese in 1714 and died in Venice in 1795. When paleontology was not yet a science in its own right, A.…
Area Vol. I, p. 1094
AREA: V. CIMITERI.
Aregazzi (Aregatius or De Regatiis), Francesco (AREGAZZI (AREGATIUS O DE REGATIIS), FRANCESCO) Vol. I, p. 1094
AREGAZZI (Aregatius or De Regatiis), FRANCESCO.—Theologian and canonist of the Friars Minor Conventual, born in Cremona in 1375, died in Bergamo on 6 August…
Areka, Abba Vol. I, p. 1094
AREKA, ABBA: V. ABBA AREKA.
Arena, Filippo Vol. I, p. 1094
ARENA, FILIPPO. - Sicilian Jesuit, b. at Piazza Armerina on 1 May 1708, d. at Rome in 1789; having entered the order in 1723, he taught mathematics in various…
Arenario Vol. I, p. 1094
ARENARIO. – Shortly after the discovery of the Christian cemetery galleries on the Via Salaria in the spring of 1578, the Sanctorum Martyrum Abundii…
Arendt, Wilhelm Vol. I, p. 1095
ARENDT, WILHELM. - Jesuit, moral theologian, b. at Lovanio on 31 March 1852, d. at Roma on 23 Feb. 1937. He was rector of the Belgian College in Roma, where in…
Arendt, Wilhelm Amadeus August Vol. I, p. 1095
ARENDT, WILHELM AMADEUS AUGUST. - German historian, born into a Protestant family on 25 May 1808 in Berlin; he later converted to the Catholic Church in April…
Arenskiy, Anton Stepanovich (ARENSKIJ, ANTON ŠTEPANOVIC) Vol. I, p. 1095
ARENSKIJ, ANTON ŠTEPANOVIC. — Composer, born in Nižnij-Novgorod on 11 August 1861, died in Tarioki on 25 February 1906. Maestro of the Imperial Chapel in…
Areopagite, Dionysius (AREOPAGITA, DIONIGI) Vol. I, p. 1095
AREOPAGITA, DIONIGI: v. DIONIGI AREOPAGITA.
Areopagus (Ὁ Ὄρειος Πέλαγος 'Hill of Mars') (AREOPAGO (Ὁ ὌΡΕΙΟΣ ΠΈΓΑΣ «COLLE DI MARTE»)) Vol. I, p. 1095
AREOPAGO (ὁ ὄρειος πέγας “hill of Mars”). — A rocky hill of Athens, southwest of the Acropolis, where, according to mythology, Mars cleared himself of the…
Arequipa, Archdiocese of (AREQUIPA, ARCIDIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1096
AREQUIPA, ARCIDIOCESI di. – The city of Arequipa lies in southern Peru, 2,320 meters above sea level, at the foot of the Misti volcano and only 90 km. as the…
Ares Vol. I, p. 1096
ARES. – “Ἄρης, Greek god of war. For some, the name would mean ‘the destroyer,’ but the etymology is disputed. For the ancients he was Thracian and therefore…
Aresi, Paolo Vol. I, p. 1096
ARESI, PAOLO. - Of Milanese origin, born in Cremona in 1574, he died at Tortona on 20 June 1644 in the repute of sanctity. His baptismal name, Cesare, was…
Areta (Hāriṭah) Vol. I, p. 1096
ARETA (Hāriṭah). — Nabataean kings who, from their capital Petra (v.), ruled over Arabia from the Gulf of Elana to Damascus. A. I is mentioned by Flavius…
Areta, Saint (ARETA, SANTO) Vol. I, p. 1097
ARETA, saint. – An Arab of Nağrān, whose name al-Hārit was altered to Hirut in the Ethiopian Synaxarion (G. Sapcto, Viaggio e missione cattolica fra i Mensa, i…
Aretalogy (ARETALOGIA) Vol. I, p. 1097
ARETALOGY. — The meaning of this word is manifold, as a consequence of the imprecise sense of ἀρετή, commonly translated in dictionaries as virtue, courage,…
Aretino, Paolo Vol. I, p. 1097
ARETINO, PAOLO. – Born in Arezzo in 1508, he was chapel master at the cathedral of his native city from 1538 to 1544; thereafter at the collegiate church of…
Aretino, Pietro Vol. I, p. 1097
ARETINO, PIETRO. — Man of letters, born in Arezzo in 1492, died in Venice on 21 October 1556. He spent his early youth in Perugia. From there, or perhaps from…
Areuna Vol. I, p. 1098
AREUNA: v. ORNAN.
