C
2,386 articles · English index · Indice italiano-
Crisologo, Peter, Saint (CRISOLOGO, PIETRO, SANTO)
CRISOLOGO, PIETRO, santo: v. PIETRO CRISOLOGO, santo. -
Crisolora, Manuel (CRISOLÓRA, MANUELE)
Greek humanist of the 14th-15th century, b. at Constantinople around 1350, d. at Constance during the Council on 15 April 1415. He was the first Greek to hold… -
Crispi, Francesco
Statesman, b. at Ribera (Girgenti) on 4 Oct. 1818, d. at Naples on 11 Aug. 1901. A doctor of law and a magistrate, he practiced law at Naples and took part in… -
Crispin and Crispinian, Saints, Martyrs (CRISPINO E CRISPINIANO, SANTI, MARTIRI)
The information concerning them is uncertain and obscure. In the Auxerre recension of the Jeronymian Martyrology they are commemorated on 25 October as martyrs… -
Crispina, Saint, Martyr (CRISPINA, SANTA, MARTIRE)
Born at Thagora, but she suffered martyrdom by decapitation on 5 December 304 at Tebessa (Africa), where it has been believed that the ruins of the ancient… -
Crispin of Viterbo, Blessed (CRISPINO DA VITERBO, BEATO)
Capuchin lay brother of the Roman province, in the world Pietro Fioretti, b. at Viterbo on 13 Nov. 1668, d. at Rome on 19 May 1750. Infirmarian, cook, gardener… -
Crispino, Giuseppe
Canonist and bishop, b. at Roccaguglielma (diocese of Aquino) ca. 1635, d. in 1721. He studied the Philippian spiritual doctrine in the valuable work: La… -
Crispolti, Filippo
Born in Rieti on 25 April 1857, died in Rome on 3 March 1942. Journalist, man of letters, senator of the Kingdom. Having graduated in Rome (1878), he practiced… -
Crispus (CRISPO)
Ruler of the synagogue (v.) at Corinth, converted by St. Paul (Latin names were not infrequently borne by Jews). C. was the head of the synagogue or of one of… -
Cristaldi, Belisario
Cardinal, b. in Rome on 11 July 1764, d. there on 25 Feb. 1831. A descendant of a noble baronial family, he first studied letters and philosophy at the Roman… -
Cristiana of Santa Croce (of Lucca), Blessed (CRISTIANA DA SANTA CROCE (DA LUCCA), BEATA)
Born of poor parents at S. Croce sull'Arno in 1240, died there on 4 January 1310. At Baptism she received the name Oringa: later the people called her C. She… -
Cristofano, Guidini da Gano (Galgano)
Sienese notary and writer, disciple of St. Catherine of Siena. He was among the defenders of his Commune. A widower, on 14 Aug. 1391 he took the habit of the… -
Cristoforo Romano
CRISTOFORO ROMANO: v. GIAN CRISTOFORO ROMANO. -
Cristoliti
(From the Greek χριστός = "Christ" and λύω = "I separate"). Name of an obscure sect of heretics who lived between 650 and 750, whose existence is attested for… -
Criteriology (CRITERIOLOGIA)
CRITERIOLOGIA: v. CONOSCENZA. -
Criterion (CRITERIO)
From the Greek κριτήριον, it is generally a norm or rule for recognizing, discerning (κρίνω = "I judge, I discern") a thing, a fact, a judgment. In philosophy… -
Criticism (CRITICISMO)
In a general sense, "criticism" denotes any philosophical system or tendency that, before constructing a metaphysics of the objects of knowledge (v.), poses… -
Critique Bulletin (BULLETIN CRITIQUE)
The first issue appeared in Paris on 15 May 1880, following upon the Echo. Its program was to publish, from the Catholic point of view rather than the… -
Crivelli, Carlo and Vittore (CRIVELLI, CARLO E VITTORE)
Painters: CARLO b. in Venice between 1430-35 and d. there between 1493-95. He trained in the Paduan school and came under the influence of Rogier van der… -
Crivelli, Taddeo
Illuminator and painter, also called Taddeo da Ferrara, b. between 1420 and 1430 (it is uncertain whether at Mantua or Milan), d. between 1476 and 1485. In… -
Crivellucci, Amedeo
Historian, b. at Acquaviva Picena on 20 Apr. 1850, d. in Rome on 11 Nov. 1914. He was professor of Modern History at the University of Pisa and remained there… -
Croatia (CROAZIA)
I. GEOGRAPHY. - A region of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, occupying approximately the same borders as the kingdom of the same name, which had a brief… -
Croce, Benedetto
CROCE, BENEDETTO: V. FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO. -
Croce, Giovanni
Also called Ioannes a Cruce or "il Chiozzotto," from Chioggia, where he was born in 1557 and died on May 15, 1609. He was a distinguished composer, trained in… -
