Goa, Archdiocese of(GOA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 535 GOA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — It is situated on the western coast of the Indian Peninsula. The diocese of G. and Damão, in addition to the Portuguese territory of the…
Goar, JacquesVol. VI, p. 536 GOAR, JACQUES. - Orientalist of the Order of Preachers, born in Parigi in 1601, died on 23 Sept. 1653. Ordained a priest, he devoted himself to the study of…
Goazmoal, GuillaumeVol. VI, p. 536 GOAZMOAL, GUILLAUME: v. ACOSTINO della VERGINE MARIA.
Gobat, GeorgesVol. VI, p. 536 GOBAT, GEORGES. – Jesuit and moral theologian, born at Charmoille (Basel) on 1 August 1600, died at Constance on 23 March 1679. He entered the Society of Jesus…
Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur, Count of(GOBINEAU, JOSEPH-ARTHUR, CONTE DI)Vol. VI, p. 537 GOBINEAU, JOSEPH-ARTHUR, count. — Born at Ville d'Avray on 14 July 1816, died at Turin on 13 October 1882. A diplomat in many European and extra-European…
Goblet D'alviella, EugèneVol. VI, p. 537 GOBLET D'ALVIELLA, EUGÈNE. – Belgian politician, active in the Liberal Party with an anticlerical orientation, and historian of religions, born in Brussels in…
Goch (Capupper), Johannes Puppper Da(GOCH (CAPUPPER), JOHANNES PUPPER DA)Vol. VI, p. 538 GOCH (CAPUPPER), JOHANNES PUPPER da. - Moral-ascetical writer, born at the beginning of the 15th century at Goch (Lower Rhine). For many years he directed the…
God(DIO)Vol. IV, p. 934 GOD. - According to common understanding, God is the supreme Being, infinite, eternal, absolute, the intelligent and free cause of all reality. CONTENTS: I. In…
God Be Blessed(DIO SIA BENEDETTO)Vol. IV, p. 971 «GOD BE BLESSED». — A formula of praise to God, Jesus Christ, the Virgin, and s. Giuseppe, customarily recited or sung after Benediction with the Blessed…
Godeau, AntoineVol. VI, p. 538 GODEAU, ANTOINE. – French prelate and man of letters, b. at Dreux in 1605, d. at Vence in 1672. He frequented the Hôtel de Rambouillet and the literary…
Godefroy (Gotofredo), Denis, known as the Elder(GODEFROY (GOTOFREDO), DENIS, DETTO IL VECCHIO)Vol. VI, p. 538 GODEFROY (GOTOFREDO), DENIS, called the ELDER. - Jurist, b. in Paris on 17 Oct. 1549, d. in Strasbourg on 17 Sept. 1621 or 1622. He studied at Louvain,…
Godefroy (Gotofredo), JacquesVol. VI, p. 538 GODEFROY (GOTOFREDO), JACQUES. — Jurist, son of Denis, born in Geneva on 13 October 1578, died there on 22 June 1652. He held various public offices and was…
Godescalcus of Limburg(GODESCALCO DI LIMBURG)Vol. VI, p. 538 GODESCALCO di LIMBURG. – German poet and theologian, b. between 1010 and 1020, d. 24 November 1098. He was a Benedictine in the monastery of Limburg on Mount…
Godescalcus of Orbaix(GODESCALCO D'ORBAIS)Vol. VI, p. 538 GODESCALCO d'ORBAIS. — Protagonist of the predestinarian controversy in the 9th century, b. in Saxony around 801, d. between 867 and 870, or perhaps a few…
Godin, Guillaume-PierreVol. VI, p. 539 GODIN, GUILLAUME-PIERRE. – Dominican cardinal, born at Bayonne around 1260, died at Avignon on 4 June 1356. A religious in his native city, he studied at…
Godolia (Hebrew Gédhaljâh[â] « Greatness of Jahweh »)(GODOLIA (EBR. GÉDHALJÂH[Â] « GRANDEZZA DI JAHWEH »))Vol. VI, p. 539 GODOLIA (Hebr. Gédhaljâh[â] “the greatness of Jahweh”). — A leading figure of the party in favor of an agreement with the Babylonians and the first governor of…
Godoy, Pedro DeVol. VI, p. 539 GODOY, PEDRO de. — Dominican theologian and bishop, born at Aldeanueva (Spanish Estremadura) at the beginning of the 17th century, died at Sigüenza in 1677. He…
Godparents (in Baptism and Confirmation)(PADRINI (NEL BATTESIMO E NELLA CRESIMA))Vol. IX, p. 334 GODPARENTS (in Baptism and Confirmation). — A G. (patrinus, quasi parvus pater, or sponsor or receptor) is the person who must assist the person being baptized…
Godunov, Boris Fedorovič(GODUNÒV, BORÍS FEDOROVIĆ)Vol. VI, p. 540 GODUNÒV, BORÍS FEDOROVIĆ. - Tsar of all the Russias, descended from a Tartar chieftain, b. probably in 1551 and d. on 13 April 1605. He reigned from 1…
Godwin, WilliamVol. VI, p. 540 GODWIN, WILLIAM. - B. at Wisbeach on 3 March 1756, d. in London on 7 Apr. 1836. A restless spirit, after studying at the “dissenting” College of Hoxton, he was…
Goes, Bento deVol. VI, p. 540 GOES, BENTO de. — Jesuit, missionary, and explorer, born at Villa Franca do Campo, on the island of S. Michele (Azores), died at Suchow (China) on 11 April…
Goes, Damiano diVol. VI, p. 541 GOES, DAMIANO di. – Portuguese historian, born at Alenquer in 1502, died there in 1574. He held diplomatic posts at almost all the European courts and…
