Petilianus(PETILIANO)Vol. IX, p. 773 PETILIANO. - Donatist bishop of Cirta (Constantina); he was a Catholic catechumen; but it is perhaps excessive to interpret the abreptum (from the Church) of…
Petit, AdolpheVol. IX, p. 773 PETIT, ADOLPHE. - Jesuit, b. at Gand on 22 May 1822, d. at Drongen (Tronchiennes) on 20 May 1914. Having entered the Society of Jesus (1842), he was appointed…
Petit, LouisVol. IX, p. 773 PETIT, LOUIS. - Assumptionist, archbishop of Athens, b. 21 Feb. 1868 at Viuz-la Chiésaz (Savoy), d. 5 Nov. 1927 at Mentone. Ordained priest in 1891, in 1895 he…
Petite-ÉgliseVol. IX, p. 773 PETITE-ÉGLISE. — The name designates the anti-Concordat schism of 1801 in France and Belgium. On 18 August 1801, Pope Pius VII, in execution of art. 3 of the…
Petition(PETIZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 774 PETIZIONE. — The “right of petition” addressed to the supreme authorities of the State (directed to the king, as in the English “Bill of Rights,” or to the…
PetraVol. IX, p. 774 PETRA. — City of Transjordan, characteristically built upon sheer rocks, and therefore called Sela (“rock”), in Greek P. It was inhabited by the Edomites as…
Petrarch, Francesco(PETRARCA, FRANCESCO)Vol. IX, p. 774 PETRARCA, FRANCESCO. - I. LIFE. - He was born in Arezzo on 20 July 1304 to ser Petraccolo di ser Parenzo and Eletta Canigiani. His was an old Florentine family…
Petreius (Peeters), TheodorusVol. IX, p. 780 PETREIUS (PEETERS), THEODORUS. - Carthusian, b. at Kempen on 17 Apr. 1560, d. at Cologne on 24 Apr. 1640. He studied philosophy at Cologne, where he entered…
Petriano, MuseoVol. IX, p. 780 PETRIANO, MUSEO. — It was a special building in which, for a time, the principal sacred and secular monuments that had been saved after the demolition of the…
Petricca, AngeloVol. IX, p. 780 PETRICCA, ANGELO. — Controversialist, of the Friars Minor Conventual, born at Sonnino (Lazio), died in Rome on 10 December 1673. Doctor of theology (1631), he…
Petrilli, SavinaVol. IX, p. 781 PETRILLI, SAVINA. – Foundress of the Sisters of the Poor of St Catherine of Siena, b. at Siena on 29 Aug. 1852, d. there on 18 Apr. 1923. A pupil of the…
Petrolina, Diocese of(PETROLINA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 781 PETROLINA, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. It has a population of 160,000 inhabitants, all Catholics, distributed among 13…
Petronace of Montecassino(PETRONACE DI MONTECASSINO)Vol. IX, p. 781 PETRONACE of MONTECASSINO. - Died at Montecassino on 6 May 750. At the behest of Gregorio II, he was abbot of that same monastery, to which he came as a…
Petrone, IcinoVol. IX, p. 781 PETRONE, ICINO. - Philosopher and jurist, b. at Limosano (Campobasso) on 21 Sept. 1870, d. at S. Giorgio a Cremano on 26 July 1913. From 1897 he taught…
Petroni, Riccardo (Richardus de Senis)Vol. IX, p. 781 PETRONI, RICCARDO (Richardus de Senis). — Cardinal and jurist, born in Siena in 1250 to an illustrious and noble family, died in Genoa on 10 (or 26) February…
Petronilla, Saint, Martyr(PETRONILLA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. IX, p. 781 PETRONILLA, Saint and Martyr. — Commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 31 May. She was certainly a genuine Roman martyr, though every biographical detail and…
Petronius(PETRONIO)Vol. IX, p. 782 PETRONIO, saint — S. P. Detail of the Madonna enthroned between s. P. and s. Giovanni Evangelista by Fr. del Cossa (1474) — Bologna, Pinacoteca. July 1701.…
Petronius Maximus (Petronius Maximus), Emperor of the West(PETRONIO MASSIMO (PETRONIUS MAXIMUS), IMPERATORE D'OCCIDENTE)Vol. IX, p. 782 PETRONIO MASSIMO (Petronius Maximus), EMPEROR OF THE WEST. - Emperor for a few months, born in 396 into a noble family; he soon rose to the highest ranks of…
Petronius, Saint(PETRONIO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 782 SAINT PETRONIUS. — The information concerning him is uncertain and obscure. In the Roman Martyrology he is commemorated on 4 October. From the few references…
Petrucci, AlfonsoVol. IX, p. 782 PETRUCCI, ALFONSO. - Cardinal, born at Siena in 1492. He was appointed bishop of Soana by Julius II, then of Massa Marittima (1511), and was created cardinal…
Petrópolis, Diocese of(PETROPOLIS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 782 PETROPOLIS, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It has an area of 3,551 sq. km. and a population of 270,000, of whom 250,000…