Croiset, Jean
Jesuit, writer on asceticism, b. at Marseille on 28 Aug. 1656; d. at Avignon on 31 Jan. 1738. A professor of theology, rector of various colleges, master of… -
Croke, Thomas William
Archbishop of Cashel (Ireland), b. at Mallow (diocese of Cloyne) on 19 May 1824, d. at Thurles on 22 July 1902. C. was one of the supporters of Irish… -
Crombrugghe, Camille van
Theologian, b. at Smeereble-Vlaersegem (Grammont) on 2 May 1876, d. at Ghent on 14 Jan. 1940. Ordained a priest, he crowned his theological studies at Louvain… -
Cromlech
CROMLECH: v. PREHISTORY, RELIGION of. -
Cromwell, Oliver
English statesman, b. 25 April 1599 at Huntingdon, d. 3 September 1658 in London. Educated from childhood in the strictest Puritanism, he felt from that time a… -
Cronaca, Simone del Pollaiolo, called Il (CRONACA, SIMONE DEL POLLAIOLO, DETTO IL)
Architect, b. in Florence in 1457, d. there in 1508. His art belongs to the moment of transition, from the fifteenth-century phase to the sixteenth-century… -
Cronie
Festivals in honor of Cronus in which social distinctions were abolished. We know of them in Attica, in Thebes, with a musical contest, and in Rhodes, where a… -
Crookston, Diocese of (CROOKSTON, DIOCESI DI)
A city in Minnesota (U.S.A.) and the seat of a diocese suffragan to St. Paul of Minnesota. Its territory of approximately 44,500 sq. km. comprises the counties… -
Cros, Léonard
Jesuit, b. at Vabres (Aveyron) on 31 Oct. 1831, d. at Vitoria (Spain) on 17 Jan. 1913. He devoted his whole life to the spiritual direction of young people, to… -
Cross (CROCE)
Instrument of torture, on which Jesus Christ died (Jn 19:17-31; Mt 27:32-42). SUMMARY: I. Instrument of torture. - II. Persons subject to the torture of the C.… -
Cross-Bearer (CROCIFERO)
According to an ancient Christian custom the cross, as the banner of Christ, precedes all the sacred processions of the faithful, and the office of carrying it… -
Crosta, Clino
Theologian, b. at Consiglio Rumo (Como) in 1860, d. at Como in 1936. A profound scholar, he became particularly known as one of the most strenuous supporters… -
Crostarosa, Pietro
Born on 25 February 1836 in Rome, died there on 26 February 1902; he was a canon of the Liberian Basilica, prefect of the Christian Museum of the Vatican… -
Crotalum (Κρόταλον, Crotalum) (CROTALO (ΚΡΌΤΑΛΟΙ, CROTALUM))
A percussion instrument, corresponding to castanets, of Eastern origin, attested for Greece already before the 5th century B.C., and for Egypt as far back as… -
Crotone, Diocese of (CROTONE, DIOCESI DI)
In the province of Catanzaro. It was a very powerful republic, founded by the Achaeans and Corinthians, rival of Sybaris, which it definitively destroyed in… -
Crotti di Costigliole, Edoardo
Politician, b. 20 Oct. 1799 at Costigliole, d. at Aosta on 25 September 1870. Having devoted himself to a military career and distinguished himself in… -
Crotus (Rubianus), Johann
German humanist, b. at Dornheim (Arnstadt) in Thuringia, in 1480; d. at Halle in 1539. His real name is Jäger, which is often found translated into Latin as… -
Crown (CORONA)
Very frequent in the attire of the members of the imperial family or of those who held imperial power, between the 5th and 7th centuries, the crowns were made… -
Crucifers of the Red Star (CROCIGERI DELLA STELLA ROSSA)
Religious order of Canons Regular that traces its origin to the Confraternity charged with the care of the poor in the hospital attached to the monastery of… -
Crudelis Herodes Deum
Hymn of Vespers on the feast of the Epiphany, composed of stanzas 8, 9, 11 and 13 of the celebrated hymn by Sedulius, which celebrate the three mysteries… -
Cruelty (CRUDELTA)
« La crudeltà è l'atrocità dell'animo nell'infliggere le pene » (Seneca, De Clem., 4). Crudele da crudus è colui che è di costumi feroci. S. Tommaso pure, fa… -
Crum, Walter Ewing
Distinguished Coptologist, b. at Capebrig, near Glasgow, on 22 July 1865, d. on 18 May 1944. He was a contributor to all the principal journals of Egyptology.… -
Crusade, Bull of the (CROCIATA, BOLLA DELLA)
A pontifical document containing the favors, privileges and indults granted to the kings of Spain for the faithful who took up arms or contributed with alms to… -
