Pelagius II, Pope(PELAGIO II, PAPA)Vol. IX, p. 663 PELAGIO II, PAPA. — Of Germanic origin, born in Rome to Unigildus. Having entered the clergy, in 579, upon the death of Benedetto I, he was elected pontiff and…
Pelesz, JulianVol. IX, p. 664 PELESZ, JULIAN. — Bishop, born in the region of the Lemki (Carpathians) in 1843 and died in Przmyslia in 1896. He pursued his studies at the Ukrainian Seminary…
Pelican(PELLICANO)Vol. IX, p. 668 PELICAN. – Bird of the order Steganopodes, family Pelecanidae, which lives along the shores of lakes in warm regions; its white plumage has a tendency toward…
Pelingotto, Giovanni Pelino Goto, detto il, Blessed(PELINGOTTO, GIOVANNI PELINO GOTO, DETTO IL, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 664 PELINGOTTO, GIOVANNI PELINO GOTO, so called, blessed. — A Franciscan tertiary, born in Urbino to illustrious parents in 1240, he died there on 1 June 1304. As…
PellaVol. IX, p. 664 PELLA. - An ancient city east of the Jordan (Bihil in the el-'Amārnah letters, p'-hjr' in the list of Thutmosis III and in the stele of Seti I found at…
Pellegrini (Peregrini et Vagi)Vol. IX, p. 667 PELLEGRINI (PEREGRINI ET VAGI) - According to canon law, a peregrinus is one who for any reason is temporarily in a place other than that where they have their…
Pellegrini, AlessandroVol. IX, p. 667 PELLEGRINI, ALESSANDRO. — Preacher and exegete, born at Matelica in 1600, died in Rome on 28 August 1647. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1621; he was a…
Pellegrino da ModenaVol. IX, p. 668 PELLEGRINO da MODENA: v. MUNARI, PELLEGRINO.
Pellegrino Delle Alpi, Saint(PELLEGRINO DELLE ALPI, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 668 PELLEGRINO delle ALPI, saint. - A Scottish prince, born toward the end of the 7th century. At the age of fifteen, having been orphaned of his father, he…
Pellegrino Laziosi, Saint(PELLEGRINO LAZIOSI, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 668 PELLEGRINO LAZIOSI, saint. - Born into a noble family after 1320 at Forlì, died there on 1 May 1402. Having converted to the religious life after a vision of…
Pelliccia, Alessio AurelioVol. IX, p. 669 PELLICCIA, ALESSIO AURELIO. - Neapolitan priest, historian, and archaeologist, b. in 1740 (or 1744), d. in 1823 (or 1822). At the age of sixteen he composed a…
Pellico, SilvioVol. IX, p. 669 PELLICO, SILVIO. — Writer and patriot, born at Saluzzo on 25 June 1789, died at Turin on 31 January 1854. The second-born of the numerous children of Onorato…
Pellikan, KonradVol. IX, p. 670 PELLIKAN, KONRAD. - Born at Ruffach (Alsace) on 8 or 9 January 1478; died at Zurich on 6 April 1556. He studied at Heidelberg from 1491 to 1492; in the…
Pellipario, NicolaVol. IX, p. 670 PELLIPARIO, NICOLA. — Painter of majolica, born at Casteldurante (Urbania) no later than 1480, died before 1547. After working in his native city and at…
Pellisson-Fontanier, PaulVol. IX, p. 671 PELLISSON-FONTANIER, PAUL. - Historian and apologist, b. at Castres of a Protestant family on 30 Oct. 1624, d. at Paris on 7 Feb. 1693. He graduated in law at…
Pelotas, Diocese of(PELOTAS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 671 PELOTAS, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It has an area of 43,757 sq. km., with a population of 600,000…
Pelplin, Diocese of(PELPLIN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 671 PELPLIN, DIOCESI di: v. CULMA, DIOCESI di.
Pelten, TheodorusVol. IX, p. 671 PELTEN, THEODORUS. – Jesuit, theologian, born at Pelta (Overpelt, Belgium), from which he took his name, ca. 1510, died at Augsburg on 2 May 1584. He was one…
Pelusium (Heb. Sin, Septuagint [Ex. 30, 15] ΣΛΊΝ; Vulg. Pelusium, Coptic Peremlin)(PELUSIO (EBR. SIN, SETTANTA [EX. 30, 15] ΣΛΊΝ; VOLG. PELUSIUM, COPTO PEREMLIN))Vol. IX, p. 671 PELUSIO (Hebr. Sin, Septuagint [Ex. 30:15] Σλίν; Vulg. Pelusium, Coptic Peremlin). — Ancient Egyptian city, situated at the easternmost branch of the Nile,…
Pembroke, Diocese of(PEMBROKE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 672 PEMBROKE, DIOCESE of. — In the province of Ontario, Canada. On 11 July 1882, Leo XIII created the apostolic vicariate of Pontiac, which was raised to a diocese…
Penal Remedy(RIMEDIO PENALE)Vol. X, p. 540 PENAL REMEDY. – Penal remedies are understood to mean all those means employed by the competent ecclesiastical authority for the purpose of preventing an…
Penance(PENA)Vol. IX, p. 672 PENA. — In general, it is the suffering (the deprivation or diminution of an individual good) imposed by law upon one who violates one of its commands. In the…
Penance(PENITENZA)Vol. IX, p. 676 PENANCE Sacrament instituted by Jesus Christ, by which personal penance (paenitentia virtus) is linked to an ecclesiastical judgment to which Christ has…
PenatiVol. IX, p. 674 PENATI. – Di penates, the penates gods, a term in which P. functions adjectivally, literally means the gods “of the interior” (cf. penitus). Penus, in…
Pendasio, FedericoVol. IX, p. 675 PENDASIO, FEDERICO. - Mantuan philosopher; from 1564 to 1570 he was Francesco Piccolomini’s rival for the chair of natural philosophy at Padua. From 1571 until…
Pendola, TommasoVol. IX, p. 675 PENDOLA, TOMMASO. - Piarist, b. at Genova on 23 June 1800, d. at Siena on 12 Feb. 1882. While still very young he was appointed professor of logic and…
Penedo, Diocese of(PENEDO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 675 PENEDO, DIOCESI di. – City and diocese in the State of Alagôas in Brazil. It has an area of 16,643 sq. km., with a population of 454,000 inhabitants, of whom…
Pengpu, Diocese of(PENGPU, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 676 PENGPU, DIOCESE of. — In the northern part of Anhwei province, in central China. It was established as an apostolic vicariate on 21 February 1929, with 21…
Penitential Books(LIBRI PENITENZIALI)Vol. VII, p. 791 LIBRI PENITENZIALI: v. PENITENZIALI.
