Bourse(BORSA)Vol. II, p. 1111 BORSA. — To preserve the corporal with decency and reverence when it was reduced to its present dimensions, the borsa (purse) was introduced. In ancient times…
Bousset, WilhelmVol. II, p. 1148 BOUSSET, WILHELM. - Orientalist, b. on 2 September 1865 at Lübeck, the son of a Protestant pastor of Huguenot origin; d. at Giessen on 8 March 1916. He studied…
Boutault, MichelVol. II, p. 1148 BOUTAULT, MICHEL. – French Jesuit, born in Paris on 1 November 1608, entered the Order in 1625, died at Pontoise on 12 May 1689, after a life devoted to…
Bouthillier de Rancé, Armand-Jean Le(BOUTHILLER DE RANCÉ, ARMAND-JEAN LE)Vol. II, p. 1148 BOUTHILLER de RANCÉ, ARMAND-JEAN le. — Cistercian, founder of the Trappists. Born in Paris into a noble family on 9 January 1626; died at La Trappe (county of…
Boutroux, Étienne-Émile-Marie(BOUTROUX, ETIENNE-EMILE-MARIE)Vol. II, p. 1149 BOUTROUX, ETIENNE-EMILE-MARIE. – French philosopher, born in Montrouge (Seine) on 28 July 1845 and died in Paris on 23 November 1921. After completing his…
Bouts, Dirk (Thierry)Vol. II, p. 1150 BOUTS, DIRK (THIERRY). - Dutch painter, born at Haarlem between 1400 and 1420, died in 1475 at Louvain. The following works are documented: the Last Supper (in…
Bouvet, JoachimVol. II, p. 1150 BOUVET, JOACHIM. - Missionary, born near Le Mans on 18 July 1656, he entered the Jesuit order in 1678 and was one of the first six Jesuit mathematicians whom…
Bouvier, Jean-BaptisteVol. II, p. 1150 BOUVIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE. — Bishop of Le Mans, theologian, born in St-Charles-la-Forêt (Mayenne) on 16 January 1783 into a poor family, died in Rome on 28…
Bouvier, PierreVol. II, p. 1150 BOUVIER, PIERRE. — French Jesuit, born at Chantenay (Brittany) in 1848, died in Paris in 1925. A preacher esteemed for his profound learning, he was the first…
BovaVol. II, p. 1151 BOVA. – B. is a small town in the Aspromonte opposite Capo Spartivento. Together with S. Lorenzo, Africo, Roccaforte, Condofuri, and Roghudi, it forms a small…
Bovara, GiovanniVol. II, p. 1151 BOVARA, GIOVANNI. – Priest and educator, born at Malgrate (Como) on 30 September 1734 and died in Milan on 13 October 1812. A man of broad legal culture, in…
Boverio, Zaccaria Da SaluzzoVol. II, p. 1151 BOVERIO, ZACCARIA DA SALUZZO. — Capuchin writer of the Piedmontese province, b. in 1568, d. at Genoa on 31 March 1638. Missionary against the Protestants of…
Bovettino De' Bovettini (Boatinus Mantuanus)Vol. II, p. 1151 BOVETTINO DE' BOVETTINI (Boatinus Mantuanus). — Decretalist, born in Mantua in the first half of the 12th century, died in Aug. 1300. He taught for 43 years at…
Bovillus (Bonelles or Bonillé), Carolus(BOVILLUS (BONELLES O BONILLÉ), CAROLUS)Vol. II, p. 1152 BOVILLUS (BONELLES OR BONILLÉ), CAROLUS. — Theologian, philosopher, and man of letters, born at Saucourt (Picardy) around 1470–75, died as a canon and…
BovinoVol. II, p. 1152 BOVINO – Cathedral (11th–12th centuries). philosophy of history, in which he set himself up as an emulator of G. Ferrari. He loved the paradoxical and the…
Bovino, Diocese of(BOVINO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. II, p. 1152 BOVINO, DIOCESE of. — A town in the province of Foggia, on the spur between the valley of the Cervaro and the Biletra valley. The long, narrow gorge known as…
Bovio, GiovanniVol. II, p. 1152 BOVIO, GIOVANNI. - Thinker and politician, born at Trani in 1837, died at Napoli on 15 April 1903. In his time he was one of the most prominent and admired…
Bovio, Giovanni AntonioVol. II, p. 1153 BOVIO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO. - Carmelite theologian, born at Bellinzago in the Novarese district, died on 12 Aug. 1622 at Molfetta. Doctor of theology, regent of…
Boxers, Society of(BOXERS, SÈTTA DEI)Vol. II, p. 1153 BOXERS, SÈTTA dei. – After 1898, the so-called “Society of Good and Sincere Friends,” in Chinese “I huo t’oen,” joined the very numerous secret societies of…
Boycott(BOICOTTAGGIO)Vol. II, p. 1019 BOYCOTTING. - A boycott consists in an agreement entered into by several persons to break off economic relations with a third party; as well as in the action…
Boyer, Pierre-DenisVol. II, p. 1153 BOYER, PIERRE-DENIS. - Theologian and preacher, b. at Sévérac-l'Eglise (Alverniè) on 29 Oct. 1766 and d. at Paris on 24 Apr. 1842. A cousin of mons.…
Boyle, RobertVol. II, p. 1154 BOYLE, ROBERT. – Celebrated English scientist of the seventeenth century, b. at Lismore (Munster), Ireland, on 25 January 1627, d. in London on the 10th or,…
Boylesve, Marin deVol. II, p. 1154 BOYLESVE, MARIN de. - French Jesuit writer, b. at La Coltrie (near Angers) on 28 Nov. 1813, d. at Le Mans on 22 Feb. 1892. Having entered religion in 1831, he…
Boym, Michał(BOYM, MICHAL)Vol. II, p. 1154 BOYM, MICHAL. - Missionary and sinologist, b. in 1614 (?) in Lwów (Lemberg), Poland, d. Aug. 22, 1659 in China in Kwangsi. Having entered the Society of Jesus…
Boys' Town (Village, Republic, Community) of the(RAGAZZI, CITTÀ (VILLAGGIO, REPUBBLICA, COMUNITÀ) DEI)Vol. X, p. 292 RAGAZZI, CITTÀ (VILLAGE, REPUBLIC, COMMUNITY) dei. — An educational or re-educational institution for the moral and professional formation of children—orphans…
