Cristiana of Santa Croce (of Lucca), Blessed(CRISTIANA DA SANTA CROCE (DA LUCCA), BEATA)Vol. IV, p. 529 CRISTIANA da SANTA CROCE (da LUCCA), blessed. — Born to poor parents at S. Croce sull'Arno in 1240, she died there on 4 January 1310. At Baptism she was given…
CRISTIANO, ARCHBISHOP OF MAINZ(CRISTIANO, ARCHIV. DI MAGONZA)Vol. IV, p. 541 CRISTIANO, archbishop of MAINZ — The monk Frederick offers a book to Archbishop C. Pontifical of Mainz (1167–83). Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. lat. 946,…
Cristofano, Guidini da Gano (Galgano)Vol. IV, p. 545 CRISTOFANO, GUIDINI da GANO (GALGANO). - Sienese notary and writer, disciple of s. Caterina da Siena. He was among the defenders of his Commune. A widower, on…
Cristoforo RomanoVol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOFORO ROMANO: v. GIAN CRISTOFORO ROMANO.
CristolitiVol. IV, p. 547 CRISTOLITI. - (From the Greek χριστός = “Christ” and λύω = “I separate”). Name of an obscure sect of heretics who lived between 650 and 750, whose existence is…
Criteriology(CRITERIOLOGIA)Vol. IV, p. 548 CRITERIOLOGIA: v. CONOSCENZA.
Criterion(CRITERIO)Vol. IV, p. 548 CRITERION. – From Greek κρίτριον, it is generally a norm or rule for recognizing and discerning (κρίνω = “I judge, I discern”) a thing, a fact, or a judgment.…
Criticism(CRITICISMO)Vol. IV, p. 556 CRITICISM. - In the general sense, every philosophical system or tendency that, before constructing a metaphysics of objects of knowledge (v.), raises the…
Critique Bulletin(BULLETIN CRITIQUE)Vol. III, p. 146 BULLETIN CRITIQUE. – The first issue appeared in Paris on 15 May 1880, following the Echo. Its purpose was to publish, from the Catholic point of view, rather…
Critography(CRITOGRAFIA)Vol. IV, p. 557 CRYPTOGRAPHY. - It is the study of secret or conventional and concealed writings, employed by two or more correspondents to conceal, wholly or in part, the…
Crivelli, Carlo And Vittore(CRIVELLI, CARLO E VITTORE)Vol. IV, p. 558 CRIVELLI, CARLO and VITTORE. — Painters: CARLO born in Venice between 1430–35 and died there between 1493–95. He was trained in the Paduan school and was…
Crivelli, TaddeoVol. IV, p. 563 CRIVELLI, TADDEO. - Illuminator and painter, also known as Taddeo da Ferrara, born between 1420 and 1430 (whether in Mantua or Milan is uncertain), died…
Crivellucci, AmedeoVol. IV, p. 563 CRIVELLUCCI, AMEDEO. — Historian, born in Acquaviva Picena on 20 April 1850, died in Rome on 11 November 1914. He was professor of Modern History at the…
Croatia(CROAZIA)Vol. IV, p. 564 CROAZIA. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - A region of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, occupying approximately the same boundaries as the kingdom of that name, which had a…
Croiset, JeanVol. IV, p. 594 CROISET, JEAN. – Jesuit, writer on asceticism, born in Marseille on 28 August 1656; died at Avignon on 31 January 1738. Professor of theology, rector of…
Croke, Thomas WilliamVol. IV, p. 594 CROKE, THOMAS WILLIAM. – Archbishop of Cashel (Ireland), b. at Mallow (diocese of Cloyne) on 19 May 1824, d. at Thurles on 22 July 1902. C. was one of the…
Crombruggh, Camille Van(CROMBRUGGHE, CAMILLE VAN)Vol. IV, p. 595 CROMBRUGGHE, CAMILLE van. - Theologian, born at Smeereble-Vlaersegem (Grammont) on 2 May 1876, died at Ghent on 14 Jan. 1940. Ordained a priest, he completed…
CromlechVol. IV, p. 595 CROMLECH: v. PREHISTORY, RELIGION of the.
Cromwell, OliverVol. IV, p. 597 CROMWELL, OLIVER. – English statesman, b. 25 Apr. 1599 at Huntingdon, d. 3 Sept. 1658 in London. Educated from childhood in the strictest Puritanism, he…
CronieVol. IV, p. 598 CRONIE. – Festivals in honor of Cronus at which social distinctions were abolished. We know of them in Attica and Thebes, where there was a musical contest,…
Crookston, Diocese of(CROOKSTON, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 604 CROOKSTON, DIOCESE of. - A city in Minnesota (U. S. A.) and the seat of a diocese suffragan to S. Paolo di Minnesota. Its territory, of approximately 44,500…
Cros, LéonardVol. IV, p. 605 CROS, LÉONARD. — Jesuit, born at Vabres (Aveyron) on 31 October 1831, died at Vitoria (Spain) on 17 January 1913. He devoted his entire life to the spiritual…
Cross(CROCE)Vol. IV, p. 566 CROCE. - Instrument of execution upon which Jesus Christ died (Io. 19, 17-31; Mt. 27, 32-42). SUMMARY: I. Instrument of execution. - II. Criminals subjected to…
Cross, Benedetto(CROCE, BENEDETTO)Vol. IV, p. 583 CROCE, BENEDETTO: V. FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO.