Penitential Psalms(PENITENZIALI, SALMI)Vol. IX, p. 691 PENITENTIAL PSALMS. - A group of psalms (Ps. 6; 31; 37; 50; 101; 129; 142 [Vulg.]) expressing confidence in God’s infinite mercy toward the sinner and the…
Penitentials, Books of(PENITENZIALI, LIBRI)Vol. IX, p. 690 PENITENZIALI, LIBRI. — These are collections of canons, more or less extensive, in which the various penances (mortifications, prayers, fasts, almsgiving,…
Penitentiary(PENITENZIARIO)Vol. IX, p. 691 PENITENZIARIO. — In the technical sense, this is the place where an individual, convicted by a final judgment, must serve the sentence imposed upon him. It is…
Penitentiary Canon(CANONICO PENITENZIERE)Vol. III, p. 356 CANONICO PENITENZIERE. — In every cathedral church there should exist, if possible, the office of c. p.; it may also be established in collegiate churches,…
Penn, WilliamVol. IX, p. 692 PENN, WILLIAM. — English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania, born at Tower Hill (London) on 14 October 1644, died at Ruscombe (England) on 30 July 1718. Brought…
Pennabilli, Diocese of(PENNABILI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 692 PENNABILI, DIOCESI di: v. MONTEFELTRO, DIOCESI di.
Penne e Pescara, Diocese of(PENNE E PESCARA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 692 PENNE and PESCARA, DIOCESE of. — Diocese with its see at Pescara, it has 235,000 inhabitants, 70 parishes grouped into 14 deaneries. It has a further 290…
Pentapolis (Gk. ΠΕΝΤΆΠΟΛΙΣ)(PENTAPOLI (GR. ΠΕΝΤΆΠΟΛΙΣ))Vol. IX, p. 694 PENTAPOLIS (Gr. Πεντάπολις). — The “five cities” (called P. in Wis. 10:6) that stood in the time of Abraham in the Jordan region (Gen. 13:10), near the valley…
Pentateuch(PENTATEUCO)Vol. IX, p. 694 PENTATEUCH. - A major narrative and legislative work, occupying the first place among the books that form the Bible, composed of "five volumes": Genesis (v.),…
Pentecost(PENTECOSTE)Vol. IX, p. 703 PENTECOST. – I. HOLY SCRIPTURE. – A Jewish feast, 7 weeks or 50 days (hence the Greek appellation “fiftieth” [day]) after Passover, which became a Christian…
Pentecostals(PENTECOSTALI)Vol. IX, p. 703 PENTECOSTALS. — I. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. — The name p. (Pentecostal Churches) is given to three groups of Christians derived from Methodism or Wesleyanism,…
PentecostarionVol. IX, p. 703 PENTECOSTARION. – Liturgical book of the Byzantine rite containing the proper parts of the Divine Office for the Easter season, that is, from Easter Day to the…
Pentini, FrancescoVol. IX, p. 706 PENTINI, FRANCESCO. — Cardinal, born in Rome on 11 December 1797, died there on 17 December 1869. Son of Ulisse, formerly representative of Catherine II of…
PenulaVol. IX, p. 706 PENULA. — The paenula was among the Romans a dark-coloured cloak, perhaps of Celtic origin, closed also at the front and without sleeves, circular in shape,…
People's Houses(CASE POPOLARI)Vol. III, p. 571 CASE POPOLARI. - Popular dwellings are civil, urban, or rural buildings intended to house families of modest means, who live on a fixed wage or a low income.…
Peoria, Diocese of(PEORIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 707 PEORIA, DIOCESE of. — Diocese and city in the state of Illinois, in the United States of America. This diocese was erected in 1875 by division from the…
Pepoli, Family(PEPOLI, FAMIGLIA)Vol. IX, p. 707 PEPOLI, FAMILY. — The first P. of whom there is certain information is the b. NICCOLÒ, (as with s. Martino di Tours) the casula or planeta derived, while the…
Peraga, BonaventuraVol. IX, p. 707 PERAGA, BONAVENTURA: v. BONAVENTURA di PERAGA.