Boyvin, Jean-GabrielVol. II, p. 1155 BOYVIN, JEAN-GABRIEL. – Theologian of the Friars Minor Recollects, born at Vire in Normandy in the first half of the seventeenth century, died before 1681. He…
Bozio, TommasoVol. II, p. 1155 BOZIO, TOMMASO. – Born at Gubbio in 1548, he took a degree in law at Perugia. He then entered the Congregation of the Oratory of Rome, where he distinguished…
BozzettoVol. II, p. 1155 BOZZETTO. - A model in painting or sculpture, executed on a small scale in order summarily to define the compositional lines and bring out the masses (that is,…
Bra, Sanctuary of the Madonna of the Flowers of(BRA, SANTUARIO DELLA MADONNA DEI FIORI DI)Vol. II, p. 1155 BRA, SANTUARIO DELLA MADONNA DEI FIORI. — It owes its name to the characteristic annual flowering, in the middle of winter, of certain wild blackthorns…
Braccesco, CarloVol. II, p. 1155 BRACCESCO, CARLO. - Lombard painter, named “magister Carolus de Mediolano” in a document of 14 Nov. 1481. His first work, signed Carolus Mediolanensis, is a…
Bracci, PietroVol. II, p. 1155 BRACCI, PIETRO. - Sculptor and architect, born in Rome on 16 July 1700, died there on 13 February 1773. He was perhaps a pupil of C. Rusconi, and carried out…
Braccialetto (Armilium, Armilla, Brachiale, Manica)Vol. II, p. 1156 BRACCIALETTO (armilium, armilla, brachiale, manica). — From prehistoric times to the present day, the bracelet has served as an ornament for the arm of both…
Bracciantato (Agricolo)Vol. II, p. 1156 BRACCIANTATO (agricultural). — A bracciante is a peasant without any particular specialization who finds temporary employment on a farm under a short-term…
Braccio da MontoneVol. II, p. 1158 BRACCIO da MONTONE. – Military commander, son of O. Fortebracci, founder of a school of military art, born perhaps at Montone (Perugia) on 1 July 1368, died at…
Bracciolini, FrancescoVol. II, p. 1158 BRACCIOLINI, FRANCESCO. — Poet, born at Pistoia on 26 November 1566; he studied law at his father’s wish, but soon felt attracted to poetry and gave such…
Bracciolini, Poggio (Poggio Fiorentino)Vol. II, p. 1158 BRACCIOLINI, POGGIO (POGGIO FIORENTINO). — Born at Terranova Valdarno, near Arezzo, around 1380. Since he was not wealthy in family possessions, his early…
Bracco, RobertoVol. III, p. 25 BRACCO, ROBERTO. — Playwright and writer of novellas, born in Naples in 1862, died in Sorrento on 20 April 1943. Having entered journalism at a very young age,…
Bracket(MENSOLA)Vol. VIII, p. 421 MENSOLA. — In architecture, a supporting element consisting of a block of stone or wood (from the Latin mensula = tablet) that projects partly from the wall…
Bradley, Francis HerbertVol. III, p. 25 BRADLEY, FRANCIS HERBERT. - English philosopher, b. at Glasbury (Wales) on 30 Jan. 1846 and d. at Oxford on 18 Sept. 1924. He is the last representative of…
Bradwardine (Bragwardin, Bredwardin, Bradvardinus), Thomas(BRADWARDINE (BRAGWARDIN, BREDWARDIN, BRADVARDINUS), TOMMASO)Vol. III, p. 25 BRADWARDINE (BRAGWARDIN, BREDWARDIN, BRADVARDINUS), TOMMASO. — English theologian, philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, born in the diocese of Chichester…
Braga, Diocese of(BRAGA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 26 DIOCESE OF BRAGA. - In northern Portugal, capital of a department in the province of Minho. Conquered by the Romans and called Bracara Augusta, it formed a…
Bragadino, MarcantonioVol. III, p. 26 BRAGADINO, MARCANTONIO. - Born in 1523 into a well-known Venetian patrician family. He is found in Cyprus in 1570 as military captain, when war broke out…
Braganza (Bragança), Diocese of(BRAGANZA (BRAGANÇA), DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 27 BRAGANZA (BRAGANÇA), DIOCESE of. - An ancient city of Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, 685 m. above sea level, on a hill overlooking a pleasant…
Bragança, Diocese of(BRAGANÇA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 27 BRAGANÇA, DIOCESE OF. — In Brazil, State of S. Paolo. The diocese was erected on 24 July 1925 by the bull Ad Sacram Petri sedem, with 10 parishes from the…
Brahma(BRAHMĀ)Vol. III, p. 27 BRAHMĀ. - Belief in B., the male personification of Brahman (v.), after having been alive in India throughout the epic age (4th century B.C.–4th century A.D.),…
BrahmanVol. III, p. 27 BRAHMAN. – The word occurs in the Veda, with different gender and accentuation, in two distinct meanings. Brahman, neuter, is first the “prayer,” endowed with…
Brahmanism(BRAHMANESIMO)Vol. III, p. 28 maṇa to the Sāmaveda the Pañcaviṇṇa- and the Jaiminīya-brāhmaṇa; to the Black Yajurveda the Taittirīya-brāhmaṇa and to the White Yajurveda the…
Brahmanism(BRAHMANESIMO)Vol. III, p. 28 BRAHMANESIMO. – B. derives from brahmano, just as cristianesimo derives from cristiano; but whereas one who professes the religion of Christ is called…
Brahms, JohannesVol. III, p. 30 BRAHMS, JOHANNES. - Musician, b. in Hamburg on 7 May 1833, d. in Vienna on 3 Apr. 1897. Among his many compositions of a religious character (Ave Maria for…
Braille, LouisVol. III, p. 30 BRAILLE, LOUIS. - B. at Coupvray (Seine-et-Marne) on Jan. 4, 1809 and d. in Paris on Jan. 6, 1852. Blind, he dedicated himself to the education of his…