Cross, Giovanni(CROCE, GIOVANNI)Vol. IV, p. 583 CROCE, GIOVANNI. — Also called Ioannes a Cruce or “il Chiozzotto,” from Chioggia, where he was born in 1557 and died on 15 May 1609. He was an eminent…
Cross-Bearer(CROCIFERO)Vol. IV, p. 593 CROCIFERO. — According to an ancient Christian usage, the cross, as the standard of Christ, precedes all sacred processions of the faithful, and the office of…
Crosta, ClinoVol. IV, p. 605 CROSTA, CLINO. — Theologian, born at Consiglio Rumo (Como) in 1860, died at Como in 1936. A profound scholar, he became particularly well known as one of the…
Crostarosa, PietroVol. IV, p. 605 CROSTAROSA, PIETRO. – Born on 25 February 1836 in Rome, he died there on 26 February 1902. He was a Liberian canon, prefect of the Christian Museum of the…
Crotalum (Κρόταλον, Crotalum)(CROTALO (ΚΡΌΤΑΛΟΙ, CROTALUM))Vol. IV, p. 606 CROTALO (κρόταλοι, crotalum). — Percussion instrument corresponding to castanets, of Oriental origin, attested in Greece as early as before the 5th century…
CrotoneVol. IV, p. 609 CROTONE - Panorama. (phot. Enit) berti edited by Bastiano de' Rossi. The second edition (Venezia 1623) served as a model for other nations as well; in the…
Crotone, Diocese of(CROTONE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 606 CROTONE, DIOCESE of. — In the province of Catanzaro. It was a very powerful republic, founded by the Achaeans and Corinthians, and a rival of Sybaris, which it…
Crotti Di Costigliole, EdoardoVol. IV, p. 606 CROTTI di COSTIGLIOLE, EDOARDO. - Politician, b. 20 Oct. 1799 at Costigliole, d. at Aosta on 25 September 1870. Having devoted himself to a military career and…
Crotus (Rubianus), JohannVol. IV, p. 609 CROTUS (Rubianus), JOHANN. – German humanist, born at Dornheim (Arnstadt) in Thuringia in 1480; died at Halle in 1539. His real name was Jäger, which is often…
Crucifers of the Red Star(CROCIGERI DELLA STELLA ROSSA)Vol. IV, p. 593 CROCIGERI DELLA STELLA ROSSA. — A religious order of regular Canons that traces its origin to the Confraternity devoted to caring for the poor in the hospital…
Crudelis Herodes DeumVol. IV, p. 609 « CRUDELIS HERODES DEUM ». – Hymn of Vespers for the feast of the Epiphany, composed of stanzas 8, 9, 11, and 13 of the celebrated hymn by Sedulius, which…
Cruelty(CRUDELTA)Vol. IV, p. 609 CRUELTY. – “Cruelty is the atrocity of the soul in inflicting punishments” (Seneca, De Clem., 4). Cruel, from crudus, is one whose manners are savage. St.…
Crum, Walter EwingVol. IV, p. 609 CRUM, WALTER EWING. - Distinguished Coptologist, b. at Capebrig, near Glasgow, on 22 July 1865, d. on 18 May 1944. He contributed to all the principal…
Crusade, Bull of the(CROCIATA, BOLLA DELLA)Vol. IV, p. 583 CRUSADE BULL. — A pontifical document containing the favors, privileges, and indults granted to the kings of Spain for the faithful who took up arms or…
Crusades(CROCIATE)Vol. IV, p. 584 CROCIATE. — The movement of expansion of the Faith and of the new Roman-Germanic civilization reached its culmination, as the feudal regime was disintegrating…
Crusius (Krauss), MartinVol. IV, p. 610 CRUSIUS (KRAUSS), MARTIN. – German Protestant philologist and historiographer, born near Bamberg on 19 September 1526, died on 14 February 1607 in Tübingen,…
Crusius, Christian AugustVol. IV, p. 610 CRUSIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST. – Protestant philosopher and theologian, born in Lenau (Saxony) on 10 January 1715, died there on 18 October 1775. In philosophy, C.…
Cruz, Gaspar de(CRUZ, GASPARE DE)Vol. IV, p. 610 CRUZ, GASPARE de. — The first Dominican missionary to arrive in China. Born in Evora (date unknown), he was part of the first expedition of twelve Dominicans…
Crypt(CRIPTA)Vol. IV, p. 517 CRIPTA. — The Romans called crypta (from the Greek κρύπτο, “I conceal”) the covered, underground passageway; Christians used it to designate one or more…
Crypto-Calvinists (Philippists)(CRIPTO-CALVINISTI (FILIPPISTI))Vol. IV, p. 518 CRIPTO-CALVINISTS (PHILIPPISTS). - This is the name given to the followers of Filippo Melantone (1497-1560). Although closely united with Lutero, he…