Peramiho, Abbatia Nullius of(PERAMIHO, ABBAZIA NULLIUS DI)Vol. IX, p. 707 PERAMIHO, ABBAZIA NULLIUS of. — In the south-western part of the territory of Tanganyika, to the east of Lake Nyassa. Immediately subject to the Holy See, it…
Peratè, Joseph AndréVol. IX, p. 708 PERATÈ, JOSEPH ANDRÉ. - Archaeologist and art critic, born in Nancy in 1862, died in 1947. For two years he was a member of the Ecole française in Rome; in…
Peraudi, RaimondoVol. IX, p. 708 PERAUDI, RAIMONDO. — Cardinal, born in 1435 at Sugères in the diocese of Saintes, died at Viterbo on 5 September 1505; he was an Augustinian prior in his…
Perboyre, Jean-Gabriel, Blessed(PERBOYRE, JEAN-GABRIEL, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 708 PERBOYRE, JEAN-GABRIEL, blessed – Last letter, written in prison before his martyrdom (Macao, 24 Nov. 1840). 69 foreign laymen; 72 indigenous nuns, 86 foreign;…
Perception(PERCEZIONE)Vol. IX, p. 708 PERCEPTION. – In general, it denotes awareness of something both in external and internal experience and becomes almost synonymous with “consciousness” (v.):…
Perceptionism(PERCEZIONISMO)Vol. IX, p. 709 PERCEZIONISMO. - In philosophy, it is that theory of sensible knowledge which affirms the ordinary formal objectivity of sensible qualities, both primary (cf.…
Percoto, Antonio MariaVol. IX, p. 709 PERCOTO, ANTONIO MARIA. - Barnabite missionary, bishop of Massul and apostolic vicar of the Kingdoms of Ava and Tavai (Burma), b. at Udine on 25 June 1729, d.…
PereaVol. IX, p. 711 PEREA. — Region east of the Jordan, which remained Jewish after the conquest and the new organization of Syria carried out by Pompey in 64–65 B.C. P. extended…
Pereira de Figueiredo, AntonioVol. IX, p. 711 PEREIRA DE FIGUEIREDO, ANTONIO. - Portuguese theologian, man of letters, and musician, b. at Macao (Portugal) on 14 Feb. 1725, d. at Lisbon on 14 Aug. 1797. He…
PerenzioneVol. IX, p. 711 PEREMPTION. – In canon law, this may mean the cessation of the right of action, or indicate a manner in which the instance of the suit comes to an end.…
Pereyra, BenitoVol. IX, p. 711 PEREYRA, BENITO. - Theologian and exegete, b. at Ruzafa, near Valenza, ca. 1535, d. at Rome on 6 March 1610. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1552. At Rome…
Perfice MunusVol. IX, p. 714 PERFICE MUNUS. - A monthly review of practical life for the clergy, begun in Turin in 1926 by the publisher Roberto Berruti, under the direction of expert…
PergamenaVol. IX, p. 714 PERGAMENA. – P. or parchment (in Latin membrana) is animal skin tanned according to a process which, according to Pliny the Elder (Nat. hist., XIII, 11), who…
Pergamum(PERGAMO)Vol. IX, p. 715 PERGAMO. - In the New Testament, P. is mentioned in Apoc. 1, 11 and 2, 12 (Πέργαμος) as the seat of a flourishing Christian community, which had long since…
Perge (Πέργα, Perga)Vol. IX, p. 715 PERGE (Πέργα, Perga). — City of Pamphylia, whose ruins survive near Murtana, between the rivers Cestros (Ak Su) and Cataractos. Inhabited by colonists who came…
Pergmayr, JosephVol. IX, p. 715 PERGMAYR, JOSEPH. - Jesuit, preacher and missionary, born at Häblkofen (diocese of Regensburg) on Feb. 4, 1713, died in Munich on March 23, 1765. Having…
Pergolesi, Giovanni BattistaVol. IX, p. 716 PERGOLESI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. — Musician, born on 4 January 1710 at Jesi, died at Pozzuoli on 16 or 17 March 1736. After learning the first rudiments of music…
Pericoli, PaoloVol. IX, p. 716 PERICOLI, PAOLO. – Lawyer, pioneer of Catholic Action, born in Rome on 14 March 1859, died there on 19 January 1943. Of a noble Roman family devoted to the…
Periculum Animae Et ScandaliVol. IX, p. 717 PERICULUM ANIMAE ET SCANDALI. – According to the common theological meaning, it is (cann. 1131 § 1, 1935 § 2) the possibility that an external act may provide…
Perilous Archipelago(ARCIPELAGO PERNICIOSO)Vol. I, p. 1089 ARCIPELAGO PERNICIOSO: v. ISOLE TAHITI.
Periodica De Re Morali Canonica LiturgicaVol. IX, p. 721 PERIODICA DE RE MORALI CANONICA LITURGICA. - A quarterly journal published by professors of the Pontifical Gregorian University. It originated from a…
Periodoute (Περιόδουτεύτης, from περὶ and ἄθος; in Latin Circuitor, Circumriens)(PERIODEUTE (ΠΕΡΙΟΔΕΥΤΉΣ, DA ΠΕΡΊ E ἌΘΟΣ; IN LATINO CIRCUITOR, CIRCUMRIENS))Vol. IX, p. 718 PERIODEUTE (περιοδευτής, from περί and ἄθος; in Latin circuitor, circumriens). - This was the name given to the itinerant physician and later to the priest…
Peripatetic, School(PERIPATETICA, SCUOLA)Vol. IX, p. 721 PERIPATETIC SCHOOL. — The followers of Aristotle were called οἱ ἐκ τοῦ περιπάτου in reference to the avenue (περίπατος) of the Lyceum (the seat of the school),…
PeritoVol. IX, p. 721 PERITO. – The p. has been defined as a delegate of the judge for ascertaining and evaluating the facts, which the judge will then reassess on his own. When the…
Perizei (Heb. Pērizai; Septuagint ΦΕΡΕΙ͂ΑΊΟΙ)(FEREZEI (EBR. PĒRIZAI; SETTANTA ΦΕΡΕΙ͂ΑΊΟΙ))Vol. V, p. 705 FEREZEI (Hebr. Pērizai; Septuagint Φερεῖαίοι). — One of the ethnic groups that inhabited Palestine before the Hebrew occupation (Gen. 13:7; 15:20; Ex. 3:8, 17;…
Perlo, FilippoVol. IX, p. 722 PERLO, FILIPPO. - Missionary bishop, born at Caramagna (Piemonte) on 8 February 1873, died at Rome on 4 November 1948. Having entered the Seminary of Fossano,…
Permoser, BaltiasarVol. IX, p. 723 PERMOSER, BALTIASAR. – German sculptor, born in Kammer, near Otting in the Chiemgau, in August 1651; died in Dresden on 20 February 1732. He was in Italy in…
Pernet, Étienne(PERNET, ETIENNE)Vol. IX, p. 723 PERNET, ETIENNE. — Assumptionist, founder of the Little Sisters of the Assumption, b. at Velleson (diocese of Besançon) on 23 July 1824, d. in Paris on 3 April…
Perotinus (Magnus)Vol. IX, p. 723 PEROTINUS (Magnus). - Chapel master of the cathedral of Paris, successor of Leoninus, and, together with him, one of the principal exponents of the Ars antiqua…
Perozzi, SilvioVol. IX, p. 724 PEROZZI, SILVIO. — Jurist, born at Vicenza on 2 December 1857, died at Bologna on 4 January 1931. He pursued his studies at the University of Padua, where he…
Perpetua, Felicity And Companions, Saints, Martyrs(PERPETUA, FELICITA E COMPAGNI, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. IX, p. 724 PERPETUA, FELICITA AND COMPANIONS, saints, martyrs — P. and F. Mosaic of the 6th century — Ravenna, Archbishop’s Oratory. BIBL.: F. Ludwig, Repertorium…
Perpetual Nocturnal Adoration(ADORAZIONE PERPETUA NOTTURNA)Vol. I, p. 214 ADORAZIONE PERPETUA NOTTURNA: v. SACRAMENTO.