Brain(CERVELLO)Vol. III, p. 780 BRAIN. — The encephalon (from the Greek ἐγκέφαλος) constitutes the most important centre of the entire nervous system and is located in the cranial cavity,…
Bramante, DonatoVol. III, p. 31 BRAMANTE, DONATO. — Architect and painter, born at Monte Asdrualdo (now Fermignano) near Urbino in 1444, died in Rome on 11 April 1514. Biographical documents…
Bramantino (Suandi, Bartolomeo)(BRAMANTINO (BARTOLOMEO SUANDI))Vol. III, p. 34 BRAMANTINO (BARTOLOMEO SUANDI). — Milanese painter and architect. The year of his birth is unknown; the documents show that in 1503 he was called in for…
Brambilla, Francesco the Elder(BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO IL VECCHIO)Vol. III, p. 35 BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO il VECCHIO. — Sculptor, d. in Milan in 1570, author of statues and reliefs in the cathedral of that city, among which the marble panels…
Brambilla, Francesco the Younger(BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO IL GIOVANE)Vol. III, p. 35 BRAMBILLA, FRANCESCO il GIOVANE. — Sculptor, active in the second half of the sixteenth century, died in Milan in 1599. He worked for the construction of the…
Brammart, JohannesVol. III, p. 35 BRAMMART, JOHANNES. - Carmelite theologian, born at Aachen in the fourteenth century and died at Cologne on 8 September 1407. He taught at Paris and Cologne,…
Brancacci, NicolaVol. III, p. 35 BRANCACCI, NICOLA. - Cardinal, born in Naples of a patrician family, died in Florence on 29 June 1412. After graduating in law, he became a canon of the…
Brancaccio (Brancatio), CesareVol. III, p. 35 BRANCACCIO (BRANCATIO), CESARE. - Apostolic nuncio, born in Napoli in 1515 or 1516. After taking part in the Neapolitan revolution against the Spaniards, he…
Brancaccio, StefanoVol. III, p. 35 BRANCACCIO, STEFANO. — Cardinal, born in Naples in 1618, died in Viterbo on 8 September 1682; he was the nephew of Cardinal Francesco Maria B. After obtaining…
Brancati di LauriaVol. III, p. 36 BRANCATI di LAURIA. - Of the Conventual Minors, Gian Francesco in the world, Lorenzo in religion, born at Lauria in Lucania on 10 Aug. 1612, died at Rome on 30…
Brancati, FrancescoVol. III, p. 35 FRANCESCO BRANCATI. - Missionary in China, b. in Palermo in 1607, received into the Society of Jesus in 1623. Having arrived in China in 1637, he carried out…
Branchereau, LouisVol. III, p. 36 BRANCHEREAU, LOUIS. - French priest, b. at S. Pierre di Montlimart (Vandea) on 21 Dec. 1819, d. at Issy on 23 Dec. 1913. He entered S. Sulpizio in 1841, taught…
Branda da CastiglioneVol. III, p. 36 BRANDA da CASTIGLIONE. – Cardinal, born at Castiglione Olona in 1350, died there on 3 February 1443. He was already known as a canon lawyer when Gian Galeazzo…
BrandeaVol. III, p. 36 BRANDEA. - By this term the ancient Christians designated those small cloths or veils which, having been applied directly to the bodies or tombs of saints,…
Brandes, GeorgVol. III, p. 36 BRANDES, GEORG. – Danish writer of Jewish origin, born in Copenhagen on 4 February 1842 and died there on 17 February 1927, author of works of aesthetic,…
Brandi, GiacintoVol. III, p. 37 BRANDI, GIACINTO. - Painter, b. at Poli in 1623, d. at Rome in 1691. He was a pupil of Lanfranco, in whose workshop he remained until about 1650, inheriting…
Brandi, Salvatore MariaVol. III, p. 37 BRANDI, SALVATORE MARIA. - Jesuit, writer, b. at Napoli on 2 May 1852, d. there on 5 Sept. 1915. Having completed his theological studies at Woodstock, in the…
Brandileone, FrancescoVol. III, p. 37 BRANDILEONE, FRANCESCO. — Historian of law, born in Buonabitacolo (Salerno) on 25 January 1858; died in Naples on 10 April 1929. He taught the History of…
Brandl, PetrVol. III, p. 37 BRANDL, PETR. – Painter, born in 1688 in Prague, died in 1739 in Kutna' Hora. Through the study of the Italian Caravaggisti and naturalists, complemented by…
Brandolini, AurelioVol. III, p. 37 BRANDOLINI, AURELIO. - Augustinian humanist and theologian, b. in Firenze in the second quarter of the 15th century, d. in Roma in 1497. Although almost blind…
Brandts, FranzVol. III, p. 38 BRANDTS, FRANZ. - Sociologist and industrialist, b. at München-Gladbach on 12 Nov. 1834, d. there on 5 Oct. 1914. He deserves credit for having promoted the…
Brant, SebastianVol. III, p. 38 BRANT, SEBASTIAN. - German satirical poet and humanist, born in Strasbourg in 1457 and died there in 1521. After studying at the University of Basel, he…
Braschi, Family(BRASCHI, FAMIGLIA)Vol. III, p. 38 BRASCHI, FAMIGLIA. — Setting aside the supposed origins attributed to it, one may suppose that it came from northern Italy, whence a captain named FRANCESCO…
Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles-Étienne(BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CHARLES-ETIENNE)Vol. III, p. 51 BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CHARLES-ETIENNE. - Missionary, historian, and ethnographer, b. in BOURBOURG on 8 Sept. 1814, d. at Nice on 1 Jan. 1874. He studied…
Brassicanus, Johann AlexanderVol. III, p. 51 BRASSICANUS, JOHANN ALEXANDER. – Catholic humanist, born in 1500 and died in Vienna in 1539. His family was from Constance and was called Köll (cabbage, a name…
Bratislava (Pressburg, Pozsony)Vol. III, p. 51 BRATISLAVA (PRESSBURG, POZSONY). — Capital of Slovakia, on the Danube, at the foot of the Carpathians. It was a Roman encampment; then, in the 9th century, a…