Cryptorchidism(CRIPTORCHIDIA)Vol. IV, p. 518 CRYPTORCHIDISM. - Failure of one or both testicles to descend, so that they appear absent (χριστός=hidden, ὀργός=testicle); the defect is congenital, often…
Crystal(CRISTALLO)Vol. IV, p. 527 CRISTALLO. — Chemical elements and compounds, inorganic and organic, when they originate in the solid state, may assume the form of polyhedra: these natural…
Crystal in Art(CRISTALLO NELL'ARTE)Vol. IV, p. 529 CRISTALLO nell'ARTE. — Rock crystal (colorless transparent quartz) has been known since antiquity as a material for shaping small objects. Figurines or…
Créttin, Joseph(CRÉTIN, JOSEPH)Vol. IV, p. 514 CRÉTIN, JOSEPH. - First bishop of St. Paul (Minnesota), b. at Montluel (Ain) on 19 Dec. 1799, d. at St. Paul on 22 Feb. 1857. In 1820 he entered the seminary…
Créttineau-Joly, Jacques(CRÉTINEAU-JOLY, JACQUES)Vol. IV, p. 514 CRÉTINEAU-JOLY, JACQUES. — Catholic historian and publicist, born on 23 September 1803 at Fontenay-le-Comte (Vendée), died at Vincennes on 1 January 1875.…
Csanád, Diocese of(CSANÁD, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 610 CSANÁD, DIOCESIS of. — In southern Hungary, on the eastern bank of the Tisza River. The diocese was founded by s. Stefano in 1030, after Captain C. defeated…
Csernoch, JánosVol. IV, p. 610 CSERNOCH, JÁNOS. - Cardinal, b. 18 June 1852 at Szakolcza, d. 25 July 1927 at Strigonia. He completed his theological studies in Vienna and was ordained priest…
CubaVol. IV, p. 611 CUBA. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - The “pearl” and the largest of the Antilles (115,000 sq km with the neighboring islands). Oblong and narrow in shape, it lies entirely…
CubiculumVol. IV, p. 612 CUBICULUM. – This is a common term among the Romans for the sleeping rooms that opened onto the sides of the atrium of the house. It frequently occurs in…
Cubism(CUBISMO)Vol. IV, p. 612 CUBISM. — This term denotes one of the most significant trends in modern pictorial art. It first manifested itself at the beginning of our century and appeared…
Cubitus(CUBITO)Vol. IV, p. 612 CUBITO. — A unit of linear measurement among the ancient Hebrews, as among other Eastern peoples, corresponding to the length of the forearm, from the elbow to…
Cucchi, Tito MariaVol. IV, p. 612 CUCCHI, TITO MARIA. - Italian theologian and bishop, b. at Cerasa (diocese of Fano) on 2 March 1860, d. at Senigallia on 8 Sept. 1938. A pupil of the Pio…
Cudworth, RalphVol. IV, p. 613 CUDWORTH, RALPH. – English philosopher and (latitudinarian) theologian, born at Aller (Somersetshire) in 1617, died on 26 July 1688 at Cambridge. He studied…
Cuenca, Diocese of(CUENCA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 613 CUENCA, DIOCESI of. — City and diocese in Castile (Spain), suffragan of Toledo. It has an area of 21,797 sq km and 435,000 inhabitants, all Catholics. It…
Cuera, Diocese of(CUERA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 613 CUERA, DIOCESI di: v. COIRA, DIOCESI di.
Cuernavaca, Diocese of(CUERNAVACA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 613 CUERNAVACA, DIOCESE di. - In the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Città del Messico. It was erected by Leone XIII on 23 June 1891 with the bull Illud in…
Cuff (Basso Latin Cofea)(CUFFIA (BASSO LAT. COFEA))Vol. IV, p. 613 CUFFIA (late Lat. cofea). - Generally, a piece of cloth intended to protect or confine the hair of men or women, especially religious women. Already known from…
Cuiabá, Archdiocese of(CUIABÀ, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 614 CUIABÀ, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In the center of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Its suffragan dioceses are Corumbá and S. Luigi de Cáceres, and the mullus…
Cujavia, Diocese Of(CUJAVIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 614 CUJAVIA, DIOCESI di: v. WLADISLAVIA, DIOCESI di.
Culdees(CULDEI)Vol. IV, p. 614 CULDEI. – Religious communities proper to Celtic monasticism. Their origins are little known. As a distinct institution, the C. belonged to the reform movement…
Culiacán, Diocese of(CULIACAN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 614 CULIACAN, DIOCESI di: v. SINALOA, DIOCESI di.