PettineVol. IX, p. 783 COMB. – From the Latin pecten, it is an instrument made of bone, ivory, boxwood, or another material, equipped with one or two rows of closely set teeth, used…
PettorioVol. IX, p. 783 PETTORIO. - A mutilated Greek inscription in 7 fragments discovered on June 24, 1839, in a polyandrium at St-Pierre-l'Estrier near Autun (Saône et Loire). The…
Pettrich, FerdinandVol. IX, p. 784 PETTRICH, FERDINAND. — Sculptor, b. in Dresden on 3 December 1798, d. in Rome on 14 February 1872. He won the favor of Prince Antonio of Saxony, who brought…
Peutinger, KonradVol. IX, p. 784 PEUTINGER, KONRAD. - One of the best-known German humanists at the time of the “Reformation.” Born in Augusta on 16 October 1465, he died there on 28 December…
Peyraut, GuillaumeVol. IX, p. 784 GUILLAUME PEYRAUT. - Dominican moralist, born ca. 1200 at Peyraud, Ardèche department, died after 3 Feb 1261 at Lyon. He was famous under the name Peraldus or…
Pez (Petz), BernardVol. IX, p. 785 PEZ (PETZ), BERNARD. - In the world Leopold, Benedictine of the abbey of Melk (Lower Austria), b. 22 Feb. 1683 at Ybbs, d. at Melk on 27 March 1735. He entered…
Pez (Petz), HieronymusVol. IX, p. 785 PEZ (PETZ), HIERONYMUS. — In the world Franz Philipp, younger brother and assistant and continuator of Bernardo, born on 24 February 1685 at Ybbs, he entered…
Pezzani, Enrico MariaVol. IX, p. 785 PEZZANI, ENRICO MARIA. – Canonist, born in Soncino (Cremona) on 24 September 1856, died in Rome on 25 August 1918. He spent most of his life in Rome, where he…
Peñalver y Cardenas, Luis IgnatiusVol. IX, p. 674 PEÑALVER y CARDENAS, LUIS IGNATIUS. – Prelate, born in Havana on 3 April 1749, died there on 17 July 1810. A student of the Jesuits, he was forced to interrupt…
Pfaff, Christoph MatthäusVol. IX, p. 785 PFAFF, CHRISTOPH MATTHÄUS. - Lutheran theologian, b. at Stoccarda on 24 Dec. 1686, d. at Giessen on 19 Nov. 1760. He promoted Pietism (v.) at the court of…
Pfanner, FranzVol. IX, p. 785 PFANNER, FRANZ. - In the world Wendelin, b. 21 Sept. 1825 at Langen near Bregenz, d. at the mission station of Emmaus on 24 May 1909. Ordained priest in 1850,…
Pfeffinger, JohannVol. IX, p. 785 PFEFFINGER, JOHANN. – Lutheran theologian, b. at Wasserburg am Inn on 27 December 1493, d. at Leipzig on 1 October 1573. A priest serving as a parish pastor in…
Pfeiffer, FranzVol. IX, p. 786 PFEIFFER, FRANZ. – Philologist, born on 27 February 1815 in Bettlach near Solothurn, died in Vienna on 29 May 1868. He studied in Munich, became a librarian in…
Pfleiderer, OttoVol. IX, p. 786 PFLEIDERER, OTTO. - Protestant theologian, b. at Stetten (Württemberg) on 1 Sept. 1839, d. at Berlin on 18 Aug. 1908. A pastor, professor of practical theology…
Pfyffer, LudwigVol. IX, p. 786 PFYFFER, LUDWIG. - Swiss soldier and statesman, born in 1524 at Lucerna, died there on 17 March 1594. He was initially in the service of the king of France. In…
Phacee (Heb. Pēqāh)(PHACEE (EBR. PÉQÁH))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHACEE (Hebr. Péqáh). — King of Israel (736–732 B.C.), the 18th after the division of the Kingdom, persistently called “son of Romelia” (II Reg. 15, 27. 30;…
Phaceia (Heb. Pēqāhyāh)(PHACEIA (EBR. PÉQÁHJÁH))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHACEIA (Hebr. Péqáhjáh). – King of Israel, 17th after the division of the Kingdom. He succeeded Manahem (v.) his father, and reigned for about two years…
Phaleg (Heb. Pēlegh)(PHALEG (EBR. PÉLEGH))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHALEG (Hebr. Pélegh). - A descendant of Sem and son of Heber; brother of Iectan and father of Reu, one of the ancestors of Abramo. He was called P. “because…
Phanar (Φανάρεσιον)(FANAR (ΦΑΝΆΡΕΣΙΟΝ))Vol. V, p. 615 FANAR (φανάρεσιον). - A district of Constantinople, on the Golden Horn. Here, after the Turkish conquest (1453), were established the Greek patriarch and many…
Phanuel (Heb. Pēnî'ēl, "Face [Appearance] of God")(PHANUEL (EBR. PÊNI'ËL, « FACCIA [APPARIZIONE] DI DIO »))Vol. IX, p. 786 PHANUEL (Hebr. Pêni'ël, “face [appearance] of God”). - The name given to the place where Jacob wrestled with the angel (Gen. 32, 30). P. was located, most…
PharanVol. IX, p. 791 PHARAN. - A desert of Arabia Petraea, today called Badjet et-Tih. It consists of a broad plain bounded on the east by the valley of the 'Arabah, extending from…
Pharaoh(FARAONE)Vol. V, p. 630 FARAONE: V. MAR ROSSO, PASSAGGIO del.