Goes, Uco Van DerVol. VI, p. 541 GOES, UCO van der. — Painter, probably born in Ghent in the first half of the 15th century, he is to be regarded as one of the greatest Flemish artists of his…
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang vonVol. VI, p. 541 GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG von. – Poet, born in Frankfurt am Main on 28 August 1749, died in Weimar on 22 March 1832. He owed his early education to the lively…
Goffredo BabioneVol. VI, p. 542 GOFFREDO BABIONE. - Scholasticus of Angers, d. in the first decades of the 12th century. He succeeded Marbodo di Reims in the office of « magister scholarum »…
Goffredo da TraniVol. VI, p. 548 GOFFREDO da TRANI. – Canonist, born in Trani, probably died in April 1245. He taught civil law at Naples and canon law at Bologna. He subsequently became…
Goffredo da ViterboVol. VI, p. 548 GOFFREDO da VITERBO. — Chronicler, born in Viterbo around 1120, perhaps of a Saxon family, he was taken by Lothair to Germany in 1133, where he received a…
Goffredo of Fontaines(GOFFREDO DI FONTAINES)Vol. VI, p. 547 GOFFREDO di FONTAINES. - Secular master at the University of Paris from 1283 to 1296, d. after 1303. He is the author of fifteen Quodlibeta and of Quaestiones…
Goffredo of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis)(GOFFREDO DI POITIERS (GAUFRIDUS PICTAVIENSIS))Vol. VI, p. 548 GOFFREDO di POITIERS (Gaufridus Pictaviensis). — Scholastic theologian, died c. 1225. A pupil of Stefano Langton, he taught at the University of Paris in the…
Goffredo of Saint-Victor(GOFFREDO DI SAN VITTORE)Vol. VI, p. 548 GOFFREDO di SAN VITTORE. – Philosopher, born in the first decades of the 12th century, died in 1194. Detailed biographical information is lacking. He wrote:…
Goffredo of Strasbourg(GOFFREDO DI STRASBURGO)Vol. VI, p. 548 GOFFREDO of STRASBURGO. - The foremost representative of chivalric poetry in Germany, he lived at the end of the twelfth century and died between 1210 and…
Goffredo of Vendôme(GOFFREDO DI VENDÔME)Vol. VI, p. 548 GOFFREDO di VENDÔME. – Benedictine theologian and cardinal, born to a noble family around 1070 at Angers, where he died on 26 March 1132. After attending the…
Goffredo, Count of Bouillon (Bouillon), Duke of Lower Lorraine(GOFFREDO, CONTE DI BUGLIONE (BOUILLON), DUCA DELLA BASSA LORENA)Vol. VI, p. 542 GODFREY OF BOUILLON (BOUILLON), Duke of LOWER LORRAINE. — Son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and of Ida, sister of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine. At…
Gog and Magog(GOG E MAGOG)Vol. VI, p. 548 GOG and MAGOG. — Symbol of the enemies of Israel (Ez. 38–39) and of the Church (Apec. 20:7–10). In cuneiform texts, G., the name of a deity (gaga, gugu: Enūma…
Gogol', Nikolaj Vasil'evič(GOGOL', NIKOLÁJ VASÍL'EVIĆ)Vol. VI, p. 549 GOGOL', NIKOLÁJ VASÍL'EVIĆ. – Russian writer, born in Soročiney on 20 March 1809, died in Moscow on 21 February 1852. His drama rested on a conflict between…
Goiás, Archdiocese of(GOIÁS, ARCIDIÓCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 549 GOIÁS, ARCHDIOCESE of. - Archdiocese and city, capital of the State of the same name in the centre of the Brazilian plateau. It has an area of 227,230 sq. km.,…
Gojim(GÓJIM)Vol. VI, p. 549 GÓJIM. – Hebrew term: the “nations,” the “peoples” (Gen. 10:5, 20; 17:4; etc.), often used in a pejorative sense, since “the nations” are Israel’s enemies,…
Gojoz, Jeanne-BénigneVol. VI, p. 549 GOJOZ, JEANNE-BÉNIGNE. - Mystic, b. at Vieux, near Champagne (Ain), 20 July 1615, d. at Turin, 5 Nov. 1692. At the age of 20 she entered the first monastery of…
GolaVol. VI, p. 550 GOLA. — Capital sin consisting in the disordered appetite for food and drink. It is a vice opposed to the special virtues of abstinence and sobriety, which are…
Gold Coast (Costa d'Oro)(COSTA D'ORO (GOLD COAST))Vol. IV, p. 422 COSTA D'ORO (GOLD COAST). – A British Crown colony, consisting of a coastal strip along the northern edge of the Gulf of Guinea (Costa d’Oro in the strict…
Golden Bull(BULLA AUREA)Vol. III, p. 144 BULLA AUREA. — Also called “carolina” after the name of its author, this is the constitution promulgated by Emperor Carlo IV in 1356 and enacted at the two…
Golden Calf(VITELLO D'ORO)Vol. XII, p. 961 GOLDEN CALF. — A religious symbol which Aaron (v.), at the request of the Israelites, had constructed near Sinai (Ex. 31:14) during the 40 days Moses remained…
Golden Legend(LEGGENDA AUREA)Vol. VII, p. 648 LEGGENDA AUREA : v. GIACOMO DA VARAZZE.