Cullen, PaulVol. IV, p. 614 CULLEN, PAUL. - Cardinal, b. 29 Apr. 1803 at Prospect in County Kildare, Ireland, d. 24 Oct. 1878 at Dublin. He devoted himself to the study of Oriental…
Cult (Latin Cultus, from colere = to cultivate, honor)(CULTO (LAT. CULTUS, DA COLERE = COLTIVARE, ONORARE))Vol. IV, p. 616 WORSHIP (Lat. Cultus, from colere = to cultivate, to honor). SUMMARY: I. General notions. – II. The various kinds of worship. – III. The origin and development…
Cult Of Fire(FUOCO, CULTO DEL)Vol. V, p. 1085 FIRE, CULT, THE. — The importance of fire for human life explains the formation and development, among many ancient and modern peoples, of an abundant…
Cult of Stones(PIETRA, CULTO DELLA)Vol. IX, p. 841 PIETRA, CULTO della. — The cult of the stone is universal and is found either in active form or in a survival state under every latitude. A stone may assume a…
Cult of the Immaculate Heart of Mary(CUORE DI MARIA, CULTO DEL)Vol. IV, p. 628 HEART OF MARY, CULT OF. — The questions relating to the cult of the H. of M. can be reduced to two fundamental ones: its legitimacy and its historical…
Cult of the Sovereign(SOVRANO, CULTO DEL)Vol. XI, p. 609 SOVRANO, CULTO del. – In primitive communities, the head of the community performs the dual function of king and priest (magician, sorcerer), as one who, being…
Cultivating Property(PROPRIETÀ COLTIVATRICE)Vol. X, p. 108 PEASANT PROPRIETORSHIP. — The landholding system based on small peasant proprietorship brings together in the same hands all the factors of production. The…
Cults Permitted(CULTI AMMESSI)Vol. IV, p. 615 PERMITTED RELIGIONS. — By this designation, Italian legislation, from June 1929 until 1943 (and, exceptionally, even thereafter: cf. decree-laws of 7 June 1946…
Cultural Evolutionism(EVOLUZIONISMO CULTURALE)Vol. V, p. 559 CULTURAL EVOLUTIONISM. — A theory that interprets human and social events according to the laws of evolution. SUMMARY: I. History. — II. The concept of…
Cultural Hero(EROE CULTURALE)Vol. V, p. 328 CULTURAL HERO. — This is a figure encountered in the mythology of many primitive peoples and has a secondary and subordinate function vis-à-vis the Supreme…
Cultural Mystery(MISTERO CULTURALE)Vol. VIII, p. 684 CULTURAL MYSTERY. – New theory concerning the mysterious presence of Christ in redeemed humanity, with particular implications for the liturgy (Mass and…
Cum Sicut MaiestasVol. IV, p. 623 «CUM SICUT MAIESTAS». - Opening words of the bull of Alessandro VI (26 March 1500), which contains the first organization of the Church for the new lands…
CumaVol. IV, p. 622 CUMA. — Testimonies to an ancient Christian community at C. are found in two pagan temples erected during the Greek period, rebuilt in the Roman-Augustan age,…
Cumaná, Diocese of(CUMANÀ, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 622 CUMANÀ, DIOCESE of. - In Venezuela (State of Sucre), suffragan of Santiago de Venezuela. It was erected by Pius XI on 12 Oct. 1922, by dismemberment of the…
Cumberland, RichardVol. IV, p. 622 CUMBERLAND, RICHARD. – English philosopher, born in London on 15 July 1631, died there on 9 October 1718. C., Anglican bishop of Petersborough, is known for…
Cummings, Jeremiah WilliamsVol. IV, p. 622 CUMMINGS, JEREMIAH WILLIAMS. – Priest, born in Washington in Apr. 1814, died in New York on 4 Jan. 1866. He completed his theological studies at the College of…
Cumno, Nicephorus(CUMNO, NICEFORO)Vol. IV, p. 623 CUMNO, NICEFORO : v. NICEFORO CUMNO.
Cumont, Franz-Valéry-MarieVol. IV, p. 623 CUMONT, FRANZ-VALÉRY-MARIE. — Archaeologist and historian of religions, born at Alost (Belgium) on 3 January 1868, died at Woluwe (Brussels) on 20 August 1947.…
Cunegonda, Blessed(CUNEGONDA, BEATA)Vol. IV, p. 623 CUNEGONDA, beata : v. KINGA, beata.
Cunegonda, Saint(CUNEGONDA, SANTA)Vol. IV, p. 623 CUNEGONDA, saint. - Empress of Germany, daughter of Sigfrido, count of Lussemburgo, born about 978, died at Kaufungen near Kassel (Assia) on 3 March 1033 or…
Cuneo, Diocese of(CUNEO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 623 CUNEO, DIOCESI DI. — In southern Piedmont, it borders to the north with Fossano and Saluzzo, to the east with Mondovì, to the south and west with France, and…
Cunha, Rodrigo daVol. IV, p. 624 CUNHA, RODRIGO da. – Portuguese historiographer, bishop of Portalegre (1615) and of Oporto (1619), and finally archbishop of Braga (1623) and Lisbon (1636),…
Cunibert, Saint(CUNIBERTO, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 625 CUNIBERTO, saint. — Bishop of Cologne, born of a noble Frankish family in the region of the Mosella toward the end of the 6th century, he died in Cologne on 12…