PharesVol. IX, p. 791 PHARES. - One of the twins born to the Canaanite Thamar by her father-in-law Giuda, son of Giacobbe. He was to have been the second-born, but he was the first.…
Pharisees(FARISEI)Vol. V, p. 635 FARISEI. — In Greek Φαρισαῖοι, from the Aramaic רְשִׁיעַי, a plural adjective meaning “divided,” “separated.” It seems that by this name the f. were designated…
Pharmacist(FARMACISTA)Vol. V, p. 636 PHARMACIST. – The pharmacist, the natural collaborator of the physician (v.), shares with him, although in a subordinate position, the nobility and importance…
Pharmacology(FARMACOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 636 FARMACOLOGIA. — The word, introduced into the medical vocabulary in 1600, in its etymology means the study of drugs (medicaments and poisons), and at first was…
Phasga (Heb. Pisgâh)(PHASGA (EBR. PISGÂH))Vol. IX, p. 791 PHASGA (Heb. Pisgâh). — Western spur of Mount Nebo (v.), today Sijâgâh (Aramaic: “monastery”), consecrated to the memory of Moses’ vision. In the possession of…
Phat-Diem, Apostolic Vicariate of(PHAT-DIEM, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. IX, p. 791 PHAT-DIEM, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — On the southern coast of Tonkin, Viet-Nam. On 24 July 1678, the apostolic vicariate of Tonkin was divided into those of…
Phenomenism(FENOMENISMO)Vol. V, p. 698 FENOMENISM. — In its most rigorous expression, it is the philosophical system that denies the reality of being or of the thing in itself beyond the pure…
Phenomenology(FENOMENOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 699 PHENOMENOLOGY. – A term apparently first used by J. H. Lambert (1764) and subsequently by Kant to designate that particular philosophical science whose task…
Phenomenon(FENOMENO)Vol. V, p. 699 FENOMENO. — From the Greek φαίνομα, “to show, to bring to light” (root φα, “to shine,” “light”), it signifies appearance, presentation: everything that appears…
Philadelphia(FILADELFIA)Vol. V, p. 773 PHILADELPHIA. - City of Lydia in Asia Minor, northwest of Mount Tmolus (today Bosdağ) in the Cogamia valley. Founded by Attalus II Philadelphus, king of…
Philadelphia (City of the Decapolis)(FILADELFIA (CITTÀ DELLA DECAPOLI))Vol. V, p. 774 FILADELFIA (city of the Decapolis): v. RABHA, RABBATH AMMON. FILADELFIA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — City in the State of Pennsylvania and see of a metropolitan…
Philadelphia, Archdiocese of(FILADELFIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. V, p. 774 FILADELFIA, ARCIDIOCESI di - The liberty bell that was rung for the declaration of independence in 1776. Filadelfia. Independence Hall. It was also called…
Philanthropism(FILANTROPISMO)Vol. V, p. 775 FILANTROPISMO: v. BASEDOW, JOHANN BERNHARD.
Philemon of Theraide, Saint(FILEMONE DI TERAIDE, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 778 FILEMONE of TERAIDE, saint. – Martyr, died under Diocletian. According to his legendary Passio, F. was a theatrical actor. Having converted to Christianity, he…
Philemon, Epistle to(FILEMONE, EPISTOLA N)Vol. V, p. 777 FILEMONE, EPISTOLA n. — Letter addressed by s. Paul to the disciple and friend F., on behalf of the runaway slave Onesimus. This writing, often called a…
Philip Augustus(FILIPPO AUGUSTO)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO AUGUSTO - Seal (1286), Paris, National Archives. upon the death of Agnese, the sovereign restored Ingeborg to her rights. It was the hoped-for invasion…
Philip Benizi, Saint(FILIPPO BENIZI, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 795 FILIPPO BENIZI, saint. — Born in Florence on 15 August 1233, he pursued his higher studies at the Universities of Paris and Padua, where he took a degree in…
Philip Herod(FILIPPO ERODE)Vol. V, p. 796 PHILIP HEROD. — Son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, husband of Herodias. He is called only F. in Mk. 6:17, whereas Flavius Josephus (Antiq. Iud., XVIII, 5,…
Philip II Augustus, King of France(FILIPPO II, AUGUSTO, RE DI FRANCIA)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO II, Augustus, king of FRANCIA. — Having succeeded his father, Luigi VII, in 1180, at a very young age (he had been born in Paris on 21 August 1165),…
Philip II, King of Spain(FILIPPO II, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO II, king of SPAGNA. — Born in Valladolid on 21 May 1527 to Carlo V and Elisabetta di Portogallo. In addition to his own mother, his teachers were d.…
Philip III, King of Spain(FILIPPO III, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 794 FILIPPO III, king of SPAGNA. — Born in Madrid on 14 April 1578, died on 31 March 1621. He married Margherita d'Austria. He ascended the throne in 1598, and…
Philip IV of France, the Fair(FILIPPO IV, RE DI FRANCIA, IL BELLO)Vol. V, p. 791 PHILIPPE IV, king of FRANCE, the Fair. — Born in 1268 at Fontainebleau, died there on 29 Nov. 1314. Son of Philippe III and Isabella of Aragon, he was…
Philip IV, King of Spain(FILIPPO IV, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 794 FILIPPO IV, king of SPAIN. - B. in Madrid on 8 April 1605, d. 17 September 1665. He married Isabella of Bourbon and then Marianna of Austria. He ascended the…
Philip Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan(FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI, DUCA DI MILANO)Vol. V, p. 796 FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI, duke of MILANO: V. VISCONTI, FAMIGLIA.
Philip Neri, Saint(FILIPPO NERI, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 796 FILIPPO NERI, saint. - Born in Florence on July 21, 1515, in the parish of S. Pier Gattolini, to ser Francesco and Lucrezia da Mosciano. FILIPPO NERI, saint -…
Philip Of Bagnacavallo(FILIPPO DA BAGNACAVALLO)Vol. V, p. 789 FILIPPO da BAGNACAVALLO: V. PORCACCI, FILIPPO.