Arezzo, Diocese of (AREZZO, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1098
AREZZO, DIOCESE OF. — It remains today the largest in Tuscany, extending over 3,250 sq. km. of territory, which includes the upper Arno valley (Casentino), the…
Arezzo, Tommaso Vol. I, p. 1102
AREZZO, TOMMASO. – Cardinal, suburbicarian bishop of Sabina and chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, born in Orbetello on 16 December 1756, died in Rome on 3…
Argei Vol. I, p. 1102
ARGEI. — In Roman worship, this name referred to two different things: 1) shrines, numbering 27 (or 24), distributed throughout the Rome “of the four regions,”…
Argensola (Arjensola), Bartolomé Leonardo de Vol. I, p. 1103
ARGENSOLA (ARJENSOLA), BARTOLOMÉ LEONARDO de. – Spanish poet, narrator, and historian, from a family originally Italian, the Leonardos of Ravenna; b. at…
Argenson, René de Voyer de Paulmy, Count of (ARGENSON, RENÉ DE VOYER DE PAULMY, CONTE DI) Vol. I, p. 1103
ARGENSON, RENÉ DE VOYER DE PAULMY, count of. - Magistrate, b. at Blois on 13 Dec. 1623, d. in his château of Argenson (Touraine) on 10 May 1700. On his…
Argentan, Louis François d' Vol. I, p. 1103
ARGENTAN, LOUIS FRANÇOIS d' : v. LUDOVICO FRANCESCO d'ARGENTAN.
Argentina Vol. I, p. 1103
ARGENTINA. – Federal Republic of South America. SUMMARY: I. Geography. – II. History of Christianity – III. History of relations between Church and State. –…
Argento Vol. I, p. 1108
ARGENTO: v. OREFICERIA.
Argentré, Charles du Plessis d' (ARGENTRE, CHARLES DU PLESSIS D') Vol. I, p. 1108
ARGENTRE, CHARLES DU PLESSIS d'. - French theologian, b. at the castle of Plessis, near Vitré, on 16 May 1673; d. at Tulle on 27 Oct. 1740. He studied at the…
Argiolas, Antonio Vol. I, p. 1108
ARGIOLAS, ANTONIO. – Priest, educator: b. at Pirri (Cagliari) on 14 October 1834, d. at Cagliari on 27 June 1914. Having earned a doctorate in theology, he…
Argob Vol. I, p. 1109
ARGOB. - 1. Warrior or court official of Faccia, king of Israel, who was killed with him at Samaria by Facce (II Reg. 15, 25). 2. Region of Basan, belonging to…
Argyll and the Isles, Diocese of (ARGYLL E ISOLE, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1109
ARGYLL e ISOLE, DIOCESE of. - In Scotland, a suffragan diocese of S. Andrea (St. Andrews) and Edinburgh. Created around 1200 by separation from Dunkeld, it…
Argyropoulos, Giovanni (ARGIROPULO, GIOVANNI) Vol. I, p. 1108
ARGIROPULO, GIOVANNI. – Byzantine humanist, born in Constantinople around 1415, died in Rome on 26 June 1487; he was one of the principal architects of the…
Ari Froði Þorgilsson (Ari, the Wise, Son of Þorgils) (ARI FRODHI THORGILSSON (ARIO, IL SAVIO, FIGLIO DI THORGILS)) Vol. I, p. 1117
ARI FRODHI THORGILSSON (ARIO, IL SAVIO, son of THORGILS). — Priest and the first Icelandic historian, b. in 1067, d. in 1148. He wrote the history of Iceland…
Aria Vol. I, p. 1109
ARIA. - By this name were designated various forms of composition which were continually renewed both in the field of sacred and religious music and in that of…
Ariald, Saint (ARIALDO, SANTO) Vol. I, p. 1109
ARIALDO, saint. — Leader of the reform movement in Milan, under the episcopate of the archbishop Guido da Velate (1045–71), the appointee of Henry III opposed…
Arianism (ARIANESIMO) Vol. I, p. 1110
ARIANESIMO. – This is the great heresy of the fourth century. Its doctrine and history are very complex; consequently, the treatment will be divided into two…
Arianna, Saint, Martyr (ARIANNA, SANTA, MARTIRE) Vol. I, p. 1114
ARIANNA, saint, martyr. - Called Maria in the Latin (BHL, 5422) and Syriac (BHO, 682) versions of the Greek Passio (BHG, 165), she was the slave of a Tertullo,…
Ariano, Diocese of (ARIANO, DIOCESI DI) Vol. I, p. 1114
ARIANO, diocese of. - In the Irpinian region, province of Avellino, suffragan of Benevento, it has 24 parishes, 44 diocesan priests, and 9 regular clergy. Area…
Arias De Armenta, Alvaro Vol. I, p. 1114
ARIAS DE ARMENTA, ALVARO. – Jesuit ascetical writer, b. in Seville in 1577, d. in Rome on 29 January 1643. He entered the Society in 1593 and was rector of the…