Braulio of Saragossa, Saint(BRAULIO DI SARAGOZZA, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 52 BRAULIO of SARAGOSSA, saint. — Bishop of Saragossa, born ca. 590, died in 651. Of an illustrious Hispano-Roman family, he was educated at Saragossa in the…
Braun, Johann KarlVol. III, p. 52 BRAUN, JOHANN KARL. – Priest, advocate of popular education and social advancement in Alsace, born in Gebweiler on 20 July 1820, died in Einsiedeln…
Braun, JosephVol. III, p. 52 BRAUN, JOSEPH. - German art historian and archaeologist, born at Wipperfürth in the Rhineland on 31 Jan. 1857, died at Pullach on 11 July 1947. A Jesuit from 4…
Braun, KarlVol. III, p. 52 BRAUN, KARL. - German Jesuit and astronomer, b. at Neustadt (Hesse) on 27 Apr. 1831, d. at Radegund (Styria) on 1 June 1907. He was a student at the German…
Braun, Matyas BernardVol. III, p. 52 BRAUN, MATYAS BERNARD. - Sculptor, born in 1684 at Ötz in Tyrol, died 15 Feb. 1738 in Prague. He was trained and carried on his activity exclusively in…
Braun, PlacidusVol. III, p. 52 BRAUN, PLACIDUS. - Benedictine historian, b. at Peiting on 2 Jan. 1756, d. at Augusta (Bavaria) on 23 Oct. 1829. He entered the Order in 1775 and in 1785…
Braunsberger, OttoVol. III, p. 53 BRAUNSBERGER, OTTO. — German Jesuit, born at Füssen (Bavaria) in 1850, died at Roermond on 26 March 1926; he was ordained a priest in 1874 and entered the…
Brauronia(BRAURONIE (ΒΡΑΥΡΌΝΙΑ))Vol. III, p. 53 BRAURONIA (Βραυρόνια). - Festivals in honour of Artemis, celebrated at Brauron on the eastern coast of Attica and especially intended for women. Priestesses of…
Bravi, Giuseppe MariaVol. III, p. 53 BRAVI, GIUSEPPE MARIA. - Silvestrine, Apostolic Vicar of Colombo (Ceylon), born at Monte Santo, diocese of Fermo, on 16 Dec. 1813. Sent by Gregory XVI in 1845,…
Brazil(BRASILE)Vol. III, p. 39 BRASILE. — The Estados Unidos do Brasil, a federal republic comprising 20 states, 5 territories, and 1 federal district, extend over slightly less than half of…
BrazzaVol. III, p. 53 BRAZZA: V. LESINA. BRAZZAVILLE, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — The city of B., capital of French Equatorial Africa, on the right bank of the Congo, at the point…
Brazzaville, Apostolic Vicariate of(BRAZZAVILLE, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. III, p. 53 BRAZZAVILLE, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — The city of B., capital of French Equatorial Africa, on the right bank of the Congo, at the point where the river widens…
Breaking of Bread (Ἐλᾶσις τοῦ δρῦσου)(FRACTIO PANIS (ἘΛΑ͂ΣΙΣ ΤΟΥ͂ ΔΡΥ͂ΣΟΥ))Vol. V, p. 928 FRACTIO PANIS (ἐλᾶσις τοῦ δρῦσου). — It is the act of breaking bread to indicate a meal in (de Hieronymi Fracastori... carmina, Padova 239) FRACASTORO,…
Breasted, James HenryVol. III, p. 53 BREASTED, JAMES HENRY. – Egyptologist, born on 27 August 1865 in Rochford (U.S.A.), died on 2 December 1935. From 1905 to 1925 he was professor of Egyptology…
Breda, Diocese of(BREDA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 54 BREDA, DIOCESE of. — In the Netherlands, a suffragan diocese of Utrecht. It occupies the western part of the civil province of North Brabant and the southern…
Bredenbach, MatthiasVol. III, p. 54 BREDENBACH, MATTHIAS. - German humanist and Catholic polemicist, b. at Kierspe (duchy of Berg) in 1499, d. at Emmerich on 5 June 1559. Having completed his…
Bregno, AndreaVol. III, p. 55 BREGNO, ANDREA. — Sculptor and architect, b. at Righeggia near Ozeno in 1418, d. in Rome in September 1503; in 1506 a funerary monument was erected to him in…
Bregno, AntonioVol. III, p. 55 BREGNO, ANTONIO. - Known as A. da Como. Sculptor, born at Righeggia (Como), active with his brother Paolo in fifteenth-century Venice, where their only certain…
Breislak, ScipioneVol. III, p. 56 BREISLAK, SCIPIONE. - Piarist geologist, b. in Roma on 16 Aug. 1750, d. in Milano on 15 Feb. 1826. He taught physics and mathematics in various houses of the…
Brema-Amburgo, Ancient Diocese of(BREMA-AMBURGO, ANTICA DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 56 BREMA-AMBURGO, ANTICA DIOCESI di. - In the year 780 Charlemagne entrusted the region between the Elbe, the city of Norden, and the banks of the lower Weser to…
Breme, Abbey of San Pietro di(BREME, ABBAZIA DI SAN PIETRO DI)Vol. III, p. 56 BREME, ABBAZIA DI SAN PIETRO di. – Founded in 929 in the town of the same name (Bremetum, Bremitum or Bremidum) in Lomellina (today in the diocese of Vigevano)…
Bremond, HenriVol. III, p. 56 BREMOND, HENRI. — Writer, born at Aix-en-Provence on 31 July 1865, died at Arthez d’Asson on 17 August 1933. He entered the Society of Jesus (1882), and after…
Brendan (Brandan), Saint(BRENDANO (BRANDANO), SANTO)Vol. III, p. 57 BRENDANO (BRANDANO), saint. – He belongs to the group of the great Irish monks of the 6th century. Patron saint of the Ciarraige, an ancient people scattered…
Brenet, MichelVol. III, p. 57 BRENET, MICHEL. — Pseudonym of Marie Bobillier, born in Lunéville in 1858, died in Paris in 1918. A scholar of the history of music, she wrote: Histoire de la…
Breno, Carlo FrancescoVol. III, p. 57 BRENO, CARLO FRANCESCO: v. CARLO FRANCESCO da BRENO.