Philip of Campello(FILIPPO DI CAMPELLO)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO di CAMPELLO. — Franciscan of the thirteenth century, born at Campello sul Clitunno, near Spoleto. A tradition based on a brief of Innocent IV dated 10…
Philip of Harveng (of Bonne-Espérance)(FILIPPO DI HARVENG (DI BONNE-ESPÉRANCE))Vol. V, p. 791 FILIPPO di HARVENG (di BONNE-ESPÉRANCE). — Premonstratensian theologian, born at Harveng (Belgium) around 1100 and died at Bonne-Espérance on 11 April 1183.…
Philip of Heinsberg(FILIPPO DI HEINSBERG)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO di HEINSBERG. - Archbishop of Cologne. Having become, while still young, provost of the Chapter of Liège in Cologne, he administered the archdiocese of…
Philip of Side(FILIPPO DI SIDE)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO di SIDE. - Christian historian of the fifth century, born at Side, in Pamphylia. There he was a disciple of Rodone, and later succeeded Didimo il Cicco…
Philip of Swabia(FILIPPO DI SVEVIA)Vol. V, p. 795 FILIPPO di SVEVIA. — Born on 26 July 1178 to Federico Barbarossa and Beatrice di Borgogna, the fourth child of their union, he was appointed bishop of Würzburg…
Philip Of The Most Holy Trinity(FILIPPO DELLA S.MA TRINITÀ)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO della S.MA TRINITÀ. – Philosopher, theologian, and mystic of the Discalced Carmelites, in the world Julien Esprit, born in Malaucène (Vaucluse) on 19…
Philip the Arab (M. Julius Philippus)(FILIPPO L'ARABO (M. IULIUS PHILIPPUS))Vol. V, p. 786 FILIPPO L'ARABO (M. Iulius Philippus). - Roman emperor, born about 204 at Šuhbah in Trachonitis, died at Verona in October 249. Son of Julius Marinus, an Arab…
Philip the Chancellor(FILIPPO IL CANCELLIERE)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO il CANCELLIERE. — Theologian, born in Paris ca. 1760–85, died there on 25 December 1236. He is not to be identified, as was long assumed, with the poet…
Philip The Deacon(FILIPPO DIACONO)Vol. V, p. 795 FILIPPO DIACONO. — The second of the seven deacons ordained by the Apostles (Act. 6:9), also called F. the evangelist (Act. 21:8) to distinguish him from the…
Philip The Good, Duke Of Burgundy(FILIPPO IL BUONO, DUCA DI BORGOGNA)Vol. V, p. 789 FILIPPO the Good, duke of BORGOGNA. - Born at Digione on 30 June 1396, of Giovanni Senzapauca and Margherita di Baviera; died at Bruges on 15 June 1467.…
Philip the Magnanimous(FILIPPO IL MAGNANIMO)Vol. V, p. 792 FILIPPO il MAGNANIMO. — Landgrave of Hesse, born on 13 November 1504, died on 31 March 1567. He succeeded his father Guglielmo II in 1509 and, after several…
Philip V, King of Spain(FILIPPO V, RE DI SPAGNA)Vol. V, p. 794 FILIPPO V, king of SPAGNA. — Born at Versailles to Luigi, Dauphin of France, and Maria Anna di Baviera on 19 December 1683; died on 9 July 1746. The king of…
Philip, Apostle, Saint(FILIPPO, APOSTOLO, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 786 PHILIP, APOSTLE, saint. — One of the “twelve,” from Bethsaida (v.), fifth in the lists (Mt. 10:3; Mk. 3:18; Lk. 6:14; Acts 1:13). In the Gospels, only John…
Philip, Bishop Of Bracla, Saint(FILIPPO, VESCOVO DI BRACLEA, SANTO)Vol. V, p. 790 FILIPPO, bishop of BRACLEA, saint. – Martyr, died under Diocletian in 304. His truthful Latin Passion, which goes back to a Greek original, recounts in…
Philip, Bishop of Gortyna(FILIPPO, VESCOVO DI GORTINA)Vol. V, p. 791 FILIPPO, bishop of GORTINA. — Little is known about him; the only source on which the information available depends is Eusebius of Caesarea. He was bishop…
Philippines(FILIPPINE)Vol. V, p. 784 FILIPPINE. - An archipelago of 7,083 islands, closing the South China Sea to the S. It has an area of 396,285 sq. km. (slightly less than Italy), with 19.5…
Philistines(FILISTEI)Vol. V, p. 798 PHILISTINES. – A people known almost exclusively from the books of the Old Testament. In the time of the Judges and of the first kings, Saul and David, the P.…
Phillips, GeorgeVol. IX, p. 791 PHILLIPS, GEORGE. - Jurist, b. 6 Jan. 1804 at Königsberg, d. 6 Sept. 1872 at Aigen near Salzburg. Extraordinary professor of German law at the University of…
Philo(FILONE)Vol. V, p. 805 PHILO. — The greatest writer among the Jews of Alexandria, b. ca. 30 B.C., d. ca. 50 A.D. Of distinguished family (Fl. Josephus, Antiq. Jud., XVIII, S. 1), he…
Philo Of Carpasia(FILONE DI CARPASIA)Vol. V, p. 806 FILONE di CARPASIA. - Of Carpasium, in Cyprus, or of Carpatino, an island between Crete and Rhodes, he lived in the first half of the fifth century. He was a…
Philo Of Larissa(FILONE DI LARISSA)Vol. V, p. 807 PHILO of LARISSA: v. ACADEMIES (I. Greek Philosophy).
Philokalia (Φιλοκαλία)(FILOCALIA (ΦΙΛΟΚΑΛΊΑ))Vol. V, p. 800 FILOCALIA (Φιλοκαλία). — 1. Name designating a collection of fragments, largely scriptural, by Origen, compiled by St. Basil and St. Gregory of Nazianzus…
Philology(FILOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 801 PHILOLOGY. — Philology is a discipline that seeks historically to restore the spiritual unity of a people through the manifestations of its being—poetry,…
Philomena(FILOMENA)Vol. V, p. 804 FILOMENA, santa – Tiles bearing the inscription Lumena Pax Tecum Fi. (copy) – Rome, Lateran Museum. content with the independent attitude that it aroused among…
Philomena, Saint(FILOMENA, SANTA)Vol. V, p. 804 FILOMENA, saint. — In 1802, a body was removed from the cemetery of Priscilla, whose tomb bore an inscription in minium, on three tiles, the last of which had…
Philoponus, John(FILOPONO, GIOVANNI)Vol. V, p. 807 FILOPONO, GIOVANNI. — Monophysite philosopher and theologian of the 6th century, also known as John the Grammarian, born in Alexandria toward the end of the…
Philoromus, Saint, Martyr(FILOROMO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. V, p. 807 FILOROMO, saint, martyr: v. FILEA e FILOROMO, santi, martiri.