Golden Ratio(NUMERO AUREO)Vol. VIII, p. 1167 NUMERO AUREO: v. CICLO LUNARE.
Golden Rose(ROSA D'ORO)Vol. X, p. 800 ROSA D'ORO. — This is a symbolic gift which the pontiffs customarily send, as a sign of particular esteem and benevolence, only to queens, although in the past…
Goldhagen, HermannVol. VI, p. 550 GOLDHAGEN, HERMANN. – Jesuit, philologist, and exegete, born in Mainz on 14 April 1718, died in Munich on 28 April 1794. He first taught classical literature…
Goldoni, CarloVol. VI, p. 550 GOLDONI, CARLO. — Comic playwright, born in Venice on 26 February 1707, died in Paris on 6 February 1793. His life is so intimately interwoven with his art,…
GoldschmidVol. VI, p. 552 GOLDSCHMID : v. AURIFABER, AEGIDIUS.
Goldsmithing(OREFICERIA)Vol. IX, p. 178 OREFICERIA. — I. PALEOCHRISTIAN GOLDSMITHING. — In the biographies of the popes, the Liber Pontificalis contains lists of precious objects or fittings made of…
Golfieri, GaetanoVol. VI, p. 552 GOLFIERI, GAETANO. - Priest and writer, b. in Bologna on 7 June 1808, d. there in February 1889. He was tutor in the household of Count Giovanni Marchetti and…
Golfo San Lorenzo, Diocese of(GOLFO SAN LORENZO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 552 GOLFO SAN LORENZO, DIOCESI di. - City and diocese of Canada, formerly an apostolic prefecture from 29 May 1882 and an apostolic vicariate on 12 Sept. 1905. The…
Golgi, CamilloVol. VI, p. 552 GOLGI, CAMILLO. - B. at Corteno (Brescia) on 7 July 1844, d. at Pavia on 21 Jan. 1926. A pupil of Bizzozero. He was professor of histology and general…
Golgotha(GOLGOTA)Vol. VI, p. 552 GOLGOTA : v. CALVARIO.
Goliards(GOLIARDI)Vol. VI, p. 553 GOLIARDI. – Name given to those « clerici » who, in the 12th and 13th centuries, drawn to university centres by the fame of one master or another, wandered…
Goliath (Heb. Goljath)(GOLIA (EBR. GOLJATH))Vol. VI, p. 552 GOLIA (Hebr. Goljath). — Philistine hero, defeated and killed by David (I Sam. 17). He was from Geth (v.), but the ending of his name would suggest that he was…
Golubinskij, Evfgenij(GOLUBINSKIJ, EEFGENIJ)Vol. VI, p. 554 GOLUBINSKIJ, EEFGENIJ. - Professor of ecclesiastical history at the Ecclesiastical Academy of Moscow (1834-1912). He was the first to dare to challenge the…
Golubovich, GirolamoVol. VI, p. 554 GOLUBOVICH, GIROLAMO. — Friar Minor, born in Constantinople on 7 February 1865 to a family originating from Ragusa, died in Florence on 9 January 1941. G. is…
Gomar, FrançoisVol. VI, p. 554 GOMAR, FRANÇOIS. – Belgian Protestant theologian, born in Bruges on 30 January 1563, died in Groningen on 11 January 1641. He first studied at Strasbourg and…
GomerVol. VI, p. 555 GOMER. - 1. A people descended from Iapheth according to the table of nations (Gen. 10, 2; cf. I Par. 1, 5). In the Akkadian inscriptions it appears under the…
Gomez da Lisboa(GOMEZ DA LISBONA)Vol. VI, p. 555 GOMEZ da LISBONA. – Conventual Franciscan theologian, d. in 1513. He directed the principal schools of the Order and was professor of philosophy and theology…
Gomidas Cheumurjian(GOMIDAS CHEUMURGIAN)Vol. VI, p. 555 GOMIDAS CHEUMURGIAN: v. COSMA da CARBONIANO.
Gomorrah(GOMORRA)Vol. VI, p. 555 GOMORRA: v. SODOMA E GOMORRA.