Crusades (CROCIATE)
The movement for the expansion of the Faith and of the new Romano-Germanic civilization culminates, while the feudal regime is disintegrating and the communal… -
Crusius, Christian August
Protestant philosopher and theologian, b. at Lenau (Saxony) on 10 Jan. 1715, d. there on 18 Oct. 1775. In philosophy C. is famous for his polemic against Wolff… -
Crusius (Krauss), Martin
German Protestant philologist and historian, b. near Bamberg on 19 Sept. 1526, d. 14 Feb. 1607 at Tübingen, where he was professor of moral philosophy and of… -
Cruz, Gaspar de (CRUZ, GASPARE DE)
The first Dominican missionary to arrive in China. Born in Evora (date unknown), he was part of the first expedition of the twelve Dominicans who set out for… -
Crypt (CRIPTA)
The Romans called crypta (from the Greek κρύπτο, "I hide") a covered and subterranean ambulatory; Christians employed it to designate one or more galleries of… -
Crypto-Calvinists (Philippists) (CRIPTO-CALVINISTI (FILIPPISTI))
This is the name given to the followers of Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). He, in fact, although so closely united with Luther, nevertheless did not agree with… -
Cryptography (CRITOGRAFIA)
It is the study of secret or conventional and concealed writings, employed by two or more correspondents to hide, wholly or in part, the content of dispatches… -
Cryptorchidism (CRIPTORCHIDIA)
Failure of one or both testicles to descend, so that they appear absent (χριστός = hidden, ὀργός = testicle); the defect is congenital, often familial and… -
Crystal (CRISTALLO)
The chemical elements and compounds, inorganic and organic, when they originate in the solid state, can assume the form of polyhedra: these natural polyhedra… -
Crystal in Art (CRISTALLO NELL'ARTE)
Rock crystal (colorless transparent quartz) has been known since antiquity as a material for fashioning small objects. Small figures or carvings in crystal… -
Csanád, Diocese of (CSANÁD, DIOCESI DI)
In southern Hungary, on the eastern bank of the Tisza River. The diocese was founded by St. Stephen in 1030, after the captain C. defeated Achtum (Ajtony), the… -
Csernoch, János
Cardinal, b. June 18, 1852 at Szakolcza, d. July 25, 1927 at Esztergom. He completed his theological studies in Vienna and was ordained a priest in 1874. In… -
C. S. I.
C. S. I.: V. CENTRO SPORTIVO ITALIANO. -
Cuba
I. GEOGRAPHY. - The "pearl" and the largest of the Antilles (115,000 sq. km. including the neighboring islands). Elongated and narrow in shape, it extends… -
Cubiculum
It is a common term among the Romans for indicating the bedrooms that opened onto the sides of the atrium of the house. It is often encountered in epigraphy to… -
Cubism (CUBISMO)
This term designates one of the most significant tendencies in modern painting. It had its first manifestations at the beginning of our century and appeared… -
Cubitus (CUBITO)
A linear unit of measure of the ancient Hebrews, as of other Oriental peoples, corresponding to the length of the forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the… -
Cucchi, Tito Maria
Italian theologian and bishop, b. at Cerasa (diocese of Fano) on 2 March 1860, d. at Senigallia on 8 Sept. 1938. A pupil of the Pius Seminary, he obtained his… -
Cudworth, Ralph
English (Latitudinarian) philosopher and theologian, b. at Aller (Somersetshire) in 1617, d. 26 July 1688 at Cambridge. He studied and taught at Cambridge, was… -
Cuenca, Diocese of (CUENCA, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in Castile (Spain), suffragan of Toledo. It has an area of 21,797 sq km with 435,000 inhabitants, all Catholic. It has 326 parishes served by… -
Cuénot, Étienne-Théodore, Blessed (CUENOT, ETIENNE-THÉODORE, BEATO)
Of the Paris Foreign Missions, titular bishop of Metellopolis, vicar apostolic of Eastern Cochinchina, martyred there on 14 Nov. 1861. Born 18 Feb. 1802 at… -
Cuera, Diocese of (CUERA, DIOCESI DI)
CUERA, DIOCESI di: v. COIRA, DIOCESI di. -
Cuernavaca, Diocese of (CUERNAVACA, DIOCESI DI)
In the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Mexico City. It was erected by Leo XIII on 23 June 1891 with the bull Illud in primis. It embraces the entire State of… -
Cuff (CUFFIA)