Philosophy(FILOSOFIA)Vol. V, p. 807 PHILOSOPHY. — The term f. (“love of wisdom”), which according to Plutarch is traced back to Pythagoras (H. Diels, Doxographi Graeci, 2nd ed., Berlin and…
Philosophy of Action(AZIONE, FILOSOFIA DELL')Vol. II, p. 354 ACTION, PHILOSOPHY of. — Under the name of the philosophy of action, various and sometimes divergent orientations and systems are included (pragmatism, certain…
Philosophy Of Law(FILOSOFIA DEL DIRITTO)Vol. V, p. 813 PHILOSOPHY OF LAW. — This is the discipline that investigates the concept of law in its logical universality, the idea of justice as the principle and supreme…
Philosophy Of The Spirit(FILOSOFIA DELLO SPIRITO)Vol. V, p. 814 PHILOSOPHY OF THE SPIRIT. — An expression disseminated and popularized by B. Croce (born in 1866), and hence, in current usage, equivalent to the system of…
Philostorgius(FILOSTORGIO)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOSTORGIO. — Christian historian, born ca. 386 at Berissus, in Cappadocia Secunda, to Arian parents. At the age of twenty he met Eunomius of Cyzicus, the…
Philostratus (Φιλόστρατος)(FILOSTRATO (ΦΙΛΆΣΤΑΣΤΟΣ))Vol. V, p. 816 FILOSTRATO (Φιλάσταστος). — Name of four sophists of the imperial age, natives of Lemnos. I. Son of Verus, F. of LEMNOS is said by the Suda to have taught…
Philotheos Kokkinos(FILOTEO KOKKINOS)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOTEO KOKKINOS. — A Palamite theologian of the 14th century, from Thessalonica. His fame is due to the fact that, while still a simple monk on Mount Athos,…
Philoxenian, Biblical Version(FILOSSENIANA, VERSIONE BIBLICA)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOSSENIANA, VERSIONE BIBLICA: V. SIRIACHE, VERSIONI, DELLA BIBBIA.
Philoxenus Of Mabbug(FILOSSENO DI MABBÙG)Vol. V, p. 816 FILOXENOS of MABBÙG. — A Syrian Monophysite theologian of the fifth-sixth centuries. Originally from Persia, he studied at the School of the Persians, then in…
Phineas(PHINEES)Vol. IX, p. 792 PHINEES. - Son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron, third high priest of Israel. His mother was a daughter of Phutiel, whom the Targun of Pseudo-Jonathan…
Phira, Diocese of(PHIRA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 792 PHIRA, DIOCESI DI: v. SANTORINO, DIOCESI di.
Phnom-Penh, Apostolic Vicariate of(PHNOM-PENH, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. IX, p. 792 PHNOM-PENH, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. – It comprises the entire kingdom of Cambodia and several provinces of Cochinchina. On 19 July 1649 this territory was…
Phobia(FOBIA)Vol. V, p. 869 FOBIA. — From the Greek φόβος = fear, a particular form of idea that, untimely and obstinately, against the subject’s will, inserts itself into the course of…
Phoca(FOCA)Vol. V, p. 869 FOCA. BYZANTINE EMPEROR — Column of F., erected by the Roman people in 608 — Rome, Roman Forum. The proofs of fortitude shown in his martyrdom are narrated in…
Phocas, Byzantine Emperor(FOCA, IMPERATORE BIZANTINO)Vol. V, p. 869 FOCA, BYZANTINE EMPEROR. — Having seized the throne in 602, he was killed in 610. S. Gregorio Magno addressed benevolent expressions of homage to him and…
Phoebe (Φώβη "Radiant")(PHOEBE (ΦΏΒΩΙ «RAGGIANTE»))Vol. IX, p. 792 PHOEBE (Φώβῳ, “radiant”). — A woman commended by St Paul to the Romans (Rom. 16:1–2) under three titles: 1) as “our sister,” that is, as a Christian converted…
Phoenicia and Phoenicians(FENICIA E FENICI)Vol. V, p. 696 FENICIA and FENICI. — Fenici (Φοίνιτζες) is the name given by the Greeks to the inhabitants of the coastal region west of Lebanon, who, for their part, called…
Phoenix(FENICE)Vol. V, p. 696 FENICE. – A symbolic bird originally from India, according to the Physiologus (J. Strzygowski, Der Bilderkreis des griechischen Physiologus, Leipzig 1890, p.…
Phoenix Islands(FENICE, ISOLE DELLA)Vol. V, p. 696 FENICE, ISOLE della: v. GILBERT, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO delle ISOLE.
Phogor (Heb. Pē'ōr)(PHOGOR (EBR. PĒ'ŌR))Vol. IX, p. 792 PHOGOR (Heb. Pē'ōr). — A mountain in Moab (Num. 23:28) north of Phasga (v.), which seems to be identifiable with the present-day range of el-Mušakkar, located…
Photinus(FOTINO)Vol. V, p. 923 FOTINO. — A fourth-century heretic. A compatriot, disciple, and deacon of Marcello of Ancira (the Eastern councils insist strongly on this dependence), F., who…
Photinus, Saint, Martyr(FOTINO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. V, p. 923 FOTINO, saint, martyr: v. PHOTINUS, saint, martyr.