GondarVol. VI, p. 556 GONDAR. – City of Ethiopia, chosen as the capital of the kingdom by the negus Fā-siladas (1632–67) and enriched with a splendid royal palace composed of…
Gondi, AntonioVol. VI, p. 556 GONDI, ANTONIO. – Florentine, of the family from which Cardinal de Retz (v.) came, d. 18 September 1591. A man of great piety, friend and benefactor of the…
Gondi, PietroVol. VI, p. 556 GONDI, PIETRO. — Cardinal, born in Lyon in 1532, died in Paris on 17 February 1616. Court chaplain and chancellor of the diocese of Langres, where he was…
Gonet, Jean-BaptisteVol. VI, p. 556 GONET, JEAN-BAPTISTE. – Dominican theologian, born at Béziers around 1616, died there on 24 January 1681. He entered the convent of his city at the age of…
Gonfalon(GONFALONE)Vol. VI, p. 556 GONFALONE. – It derives from the Old German Gundfano, equivalent to Kriegsfalme, that is, war flag. In current usage it has the same meaning as stendardo. Used…
Gonfalon, Archconfraternity of the(GONFALONE, ARCICONFRATERNITA DEL)Vol. VI, p. 557 GONFALONE, ARCICONFRATERNITA of. — This was the name adopted in the fourteenth century by the oldest Roman Confraternity, that of the Raccomandati, which was…
Gonnella, PietroVol. VI, p. 557 GONNELLA, PIETRO. - Minorite poet and ascetical writer, b. at Tortona c. 1300, d. in the 14th century. Learned and pious, a man of letters of merit, he was the…
Gonsalvo Ispano, detto di Vallebona or di Balboa(GONSALVO ISPANO, DETTO DI VALLEBONA O DI BALBOA)Vol. VI, p. 557 GONSALVO ISPANO, known as di Vallebona or di Balboa. - Franciscan theologian, born in Galicia, died in Paris on 13 Apr. 1313. A religious of the province of S.…
Gontranno, King of the Franks, Saint(GONTRANNO, RE FRANCO, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 558 GONTRANNO, Frankish king, saint. - B. about 525, d. 28 March 592. Son of Clotario I, at his father’s death (end of 561), in the partition of the Frankish…
Gonzaga Valenti, LuigiVol. VI, p. 560 GONZAGA VALENTI, LUIGI. - Cardinal, b. at Revere (Mantova) on 15 Oct. 1725, d. at Roma on 29 Dec. 1808. Nephew of Silvio V. G., Secretary of State to Benedetto…
Gonzaga, BonaventuraVol. VI, p. 558 GONZAGA, BONAVENTURA. – Theologian and ascetical writer of the Conventual Friars Minor, born in Reggio Emilia in the first half of the 16th century, died in…
Gonzaga, Family(GONZAGA, FAMIGLIA)Vol. VI, p. 558 GONZAGA, FAMIGLIA. – The asserted Germanic descent of the G. and their supposed kinship with the Ottonians are entirely legendary. As regards their origin, it…
Gonzaga, FrancescoVol. VI, p. 560 GONZAGA, FRANCESCO. – Bishop, venerable, born at Gazzolo (Mantova) on 31 July 1546, died at Mantova on 11 March 1620. Son of the prince and marquis Carlo G.,…
Gonzaga, LuigiVol. VI, p. 560 GONZAGA, LUIGI: v. LUIGI GONZAGA.
González de Mendoza, JuanVol. VI, p. 560 GONZÁLEZ de MENDOZA, JUAN. – Born at Torrecilla de Cameros (Spain) in 1545, around 1563 he entered the Order of the Hermits of S. Augustine in Mexico. Having…
González de Santalla, TirsoVol. VI, p. 561 GONZÁLEZ de SANTALLA, TIRSO. — Moral theologian, a fierce opponent of probabilism and thirteenth Superior General of the Society of Jesus, born at Arganza…
González Téllez, Manuel(GONZÁLEZ TELLEZ, MANUEL)Vol. VI, p. 561 GONZÁLEZ TELLEZ, MANUEL. - Spanish canonist and theologian, of the first half of the 17th century (d. 1640?). A pupil and doctor of the University of…
González y Díaz Tuñón, Zefirino(GONZÁLEZ Y DIAZ TUÑON, ZEFIRINO)Vol. VI, p. 560 GONZÁLEZ y DIAZ TUÑON, ZEFIRINO. - Neo-scholastic philosopher, Dominican, restorer of Thomism in Spain, b. at Villoria (Asturias) on 28 Jan. 1831, d. at Madrid…
González, Francisco JavierVol. VI, p. 560 GONZÁLEZ, FRANCISCO JAVIER. - Ascetical theologian, b. at Siviglia on 3 Dec. 1712, d. there on 29 Feb. 1784. At the age of sixteen he entered the Order of…
Gonçalves, NunoVol. VI, p. 555 GONÇALVES, NUNO. - He is the greatest Portuguese painter of the fifteenth century. Francisco de Olanda proclaimed him one of the greatest masters of all time…
Gonçalvez, GiacomoVol. VI, p. 555 GONÇALVEZ, GIACOMO. – Born in June 1676 in Goa; he became an Oratorian in 1700 and a missionary on the Island of Ceylon in 1705. He soon distinguished himself…
Gonçalvez, Joaquín AlonsoVol. VI, p. 555 GONÇALVEZ, JOAQUÍN ALONSO. - Sinologist, b. at Tojal (Trás-os-Montes, Portugal) on 23 March 1781, d. at Macao on 3 Oct. 1841. Admitted to the Congregation of…
Good(BENE)Vol. II, p. 710 BENE. — The good is the “perfection” of being: it therefore indicates being that has reached its fulfillment (ontological sense), and expresses that by which…