Generally a piece of cloth intended to protect or bind the hair of men or women, especially of nuns. Already known from classical times (see the head of… -
Cuglieri, Pontifical Theological Faculty of (CUGLIERI, PONTIFICIA FACOLTÀ TEOLOGICA DI)
CUGLIERI, PONTIFICIA FACOLTÀ TEOLOGICA DI: v. BOSA, DIOCESI di. -
Cuiabá, Archdiocese of (CUIABÀ, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In the center of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Its suffragan dioceses are Corumbá and São Luís de Cáceres, and the nullius prelatures of Chapada… -
Cujavia, Diocese of (CUJAVIA, DIOCESI DI)
CUJAVIA, DIOCESI di: v. WLADISLAVIA, DIOCESI di. -
Culdees (CULDEI)
Religious communities peculiar to Celtic monasticism. Their origins are little known. As a distinct institution, the C. belonged to the reform movement of the… -
Culiacán, Diocese of (CULIACAN, DIOCESI DI)
CULIACAN, DIOCESI di: v. SINALOA, DIOCESI di. -
Cullen, Paul
Cardinal, b. 29 Apr. 1803 at Prospect in County Kildare, Ireland, d. 24 Oct. 1878 in Dublin. He devoted himself to the study of Oriental languages and… -
Culpable (Negligence) (COLPOSO)
COLPOSO: v. DIFESA LEGITTIMA. -
Cultivating Property (PROPRIETÀ COLTIVATRICE)
The land system based on small peasant property makes it possible to unite in the same hands all the factors of production. The farm, with its appurtenances… -
Cult (CULTO)
II. The various kinds of c. - III. Origin and development of Christian c. - IV. C. in non-Christian religions. - V. Popular cult. I. GENERAL NOTIONS. - In its… -
Cult of Fire (FUOCO, CULTO DEL)
The importance of fire for human life explains the formation and development, among many ancient and modern peoples, of a copious mythology that extols its… -
Cult of Stones (PIETRA, CULTO DELLA)
The cult of the stone is universal and is found either in practice or in a state of survival in every latitude. A stone can assume for primitive peoples a… -
Cult of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CUORE DI MARIA, CULTO DEL)
The questions concerning the cult of the Heart of Mary can be reduced to two fundamental ones: its legitimacy and its historical development. I. LEGITIMACY OF… -
Cult of the Sovereign (SOVRANO, CULTO DEL)
In primitive groupings the head of the community holds the double function of king and priest (magician, sorcerer), as one who, being in greater contact with… -
Cults Permitted (CULTI AMMESSI)
Under this designation, Italian legislation from June 1929 until 1943 (and exceptionally even later: cf. decree-laws of 7 June 1946 no. 581 and 30 May 1947 no.… -
Cultural Evolutionism (EVOLUZIONISMO CULTURALE)
A theory that interprets human-social events according to the laws of evolution. SUMMARY: I. History. - II. The concept of evolution. - III. Unsustainability… -
Cultural Hero (EROE CULTURALE)
This is a figure encountered in the mythology of many primitive peoples and has a secondary and subordinate function in relation to the Supreme Being. He is… -
Cultural Mystery (MISTERO CULTURALE)
New theory concerning the mystical presence of Christ in redeemed humanity, with particular repercussions on the liturgy (Mass and Sacraments): v. CASEL, ODO… -
Cuma
Testimonies of an ancient Christian community at C. are found in two pagan temples erected in the Greek period, rebuilt in the Roman-Augustan age, and… -
Cumaná, Diocese of (CUMANÀ, DIOCESI DI)
In Venezuela (State of Sucre), suffragan of Santiago de Venezuela. It was erected by Pius XI on 12 Oct. 1922, by dismemberment of the diocese of Guayana. It… -
Cumberland, Richard
English philosopher, b. in London on 15 July 1631, d. there on 9 Oct. 1718. C., an Anglican bishop of Peterborough, is known for the struggle he waged against… -
Cummings, Jeremiah Williams
Priest, b. in Washington in Apr. 1814, d. in New York on 4 Jan. 1866. He completed his theological studies at the college of Propaganda Fide in Rome. Having… -
Cumno, Nicephorus (CUMNO, NICEFORO)
CUMNO, NICEFORO : v. NICEFORO CUMNO. -
Cumont, Franz-Valéry-Marie
Archaeologist and historian of religions, b. at Alost (Belgium) on 3 Jan. 1868, d. at Woluwe (Brussels) on 20 Aug. 1947. He began his scholarly career as a… -
Cum Sicut Maiestas