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople(FOZIO, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)Vol. V, p. 927 FOZIO, patriarch of COSTANTINOPLE. — Without repeating what is said about the schism of F. under the heading Byzantium, a brief biography of F. is given here,…
Photomechanical Arts(FOTOMECCANICHE, ARTI)Vol. V, p. 923 FOTOMECHANICAL ARTS. — This name designates those processes that permit the printing of images by means of a plate which, instead of being worked by hand (v.…
Phrenology(FRENOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 1059 PHRENOLOGY. — From φρήν = mind and λόγος = discourse. A theory put forward by F. J. Gall and his pupil and collaborator J. K. Spurzheim (1808–1809), which…
PhulVol. IX, p. 792 PHUL. - King of Assyria (2 Kings 15, 19 and 1 Chron. 5, 26), to be identified "with absolute certainty" (O. Hellmann) with the great king Tiglath-Pileser III…
Phylacteries (Greek: ΦΙΛΑΚΤΗΡΙΑ « Smultei »)(FILATTERIE (GR. ΦΙΛΑΚΤΉΡΙΑ « SMULTEI »))Vol. V, p. 776 FILATTERIE (Gr. φιλακτήρια “amulets”). - Strips of parchment on which passages from the Mosaic law are written. This custom, attested among the Jews not only…
Phylogeny(FILOGENESI)Vol. V, p. 800 FILOGENESIS. – Within the framework of the theory of evolution, this denotes the historical order according to which the various groups of living beings are…
Physical Indeterminism(INDETERMINISMO FISICO)Vol. VI, p. 1043 PHYSICAL INDETERMINISM. – Physical indeterminism depends on the principle of indeterminacy, the foundation of atomic mechanics, due to W. Heisenberg. In…
Physical Laws and Statistical Laws(LEGGI FISICHE E LEGGI STATISTICHE)Vol. VII, p. 649 LEGGI FISICHE E LEGGI STATISTICHE. - Within the totality of natural phenomena, which constitute the object of scientific research, two groups may be…
Physical Premotion(PREMOZIONE FISICA)Vol. IX, p. 1159 PHYSICAL PREMOTION. – It is God’s prior and immediate concurrence or influence upon the activity of every creature, and especially upon free human action,…
Physical Theories(TEORIE FISICHE)Vol. XI, p. 1190 PHYSICAL THEORIES. – By p. t. is meant, in the broadest sense, a rational explanation of a physical phenomenon or set of physical phenomena, where explanation…
Physician(MEDICO)Vol. VIII, p. 362 MEDICO. – The medical profession occupies, by excellence and importance, first place after that of the priest. Ancient deontological texts such as, for…
Physics(FISICA)Vol. V, p. 852 PHYSICS. – From the Greek φύσις (nature). This is the name given to the science that studies the general properties of matter and of the elementary particles…
Physiocrats, Physiocracy(FISIOCRATI, FISIOCRAZIA)Vol. V, p. 853 FISIOCRATI, FISIOCRAZIA. — Economic doctrine formulated in France by Francesco Quesnay, the founder of political economy as a systematic science and, at the…
PhysiologusVol. IX, p. 793 PHYSIOLOGUS. — Name of a Christian work that gives an allegorical interpretation of the facts (or purported facts) of the life of animals and minerals. The…
Physiology(FISIOLOGIA)Vol. V, p. 854 FISIOLOGIA. — From the Greek φύσις = nature and λογέω = I investigate, physiology is the science of the functioning of the living organism. Eminently…
Phytolatry(FITOLATRIA)Vol. V, p. 855 FITOLATRIA: v. PIANTA, CULTO della.
Pia Foundation (Pious Cause)(FONDAZIONE PIA (CAUSA PIA))Vol. V, p. 878 PIOUS FOUNDATION (CAUSA PIA). SUMMARY: I. Concept of a foundation. - II. The so-called causae piae. - III. Benefices, chaplaincies, and legacies principally…
PiacentinoVol. IX, p. 793 PIACENTINO. — Jurist of the 12th century, born in Piacenza, one of the leading representatives of the school of Bologna. There is no reliable information…
PiacenzaVol. IX, p. 793 PIACENZA. – City and diocese, capital of the province of the same name. Of a population of 350,000 inhabitants, it has 348,000 Catholics. The diocese is…
Piaggio, AntonioVol. IX, p. 796 PIAGGIO, ANTONIO. - Piarist, b. in Genova on 8 Feb. 1713, d. in Napoli in 1797 or 1798. Of admirable ingenuity and patience in mechanical work, and possessed…
Piana dei Greci (degli Albanesi), Diocese of(PIANA DEI GRECI (DEGLI ALBANESI), DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 797 PIANA DEI GRECI (degli ALBANESI), DIOCESE of. – Since 1937, the seat of the eparchy or Greek diocese with jurisdiction over the territory of Piana detached…
Pianciani, GiambattistaVol. IX, p. 798 PIANCIANI, GIAMBATTISTA. — Physicist and philosopher, born in Spoleto on 17 October 1784, died in Rome on 23 March 1862. A Jesuit from 2 June 1805, from 1824…
Pianopsia (Πυανόψια)(PIANOPSIE (ΠΥΑΝΌΨΙΑ))Vol. IX, p. 800 PIANOPSIE (Πυανόψια). — From πύανος, “bean,” and ἔψω, “I eat.” A festival celebrated at Athens on the seventh day of the month Pyanepsion (22 October) in honor…
Piauí, Diocese of(PIAUÍ, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 803 PIAUÍ, DIOCESI di: v. TERESINA, DIOCESI di.