Brentano, FranzVol. III, p. 57 BRENTANO, FRANZ. – Philosopher, born at Marienberg near Boppard on the Rhine on 16 January 1838 to a Catholic family of Italian origin, died in Zurich,…
Brentano, GiuseppeVol. III, p. 58 BRENTANO, GIUSEPPE. — Architect, born in Milan in 1862 and died there in 1889, a pupil of Camillo Boito. His principal work is the design for the façade of…
Brentano, Klemens MariaVol. III, p. 58 BRENTANO, KLEMENS MARIA. – German writer, born at Ehrenbreitstein on 8 September 1778 and died at Aschaffenburg on 28 July 1842. He is one of the principal…
Brentano, Ludwig JosephVol. III, p. 58 BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH. - German sociologist and economist, b. at Aschaffenburg, 18 Dec. 1844, d. at Munich, 9 Sept. 1931. He was one of the principal…
Brenti, Rosa TeresaVol. III, p. 59 BRENTI, ROSA TERESA. — Foundress of the Institute of the Most Blessed Sacrament at Fognano (Ravenna), born at Tredozio (Forlì) on 23 February 1790, died at…
Brentwood, Diocese of(BRENTWOOD, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 59 BRENTWOOD, DIOCESI di. — In England, the county of Essex (north-east of London), erected on 22 March 1917 as a suffragan of Westminster. The cathedral became…
Bresadola, GiacomoVol. III, p. 59 BRESADOLA, GIACOMO. - Priest, mycologist, b. at Ortisei (Trento) on 14 February 1847, d. at Trento on 9 June 1927. Ordained priest in 1870, chaplain in various…
BrescelloVol. III, p. 59 BRESCELLO. — An ancient city of Gallia Transpadana, mentioned by Suetonius, Tacitus, Ptolemy, Plutarch, and Pliny; now a small agricultural village in the…
Brescia, Diocese of(BRESCIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 59 BRESCIA, DIOCESI di. – City of the Cenomanes and later a Roman colony (Brixia), it possesses notable monuments and inscriptions from the early centuries.…
Bresciani (Borsa), AntonioVol. III, p. 64 BRESCIANI (BORSA), ANTONIO. — Jesuit, writer, born at Ala in Trentino on 24 July 1798, died in Rome on 14 March 1862. Of noble family, he studied with the…
Breslavia (Vratislavia, Wrocław, Breslau), Archdiocese of(BRESLAVIA (LAT. VRATISLAVIA, POLACCO WRÓCLAW, TED. BRESLAU), ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 64 BRESLAVIA (Latin Vratislavia, Polish Wróclaw, German Breslau), ARCHDIOCESE of. – Now in Poland. Capital of Silesia and metropolitan see. I. FORMATION…
Bressani, Francesco GiuseppeVol. III, p. 66 BRESSANI, FRANCESCO GIUSEPPE. – Missionary in Canada and confessor of the faith. Born in Rome on 16 May 1612, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1626. Having…
Bressanone, Diocese of(BRESSANONE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 67 BRESSANONE, DIOCESI of. - In Alto Adige, in the province of Bolzano. The city, at 560 m. above sea level, lies in a sunny basin where the Rienza joins the…
Brest-Litovsk(BREST-LITOWSK)Vol. III, p. 68 BREST-LITOWSK: v. UNIONE DEGLI ORIENTALI.
Bretenières, Simon-Marie-Antoine-Just-Ranfer deVol. III, p. 69 BRETENIÈRES, SIMON-MARIE-ANTOINE-JUST-RANFER de. — One of the last martyrs of Korea. Born in Chalons-sur-Saône on 28 February 1838, he entered the Paris…
Brethren of Plymouth(FRATELLI DI PLYMOUTH)Vol. V, p. 1013 FRATELLI DI PLYMOUTH: V. DABBITI.
Brethren of the Free Spirit(FRATELLI DEL LIBERO SPIRITO)Vol. V, p. 1016 FRATELLI DEL LIBERO SPIRITO: v. LIBERO SPIRITO.