Perpignan, Diocese of(PERPIGNANO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 725 PERPIGNANO, DIOCESI di. – City and diocese, seat of the prefecture of the department of the Eastern Pyrenees, situated in the plain of Roussillon, on the right…
Perplexing Case(CASO PERPLESSO)Vol. III, p. 578 PERPLEXED CASE. - Before the Code, authors so called the case of a marriage to be celebrated or convalidated (a quasi-perplexed case) as a matter of urgency,…
Perraud, Adolphe-LouisVol. IX, p. 727 PERRAUD, ADOLPHE-LOUIS. – Apologist and Oratorian cardinal, born on 7 February 1828, died at Autun on 10 February 1906. A student at the École normale…
Perreyre, HenriVol. IX, p. 727 PERREYRE, HENRI. – Writer and preacher, born in Paris on 11 April 1831, died there on 26 June 1865. Having entered the Oratory of France, restored by Fr.…
Perrone, GiovanniVol. IX, p. 727 PERRONE, GIOVANNI. – Jesuit, theologian, born at Chieri (diocese of Turin) on 11 March 1794, died at Castelgandolfo on 28 August 1876. Having graduated in…
Persecutions Against Christians(PERSECUZIONI CONTRO I CRISTIANI)Vol. IX, p. 727 PERSECUZIONI CONTRO I CRISTIANI. — This expression denotes the harassment suffered by the Church at the hands of the Roman Empire, from Nero (A.D. 64) to the…
Persepolis(PERSEPOLI)Vol. IX, p. 729 PERSEPOLI. - Persian city (Iranian Parsa), built by Dario I Istaspe (521–485 B.C.) and enlarged by Serse I (485–465 B.C.), who made it their spring royal…
Perseverance(PERSEVERANZA)Vol. IX, p. 730 PERSEVERANCE. — The virtue that disposes a person to continue in the good, according to the dictates of reason, despite the prolongation of vexations and…
PersiaVol. IX, p. 731 I. GEOGRAPHY. After China and India, this is the largest (1.6 million km²) of Asia’s independent states. Its maritime facade faces the Persian Gulf and the…
Persichetti, AugustoVol. IX, p. 741 PERSICHETTI, AUGUSTO. — Organizer of Catholic associations, b. in Rome on 2 Aug. 1854, d. there on 8 June 1922. In 1877 he graduated in medicine; but, after…
Persico, IgnazioVol. IX, p. 741 PERSICO, IGNAZIO. – Cardinal, born in Naples on 30 January 1823, died in Rome on 7 December 1895; he entered the Capuchins in 1839 and was ordained a priest in…
Person(PERSONA)Vol. IX, p. 741 PERSONA. — Indicates the dignity of the subsistent spiritual nature: “Persona significat id quod est perfectissimum in tota natura, scilicet subsistens in…
Personal Injury(LESIONE PERSONALE)Vol. VII, p. 724 PERSONAL INJURY. – In Italian criminal law, personal injury exists when, without the intention to kill, one causes another harm to the body, health, or mental…
Personalism(PERSONALISMO)Vol. IX, p. 742 PERSONALISM. - From persona (v.), the term dates back to the nineteenth century (Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, Grote, Teichmüller), having been used in opposition…
Personality(PERSONALITÀ)Vol. IX, p. 745 PERSONALITÀ. — In the metaphysical sense, p. expresses the constitutive determination of the person (v.), the foundation from which the possibilities and…
Personifications(PERSONIFICAZIONI)Vol. IX, p. 745 PERSONIFICATIONS. - Early Christian art generally continued to make use of personifications created by classical art. For example, the personifications of the…
Perth, Archdiocese of(PERTH, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 746 PERTH, ARCHDIOCESE of. — It is situated in Western Australia, and the city of P. is the capital of the State. In 1842 the Catholics of P. asked the archbishop,…
Perticari, GiulioVol. IX, p. 747 PERTICARI, GIULIO. – Literary scholar, born at Savignano (Rimini) on 15 August 1779, died at S. Costanzo (Pesaro) on 26 June 1822. Monti’s son-in-law and…
Pertile, AntonioVol. IX, p. 747 PERTILE, ANTONIO. - Historian of Italian law, b. at Agordo on 10 Sept. 1830, d. at Padova on 4 March 1895. He studied at the Universities of Graz, Vienna, and…
Pertinacity(PERTINACIA)Vol. IX, p. 747 PERTINACITY. - Insofar as it is constancy in any operation, or insofar as it is manifested in one who does not allow himself to be moved by difficulties, it is…
Peru(PERÙ)Vol. IX, p. 747 PERU. - I. GEOGRAPHY. - It is the largest (1,250,000 sq. km.), but not the most populous (8.2 million inhabitants; 7 per sq. km.) of the Andean States. The…
Perugia, Archdiocese of(PERUGIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 754 PERUGIA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — City and archdiocese, capital of the province of the same name in Umbria. It has an area of 1,600 sq. km., for the most part hilly,…
Perugino, Pietro Vannucci detto IlVol. IX, p. 757 PERUGINO, PIETRO VANNUCCI detto il. — Painter, born in Città di Castello in 1445. Despite the flourishing of studies concerning this artist, the problem of his…
Peruzzi, BaldassarreVol. IX, p. 758 PERUZZI, BALDASSARRE. — Architect and painter, born in Siena on 6 March 1481, died in Rome on 6 January 1536. At the age of twenty, in Siena, he collaborated…
Perversion(PERVERSIONE)Vol. IX, p. 759 PERVERSIONE. — It is the action or effect of perverting, that is, of corrupting or inducing someone to do what is improper. In general, the term denotes…