Goodier, AlbanVol. VI, p. 561 GOODIER, ALBAN. - Jesuit, ascetical writer, archbishop of Bombay, b. at Great Harwood (Lancashire) on 14 April 1869, d. at Teignmouth (Devonshire) on 13 March…
Gorakhpur, Apostolic Prefecture of(GORAKHPUR, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VI, p. 561 GORAKHPUR, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE. — It is situated in the United Provinces of northern India. It was erected on 11 July 1946, its territory having been detached…
GorazdVol. VI, p. 562 GORAZD. — Disciple of St. Methodius, b. in 830, d. at Berat (Albania). Ordained a priest in Rome in 868, he went to Moravia, where he collaborated with St.…
Gorce, Pierre de laVol. VI, p. 562 GORCE, PIERRE de la. - French historian, born at Vannes on 29 June 1846, died on 2 Jan. 1934. He studied at the Institut St-Jean in Douai and at the University…
Gorcum, Martyrs of(GORCUM, MARTIRI DI)Vol. VI, p. 565 GORCUM, MARTIRI of - A group of 19 religious and secular priests who fell into the hands of the Calvinists (Sea Beggars) at the capture of the city of G.…
Gordian and Epimachus, Saints, Martyrs(GORDIANO E EPIMACO, SANTI, MARTIRI)Vol. VI, p. 565 GORDIANO e EPIMACO, saints, martyrs. — The information concerning them is scant and uncertain. In the oldest and most reliable sources they do not appear…
Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman Emperor(GORDIANO III (M. ANTONIUS GORDIANUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. VI, p. 565 GORDIANO III (M. Antonius Gordianus), ROMAN EMPEROR. — Born in Rome on 20 December 224 to Giunius Balbus and Mecia Faustina; died in Syria, near Circesium, in…
Gorgias(GORGIA)Vol. VI, p. 565 GORGIA. - General at the court of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (I Mach. 3, 38). In the third campaign against Judas (166 B.C.), Ptolemy held supreme command; G.,…
Gorgias of Leontini(GORGIA DI LENTINI)Vol. VI, p. 565 GORGIA di LENTINI : v. SOFISTI.
Gorgon(GORGONE)Vol. VI, p. 565 GORGONE. - From the Greek Γοργά, Γοργόνη (Lat. Gorgón and Gorgón). A female figure of Greek myth, originally single, later divided into three sisters: Steno,…
Gorgonia, Saint(GORGONIA, SANTA)Vol. VI, p. 566 GORGONIA, saint. — Sister of s. Gregorio Nazianzeno, who commemorated her in a famous funeral eulogy; she died around 370, still young, after her husband and…
Gorgonio, Saint, Martyr(GORGONIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. VI, p. 566 GORGONIO, saint, martyr. — A Roman martyr, he was confused by Adon with his namesake from Nicomedia (Eusebius, Hist. eccl., VIII, 6). He is already…
Gori, Antonio FrancescoVol. VI, p. 566 GORI, ANTONIO FRANCESCO. — Priest, born in Florence on 9 November 1691, died there on 21 January 1757; he published several erudite works on archaeology,…
Gorizia, Archdiocese of(GORIZIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 566 GORIZIA, ARCHDIOCESE of. — In Venezia Giulia. The occupation of Aquileia, which, according to the agreements of 1445, was to remain under the temporal rule of…
Gorze (Gorzia)Vol. VI, p. 567 GORZE (GORZIA). - A city in Lorraine, 20 km. southwest of Metz, with the remains of a 4th-century Roman aqueduct. It was a fortified center of the eponymous…
Gospel(VANGELO (EVANGELO))Vol. XII, p. 630 GOSPEL (EVANGELIUM). — From the Greek εὐαγγέλιον, meaning “good news” or “glad tidings,” this term came to designate the message of redemption and salvation…
Gospel of the Egyptians(EGIZIANI, VANGELO DEGLI)Vol. V, p. 135 EGYPTIANS, GOSPEL OF. – Gnostic apocryphon cited by Origen, Hom. I in Luc. (PG 13, 1081), who notes its heretical character; by Clement of Alexandria, Strom.,…
Gospel of the Nazarenes(NAZAREI, VANGELO DEI)Vol. VIII, p. 1004 NAZARENES, GOSPEL of the. - According to the most common hypothesis, it should be identified with the Gospel according to the Hebrews (v.), which St. Girolamo…
Gothic, Art(GOTICA, ARTE)Vol. VI, p. 570 GOTHIC, ART. - The designation "Gothic," originally applied more properly to ogival architecture but later extended to all the arts of that period, dates back…
Gothic, Script and Miniature(GOTICA, SCRITTURA E MINIATURA)Vol. VI, p. 581 GOTHIC, SCRIPT AND MINIATURE. — Toward the end of the 12th century, in the field of Latin scripts, the Carolingian minuscule was replaced by a script which,…
Gothic, Version of the Bible(GOTICA, VERSIONE DELLA BIBBIA)Vol. VI, p. 584 GOTICA, VERSIONE DELLA BIBBIA. — The Visigoths (v. GOTI), during their numerous raids in Roman territory, also took Catholic priests prisoner, from whom they…
GotiVol. VI, p. 569 GOTI. - Of certainly Scandinavian origin (G., from Gotland, the largest island of Sweden, or from Götaland, southern Sweden), known to the Romans since the…