Piazza Armerina (Enna), Diocese of(PIAZZA ARMERINA (ENNA), DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 803 PIAZZA ARMERINA (ENNA), DIOCESE of. — In Sicily, with jurisdiction over 13 municipalities. It has an area of 2,003 sq. km and a population of 236,000, of whom…
Piazza, GiuseppeVol. IX, p. 803 PIAZZA, GIUSEPPE. - Priest, among the finest of nineteenth-century Rome, b. at Velletri on 18 March 1815, d. at Rome on 23 Apr. 1893. Ordained in 1837, in 1839…
Piazzetta, GiambattistaVol. IX, p. 803 PIAZZETTA, GIAMBATTISTA. — Painter, born in Venice on 13 February 1682, died there on 28 April 1754. Decisive for his formation was his lengthy sojourn in…
Piazzi, GiuseppeVol. IX, p. 804 PIAZZI, GIUSEPPE. — A religious of the Order of the Theatines, one of the most distinguished Italian astronomers of the early nineteenth century, born at Ponte…
Piccolomini, AlessandroVol. IX, p. 813 PICCOLOMINI, ALESSANDRO. – Philologist and man of letters, born in Siena on 13 June 1508, where he died on 12 March 1578, after having lived for a long time in…
Piccolomini, Family(PICCOLOMINI, FAMIGLIA)Vol. IX, p. 813 PICCOLOMINI, FAMIGLIA. - Originally from Siena. A MARTINO di Piccolomo is mentioned in a document of 1090. The P. enriched themselves in the 13th century…
Picenardi, Elisabetta, Blessed(PICENARDI, ELISABETTA, BEATA)Vol. IX, p. 813 PICENARDI, ELISABETTA, Blessed. - Mystic, born in Mantua in 1428, died there on 19 February 1468. She was admitted as a young girl to the local convent of
Pichler, AloysVol. IX, p. 814 PICHLER, ALOYS. - Church historian, b. 7 Nov. 1833 at Tüssling (diocese of Passavia), d. 3 June 1874 at Siegsdorf. Ordained priest in 1859, he was promoted…
Pico, Giovanni Francesco, Lord of the Mirandola(PICO, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO, SIGNORE DELLA MIRANDOLA)Vol. IX, p. 815 PICO, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO, lord of MIRANDOLA. - Nephew of Giovanni, born ca. 1469 and assassinated, owing to family disputes, in 1533. An admirer of his…
Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola(PICO, GIOVANNI, CONTE DELLA MIRANDOLA)Vol. IX, p. 814 PICO, GIOVANNI, COUNT OF DELLA MIRANDOLA – P. d. M. between Angelo Poliziano and Marsilio Ficino. Fresco by Cosimo Rostelli (1488). Detail of the Miracle of…
Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola and Concordia(PICO, GIOVANNI, CONTE DELLA MIRANDOLA E DI CONCORDIA)Vol. IX, p. 814 PICO, GIOVANNI, conte della MIRANDOLA e di CONCORDIA. – Philosopher and man of vast erudition (“the phoenix of intellects” of his time), b. at Mirandola…
Pie, LouisVol. IX, p. 815 PIE, LOUIS. — Apologist and cardinal, born at Pontgenin (diocese of Chartres) on 26 September 1815, died at Poitiers on 18 May 1880. A student of S. Sulpizio,…
Piedmont(PIEMONTE)Vol. IX, p. 816 PIEMONTE. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - It is the westernmost historical region of Italy (and thus includes its westernmost point, Rocca Chardonnet; 6° 32' 59'' E.…
Pienza, Diocese of(PIENZA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 827 PIENZA, DIOCESI di. - Diocese united with that of Chiusi, immediately subject, it belongs to the conciliar region of Etruria; it comprises 5 comuni in the…
Pier delle Vigne (de Vineis)Vol. IX, p. 834 PIER DELLE VIGNE (de Vineis). — Famous minister of Federico, born, apparently, in Capua around 1190, if it is true that he was about sixty years old at the…
Pier MatteoVol. IX, p. 782 PIER MATTEO. – Cardinal, born in Jesi on 20 May 1636, died there on 5 (fot. Alinari)
Pierantoni, LiviaVol. IX, p. 828 PIERANTONI, LIVIA. — In religion Sister Agostina, born at Pozzaglia (Perugia) on 27 March 1864, died at Rome on 13 November 1894. Having entered the Sisters of…
Pierin del Vaga, Pietro Buonaccorsi, called(PIERIN DEL VAGA, PIETRO BUONACCORSI, DETTO)Vol. IX, p. 835 PIERIN DEL VAGA, PIETRO BUONACCORSI, called so. — Painter, born in Florence in 1501, died in Rome on 19 October 1547. He belongs to the Roman school of…
PierioVol. IX, p. 835 PIERIO. — Presbyter in Alexandria, died c. 300. Head of the catechetical school. His place in the succession of teachers is not clear. It is certain that he…
Pierleoni, PietroVol. IX, p. 835 PIERLEONI, PIETRO: v. ANACLETO II, ANTIPAPA.
Pierling, PaulVol. IX, p. 835 PIERLING, PAUL. - Jesuit, b. at St Petersburg on 1 June 1840, d. at Brussels on 25 Feb. 1922. His family, of Bavarian origin and genuinely Catholic, had…
Piero della FrancescaVol. IX, p. 836 PIERO della FRANCESCA. — Born c. 1416 at Borgo S. Sepolcro, and died there in 1492, the very great artist came into contact with early fifteenth-century…
Piero di CosimoVol. IX, p. 836 PIERO di COSIMO. — Painter, born in Florence in 1462, died perhaps in 1521. He was one of the most singular personalities of the late Tuscan Quattrocento, on…
Piero di PuccioVol. IX, p. 838 PIERO di PUCCIO. - Umbrian painter, concerning whom little information is available. A document records him as an assistant to Ugolino di Prete Ilario in 1360…
Pietersburg, Abbey Nullius of(PIETERSBURG, ABBAZIA NULLIUS DI)Vol. IX, p. 839 PIETERSBURG, NULLIUS ABBEY of. - In the Union of South Africa; its territory was detached from the apostolic vicariate of the Transvaal and erected on 22 Dec.…
Pietism(PIETISMO)Vol. IX, p. 840 PIETISMO. – The name Pietism was given in derision to a reform movement that arose in the seventeenth century within German Lutheranism, and was apparently…
Pietrasanta, Jacopo daVol. IX, p. 842 PIETRASANTA, JACOPO da. – Architect active in Rome from 1452 to 1490. At first, it seems, he was simply a stonecutter and building contractor, that is, an…