Pesarini, SantiVol. IX, p. 759 PESARINI, SANTI. - Historian and archaeologist, born at S. Piero in Bagno on January 8, 1853, died in Rome on March 10, 1922. He was a profound connoisseur of…
Pesaro, Diocese of(PESARO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 759 PESARO, DIOCESI di. — Capital of the province of the same name and a suffragan diocese of Urbino. It extends over 287 sq. km., with a population of 77,700, of…
Pescatore (Piscator, Fischer), JohannVol. IX, p. 762 PESCATORE (Piscator, Fischer), JOHANN. — Calvinist theologian, born in Strasbourg on 27 March 1546, died in Herborn on 27 July 1625. After his humanistic…
Pesch, ChristianVol. IX, p. 763 PESCH, CHRISTIAN. — Jesuit, theologian, born in Mühlheim (Cologne) on 25 May 1853, died in Valkenburg (Netherlands) on 26 April 1925. Having entered the…
Pesch, HeinrichVol. IX, p. 764 PESCH, HEINRICH. — Jesuit, writer on social policy and national economics, b. in Cologne on 17 September 1854, d. at Valkenburg on 1 April 1926. He entered the…
Pesch, TillmannVol. IX, p. 764 PESCH, TILLMANN. – Jesuit, brother of the preceding, philosopher, born in Cologne on 1 February 1836, died at Valkenburg on 18 October 1899. He entered the…
Pescia, Diocese of(PESCIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 764 PESCIA, DIOCESI of. - Diocese and city in the province of Pistoia in Tuscany. It has an area of approx. 143 sq. km with a population of 87,441 inhabitants, of…
Pesellino, Francesco di Stefano detto IlVol. IX, p. 765 PESELLINO, FRANCESCO DI STEFANO detto il — Painter, b. in Florence ca. 1422, d. there in 1457. The lack of securely attributable works makes it impossible to…
Peshitta, Biblical Version(PESHITTA, VERSIONE BIBLICA)Vol. IX, p. 766 PESHITTA, VERSIONE BIBLICA: V. SIRIACHE, VERSIONI DELLA BIBLIA.
Pesqueira, Diocese of(PESQUEIRA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 766 PESQUEIRA, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. It has an area of 35,000 sq km and a population of 392,887 inhabitants, of whom…
Pessimism(PESSIMISMO)Vol. IX, p. 766 PESSIMISM. - It is the conception that opposes optimism (v.) insofar as it asserts the predominance of evil (v.) over good (v.): thus neither does optimism…
Pestalozzi, Johann HeinrichVol. IX, p. 768 PESTALOZZI, JOHANN HEINRICH. – Educationalist and one of the pioneers of modern education, born in Zurich on 12 January 1746 to a family originally from…
Petau (Petavius), DenysVol. IX, p. 771 PETAU (Petavius), DENYS. – Jesuit, theologian and patrologist, born at Orléans on 21 August 1583, died in Paris on 11 December 1652. At the age of sixteen he…
Peter (Almadura) of Bergamo(PIETRO (ALMADURA) DA BERGAMO)Vol. IX, p. 866 PIETRO (ALMADURA) da BERGAMO. - Dominican theologian and writer, born at Bergamo at the beginning of the fifteenth century, died at Piacenza on 15 October…
Peter (Cambiani) of Ruffia, Blessed(PIETRO (CAMBIANI) DI RUFFIA, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 877 PIETRO (CAMBIANI) di RUFFIA, blessed. — Dominican preacher, born at Ruffia (Cuneo) at the beginning of the fourteenth century, martyred at Susa on 2 February…
Peter and Marcellinus, Saints, Martyrs(PIETRO E MARCELLINO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. IX, p. 882 PIETRO and MARCELLINO, saints, martyrs: v. MARCELLINO e PIETRO, santi, martiri.
Peter Bernardino(PIETRO BERNARDINO)Vol. IX, p. 866 PIETRO BERNARDINO. – A follower of Savonarola, born in Florence in 1473, died in Mirandola in 1502. A man of humble condition, uneducated but shrewd, through…
Peter Canisius(PIETRO CANISIO)Vol. IX, p. 880 PIETRO CANISIO, saint, Doctor of the Church. — Born at Nijmegen (the Netherlands) on 8 May 1521, died at Freiburg on 21 December 1597. The son of the…
Peter Cantor(PIETRO CANTORE)Vol. IX, p. 867 PIETRO CANTORE. — Theologian and preacher, b. in the first half of the 12th century, d. at Longpont on 22 September 1197. A master in Paris from 1171 and…
Peter Chrysologus, Saint(PIETRO CRISOLOGO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 869 PIETRO CRISOLOGO, saint. — Bishop of Ravenna from about 425 to 451. Doctor of the Church. I. LIFE. — Agnellus (Liber Pontif. Ecclesiae Ravennatis, col. 49, ed.…
Peter Claver, Saint(PIETRO CLAVER, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 881 PIETRO CLAVER, saint. – Jesuit missionary, called the “Apostle of the Negroes,” born at Verdú (Cartagena) in June 1580, died at Cartagena (Colombia) on 8…
Peter Comestor(PIETRO COMESTORE)Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO COMESTORE. — Theologian, so called perhaps because of the ardor with which he read books, born probably at Troyes (Champagne) in the first half of the…
Peter Damian, Saint(PIER DAMIANI, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 833 PIER DAMIANI, saint. — Doctor of the Church, born at Ravenna in 1007, died at Faenza on 23 February 1072. After a troubled childhood (v. the sad episodes…