Cunich, RaimondoVol. IV, p. 625 CUNICH, RAIMONDO. – Jesuit, born in Ragusa on 17 January 1719, died in Rome on 22 November 1794; member of the Accademia dell'Arcadia; taught rhetoric at the…
Cuniliat, FulgenzioVol. IV, p. 625 CUNILIAT, FULGENZIO. - Dominican theologian and writer, b. in Venezia (of a French father from Lione) on 22 Feb. 1685, d. there on 9 Oct. 1759. He entered…
Cuoco, VincenzoVol. IV, p. 625 CUOCO, VINCENZO. — Born at Civitacampomarano in Molise on 1 October 1770 and died at Naples on 14 December 1823, he was one of the most representative figures…
Cupbearer of His Holiness(COPPIERE DI SUA SANTITÀ)Vol. IV, p. 297 COPPIERE DI SUA SANTITÀ: v. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA. (da G. Ferrières, F. Coppée et son oeuvre, Parigi 1903) COPPÉE, FRANÇOIS-EDOUARD-JOACHIM - Portrait. (photo…
Cura Animarum(CURA D'ANIME)Vol. IV, p. 632 CURA D'ANIME. - I. CANON LAW. - In the broad sense, c. d'a. expresses the totality of the rights and duties that belong ex officio to the various holders of…
Curate(CURATO)Vol. IV, p. 637 CURATO. – The term (from the Latin curatus) generally denotes a priest holding a sacred office involving the care of souls. It appears in the Middle Ages (long…
CuraçaoVol. IV, p. 631 CURAÇAO. – It is the largest (447 sq. km.) and most populous (80,000 inhabitants) of the six islands that constitute the Dutch Antilles (Nederlandsche…
Curci, Carlo MariaVol. IV, p. 637 CURCI, CARLO MARIA. — Jesuit, orator, and polemicist, born in Naples on 4 September 1809, died at Careggi (Florence) on 19 June 1891. His name is linked to the…
Curetes(CURETI)Vol. IV, p. 638 CURETI. – Minor Greek divinities; believed to be autochthonous or sons of Zeus, they were venerated especially in Crete, where they were said to be the…
Cureton, WilliamVol. IV, p. 638 CURETON, WILLIAM. – English Orientalist, b. at Westbury (Wiltshire) in 1804, d. in London on 17 June 1864. His name is linked to an important Syriac manuscript…
CuriaVol. IV, p. 638 CURIA. — This term, initially used to designate one of the divisions of the Roman people, came also to signify the seat of the Roman senate, and subsequently…
Curia MuriaVol. IV, p. 641 CURIA MURIA: v. ARABIA.
Curial Formulas(FORMOLE DI CURIA)Vol. V, p. 908 FORMOLE DI CURIA : v. TERMINOLOGIA DELLA CURIA ROMANA.
Curial Script(CURIALE, SCRITTURA)Vol. IV, p. 640 CURIALE, SCRITTURA. — This name designates a group of Latin scripts, derived from Roman cursive, because they were used by the scribes of certain curiae…
Curione, Celio Secondo(CURIONE, CELIO, SECONDO)Vol. IV, p. 641 CURIONE, CELIO, SECONDO. - Italian Protestant, born at Ciriè (Piedmont) on 1 May 1503, died at Basilea on 24 Nov. 1569. Having distinguished himself among the…
Curiosity(CURIOSITÀ)Vol. IV, p. 641 CURIOSITÀ. – An excessive desire to know and to acquire knowledge, both in the intellectual sphere and in the sensory-experimental sphere. The desire for…
Curitiba, Archdiocese of(CURITIBA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 642 CURITIBA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In the State of Paraná, Brazil, it is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of the same name, which comprises the…
Curium(KURION)Vol. VII, p. 474 KURION (KYRION): v. GEORGIA: II. History.
Curse(MALEDIZIONE)Vol. VII, p. 1133 MALEDIZIONE. - Cursing is the offspring of anger and consists in invoking evil upon others. Being formally a sentence, cursing may also be conditional; this…
Cursive Minuscule, Script(MINUSCOLA CORSIVA, SCRITTURA)Vol. VIII, p. 641 MINUSCULE CURSIVE, SCRIPT. – This expression is now generally used to designate Latin script, predominantly documentary in nature, which developed between the…
Cursive, Script(CORSIVA, SCRITTURA)Vol. IV, p. 393 CORSIVA, SCRITTURA. – By s. c. is meant writing traced rapidly, currenti calamo, as opposed to upright or formal writing. I. IN GREEK PALEOGRAPHY. — In Greek…
Cursor(CURSORE)Vol. IV, p. 642 CURSORE. – This term was already used among the Romans to designate persons charged, especially by the public authority, with carrying news, documents, etc.,…
CursusVol. IV, p. 642 CURSUS. — In delivering their speeches, the ancient orators were accustomed to modulate the endings of their sentences in order to bring out their cadence and…
Curtea de Argeș(CURTEA DE ARGES)Vol. IV, p. 649 CURTEA DE ARGES. – City of Romania, capital of the Arges district, formerly the capital of the principality of Wallachia. In the 14th century it became the…
Curtensian System(CURTENSE, SISTEMA)Vol. IV, p. 649 CURTENSE, SISTEMA. — This is the medieval economic and administrative system that governed the curtes, consisting of a territorial estate and the whole of the…
Cusanus, Nicolaus(CUSANO, NICCOLÒ)Vol. IV, p. 649 CUSANO, NICCOLÒ: v. NICCOLÒ da CUSA.