Bretonvilliers, Alexandre Le Ragois deVol. III, p. 69 BRETONVILLIERS, ALEXANDRE LE RAGOIS de. - French Sulpician, born in Paris in 1621 and died there in 1676, a disciple of the venerable Olier, whom he succeeded…
Bretschneider, Karl GottliebVol. III, p. 69 BRETSCHNEIDER, KARL GOTTLIEB. – German Protestant theologian and critic, born in Gersdorf (Saxony) on 11 February 1776, died in Gotha on 22 January 1848.…
Breu, Jörg, the Elder(BREU, JÖRG, IL VECCHIO)Vol. III, p. 69 BREU, JÖRG, IL VECCHIO. - Painter, woodcut artist, and designer of stained glass, b. in Augusta about 1475, d. there in 1537. Active (after a study journey to…
Breviarium (Breviarius)Vol. III, p. 73 BREVIARIUM (BREVIARIUS). – They mean compendium (like breviculum and breviculus) and were already frequently used in the classical age as titles of books…
Breviary(BREVIARIO)Vol. III, p. 71 BREVIARY. – It is the liturgical book that contains the divine office (v.) according to the rite of the Roman Church. The term b. (brief note, compendium),…
BrevicoxaVol. III, p. 74 BREVICOXA. - This is the Latinized name of Giovanni Courtecuisse. Theologian, statesman, and orator of the University of Paris during the Western Schism, born…
BrevilineoVol. III, p. 74 BREVILINEO. – Adjective used in the language of the Italian constitutionalist school associated with A. De Giovanni, G. Viola, and N. Pende, to designate the…
Brezina, OtokarVol. III, p. 74 BREZINA, OTOKAR. - Pseudonym of Václav Jebarý. Czech poet, b. near Tábor in 1868, d. at Jaroměřice in 1929. He wrote: “The Mysterious Distances” (Tajemné…
Briand, AristideVol. III, p. 74 BRIAND, ARISTIDE. – French statesman, born on 28 March 1862 in Nantes, died on 7 March 1932 in Paris. After working for several years as a journalist,…
Briant, Alexander, Blessed(BRIANT, ALEXANDER, BEATO)Vol. III, p. 74 BRIANT, ALEXANDER, Blessed. — English martyr, born in 1551 or 1553 in Somersetshire. Converted while studying at Oxford, he entered the English college at…
Briard (Briaert), JeanVol. III, p. 74 BRIARD (BRIAERT), JEAN. – Theologian and philosopher, called Athensis, born at Beloeil (Ath) in Belgium in the second half of the 15th century and died on 8…
Brick Seal(BOLLO LATERIZIO)Vol. II, p. 1032 BRICK STAMP. — An imprint that the Romans stamped on ceramic products, especially plates, vessels, tiles, and bricks. It is very useful for determining the age…
Briconnet, Guillaume(BRIÇONNET, GUILLAUME)Vol. III, p. 75 BRIÇONNET, GUILLAUME. – Known by the name of Cardinal of St-Malo, born at Mours on an unspecified date and died at Narbonne on 14 December 1514. He was…
Bridel, Bedřich(BRIDEL, BEDRICH)Vol. III, p. 75 BRIDEL, BEDRICH. – Bohemian Jesuit, b. in 1619, d. at Kutná Hora in 1680. He translated various ascetical works into Czech, but is especially remembered today…
Bridget (Swedish and Latin Birgitta), Saint(BRIGIDA (SVED. E LAT. BIRGITTA), SANTA)Vol. III, p. 76 BRIGIDA (Swedish and Latin Birgitta), saint. — Foundress of the Brigittine Order of St. Saviour. I. LIFE. – Born, it seems, in the year 1303 at Finsta Castle…
Bridget of Jesus(BRIGIDA DI GESÙ)Vol. III, p. 82 BRIGIDA di GESÙ. - In the world Morello, foundress of the Ursulines of Piacenza, born at Pagana, near Rapallo, on 17 June 1610, died on 3 Sept. 1679. Having…
Bridget of Kildare, Saint(BRIGIDA DI KILDARE, SANTA)Vol. III, p. 82 BRIGIDA of KILDARE, saint. — Virgin, patroness and protectress of Ireland, second only to St. Patrick in the veneration of her people. Reliable historical data…
Brief(BREVE)Vol. III, p. 70 BREVE. — Name given in the Middle Ages to various types of documents, still used today to designate a special form of pontifical document. The most common…
Brienne, Étienne-Charles Loménie de(BRIENNE, ETIENNE-CHARLES LOMÉNIE DE)Vol. III, p. 75 BRIENNE, ETIENNE-CHARLES LOMÉNIE de. — Cardinal, born in Paris on 9 October 1727, died on 18 February 1794. A characteristic figure of an eighteenth-century…
Brienza, SerafinoVol. III, p. 75 BRIENZA, SERAFINO. — Dominican of the Neapolitan convent of S. Domenico Maggiore, master in theology, and one of the greatest and most renowned spiritual…
Briet, PhilippeVol. III, p. 76 BRIET, PHILIPPE. – French Jesuit, b. at Abbeville in 1601, d. in Paris in 1668. He entered the Society in 1619 and taught rhetoric for many years, chiefly in…
Briggs, Charles AugustusVol. III, p. 76 BRIGGS, CHARLES AUGUSTUS. - Orientalist and theologian, b. in Nuova York on 15 Jan. 1841, d. there in Jan. 1913. Until 1893 he belonged to the Presbyterian…
Brignole Sale Negrone College(COLLEGIO BRIGNOLE SALE NEGRONE)Vol. III, p. 1144 COLLEGIO BRIGNOLE SALE NEGRONE. — It was founded in 1852 by the marquis Antonio Brignole Sale together with his wife Artemisia Negrone, with the aim of…
Brignole Sale, AntonioVol. III, p. 82 BRIGNOLE SALE, ANTONIO. – Marquis of Groppoli. Diplomat and politician, born on 22 May 1786 in Genoa, and died there on 14 October 1863. After the annexation…
Brigot, PierreVol. III, p. 82 BRIGOT, PIERRE. – Born at Sully (France) on 1 September 1713, died at Pondichéry on 1 November 1791. In 1743 he was sent to Siam; he worked at Mergui, and from…
BrillVol. III, p. 83 BRILL. - A family of painters from Anversa; it included the brothers Matteo (b. 1550, d. Rome 1583) and Paolo (b. 1554, d. Rome 1626), who pursued their…
Brill, JakobVol. III, p. 83 BRILL, JAKOB. – Dutch false mystic, born in Leyda on 21 January 1639, died there on 28 January 1700. He adhered to various Protestant mystical tendencies, such…
Brindisi, Archdiocese of(BRINDISI, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 83 BRINDISI, ARCHDIOCESE of. — B., a city of Apulia, is situated at the end of a deep inlet, which divides inland into two branches: the spur between them is…
Brinkmann, Johannes BernhardVol. III, p. 84 BRINKMANN, JOHANNES BERNHARD. – Bishop, born 4 February 1813 at Everswinkel near Münster, died 13 April 1889 at Münster. Ordained a priest in 1839, he carried…
Brioschi, Pietro AdamoVol. III, p. 84 BRIOSCHI, PIETRO ADAMO. - Missionary of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions of Milan, archbishop of Cartagena (Colombia). B. at Tradate (Milan) on 7…
Briosco, AndreaVol. III, p. 84 BRIOSCO, ANDREA: v. RICCIO, ANDREA.