Arias Montano, Benito Vol. I, p. 1115
ARIAS MONTANO, BENITO. — Spanish Orientalist, exegete, and humanist, born in 1527 at Fregenal de la Sierra, died at Seville on 6 July 1598. Ordained a priest…
Arias, Francisco Vol. I, p. 1114
ARIAS, FRANCISCO. - Ascetical writer, b. at Siviglia in 1533; having already become a priest and graduated from the University of Alcalà, he entered the…
Aribert (Eribert) d'Antimiano (ARIBERTO (ERIBERTO) D'ANTIMIANO) Vol. I, p. 1116
ARIBERTO (ERIBERTO) D'ANTIMIANO. – Archbishop of Milan (1018–45), descended from a knightly lineage of Lombardy, he was a prince of the Church who was more…
Aribert (Haribet, commonly Heribert), Saint (ARIBERTO (HARIBERT, COMUNEMENTE HERIBERT), SANTO) Vol. I, p. 1115
ARIBERTO (HARIBERT, commonly HERIBERT), saint. - Son of Count Ugo of Worms, b. about 970, d. 16 March 1021. Educated at Gorze and counsellor to Ottone III, he…
Aribo Scholasticus (Aribo) (ARIBONE SCOLASTICO (ARIBO SCHOLASTICUS)) Vol. I, p. 1116
ARIBONE SCOLASTICO (Aribo Scholasticus). — Musician, who lived in the eleventh century. Together with Giovanni di Liegi, he was the well-known and…
Aribone Vol. I, p. 1116
ARIBONE. — Archbishop of Mainz (1021–31), from the family of the Bavarian counts palatine and therefore a relative of Emperor Enrico II (1002–24). He began as…
Aricanda Vol. I, p. 1116
ARICANDA. — An ancient city of Lycia (Arykanda), today a settlement called Aruf, where the text of a curious petition sent to Massimino has been found,…
Arichat Vol. I, p. 1117
ARICHAT: v. ANTIGONISH.
Arici, Cesare Vol. I, p. 1117
ARICI, CESARE. – Neoclassical poet, born on 12 June 1782 in Brescia, died in 1836. He was initially appointed to the criminal court, and later became professor…
Ariel (Heb. 'Āri'ēl) (ARIEL (EBR. 'ĀRI'ĒL)) Vol. I, p. 1117
ARIEL (Heb. 'āri'ēl). — A biblical Hebrew term which, owing to its dual etymology (from 'āri' “lion” and from 'ārah' “to burn”), means at times “lion of God”…
Ariman Vol. I, p. 1118
ARIMAN: v. AHRIMAN.
Arimathaea (ARIMATEA) Vol. I, p. 1118
ARIMATEA. - A city of Judaea, the homeland of the councillor Giuseppe (v.) of A. (Mt. 27, 57; Mc. 15, 43; Lc. 23, 51; Io. 19, 38). On the basis of the…
Aringhi, Paolo Vol. I, p. 1118
ARINGHI, PAOLO. — Oratorian, born in Rome in 1600, died there in 1676. He was well known for the Latin translation of Bosio’s Roma sotterranea (v.), which he…
Arinna, Goddess of (ARINNA, DEA DI) Vol. I, p. 1118
ARINNA, GODDESS OF. — A. was a great city of the kingdom of the Hittites, identified with present-day Kara-Sehir-Hujuk, near the hot springs of Ujuz Hamman.…
Arintero-Gonzales, Juan Vol. I, p. 1118
ARINTERO-GONZALES, JUAN. - Dominican theologian and writer, born at Lugueros (province of León) in Spain on 24 June 1860, died at Salamanca on 20 Feb. 1928.…
Ario Vol. I, p. 1118
ARIO. – Heresiarch, father of Arianism (v.), born in 256 in Libya, died in 336 at Constantinople. A disciple, it seems, of Luciano d'Antiochia, nothing is…
Arioch Vol. I, p. 1119
ARIOCH. — Name of three biblical figures. 1. One of the four eastern kings who invaded Canaan as far as the Pentapoli (v.) and were driven back by Abraham…
Ariosto, Ludovico Vol. I, p. 1119
ARIOSTO, LUDOVICO. - 1. LIFE. - Born on 18 September 1474 in Reggio Emilia to Count Niccolò, captain of the citadel, and Daria Malaguzzi Valeri. After moving…
Aristace (Rastakes) Vol. I, p. 1121
ARISTACE (RASTAKES). - The younger son of s. Gregorio Illuminatore, educated in Cesarea di Cappadocia, he chose the eremitical life at a young age, until…
Aristarchus of Samos (ARISTARCO DA SAMO) Vol. I, p. 1121
ARISTARCO da SAMO. - Greek mathematician and astronomer, who lived between 310 and 230 B.C. He had the great merit of formulating and defending the same…
Aristarchus, Saint (ARISTARCO, SANTO) Vol. I, p. 1121
ARISTARCO, saint. — A Christian of Thessalonica, converted from Judaism, companion and collaborator of St. Paul, with whom he appears at Ephesus during his…