Opening words of the bull of Alexander VI (26 March 1500), in which the first organization of the Church for the new lands discovered in India is contained.… -
Cunegonda, Blessed (CUNEGONDA, BEATA)
CUNEGONDA, beata : v. KINGA, beata. -
Cunegunda, Saint (CUNEGONDA, SANTA)
Empress of Germany, daughter of Sigfrid count of Luxembourg, b. ca. 978, d. at Kaufungen near Kassel (Hesse) on 3 March 1033 or 1039. Between 998 and 1000 she… -
Cuneo, Diocese of (CUNEO, DIOCESI DI)
In southern Piedmont, it borders to the north with Fossano and Saluzzo, to the east with Mondovì, to the south and west with France, and extends over 1869 sq… -
Cunha, Rodrigo da
Portuguese historian, bishop of Portalegre (1615) and of Oporto (1619) and finally archbishop of Braga (1623) and Lisbon (1636), b. in Lisbon in 1577, d. there… -
Cunibert, Saint (CUNIBERTO, SANTO)
Bishop of Cologne, born of a noble Frankish family in the Moselle region toward the end of the 6th century, died at Cologne on 12 November 663. Educated at… -
Cunich, Raimondo
Jesuit, b. at Ragusa on 17 Jan. 1719, d. at Rome on 22 Nov. 1794; member of the Academy of Arcadia; he taught rhetoric at the Roman College (1768-73). He… -
Cuniliat, Fulgenzio
Dominican theologian and writer, b. in Venice (to a French father from Lyon) on 22 Feb. 1685, d. there on 9 Oct. 1759. He entered religious life at Conegliano… -
Cuoco, Vincenzo
Born at Civitacampomarano in Molise on 1 Oct. 1770 and died at Naples on 14 Dec. 1823, he is one of the most representative men of Italian culture in the… -
Cupbearer of His Holiness (COPPIERE DI SUA SANTITÀ)
COPPIERE DI SUA SANTITÀ: v. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA. > (from G. Ferrières, F. Coppée et son oeuvre, Paris 1903) > COPPÉE, FRANÇOIS-EDOUARD-JOACHIM - Portrait. >… -
Cura Animarum (CURA D'ANIME)
I. CANON LAW. - In a broad sense, care of souls expresses the whole body of rights and duties that belong ex officio to the various holders of ecclesiastical… -
Curaçao
It is the largest (447 sq. km.) and most populous (80,000 inhabitants) of the 6 islands that make up the Netherlands Antilles (Nederlandsche Antillen-C.). It… -
Curate (CURATO)
The term (from the Latin curatus) generally denotes a priest holding a sacred office having the care of souls. It appears in the Middle Ages (well before… -
Curci, Carlo Maria
Jesuit, orator and polemicist, b. in Naples on 4 Sept. 1809, d. at Careggi (Florence) on 19 June 1891. His name is linked to the strenuous defense of his… -
Curetes (CURETI)
Minor Greek deities; believed to be autochthonous or sons of Zeus, worshipped especially in Crete, where they were said to have been the founders of many… -
Cureton, William
English Orientalist, b. at Westbury (Wiltshire), in 1804, d. in London on 17 June 1864. His name is linked to an important Syriac manuscript of the New… -
Curia
This term, used at first to indicate one of the divisions of the Roman people, came also to mean the seat of the Roman senate, and then certain other offices… -
Curial Formulas (FORMOLE DI CURIA)
FORMOLE DI CURIA : v. TERMINOLOGIA DELLA CURIA ROMANA. -
Curial Script (CURIALE, SCRITTURA)
This name designates, because they were used by the scribes of certain curias between the 5th century and the 13th, a group of Latin scripts derived from Roman… -
Curia Muria
CURIA MURIA: v. ARABIA. -
Curione, Celio Secondo (CURIONE, CELIO, SECONDO)
Italian Protestant, b. at Ciriè (Piedmont) on 1 May 1503, d. at Basel on 24 Nov. 1569. Having distinguished himself among the best Piedmontese humanists and… -
Curiosity (CURIOSITÀ)
Excessive craving to know and to learn, both in the intellectual field and in the experimental sensory field. The desire to know is natural to man, who… -
Curitiba, Archdiocese of (CURITIBA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In the State of Paraná, Brazil, it is the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of the same name, which comprises the dioceses of Ponta Grossa and… -
Curium (KURION)
KURION (KYRION): v. GEORGIA: II. History. -
Curse (MALEDIZIONE)
The curse is a daughter of wrath and consists in invoking evil upon others. Being formally a sentence, the curse can also be conditional, and thus the… -
Cursive Minuscule, Script (MINUSCOLA CORSIVA, SCRITTURA)