Cusanus, Nicolaus(NICCOLÒ CUSANO)Vol. VIII, p. 1066 NICCOLÒ CUSANO. - Cardinal, philosopher, and humanist scientist, born at Cues (Trier) in 1401, died at Todi on 8 Aug. 1464. His real name was Nicolaus Criffis…
Cusco, Archdiocese of(CUZCO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 652 CUZCO, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In the Republic of Peru, department of C. Chronologically, it is the first diocese of Peru, having been erected by Paul III on 8…
Cusmano, GiacomoVol. IV, p. 649 CUSMANO, GIACOMO. – Priest, founder of the pious “Opera del boccone del povero,” b. in Palermo on 15 March 1834, d. there on 14 March 1888. He was a physician…
CuspideVol. IV, p. 649 CUSPIDE. - Con il termine c. (o guglia, pinnacolo, freccia) si designa comunemente la parte più elevata di una costruzione che termina in una punta. C. di tale…
Cuspinian, JohannVol. IV, p. 650 CUSPINIAN, JOHANN. - The family surname varies: Spieshaym, Spiessham, Spiessheimer; humanist, politician, physician, and imperial archivist, b. at Schweinfurt…
Custodes Hominum Psallimus AngelosVol. IV, p. 650 « CUSTODES HOMINUM PSALLIMUS ANGELOS ». — Vespers hymn for the feast of the Guardian Angels (2 October). It consists of three sapphic stanzas inspired by the…
Custody of the Holy Land(CUSTODIA DI TERRA SANTA)Vol. IV, p. 650 CUSTODIA DI TERRA SANTA. – An international institution composed of Franciscans chosen from all parts of the world, which, by the will of the supreme pontiffs,…
Custom(CONSUETUDINE)Vol. IV, p. 254 CONSUETUDINE. — C. (consuetudo) may indicate either the continuous repetition of uniform acts on the part of a community (similium alicuius communitatis actuum…
Cutbert of Brighthelmston(CUTBERTO DA BRIGHTHON)Vol. IV, p. 651 CUTBERTO da BRIGHTHON. - Capuchin writer of the English province, born at Brighton on 27 Oct. 1866, died at Assisi on 22 March 1930. He entered the Order on 27…
Cuthah (Hebrew Kútháh)(CUTHA (EBR. KÚTHÁH))Vol. IV, p. 652 CUTHA (Hebr. Kútháh). – Region from which, in addition to Babylon, Avah, Emath, and Sepharvaim, Sargon transported inhabitants to Samaria in order to colonize…
Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, Saint(CUTBERTO DI LINDISFARNE, SANTO)Vol. IV, p. 651 CUTBERTO di LINDISFARNE, santo. - Contemporary of Wilfrid, Theodore of Tarsus, and Benedict Biscop, he belongs to the period of conflicts between Celtic and…
Cuttack, Diocese of(CUTTACK, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 652 CUTTACK, DIOCESE of. — A suffragan of Madras (India), it is entrusted to the Spanish missionaries of the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarists). Its territory…
Cuénot, Étienne-Théodore, Blessed(CUENOT, ETIENNE-THÉODORE, BEATO)Vol. IV, p. 613 CUENOT, ETIENNE-THÉODORE, blessed. - Of the Paris Foreign Missions, titular bishop of Metellopolis, apostolic vicar of eastern Cochinchina, where he was…
Cybele(CIBELE)Vol. III, p. 918 CIBELE. – Under the name Κυβέλη, Κυβήβη, Κυβηλίς and similar forms, there appears in Greece, from the time of Hipponax of Ephesus and Pindar, who are the first…
Cyclos Magnus(CYCLUS MAGNUS)Vol. IV, p. 652 CYCLUS MAGNUS. - Also called the Paschal cycle or annus magnus, since it results from the combination of the solar cycle of 28 years and the nineteen-year…
CynewulfVol. IV, p. 653 CYNEWULF. – English poet, probably from Northumbria, who lived in the latter part of the eighth century. Author of four poems: Ascension, The legend of st.…
Cynics(CINICI)Vol. III, p. 980 CINICI. – Greek philosophical school, founded by Antisthenes, one of the four that arose from the teaching of Socrates. The name means “followers of the Dog,”…
Cyon, Elia VonVol. IV, p. 653 CYON, ELIA von. - Russian physiologist, b. at Telschi in 1843, d. at Paris in 1912. In the first phase of his scientific activity he discovered the accelerator…
Cyprian(CIPRIANO)Vol. III, p. 983 CIPRIANO. - A presbyter to whom s. Gerolamo sent epistle 140. They had previously already corresponded by letter and later became personally acquainted,…
Cyprian and Justina, Saints(CIPRIANO E GIUSTINA, SANTI)Vol. III, p. 987 CIPRIANO AND GIUSTINA, saints. — Martyrs, commemorated in the Roman liturgy on 26 September and in the Greek liturgy on 2 October. It seems that this C. should…
Cyprian Gallo(CIPRIANO GALLO)Vol. III, p. 986 CIPRIANO GALLO. — Under this name Peiper published in 1891 a Heptateuch, a paraphrase in hexameters of the first seven books of the Old Testament: Genesis,…
Cyprian of Carthage(CIPRIANO DI CARTAGINE)Vol. III, p. 984 CIPRIANO DI CARTAGINE, saint — De catholicae Ecclesiae unitate, chapter 4, in the two recensions, both attributable to the same C. From left to right: 1)…
Cyprian of Eggolsheim(CIPRIANO DA EGGOLSHEIM)Vol. III, p. 986 CIPRIANO da EGGOLSHEIM. – Capuchin friar of the province of Bavaria, in the world Francesco Saverio Fröhlich, born on 20 March 1853; he entered the Order as a…
Cyprian of the Nativity(CIPRIANO DELLA NATIVITÀ)Vol. III, p. 986 CIPRIANO DELLA NATIVITÀ. - Discalced Carmelite, in the world André de Compans, b. in Paris on 26 Nov. 1605, d. there on 16 Sept. 1680. He entered the Order…
Cyprian of Toulon, Saint(CIPRIANO DI TOLONE, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 986 CIPRIANO of TOULON, saint. — Bishop of Toulon, born in Marseille in 476 and died in 546. The favorite disciple of St. Cesarius of Arles, he wrote his life in…
Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, Saint(CIPRIANO, VESCOVO DI CARTAGINE, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 983 CIPRIANO, bishop of CARTAGINE, saint. — In the history of the ancient Church of the West, he is one of the most prominent figures, indeed certainly the…
Cyprian, Zamblak(CIPRIANO, ZAMBLAK)Vol. III, p. 986 CIPRIANO, ZAMBLAK. — Dissident metropolitan venerated as a saint by the Russian Church on 17 September, born in Tirnovo (Bulgaria), died in 1406. Having become…
Cyprus(Cipro)Vol. III, p. 987 Cipro. — In terms of area (9,283 sq. km), it is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean. SUMMARY: I. Geography. — II. History. — III. Ecclesiastical…
Cyprus of the Maronites, Diocese of(CIPRO DEI MARONITI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. III, p. 989 CYPRUS of the MARONITES, DIOCESE of. – Since 1357, C. of the M. has been the seat of a Catholic bishopric of the Maronite rite (Cyprensis Maronitarum), whose…
Cyrenaica(CIRENAICA)Vol. III, p. 995 CIRENAICA: v. BENGASI; LIBIA.