Briosco, BenedettoVol. III, p. 84 BRIOSCO, BENEDETTO. – Lombard architect and sculptor of the 15th century, a pupil of Amadeo, he worked chiefly in Milan; of his activity in that cathedral,…
Brisbane, Archdiocese of(BRISBANE, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 84 BRISBANE, ARCHDIOCESE of. - The jurisdiction, established as a suffragan diocese of Sydney (Australia) on 12 Apr. 1859, was raised to metropolitan rank on 10…
Brisson, Louis-AlexandreVol. III, p. 85 BRISSON, LOUIS-ALEXANDRE. - French priest, b. at Plancy (Aube) in 1817, d. there on 2 Feb. 1908. Under the influence of the Visitandine Mother Maria de Sales…
Bristow, RichardVol. III, p. 85 BRISTOW, RICHARD. - English theologian, b. at Worcester in 1538, d. at Harrow-on-the-Hill on 18 Oct. 1581. He studied at Oxford, where he distinguished himself…
Britannia, Evangelization of(BRITANNIA, EVANGELIZZAZIONE DELLA)Vol. III, p. 85 BRITANNIA, EVANGELIZATION OF. – The southern part (south of the 55th parallel) of present-day England and Scotland began to be called B. when the Britons…
British MuseumVol. III, p. 86 BRITISH MUSEUM. — In Londra, beside the «Victoria and Albert Museum», which contains a large collection of early Christian objects, Coptic textiles (Kendwick’s…
British West Indies(INDIE OCCIDENTALI BRITANNICHE)Vol. VI, p. 1061 INDIE OCCIDENTALI BRITANNICHE. - The name West Indies designates the archipelagos of Central America called the Greater and Lesser Antilles. This name dates…
Brito, Bernardo deVol. III, p. 87 BRITO, BERNARDO de. - Portuguese Cistercian monk, born Balthazar de Brito de Andrade, who lived between 1561 and 1617; he was a poet, historian, and scholar.…
Brittain, Thomas LewisVol. III, p. 87 BRITTAIN, THOMAS LEWIS. - English Dominican preacher and writer, born near Chester in 1744 and died at Hartbury C. (Gloucester) on 3 May 1827. Having converted…
Brittany(BRETAGNA)Vol. III, p. 68 BRETAGNA. – Historical region of France, corresponding to the peninsula of the same name (250 km long and at most 170 km wide), which projects from the…
Britto, Ignácio de(BRITTO, IGNACIO DE)Vol. III, p. 87 BRITTO, IGNACIO de. — Indo-Portuguese Barnabite missionary, born in Rangoon (Burma) in 1765. Introduced to the faith by Fr. Sangermano (v.), he entered the…
Britto, João de, Saint(BRITTO, JOÃO DE, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 87 BRITTO, JOÃO de, santo: v. GIOVANNI DE BRITTO, santo.
Brittone, Saint(BRITTONE, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 87 BRITTONE, saint. – Bishop of Trier from 373 to 386; in 374 he took part in the Council of Valence. He participated in the Roman Council of 382 as primate, in…
Brizio (Briccio, Briccius, Brisius), Saint(BRIZIO (BRICCIO, BRICCIUS, BRICCIUS, BRISIUS), SANTO)Vol. III, p. 87 BRIZIO (Briccio, Briccius, Briccius, Brisius), saint. – Bishop of Tours from 397 to 444. A disciple of St. Martino, at first he responded poorly to the Saint’s…
Brjančanin, Ignatij(BRJANČANINOV, IGNATIJ)Vol. III, p. 87 BRJANČANINOV, IGNATIJ. – Russian ascetic and mystic, born in 1807, died in 1867. Of aristocratic family, he was first a military engineer; later he became a…
Brno (Brünn), Diocese of(BRNO (BRŮNN), DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 87 BRNO (BRŮNN), DIOCESE OF. — Capital of Moravia (Czechoslovakia), area 10,370 sq. km, population 1,259,613, of whom 1,113,189 are Catholics; it comprises 449…
Broca, Paul-PierreVol. III, p. 88 BROCA, PAUL-PIERRE. — French surgeon, naturalist, and anthropologist, b. at Ste-Foy-la-Grande on 28 June 1824, d. in Paris on 9 July 1880. In 1859 he founded…
Brocadelli, Lucia, Blessed(BROCADELLI, LUCIA, BEATA)Vol. III, p. 88 BROCADELLI, LUCIA, beata: v. LUCIA DA NAR- NI, beata.