Peter Fourier, Saint(PIETRO FOURIER, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 881 PIETRO FOURIER, saint. — Canon regular, parish priest, founder of the Canonesses Regular of Our Lady, reformer of canonical life, born at Mirecourt in the…
Peter Fullo, Monophysite Patriarch of Antioch(PIETRO FULLONE, PATRIARCA MONOFISITA DI ANTIOCHIA)Vol. IX, p. 882 PIETRO FULLONE, Monophysite patriarch of ANTIOCHIA. - The date and place of his birth are unknown; he died at Antiochia in 490. Having become a priest, he…
Peter Geremia of Palermo, Blessed(PIETRO GEREMIA DA PALERMO, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 882 PIETRO GEREMIA da PALERMO, blessed. - Dominican preacher and reformer, b. at Palermo, of the noble Geremia (or De Jeremiis) family, on 1 Aug. 1381, d. there on…
Peter Gonzalez, Blessed(PIETRO GONZALEZ, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 882 PIETRO GONZALEZ, blessed. - Spanish Dominican, popularly called s. Elmo or s. Telmo, born at Fromista (Palencia) toward the end of the 12th century, died at…
Peter Igneus(PIETRO IGNEO)Vol. IX, p. 871 PIETRO IGNEO, blessed - The Blessed passes unharmed through the flames. Sculpture by Benedetto da Rovezzano (15th cent.) - Florence, National Museum. With…
Peter Igneus, Blessed(PIETRO IGNEO, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 871 PIETRO IGNEO, blessed. — Of Florentine origin, born at the beginning of the 11th century. He entered the Order of Vallombrosa during the lifetime of its holy…
Peter III, Patriarch of Antioch(PIETRO III, PATRIARCA DI ANTIOCHIA)Vol. IX, p. 844 PIETRO III, patriarch of ANTIOCHIA. — Born c. 982 at Antiochia, died there in September 1056; he pursued his studies at Costantinopoli from 1009 onward and…
Peter Lombard(PIETRO LOMBARDO)Vol. IX, p. 871 PIETRO LOMBARDO. – Theologian and bishop, known as the Master of the Sentences, born in Novara at the end of the 11th century, died in Paris on 21 (or 22) July…
Peter Martyr d'Anghiera(PIETRO MARTIRE D'ANGHIERA)Vol. IX, p. 882 PIETRO MARTIRE d'ANGHIERA. — Historian and geographer, b. at Arona to a modest family in 1459, he came to Rome while not yet twenty, where he served Cardinals…
Peter Mongo(PIETRO MONGO)Vol. IX, p. 883 PIETRO MONGO. – Monophysite Patriarch of Alexandria, born at the beginning of the 5th century, died on 29 October 489. He was probably a deacon of Dioscorus of…
Peter Monoculus, Blessed(PIETRO MONOCOLO, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 875 PIETRO MONOCOLO, blessed. — A Cistercian, related to Philip II, king of France, born at the castle of Marlac near Cluny, died at Poigny on 29 Oct. 1186. A monk…
Peter Nolasco, Saint(PIETRO NOLASCO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 883 PIETRO NOLASCO, saint. — Born in southern France in the last quarter of the twelfth century; while still young, he moved around 1213 to Spain, largely…
Peter of Abano(PIETRO D'ABANO)Vol. IX, p. 842 PIETRO d'ABANO. - Physician and philosopher, b. at Abano (Padova) in 1257, d. at Padova ca. 1315. Having completed his first studies at Padova, after many…
Peter of Ailly(PIETRO D'AILLY)Vol. IX, p. 842 PIETRO d'AILLY: v. AILLY, PIERRE d'.
Peter of Alcantara, Saint(PIETRO D'ALCANTARA, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 842 PIETRO d'ALCANTARA, saint. — Franciscan, promoter of a reform within the Order. I. LIFE. – Born at Alcantara (Extremadura) in 1499, died at Arenas (diocese of…
Peter of Alexandria, Martyr(PIETRO D'ALESSANDRIA, MARTIRE)Vol. IX, p. 843 PIETRO D'ALESSANDRIA, martyr. — Head of the catechetical school of Alexandria, he became bishop of this city in 300. His flight during the persecution of…
Peter of Alfonso(PIETRO D'ALFONSO)Vol. IX, p. 843 PIETRO D'ALFONSO. – Jewish physician (Mosè Sephardi), born at Huesca (Aragon) in 1062, converted at the age of 44, died ca. 1110. A profound student of the…
Peter of Anagni, Saint(PIETRO DI ANAGNI, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 844 PIETRO of ANAGNI, saint. — Of the princes of Salerno, d. 3 Aug. 1105. Having become a monk in his native city, he was summoned to the papal Court for various…
Peter of Ancarano(PIETRO D'ANCAMANO)Vol. IX, p. 844 PIETRO d'ANCAMANO. — Canonist glossator, born between 1330 and 1333 at Ancarano, died in Bologna on 13 May 1416. A disciple of Baldo degli Ubaldi, he was a…
Peter of Aquila (Scotellus, of Tonnaparte)(PIETRO DELL'AQUILA (SCOTELLUS, DI TONNAPARTE))Vol. IX, p. 866 PIETRO dell'AQUILA (Scotellus, di TONNAPARTE). — Scotist theologian, born at Aquila around 1300, died at Trivento in November 1361. He studied in Paris and…
Peter of Auvergne(PIETRO D'ALVERNIA)Vol. IX, p. 843 PIETRO D'ALVERNIA. — A disciple of s. Thomas in Paris, he was initially a master in the Faculty of Arts; he then studied theology under Enrico di Gand (v.) and…
Peter of Blois (Petrus Blesensis)(PIETRO DI BLOIS (PETRUS BLESENSIS))Vol. IX, p. 866 PIETRO di BLOIS (Petrus Blesensis). — Theologian and humanist, born at Blois ca. 1135, died after 1204. He studied letters at Chartres and Tours, philosophy at…
Peter of Bosco(PIETRO DE BOSCO)Vol. IX, p. 867 PIETRO de BOSCO: v. DUBOIS, PIERRE.
Peter of Bruys(PIETRO DE BRUYS)Vol. IX, p. 867 PIETRO de BRUYS: v. BRUYS, PIETRO di.