Cyrenaics(CIRENAICI)Vol. III, p. 995 CIRENAICI. — Greek philosophical sect, founded by Aristippo of Cirene (whence the name), one of the four that arose from the teaching of Socrates. Its…
Cyrene(CIRENE)Vol. III, p. 996 CIRENE. - The ancient and most important city of Cirenaica, from which the region took its name, situated on the edge of the plateau 622 m. above the sea and…
Cyricus and Julitta, Saints, Martyrs(QUIRICO E GIULITTA, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. X, p. 259 QUIRICO and GIULITTA, saints, martyrs. - The information concerning them is rather obscure. In the Hieronymian Martyrology they are commemorated on 16 June as…
Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius, Saints(CIRILLO (COSTANTINO) E METODIO, SANTI)Vol. III, p. 1006 CYRIL (CONSTANTINE) and METHODIUS, saints. — Greek brothers, called the “apostles of the Slavs”; they lived in the 9th century. I. IN BYZANTIUM. — C. and M.…
Cyril III Ben Laklak(CIRILLO III BEN LAKLAK)Vol. III, p. 1002 CIRILLO III BEN LAKLAK. - Patriarch of Alex- andria, who lived in the thirteenth century; a priest named David, who simoniacally obtained the Coptic…
Cyril Lucaris, Patriarch of Constantinople(CIRILLO LUKARIS, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. III, p. 1005 CIRILLO LUKARIS, patriarch of CONSTANTINOPLE. — Born in Candia on the island of Crete on 13 November 1572; killed in Constantinople on 27 June 1638. I. LIFE. –…
Cyril of Alexandria, Saint(CIRILLO D'ALESSANDRIA, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 998 CIRILLO D'ALESSANDRIA, saint. - Father and Doctor of the Church of the fifth century; born about 370, died 27 June 444; celebrated by the Byzantine Church on 9…
Cyril of Constantinople, Saint(CIRILLO DI COSTANTINOPOLI, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1003 CIRILLO of CONSTANTINOPLE, saint. – Third superior general of the Carmelite Order and formerly prior on Mount Carmel, where he died, almost a centenarian,…
Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint(CIRILLO DI GERUSALEMME, SANTO)Vol. III, p. 1003 CYRIL of JERUSALEM, saint — Father and Doctor of the Church, celebrated by the Church on 18 March. SUMMARY: I. Life. — II. Works. — III. Doctrine. I. LIFE. —…
Cyril of Scythopolis(CIRILLO DI SCITOPOLI)Vol. III, p. 1006 CIRILLO di SCITOPOLI. – One of the finest Greek hagiographers, known above all for the care he takes to document and establish chronology by every means at his…
Cyrillic Alphabet(CIRILLICO, ALFABETO)Vol. III, p. 998 CIRILLICO, ALFABETO. - It was introduced into Palaeoslavic literature in Bulgaria at the turn of the 9th to the 10th century. It is fashioned after Greek…
Cyrillona(CIRILLONA)Vol. III, p. 1007 CIRILLONA. – Syriac poet, who lived toward the end of the 4th century. Only the discovery of his hymns (ed. G. Bickell, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen…
Cyrinus(CIRINO)Vol. III, p. 1007 CIRINO: v. QUIRINO.
Cyrus and John, Saints, Martyrs(CIRO E GIOVANNI, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. III, p. 1008 CIRO and GIOVANNI, saints and martyrs. - Very scant biographical information concerning them is available. According to the legendary Passio, C. was a…
Cyrus the Great (Cuneiform Inscriptions Kuruš; Heb. Kôreš)(CIRO IL GRANDE (ISCRIZIONI CUNEIFORMI KURUŠ; EBR. KÔREŠ))Vol. III, p. 1008 CIRO the GREAT (cuneiform inscriptions Kuruš; Hebr. Kôreš). — First king of Persia, which his conquests raised to the position of the dominant power in western…
Cytogenetics(CITOGENETICA)Vol. III, p. 1018 CITOGENETICA : v. GENETICA.