Gotthard (Godehard), Saint(GOTTARDO (GODEARDO), SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 587 GOTTARDO (GODEARDO), saint. - Benedictine, bishop of Hildesheim, successor of St Bernvard. Born at Reichersdorf (Niederaltaich) in 960; died at Hildesheim on 5…
Gotthelf, JeremiasVol. VI, p. 587 GOTTHELF, JEREMIAS. - Pseudonym of Albert Bitzius. Swiss novelist, b. at Murten (Fribourg) on 4 Oct. 1797, d. at Lützelflüh (Bern) on 22 Oct. 1854. A…
Gotti (Antonio), Girolamo MariaVol. VI, p. 587 GOTTI (ANTONIO), GIROLAMO MARIA. - Cardinal, b. at Genoa on 30 March 1834, d. at Rome on 19 March 1916. He entered the Order of Discalced Carmelites at a very…
Gotti, Vincenzo LudovicoVol. VI, p. 587 GOTTI, VINCENZO LUDOVICO. — Dominican theologian and cardinal, b. in Bologna on 5 September 1664, d. in Rome on 18 September 1742. He entered religious life in…
Goudimel, ClaudeVol. VI, p. 588 GOUDIMEL, CLAUDE. – Musician, born in Besançon around 1508, died in Lyon on 27 August 1572, killed in the massacre that followed the night of St Bartholomew. A…
Goudin, AntoineVol. VI, p. 588 GOUDIN, AN- TOINE. – Dominican philosopher and theologian, born at Limoges around 1639, died there on 25 October 1695. He began his brilliant teaching career…
Gougaud, LouisVol. VI, p. 588 GOUGAUD, LOUIS. — Benedictine historian, born on 14 June 1877 in Malestroit (Morbihan), died at the abbey of Farnborough on 24 March 1941. Having entered the…
Goulburn, Diocese of(GOULBOURN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 589 GOULBOURN, DIOCESI di: v. CANBERRA-GOULBOURN, DIOCESI di.
Gounod, CharlesVol. VI, p. 589 GOUNOD, CHARLES. – Musician, born in Paris on 17 June 1818, died at St-Cloud on 17 October 1893. Of precocious talent, he studied music, literature, and…
Gournay, Marie de Jars deVol. VI, p. 589 GOURNAY, MARIE DE JARS de. - French woman of letters, b. in Paris on 6 Oct. 1565, d. there on 13 July 1645. She taught herself Latin and Greek and, while still…
Gousset, Thomas-Marie-JosephVol. VI, p. 589 GOUSSET, THOMAS-MARIE-JOSEPH. — Cardinal, born at Montigny-les-Cherbien on 1 May 1792, died at Reims on 22 December 1866. Ordained a priest, he was professor…
Gouvea, Alexander deVol. VI, p. 590 GOUVEA, ALEXANDER de. - Of the Regular Third Order of S. Francesco, bishop of Peking, b. 2 Aug. 1751 at Evora (Portugal), d. 6 July 1808. He professed…
Government(GOVERNO)Vol. VI, p. 590 GOVERNMENT. — The term does not have a single, univocal meaning, encompassing different though connected concepts, which it will be useful to discuss…
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco JoséVol. VI, p. 593 GOYA Y LUCIENTES, FRANCISCO JOSÉ. – Spanish painter, b. at Fuendetodos near Saragossa on 30 March 1746 and d. at Bordeaux on 16 April 1828. He was a pupil in…
Goyau, GeorgesVol. VI, p. 592 GOYAU, GEORGES. — Historian, born at Orléans on 31 May 1869, died at Bernay (Eure) on 25 October 1939. Member of the Académie française from 1922; from that…
GozechinoVol. VI, p. 594 GOZECHINO. – Scholastic of Liège, died ca. 1059. He wrote a long Epistola ad Valcherum (PL 143, 885–909), to clear himself, together with his former disciple,…
GozoVol. VI, p. 594 GOZO. – Island, city, and diocese in the Maltese islands. It has an area of 84 sq. km. and a population of 29,787, all Catholics; 14 parishes, with 144…
Gozzano, GuidoVol. VI, p. 594 GOZZANO, GUIDO. – Poet, born at Agliè Canavese on 19 December 1883, died there on 9 August 1916. Having graduated in law, he did not practice as an advocate,…
Gozzi, CarloVol. VI, p. 595 GOZZI, CARLO. – Writer, born in Venice on 13 December 1720, died there on 4 April 1806. The younger brother of Gasparo, he is remembered for Marfisa bizzarra,…
Gozzi, GasparoVol. VI, p. 595 GOZZI, GASPARO. - B. in Venezia on 4 Dec. 1713, d. in Padova on 25 Dec. 1786. A writer of classical refinement, of a classicism rich in human irony, even if…
Gozzoli, BenozzoVol. VI, p. 595 GOZZOLI, BENOZZO. – Painter, born in Florence ca. 1420, died in Pistoia on 4 October 1497. His true name was Benozzo di Lese di Sandro, and the surname G.…
Grabe, Johann ErnstVol. VI, p. 596 GRABE, JOHANN ERNST. - Patrologist, Protestant, b. at Königsberg in 1666, d. at Oxford in 1711. He taught at the University of Königsberg from 1685. The…
Grabmann, MartinVol. VI, p. 596 GRABMANN, MARTIN. — Historian of theology, born at Winterzhofen (Bavaria) on 5 January 1875, died on 9 January 1949 at Eichstätt, where he had definitively…
Grace(GRAZIA)Vol. VI, p. 618 GRAZIA. – It derives from the Greek root χvarphi (cf. Latin gratus), which conveys the sense of enjoyment and delight and gave rise to the word χvarphivarphiς…
Graces(GRAZIE)Vol. VI, p. 623 GRAZIE: V. INDULTO; PRIVILEGIO; RESCRITTO.