Today this expression generally denotes the Latin script, predominantly documentary in nature, that developed between the end of the 3rd century and the… -
Cursive, Script (CORSIVA, SCRITTURA)
By cursive writing is meant that traced rapidly, currenti calamo, as opposed to upright or set writing. I. IN GREEK PALEOGRAPHY. - In Greek antiquity, from the… -
Cursor (CURSORE)
This term is already found in use among the Romans to indicate persons charged, above all by the public authority, with carrying notices, documents, etc., to… -
Cursus
The ancient orators, in delivering their speeches, were accustomed to modulate the ends of sentences in order to make their cadence stand out and to prepare… -
Curtea de Argeș (CURTEA DE ARGES)
City in Romania, capital of the Arges district, formerly the capital of the principality of Wallachia. In the 14th century it became the seat of the first… -
Curtensian System (CURTENSE, SISTEMA)
This is the medieval economic and administrative system that governed the curtes, which consisted of a territorial estate and the whole body of buildings and… -
Cusanus, Nicolaus (CUSANO, NICCOLÒ)
CUSANO, NICCOLÒ: v. NICCOLÒ da CUSA. -
Cusanus, Nicolaus (NICCOLÒ CUSANO)
Cardinal, humanist philosopher and scientist, b. at Cues (Trier) in 1401, d. at Todi on 8 Aug. 1464. His real name was Nicolaus Criffis (Krebs = "crab," a… -
Cusco, Archdiocese of (CUZCO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In the Republic of Peru, department of C. In chronological order it is the first diocese of Peru, having been erected by Paul III on 8 January 1537. C. was… -
Cusmano, Giacomo
Priest, founder of the pious "Work of the Mouthful of the Poor," b. at Palermo on 15 March 1834, d. there on 14 March 1888. He was a physician when in 1859 he… -
Cuspide
The term c. (or spire, pinnacle, arrow) commonly designates the highest part of a building that ends in a point. Cusps of this kind are found in medieval… -
Cuspinian, Johann
The family surname varies: Spieshaym, Spiessham, Spiessheimer; humanist, politician, physician and imperial archivist, b. at Schweinfurt in 1473, d. at Vienna… -
Custodes Hominum Psallimus Angelos
Hymn of Vespers for the feast of the Guardian Angels (Oct. 2). There are three Sapphic stanzas inspired by the need for heavenly help in the continuous… -
Custody of the Holy Land (CUSTODIA DI TERRA SANTA)
An international body composed of Franciscans chosen from all parts of the world, which by the will of the supreme pontiffs presides over the worship and honor… -
Custom (CONSUETUDINE)
C. (consuetudo) can indicate either the continuous repetition of uniform acts on the part of a community (similium alicuius communitatis actuum frequentia), or… -
Cutbert of Brighthelmston (CUTBERTO DA BRIGHTHON)
Capuchin writer of the English province, b. at Brighton on 27 Oct. 1866, d. at Assisi on 22 March 1930. He entered the Order on 27 Oct. 1881, was then superior… -
Cutha (CUTHA)
Region from which, besides Babylon, Avah, Emath, and Sepharvaim, Sargon deported inhabitants to Samaria to colonize it (2 Kings 17:24-30). From these… -
Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, Saint (CUTBERTO DI LINDISFARNE, SANTO)
A contemporary of Wilfrid, Theodore of Tarsus and Benedict Biscop, he belongs to the period of conflicts between Celtic and Roman influence in the Anglo- >… -
Cuttack, Diocese of (CUTTACK, DIOCESI DI)
Suffragan of Madras (India), it is entrusted to the Spanish missionaries of the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarists). Its territory was dismembered from the… -
Cyaxares (CIASSARE)
King of the Medes (635?-584), son of Phraortes, who had died fighting against the Assyrians. Having allied himself in 614 with Nabopolassar (v.), king of… -
Cybele (CIBELE)
Under the name Κυβέλη, Κυβήβη, Κυβηλίς and similar forms, there appears in Greece, as early as the times of Hipponax of Ephesus and of Pindar, who are the… -
Cyclos Magnus (CYCLUS MAGNUS)
Also called the Easter cycle or annus magnus, resulting from the combination of the 28-year solar cycle and the nineteen-year cycle, it constitutes a period of… -
Cydones (Cidonio, Kydones) (CIDONE (CIDONIO, KYDONES))
I. DEMETRIO. - He was a Greek politician, man of letters and theologian of the 14th century, b. at Thessalonica (c. 1324) of a noble family. His teacher was… -