Czartoryski, August(CZARTORISKI, AUGUST)Vol. IV, p. 653 CZARTORISKI, AUGUST. — Polish priest, born in Paris on 2 August 1858 and died at Alassio on 8 April 1893, one year after his priestly ordination. His princely…
Czech National Church(CHIESA NAZIONALE CECA)Vol. III, p. 886 CHIESA NAZIONALE CECA: v. BOEMI, FRATELLI.
Czechoslovakia(CECOSLOVACCHIA)Vol. III, p. 718 CECOSLOVAKIA. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - The Czechoslovak state was born in October 1918 from the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and organized itself as…
Czerny, AlbinVol. IV, p. 653 CZERNY, ALBIN. — Historian, born on 19 February 1821 in Vienna, died on 7 July 1900 at St-Florian. He entered the abbey of St-Florian in 1841, where he was a…
Czerny, KarlVol. IV, p. 653 CZERNY, KARL. – Musician, born in Vienna on 20 February 1791, died there on 15 July 1857. A celebrated pianist, pupil of Beethoven and teacher of a host of…
Czerski, JohannVol. IV, p. 653 CZERSKI, JOHANN. — Apostate Catholic priest, born at Warlubien (West Prussia) on 12 May 1813, died at Schneidemühl on 22 December 1893. He studied at Posnan,…
Czesław of Poland (of Silesia), Blessed(CESLAO DI POLONIA (DI SLESIA), BEATO)Vol. III, p. 795 CESLAO of POLAND (of SILESIA), blessed. - Dominican, born in 1180 at Gross-Stein in Upper Silesia, died at Breslavia on 15 July 1242. Late accounts call him a…
Czolbe, HeinrichVol. IV, p. 654 CZOLBE, HEINRICH. - German philosopher, b. at Könisberg on 30 Dec. 1819, d. there on 19 Feb. 1873. He belongs to the school of materialist physicians led by J.…
Częstochowa, Diocese Of(CZĘSTOCHOWA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 654 CZĘSTOCHOWA, DIOCESIS of. — In Poland, erected on 28 October 1925. Suffragan of Cracow. First bishop: Teodor Kubina. Area: 9,443 sq. km.; inhabitants,…
CáceresVol. III, p. 180 CÁCERES: v. NUOVA CÁCERES; SAN LUIGI da CÁCERES.
Cárdenas, BernardínVol. III, p. 467 CÁRDENAS, BERNARDÍN. – Friar Minor and missionary bishop of the Assumption (Asunción) in Paraguay; born at Chuquaca (today Sucre, Bolivia). He donned the…
Célebrét(CELEBRET)Vol. III, p. 732 CELEBRET. – Certificate issued by the competent ecclesiastical authority, attesting that a priest may celebrate Mass. It states the holder’s name, the date,…
Cîteaux (Cistercium), Abbey of(CÌTEAUX (CISTERCIUM), ABBAZIA DI)Vol. III, p. 1017 CÌTEAUX (Cistercium), ABBEY of. — Also called New Monastery, perhaps in contrast to Molesme, it was founded by St. Roberto (v.), abbot of Molesme. Desiring a…
Córdoba, Archdiocese of(CORDOBA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 314 CORDOBA, ARCIDIOCESI di. - City and archdiocese in the Argentine Republic on the Rio Primero. In 1700 the bishopric of Tucumán was transferred to C. The see…
Córdova, Diocese of(CORDOVA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IV, p. 314 CORDOVA, DIOCESE of. — City, provincial capital, and diocese of Spain in Andalusia; the Cordoba of the Romans in Baetica (Hispania ulterior). Since this city…
Côte d'Ivoire (Costa d'Avorio)(COSTA D'AVORIO (CÔTE D'IVOIRE))Vol. IV, p. 422 COSTA D'AVORIO (CÔTE D'IVOIRE). - A French colony in West Africa, bounded by Upper Volta and the Sudan, the Gold Coast, French Guinea, Liberia, and the Gulf of…
KOSROES II, PERSIAN EMPEROR(COSROE II, IMPERATORE PERSIANO)Vol. IV, p. 420 COSROES II, Persian emperor – Defeat of C. and his death. Fresco by Piero della Francesca (ca. 1450). Arezzo, church of San Francesco. (photo: Alimari)…
Čaadaev, Pjotr Jakovlevič(ČAADAEV, PIOTR JAKOVLEVIĆ)Vol. III, p. 175 ČAADAEV, PIOTR JAKOVLEVIĆ. — Russian thinker, the “first Occidentalist.” Born between 1793 and 1796 into a noble family, he was educated in admiration for…
Čaikovskij (Tchaikovsky), Pëtr Il'ič(CIAIKOVSKI (ČAJKOVSKIJ), PIOTR'ILIĆ)Vol. III, p. 915 CIAIKOVSKI (ČAJKOVSKIJ), PIOTR'ILIĆ. - Russian musician, b. at Votkinsk on 7 May 1840, d. at Petersburg on 6 Nov. 1893. He studied law and at the age of 20 was…