Graces(GRAZIE)Vol. VI, p. 623 GRAZIE. - Dal lat. Gratiae, gr. χάριτες, sono d'e simbolo della bellezza, donatrici di gioia e in genere di quanto allieta la vita. Esiodo (Theog., 907) le fa…
Gracián y Morales, BaltasarVol. VI, p. 597 GRACIÁN Y MORALES, BALTASAR. – Jesuit and Spanish writer, b. at Belmonte on 8 January 1601, d. at Tarazona on 6 December 1658. He entered the Society of Jesus…
Gradenwitz, OttoVol. VI, p. 597 GRADENWITZ, OTTO. - Jurist, born at Breslavia on 16 May 1860, died at Heidelberg on 7 July 1935. He was professor of Roman law, first extraordinary professor…
Gradisca, Diocese of(GRADISCA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 597 GRADISCA, DIOCESI di: v. GORIZIA, DIOCESI di.
GradoVol. VI, p. 597 GRADO. — The ancient name of G. is Gradus, the first port of call for ships bound for Aquileia along the Natisone (like Gradus Arnensis = S. Pietro a Grado…
Gradual(GRADUALE)Vol. VI, p. 598 GRADUALE. – I. THE BOOK. – The present Liber gradualis, an excerpt from which, later combined with parts of the Antiphonary, constitutes the very widespread…
Gradual, Psalms(GRADUALI, SALMI)Vol. VI, p. 599 GRADUAL PSALMS. - Fifteen Psalms (119–33 according to the Vulgate; 120–34 according to the Hebrew) forming a short collection of their own, inserted into the…
Graf, ArturoVol. VI, p. 600 GRAF, ARTURO. — Man of letters and poet, born in Athens on 19 January 1848, died in Turin on 30 May 1913. The son of a German father and an Italian mother, he…
Graffiiis, Giacomo De(GRAFFIIS, GIACOMO DE)Vol. VI, p. 600 GRAFFIIS, GIACOMO de. - Moral theologian, b. at Capua in 1548, d. there on 19 Oct. 1620. He entered the Benedictine Order at Napoli, where, having taken a…
Graffin, RenéVol. VI, p. 600 GRAFFIN, RENÉ. - Orientalist, b. at Pontvallain (Sarthe, France) on 22 March 1858, d. at Ste-Radegonde-en-Touraine on 3 Jan. 1941, after having given decisive…
GraffitiVol. VI, p. 600 GRAFFITI. - G., as the name indicates, are drawings or writings made with a hard point upon a softer surface, such as wall plaster, terracotta, or even marble…
Grail(GRAL)Vol. VI, p. 602 GRAL. — This is the name of a legendary cup endowed with supernatural powers, in which, according to the Celtic-French saga, Jesus is said to have eaten the…
Grammatica (della Grammatica), Antiveduto(GRAMATICA (DELLA GRAMATICA), ANTIVEDUTO)Vol. VI, p. 602 GRAMATICA (della GRAMATICA), ANTIVEDUTO. - Roman painter, of a family originally from Siena. B. ca. 1577, d. in Rome on 13 Jan. 1626. His early works show him…
Grammont(GRAMONT)Vol. VI, p. 602 GRAMONT. ANTOINE-AGÉNOR-ALFRED de, prince of BIDACHE, duke of GUICHE. - French minister, b. 14 Aug. 1819 in Paris, d. there 18 Jan. 1880. Having allied himself…
Grammont (Grandmont), Gabriel De(GRAMONT (GRANDMONT), GABRIEL DE)Vol. VI, p. 605 GRAMONT (GRANDMONT), GABRIEL de. – Cardinal, died at Balma (Tolosa) on 26 March 1534. Bishop of Conserans (St-Lizier) in 1523, then of Tarbes in 1524; in 1532,…
Gramsci, AntonioVol. VI, p. 605 GRAMSCI, ANTONIO. - Politician and writer, b. at Ales (Cagliari) on Jan. 23, 1891, d. in Rome on Apr. 27, 1937. From 1924 he was secretary of the Italian…
Gran Varadino, Diocese of(GRAN VARADINO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 609 GRAN VARADINO, DIOCESI di: v. ORADEA MARE; SATU MARE.
Gran, Archdiocese of(GRAN, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 605 GRAN, ARCIDIOCESI di: v. STRIGONIA, ARCIDIOCESI di.
Granada, Diocese of(GRANADA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 605 GRANADA, DIOCESE of. - A diocese, with a city of the same name, in Nicaragua, Central America. It has an area of 29,500 sq. km., with 300,000 inhabitants, of…
Grand Island, Diocese of(GRAND ISLAND, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 608 GRAND ISLAND, DIOCESI of. — Diocese in the United States of America, in Nebraska. The diocese was erected on 8 March 1912 with its name and see in Kearney, by…
Grand Master of the Sacred Hospice(GRAN MAESTRO DEL SACRO OSPIZIO)Vol. VI, p. 609 GRAN MAESTRO DEL SACRO OSPIZIO: v. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA.