Cynewulf
English poet, probably from Northumbria, who lived in the closing years of the 8th century. Author of four poems: Ascension, The legend of st. Juliana, The… -
Cynics (CINICI)
A Greek philosophical sect, founded by Antisthenes, one of the four that arose from the teaching of Socrates. The name means "followers of the Dog," and "Dog"… -
Cyon, Elia von
Russian physiologist, b. at Telschi in 1843, d. at Paris in 1912. In the first phase of his scientific activity he discovered the accelerator nerves of the… -
Cyprian (CIPRIANO)
A presbyter to whom St. Jerome sent epistle 140. They had previously already been in epistolary correspondence and afterwards had made each other's personal… -
Cyprian and Justina, Saints (CIPRIANO E GIUSTINA, SANTI)
Martyrs, commemorated in the Roman liturgy on September 26 and in the Greek liturgy on October 2. It seems that this C. should be identified with the… -
Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, Saint (CIPRIANO, VESCOVO DI CARTAGINE, SANTO)
In the history of the ancient Church of the West he is one of the most prominent figures, certainly the first, in common estimation, until the rise of the… -
Cyprian Gallo (CIPRIANO GALLO)
Under this name Peiper published in 1891 a Heptateuch, a paraphrase in hexameters of the first seven books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus… -
Cyprian of Carthage (CIPRIANO DI CARTAGINE)
De catholicae Ecclesiae unitate, ch. 4, in the two recensions, both due to Cyprian himself. From left to right: 1) the Séguier manuscript (seguierianus) of the… -
Cyprian of Eggolsheim (CIPRIANO DA EGGOLSHEIM)
A Capuchin friar of the province of Bavaria, in the world Franz Xaver Fröhlich, b. 20 March 1853, entered the Order as a priest on 19 Sept. 1877, d. at Munich… -
Cyprian of the Nativity (CIPRIANO DELLA NATIVITÀ)
Discalced Carmelite, in the world André de Compans, b. in Paris on 26 Nov. 1605, d. there on 16 Sept. 1680. He entered the Order already a priest. He… -
Cyprian of Toulon, Saint (CIPRIANO DI TOLONE, SANTO)
Bishop of Toulon, b. at Marseilles in 476 and d. in 546. A beloved disciple of St. Caesarius of Arles, he wrote his life in collaboration with two other… -
Cyprian, Zamblak (CIPRIANO, ZAMBLAK)
Dissident metropolitan venerated as a saint by the Russian Church on Sept. 17, b. at Tirnovo (Bulgaria), d. in 1406. Having become a monk on Mount Athos, he… -
Cyprus (Cipro)
Cyprus. - By area (9,283 sq km), it is the third island of the Mediterranean. CONTENTS: I. Geography. - II. History. - III. Ecclesiastical history. - IV.… -
Cyprus of the Maronites, Diocese of (CIPRO DEI MARONITI, DIOCESI DI)
Since 1357 C. of the M. has been the seat of a Catholic bishopric of the Maronite rite (Cyprensis Maronitarum), whose jurisdiction extends over 60,000… -
Cyrenaica (CIRENAICA)
CIRENAICA: v. BENGASI; LIBIA. -
Cyrenaics (CIRENAICI)
Greek philosophical sect, founded by Aristippus of Cyrene (hence the name), one of the four that arose from the teaching of Socrates. Its principal… -
Cyrene (CIRENE)
Ancient and most important city of Cyrenaica, from which the region took its name, situated on the edge of the plateau at 622 m. above the sea and 16 km. from… -
Cyricus and Julitta, Saints, Martyrs (QUIRICO E GIULITTA, SANTI, MARTIRI)
The information concerning them is rather obscure. In the Hieronymian Martyrology they are commemorated on 16 June as martyrs of Antioch, together with 404… -
Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius, Saints (CIRILLO (COSTANTINO) E METODIO, SANTI)
Greek brothers, called "apostles of the Slavs"; they lived in the 9th century. I. AT BYZANTIUM. - C. and M. were born in Thessalonica to the noble magistrate… -
Cyril III Ben Laklak (CIRILLO III BEN LAKLAK)
Patriarch of Alexandria, who lived in the 13th century, a priest by the name of David who simoniacally obtained the Coptic patriarchate of Alexandria under the… -
Cyrillic Alphabet (CIRILLICO, ALFABETO)
It was introduced into Old Slavonic literature in Bulgaria at the turn of the 9th to the 10th century. It is formed on the model of Greek uncial script, as… -
Cyrillona (CIRILLONA)