Pietrasanta, SilvestroVol. IX, p. 842 PIETRASANTA, SILVESTRO. — Jesuit apologist and scholar, born in Rome in 1590, where he died on 8 May 1647. He subsequently taught Letters at Fermo, served as…
Piety (Theology)(PIETÀ (TEOLOGIA))Vol. IX, p. 838 PIETÀ (theology). – In biblical, theological, and common usage, the term p. may have a broader meaning, including one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit (v.) and…
Pietà (Art)(PIETÀ (ARTE))Vol. IX, p. 839 PIETÀ (art). — It seems that the figurative model of the P., conceived as the Madonna’s lament over the Body of dead Christ, crowned with thorns and resting on…
PieveVol. IX, p. 884 PIEVE. — A name used in Italy for a parish, or even for hamlets or cities. Its origin is to be sought in the word plebs, used, with the advent of Christianity,…
Piffl, Friedrich GustavVol. IX, p. 885 PIFFL, FRIEDRICH GUSTAV. — Cardinal, born on 15 October 1864 at Landskron (diocese of Königgrätz, in Bohemia), died on 21 April 1932 in Vienna. In 1883 he…
Pigafetta, AntonioVol. IX, p. 885 PIGAFETTA, ANTONIO. – Navigator belonging to a noble family from Vicenza, born around 1480 or perhaps a few years later. Nothing is known of him until 1519,…
Piggott, Henry JamesVol. IX, p. 886 PIGGOTT, HENRY JAMES. - Founder of American Methodism in Italy, b. at Lowestoft (England) on 18 July 1831, d. at Rome on 30 Nov. 1917. Educated at the Wesleyan…
Pighi, Giovanni BattistaVol. IX, p. 886 PIGHI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Moral theologian and historian, b. at Parona in 1847, d. at Verona on 23 Feb. 1926. Having graduated in theology at the Gregorian…
Pighius (Pighi), Albert(PIGGHE (PIGHIUS), ALBERT)Vol. IX, p. 885 PIGGHE (PIGHIUS), ALBERT. — Theologian and controversialist, b. at Kempen, whence the name Campensis, in 1490, d. at Utrecht on 26 Dec. 1542. He studied…
Pignatelli, FrancescoVol. IX, p. 888 PIGNATELLI, FRANCESCO. - Cardinal, born in Napoli on 6 February 1652 and died there on 5 December 1734. Of the dukes of Monteleone, he entered the Theatine…
Pignatelli, GiacomoVol. IX, p. 888 PIGNATELLI, GIACOMO. - Canon lawyer, b. at Grottaglie (Taranto) on 8 Apr. 1625, d. at Rome in 1698. A priest and member of the chapter of the collegiate church…
Pignatelli, Giuseppe Maria, Blessed(PIGNATELLI, GIUSEPPE MARIA, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 888 PIGNATELLI, GIUSEPPE MARIA, blessed. — Jesuit and first organizer of the restored Society of Jesus in Italy, born at Saragossa into the Italian family of the…
Pigneau de Behaine, Pierre-Joseph-GeorgesVol. IX, p. 889 PIGNEAU DE BEHAINE, PIERRE-JOSEPH-GEORGES. – Missionary, born at Origny-en-Thiérache (Aisne, France), he pursued his studies in Paris at the Collège des…
Pignotti, LorenzoVol. IX, p. 889 PIGNOTTI, LORENZO. - Poet and fabulist, b. at Figline on 9 Aug. 1739, d. at Pisa on 5 Aug. 1812. Having completed his studies at the Seminary of Arezzo, he…
PijjūtVol. IX, p. 889 PIJJŪT. – Hebrew synagogue poetry, cultivated by the “paetani” (from ποιητής), largely liturgical, in which the biblical Psalms, the body of precepts (v.…
Pilate, Pontius(PILATO, PONZIO)Vol. IX, p. 890 PILATO, PONZIO. — I. LIFE. — Roman procurator of Judea at the time of Jesus. Descendant of the family of the Ponzi, of Samnite origin, already famous in the…
Pilati, Carlo AntonioVol. IX, p. 890 PILATI, CARLO ANTONIO. - Political writer, b. at Tassullo, near Trento, 28 Dec. 1733; d. there, 27 Oct. 1802. Professor of civil law at Trento, he began his…
Pilcomayo, Apostolic Vicariate of(PILCOMAYO, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. IX, p. 895 PILCOMAYO, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — The mission of P., situated in the northwestern part of Paraguay and the southwestern part of Bolivia, was erected as a…
PileoVol. IX, p. 895 PILEUS. – A cap of leather or cloth, from the Greek πῦος, used by the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans. In ancient Christian monuments it is given to Orpheus, the…
Pileo of Prata(PILEO DI PRATA)Vol. IX, p. 895 PILEO di PRATA. - Cardinal, b. c. 1320–30, d. 1400. Count of Prata, descended from the noble Porcia family and related to the Carraresi of Padua through his…
Pilgram, FriedrichVol. IX, p. 896 PILGRAM, FRIEDRICH. – German thinker, sociologist, and lay theologian, born at Imbach near Solingen in 1819, died at Monheim on the Rhine on 21 November 1890.…
Pilgrim Brothers(FRATELLI PELLEGRINI)Vol. V, p. 1023 FRATELLI PELLEGRINI. - The designation in the Middle Ages for the missionary friars of the Order of S. Domenico. Since they did not belong to any particular…
Pilgrim Fathers(PILGRIM FATHERS (PADRI PELLEGRINI))Vol. IX, p. 896 PILGRIM FATHERS (PILGRIM FATHERS). - In England, in the 16th century, alongside the official Church, two dissenting groups arose: the Puritans (v.) and the…
Pilgrimage(PELLEGRINAGGIO)Vol. IX, p. 664 PELLEGRINAGGIO. — From the Latin peregrinatio, “journey in a foreign land,” it is a devotional practice consisting in going, collectively or individually, to a…
Pillio da MedicinaVol. IX, p. 896 PILLIO da MEDICINA. — Glossator and civil lawyer, born in the first half of the 12th century, a disciple of Oderico, and continuator and, according to some,…
Pimenio, Saint(PIMENIO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 896 PIMENIO, saint. — His true name was Poemen (= Shepherd); born in Egypt around 340. From his youth he devoted himself to the penitential life, and at the age of…