Brocardi GiuridiciVol. III, p. 88 LEGAL BROCARDS. — Some hold that the expression brocardia was derived through corruption from the word burcardus, the term by which the Decretum of Burcardo di…
Brocardus (Brocard), Nikolaus(BROCARTS (BROCARDUS), NIKOLAUS)Vol. III, p. 89 BROCARTS (BROCARDUS), NIKOLAUS. - Carmelite theologian, b. at Sittard on 21 Aug. 1687, d. at Worms on 29 Sept. 1760. He taught philosophy and theology in the…
Brockmand, Jesper Rasmussen(BROCKHMAND, JESPER RASMUSSEN)Vol. III, p. 89 BROCKHMAND, JESPER RASMUSSEN. — Leading figure of Lutheran theology in Denmark, from 1620 he was professor in Copenhagen and from 1638 bishop of Zealand. He…
Broda (Bred), AndreasVol. III, p. 89 BRODA (BRED), ANDREAS. — Theologian. The place and date of his birth are unknown; he died at Leipzig in 1427. He completed his studies at the University of…
Broederlam, MelchiorVol. III, p. 89 BROEDERLAM, MELCHIOR. - Flemish-Burgundian painter, b. in Ypres; documented from 1381 to 1409. He was one of the principal artists at the court of the Dukes of…
Broggio, Giulio e OttavianoVol. III, p. 90 BROGGIO, GIULIO and OTTAVIANO. — Architects. GIULIO, born in Milan, soon moved to Boenia, of which he became a citizen (1673); he died in Litomèrice in 1718.…
Broglie, Auguste-Théodore-Paul deVol. III, p. 90 BROGLIE, AUGUSTE-THÉODORE-PAUL de. – French apologist and philosopher, born in Auteuil on 18 June 1834, assassinated in Paris on 11 May 1895. Having lost his…
Broglie, Jacques-Victor-Albert deVol. III, p. 91 BROGLIE, JACQUES-VICTOR-ALBERT de. - French politician and historian, born in Paris on 15 May 1821 and died there on 9 Jan. 1901. In 1843 he began his…
Broglie, Maurice-Jean-Madeleine, Prince of(BROGLIE, MAURICE-JEAN-MADELEINE, PRINCIPE DI)Vol. III, p. 91 BROGLIE, MAURICE-JEAN-MADELEINE, prince of. — Bishop, born at the castle of Broglie, in Normandy, on 5 September 1766, died in Paris on 20 July 1821. Educated…
Brokov (Brokoff)Vol. III, p. 91 BROKOV (BROKOFF). — Bohemian sculptors. FERDINANDO MASSIMILIANO, born in 1688 at Červený Hrádek, died in 1731 at Prague. His principal works of a religious…
Brollo, Basilio, of Gemona(BROLLO, BASILIO, DA GEMONA)Vol. III, p. 91 BROLLO, BASILIO, da GEMONA. — One of the most illustrious Franciscan missionaries, and the first apostolic vicar of Shensi. Born at Gemona in Friuli on 25…
Brom, GiesbertVol. III, p. 91 BROM, GIESBERT. - Dutch priest and historian, born at Utrecht on 3 February 1864, died at Rome on 6 February 1915. He studied in Rome and worked in the Vatican…
Brondi, Maria CaterinaVol. III, p. 92 BRONDI, MARIA CATERINA. – Mystic, born in Sarzana on 24 March 1684, died in Pisa on 28 July 1719. Extraordinary phenomena accompanied her mystical journey:…
Bronze Sea(MARE DI BRONZO)Vol. VIII, p. 61 BRONZE SEA. – A vast water reservoir resting on 12 bronze oxen, arranged in groups of three facing the four cardinal points. Circular in shape, with a diameter…
Bronze Serpent(SERPENTE DI BRONZO)Vol. XI, p. 251 SERPENTE DI BRONZO. — During the march of several months that brought the Israelites of Moses to the Arnon, within sight of the “steppes of Moab,” the people…
Bronzino, Angelo (Agnolo Tori)Vol. III, p. 92 BRONZINO, ANGELO (AGNOLO TORI). — Painter and poet, born at Monticelli (Florence) on 17 November 1503, died on 23 November 1563. At a very young age he worked…
BronzoVol. III, p. 93 BRONZO. — Used for a great variety of purposes since antiquity, bronze played a preponderant role in Greek statuary beginning in the Attic period (6th century…
Brooklyn, Diocese of(BROOKLYN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 94 BROOKLYN, DIOCESI di. - In the State of New York (United States A.); suffragan diocese of New York. Established on 29 July 1853 by division from that of New…
Brorson, Hans AdolfVol. III, p. 94 BRORSON, HANS ADOLF. - Danish religious poet, born at Randrup on 20 July 1694 and died at Ribe on 3 June 1764. The son of a Protestant pastor, he was himself a…
Brosses, Charles deVol. III, p. 94 BROSSES, CHARLES de. — French writer, b. in Dijon on 7 February 1709 and d. in Paris on 7 May 1777. A counsellor of the Parliament of Dijon, subsequently…
Brothers(FRATELLI)Vol. V, p. 1012 FRATELLI. – A name common to numerous Protestant sects. Besides the Bohemian Brethren (v.), the Moravian Brethren (v.), the Brethren of Christ or…
Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God (Fatebenefratelli)(OSPEDALIERI DI SAN GIOVANNI DI DIO (FATEBENEFRATELLI))Vol. IX, p. 270 HOSPITAL BROTHERS OF ST. JOHN OF GOD (FATEBENEFRATELLI). — A religious order founded by s. Giovanni di Dio, who in 1537 established a hospital for the poor in…
Brothers of Charity(FRATELLI DELLA CARITÀ)Vol. V, p. 1013 BROTHERS OF CHARITY. — A religious congregation founded in Ghent in 1807 by Canon P. J. Triest. The exercise of charity to which the Brothers are devoted is…
Brothers of Christian Instruction of Ploërmel(FRATELLI DELL'ISTRUZIONE CRISTIANA DI PLOËRMEL)Vol. V, p. 1016 BROTHERS OF CHRISTIAN INSTRUCTION OF PLOËRMEL. - An institute founded in 1817 at Saint-Brieuc (France), for the education of the children of the people, by the…
Brothers of Christian Instruction of Saint Gabriel(FRATELLI DELLA ISTRUZIONE CRISTIANA DI SAN GABRIELE)Vol. V, p. 1013 FRATELLI DELLA ISTRUZIONE CRISTIANA DI SAN GABRIELE. – Religious institute founded in 1816 at Aursy by Gabriele Deshayes (v.) for rural schools, in the spirit…
Brothers of Free Intelligence(FRATELLI DELLA LIBERA INTELLIGENZA)Vol. V, p. 1014 FRATELLI DELLA LIBERA INTELLIGENZA: v. GUGLIELMO di HINDERNISSEN.
Brothers of Jesus(FRATELLI DI GESÙ)Vol. V, p. 1021 BROTHERS OF JESUS. — Relatives of Jesus who in the Gospels (Mt. 12:46; 13:55; Mc. 3:31; 6:3; Lc. 8:19–21; Io. 2:12; 7:3–5) and Act. 1:14 are called “his…