Syriac poet, who lived toward the end of the 4th century. Only the discovery of his hymns (ed. G. Bickell, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen… -
Cyril Lucaris, Patriarch of Constantinople (CIRILLO LUKARIS, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)
Born in Candia on the island of Crete, on 13 Nov. 1572, killed in Constantinople on 27 June 1638. I. LIFE. - C. had a very turbulent life. He studied in Venice… -
Cyril of Alexandria, Saint (CIRILLO D'ALESSANDRIA, SANTO)
Father and doctor of the Church of the 5th century; b. around 370, d. June 27, 444; celebrated by the Byzantine Church on June 9 and by the Latin Church on… -
Cyril of Constantinople, Saint (CIRILLO DI COSTANTINOPOLI, SANTO)
Third general of the Order of Carmelites and formerly prior on Mount Carmel, where he died almost a centenarian around 1225. Besides many false prophecies… -
Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint (CIRILLO DI GERUSALEMME, SANTO)
Father and doctor of the Church, celebrated by the Church on March 18. SUMMARY: I. Life. - II. Works. - III. Doctrine. I. LIFE. - Born in Jerusalem or its… -
Cyril of Scythopolis (CIRILLO DI SCITOPOLI)
One of the best Greek hagiographers, known above all for the care he takes in documenting and specifying chronology by all the means at his disposal. Born at… -
Cyrinus (CIRINO)
CIRINO: v. QUIRINO. -
Cyrus and John, Saints, Martyrs (CIRO E GIOVANNI, SANTI, MARTIRI)
The biographical information concerning them is extremely scanty. According to the legendary Passio, C. was a physician in Alexandria; having become a monk, he… -
Cyrus, Greek Monophysite Patriarch of Alexandria (CIRO, PATRIARCA GRECO MONOFISITA DI ALESSANDRIA)
He lived at the beginning of the 7th century, died in Alexandria on 24 March 642. In 631 he was elected patriarch of Alexandria by the emperor Heraclius, with… -
Cyrus the Great (CIRO IL GRANDE)
First king of Persia, raised by his conquests to a power dominating anterior Asia; he belonged to the most ancient branch of the dynasty of the Achaemenids… -
Cytogenetics (CITOGENETICA)
CITOGENETICA : v. GENETICA. -
Czartoryski, August (CZARTORISKI, AUGUST)
Polish priest, b. in Paris on 2 Aug. 1858, d. at Alassio on 8 Apr. 1893, one year after his priestly ordination. His princely house was intimately linked to… -
Czech National Church (CHIESA NAZIONALE CECA)
CHIESA NAZIONALE CECA: v. BOEMI, FRATELLI. -
Czechoslovakia (CECOSLOVACCHIA)
I. GEOGRAPHY. - The Czechoslovak State was born in Oct. 1918 from the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and was organized as a unitary… -
Czerny, Albin
Historian, b. 19 Feb. 1821 in Vienna, d. 7 July 1900 at St. Florian. Having entered the abbey of St. Florian in 1841, he was a professor and librarian there.… -
Czerny, Karl
Musician, b. in Vienna on 20 February 1791, d. there on 15 July 1857. A celebrated pianist, a pupil of Beethoven and teacher of a host of illustrious… -
Czerski, Johann
Apostate Catholic priest, b. at Warlubien (West Prussia) on 12 May 1813, d. at Schneidemühl on 22 Dec. 1893. He studied at Posnan, where he was ordained a… -
Częstochowa, Diocese of (CZĘSTOCHOWA, DIOCESI DI)
In Poland, erected on 28 Oct. 1925. Suffragan of Kraków. First bishop: Teodor Kubina. Area 9,443 sq km, population 1,028,000, of whom Catholics 1,016,000.… -
Czesław of Poland (of Silesia), Blessed (CESLAO DI POLONIA (DI SLESIA), BEATO)
Dominican, b. in 1180 at Gross-Stein in Upper Silesia, d. at Wrocław on 15 July 1242. Late accounts call him a companion, and Bzovio makes him a brother, of… -
Czolbe, Heinrich
German philosopher, b. in Königsberg on 30 Dec. 1819, d. there on 19 Feb. 1873. He belongs to the school of materialist physicians led by J. Moleschott and G.… -
Exchange Rate (CAMBIO)
By foreign exchange rate, or simply by exchange rate, is meant the price in national currency at which a certain quantity of foreign currency is purchased. The… -
Papier-mâché (CARTAPESTA)
Papier-mâché (not to be confused with "Roman cardboard" or "carton pierre" or "elo-plastica," which is a refinement of ordinary plaster casts by the… -
Rib (COSTOLONE)
This is the name generally given to the arch placed diagonally that forms the load-bearing framework of vaults. This principle was not unknown to the Romans…