Peter of Capua(PIETRO DI CAPUA)Vol. IX, p. 867 PIETRO di CAPUA. — Cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata in 1192, then priest of S. Marcello in 1201. In 1192 he was entrusted with a mission to Poland,…
Peter of Casa (De Caesis, De Casis, Des-Maisons)(PIETRO DI CASA (DE CAESIS, DE CASIS, DES-MAISONS))Vol. IX, p. 867 PIETRO di CASA (de Caesis, de Casis, DES-MAISONS). - Patriarch of Jerusalem, born at Limoges in the second half of the 13th century, died at Entrechaux in…
Peter of Castelnau, Blessed(PIETRO DI CASTELNAU, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO di CASTELNAU, blessed See: CASTELNAU, PIERRE.
Peter of Celle (Petrus Caeliensis)(PIETRO DELLE CELLE (PETRUS CELIENSIS))Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO delle CELLE (Petrus Celiensis). — Benedictine, writer on spirituality, born in Champagne around 1115, died at Chartres on 20 February 1183. He was…
Peter of Corbara(PIETRO DI CORBARA)Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO di CORBARA: v. RAINALLUCCI PIETRO DI CORVARO.
Peter of Corbeil (de Corbolio)(PIETRO DI CORBEIL (DE CORBOLIO))Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO di CORBEIL (DE CORBOLIO). — Canon of the church of Paris and master of theology in 1198; bishop of Cambrai in 1199 and of Sens in 1200. In 1210 he held…
Peter of Cordova(PIETRO DA CORDOVA)Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO da CORDOVA. — Born circa 1482 in Cordova, he studied at Salamanca, where he entered the Dominican Order. With the first members of his Order, in…
Peter of Cortona (Berrettini, P.)(PIETRO DA CORTONA (BERRETTINI P.))Vol. IX, p. 868 PIETRO da CORTONA (BERRETTINI P.). — Born in Cortona on 1 November 1596, died in Rome on 16 May 1669; he was a painter and architect. He pursued his initial…
Peter of Eboli(PIETRO DA EBOLI)Vol. IX, p. 870 PIETRO da EBOLI. - Poet of the second half of the 12th century. He is the author of a trilogy in verse modelled on Virgil and Ovid, in which a…
Peter of Ghent(PIETRO DI GAND)Vol. IX, p. 870 PETER of GAND. — Missionary, b. c. 1480 near Ghent, d. in Mexico on 20 Apr. 1572. Of the van der Mure family, he was related to Charles V (perhaps his natural…
Peter of Honestis (de Honestis), called the Sinner(PIETRO DEGLI ONESTI (DE HONESTIS), DETTO PECCATORE)Vol. IX, p. 876 PIETRO degli Onesti (de Honestis), called PECCATORE. — Founder and first prior of the Canons Regular of S. Maria in Porto at Ravenna. Few but reliable details…
Peter of Ibernia(PIETRO D'IBERNIA)Vol. IX, p. 871 PIETRO D'IBERNIA. — Master of s. Tommaso in the Faculty of Arts of the Studium Generale of Naples (1239). The cod. Vat. lat. 5988 contains by him a commentary…
Peter of Luna(PIETRO DE LUNA)Vol. IX, p. 872 PIETRO de LUNA: V. BENEDETTO XIII, ANTIPAPA.
Peter of Luxembourg, Blessed(PIETRO DI LUSSEMBURGO, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 872 PIETRO di LUSSEMBURGO, blessed. – Cardinal, born in Ligny-en-Barrois (Meuse department) on 20 July 1369, died in Villeneuve-les-Avignon on 2 July 1387. Canon…
Peter of Monte(PIETRO DE MONTE)Vol. IX, p. 875 PIETRO de MONTE. – Canonist, born in Venice in 1433, died in Rome on 12 January 1457. He was a student at the Collège de Navarre in Paris and became magister…
Peter of Morrone(PIETRO DI MORRONE)Vol. IX, p. 875 PIETRO di MORRONE: v. CELESTINO v. PAPA.
Peter of Mâcon (Petrus Mallii or Manlii)(PIETRO DI MALLO (PETRUS MALLII O MANLII))Vol. IX, p. 875 PIETRO di MALLO (Petrus Mallii or Manlii). — He is known as a presbyter attached to the liturgical offices of the Basilica of St Peter in the Vatican during…
Peter of Olaf (Petrus Olai)(PIETRO DI OLAF (PETRUS OLAI))Vol. IX, p. 875 PIETRO di OLAF (Petrus Olai). – Confessor of s. Brigida, a Cistercian in the convent of Alvastra (v.) and therefore also called P. d'Alvastra, d. at Vadstena…
Peter of Poitiers (Petrus Pictaviensis)(PIETRO DI POITIERS (PETRUS PICTAVIENSIS))Vol. IX, p. 876 PIETRO di POITIERS (Petrus Pictaviensis). – Theologian, b. in the first half of the 12th century, d. in Paris in 1205. A disciple of Pietro Lombardo, in 1169…
Peter of Rosenheim(PIETRO DI ROSENHEIM)Vol. IX, p. 877 PIETRO di ROSENHEIM. — Benedictine monastic reformer, preacher, and poet, born ca. 1380 at Wiechs near Rosenheim (and therefore also called Petrus Vix), died…
Peter of San Gemini(PIETRO DI SAN GEMINIANO)Vol. IX, p. 878 PIETRO di SAN GEMINIANO : v. MAROCCO.
Peter of Tarentaise, Blessed(PIETRO DI TARANTASIA, BEATO)Vol. IX, p. 879 BLESSED PIETRO di TARANTASIA: v. INNOCENT V, POPE.
Peter of the Marsh (Petrus a Palude)(PIETRO DELLA PALUDE (PETRUS A PALUDE))Vol. IX, p. 875 PIETRO della PALUDE (Petrus a Palude). — Dominican theologian, born at Varambon (Ain) around 1277, died in Paris on 31 January 1342. A religious in Lyon, he…
Peter of Thury(PIETRO DI THURY)Vol. IX, p. 879 PIETRO di THURY. — Cardinal, born in Burgundy in the second half of the 14th century, died probably around 9 December 1410. Doctor in utroque. He was custodian…
Peter of Verona, Saint(PIETRO DA VERONA, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 879 PIETRO da VERONA, santo. — Dominican martyr, born at Verona at the beginning of the 13th century, died in the thicket of Farga (Seveso, Milan) on 6 April 1252.…
Peter Orseolo, Saint(PIETRO ORSEOLO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 883 PIETRO ORSEOLO, saint. — Born around 928 into a noble Venetian family. He took part in the expedition of 978 against the Narentani, who infested the shores of…
Peter Regalato, Saint(PIETRO REGALATO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 883 PIETRO REGALATO, saint. - Born at Valladolid in 1390, of a distinguished family; died in the convent of Aguilera on 13 May 1458. He entered the Franciscan…
Peter Sabinus(PIETRO SABINO)Vol. IX, p. 883 PIETRO SABINO. - Humanist, pupil and colleague of Pomponio Leto (1429–98), he taught Greek and Latin letters at the Archiginnasio Romano, as is shown by the…
Peter Siculus (Siculo)(PIETRO SIKELIOTES (SICULO))Vol. IX, p. 878 PIETRO SIKELIOTES (SICULO). — He is credited with a history of the Manichaeans or Paulicians (PG 104, 1240–1349); he is a much-discussed figure, and even his…
Peter the Apostle(PIETRO APOSTOLO)Vol. IX, p. 866 Nicolo (De rebus antiquis memorab. basil. S. Petri, in Acta SS. Iunii, VI, 2, p. 70), at the place where the small Bramante chapel near S. P. in Montorio was…
Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia(PIETRO IL GRANDE, ZAR DI RUSSIA)Vol. IX, p. 877 PIETRO the Great, tsar of RUSSIA. — Born on 30 May 1672. His education was left to chance. From his earliest youth, passionate about military exercises, he…
Peter the Hermit(PIETRO L'EREMITA)Vol. IX, p. 870 PIETRO L'EREMITA. – Born c. 1050 in the diocese of Amiens, died at Neufmoutier (diocese of Liège) on 8 July 1115. He is the best-known among the popular…
Peter the Iberian(PIETRO IBERO)Vol. IX, p. 871 PIETRO IBERO. - Monophysite bishop of Maiuma, b. in Georgia in 409, d. at Jamnia on 1 Dec. 448. In 421-22 P. was already at the Byzantine court. According to…
Peter the Painter (Petrus Pictor)(PIETRO PITTORE (PETRUS PICTOR))Vol. IX, p. 876 PIETRO PITTORE (Petrus Pictor). - Poet and theologian, of whom detailed biographical information is lacking. He lived between the end of the 11th century and…
Peter the Venerable(PIETRO IL VENERABILE)Vol. IX, p. 879 PIETRO il VENERABILE. – Abbot of Cluny and theologian, b. in Auvergne ca. 1094, d. at Cluny on 25 Dec. 1156. A monk at Sauxilanges (1109), «scholasticus» and…
Peter Thomas (Peter of Thomas), Saint(PIETRO TOMMASO (PIETRO DI THOMAS), SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 884 PIETRO TOMMASO (PIETRO DI THOMAS), saint. – Carmelite, born at Le Breil (Périgord, France) around 1305, died at Famagusta (Cyprus) on 6 January 1366. Master of…
Peter's Pence (Denaro di S. Pietro)(OBOLO DI SAN PIETRO (DENARO DI S. PIETRO))Vol. IX, p. 46 OBOLO DI SAN PIETRO (DENARO DI S. PIETRO). — In the Middle Ages, denaro di S. Pietro meant the annual canon paid to the Holy See by States and Lordships that…
Peter, Apostle(PIETRO, APOSTOLO)Vol. IX, p. 853 St. PETER, Apostle – The niche of the Pallia; above, the gate of Innocent III; in the background, the mosaic of the Savior (9th century); on the sides, Sts.…
Peter, Apostle, Saint(PIETRO, APOSTOLO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 844 PIETRO, APOSTLE, saint. — First of the Apostles, constituted by Jesus as head of His Church. SUMMARY: I. Life. — II. St. P. in Rome. — III. Martyrdom. — IV.…
Peter, Archbishop of Tarentaise, Saint(PIETRO, ARCIVESCOVO DI TARANTASIA, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 878 PIETRO, Archbishop of TARANTASIA, saint. — He was one of the most illustrious saints of the 12th century for his miracles and social influence, born in 1102 at…
Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Saint(PIETRO, VESCOVO DI SEBASTE, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 878 PIETRO, bishop of SEBASTE, saint. — Brother of St. Basil the Great and of St. Gregory of Nyssa, born before 349. Educated by his sister Macrina in a rigorous…
Peter, Deacon, Saint(PIETRO, DIACONO, SANTO)Vol. IX, p. 870 PIETRO, DIACONO, saint. - A Roman deacon in the time of s. Gregorio Magno, he died in 606. Still young, after distributing his entire patrimony to the poor, he…
Peter, Saint, Martyr(PIETRO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. IX, p. 842 PIETRO, saint, martyr: v. MARCELLINO e PIETRO, santi, martiri.
Peterborough, Diocese of(PETERBOROUGH, DIOCESI DI)Vol. IX, p. 772 PETERBOROUGH, DIOCESE of. – In the province of Ontario, Canada. Pius IX founded the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Canada on 3 February 1874 with the bull…
Peters, GerlachVol. IX, p. 772 PETERS, GERLACH. - One of the most notable authors of the « Devotio moderna »; born at Deventer in 1378, he entered as a regular canon of St Augustine at…
Peters, NorbertVol. IX, p. 772 PETERS, NORBERT. - Exegete, born at Allendorf (Westphalia) on 5 Aug. 1863, died at Paderborn on 20 Jan. 1938. Ordained priest in 1887, after special studies in…
Petersson, Lars (Petri Laurentius)Vol. IX, p. 772 PETERSSON, LARS (PETRI LAURENTIUS). - First Lutheran archbishop of Sweden, born at Örebro in 1499, died at Uppsala on 26 Oct. 1573. He studied with his elder…
Petersson, Olaf (Petri Olaus)Vol. IX, p. 772 PETERSSON, OLAF (PETRI OLAUS). - The principal initiator of the Lutheran Reformation in Sweden, brother of the preceding, b. at Örebro in 1493, d. at Stockholm…