Grand Rapids, Diocese of(GRAND RAPIDS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 608 GRAND RAPIDS, DIOCESE of. - City in the State of Michigan (United States of America): erected by Leo XIII on 12 May 1882 through the division of the diocese of…
Grande Chartreuse, The(GRANDE CHARTREUSE, LA)Vol. VI, p. 606 GRANDE CHARTREUSE, LA. - I. HISTORY. - In 1084, St. Bruno, together with six companions, among them Landuino, went, at the suggestion of St. Roberto di Molesme…
Granderath, TheodorVol. VI, p. 607 GRANDERATH, THEODOR. - Jesuit, canonist, and historian, b. at Giesenkirche (Rhineland) on 19 June 1839, d. at Valkenburg (Dutch Limburg) on 19 March 1902. He…
Grandi, AchilleVol. VI, p. 607 GRANDI, ACHILLE. - Trade unionist and parliamentarian, b. in Como on Aug. 24, 1883, d. in Desio on Sept. 27, 1946. By profession a printer, as early as 1907 he…
Grandi, ErcoleVol. VI, p. 607 GRANDI, ERCOLE: v. DE ROBERTI, ERCOLE.
Grandi, FrancescoVol. VI, p. 607 GRANDI, FRANCESCO. - Painter, b. in Roma on 21 April 1831, d. there in 1891. A pupil of Lodovico Venuti and of the Accademia di S. Luca, he was among the most…
Grandin, Vital(GRANDIN, VITALE)Vol. VI, p. 608 GRANDIN, VITALE. — Born on 8 February 1829 at St-Pierre-la-Cour, in the diocese of Laval, in 1853 he entered the Oblates of Mary Immaculate; in 1854 he went to…
Grandmaison, Léonce DeVol. VI, p. 608 GRANDMAISON, LÉONCE de. — Jesuit, theologian, and apologist, born at Le Mans on 31 December 1868, died in Paris on 15 June 1927. He entered the Society of…
Granelli, GiovanniVol. VI, p. 608 GRANELLI, GIOVANNI. — Jesuit, man of letters, and orator, born in Genoa on 15 April 1703, died in Modena on 3 March 1770. Not yet a priest, he taught…
Granello, Tommaso MariaVol. VI, p. 609 GRANELLO, TOMMASO MARIA. - Dominican theologian, born in Bologna on 22 Aug. 1840, died in Rome on 24 March 1911. Having received the Dominican habit in Rome…
GrangiaVol. VI, p. 609 GRANGIA. - It is a Benedictine and especially Cistercian organization of persons and economic assets, displaying the characteristics of a large lowland…
Grant, ThomasVol. VI, p. 609 GRANT, THOMAS. - Bishop, born at Ligny-les-Aires (diocese of Arras, France) on 25 Nov. 1816, died in Rome on 1 June 1870. He attended St. Cuthvert's College…
Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot DeVol. VI, p. 609 GRANVELLE, ANTOINE PERRENOT de. – Cardinal, born at Ornans (Franche-Comté) on 20 August 1517, died at Madrid on 21 September 1586. He was the son of Nicola,…
Granzotto, ClaudioVol. VI, p. 609 GRANZOTTO, CLAUDIO. - Franciscan, sculptor, born in S. Lucia di Piave on 23 Aug. 1900, died in Padua in a reputation for holiness on 15 Aug. 1947. A simple…
Graphia Aureae UrbisVol. VI, p. 610 GRAPHIA AUREAE URBIS. — From the sole manuscript that has transmitted it (Laurenziano LXXXIX, inf. 41, 13th century), it appears to be, rather than an organic…
Graphology(GRAFOLOGIA)Vol. VI, p. 601 GRAFOLOGIA. — From γραφή (writing) and λόγος (discourse), it has as its object of study the investigation of any relationships that exist between an…
Grassellini, GaspareVol. VI, p. 610 GRASSELLINI, GASPARE. - Cardinal, b. at Palermo on 19 Jan. 1796, d. at Frascati in 1875. He held various offices in the Curia, where he was, among other…
Grassi, BattistaVol. VI, p. 611 GRASSI, BATTISTA. – Born in Rovellasca on 27 May 1854, died in Rome on 4 May 1925. His research, begun in the field of parasitology, subsequently extended to…
Grassi, Gregorio, Blessed(GRASSI, GREGORIO, BEATO)Vol. VI, p. 611 GRASSI, GREGORIO, blessed. – Observant Friar Minor, bishop and martyr in China, born at Castellazzo Bormida (Alessandria) on 13 Dec. 1833, died at Tai-yuangfu…
Grassi, OrazioVol. VI, p. 611 GRASSI, ORAZIO. - Jesuit, born in Savona ca. 1583, died in Rome on 23 July 1654. He entered the Society at the age of eighteen; he taught mathematics in Genoa…
Gratia, AretinusVol. VI, p. 611 GRATIA, ARETINUS. – Canonist of the 13th century. He taught Roman law at Bologna with the title of Magister decretalium. Innocent III and Honorius III sent him…
Gratian (Flavius Gratianus), Roman Emperor(GRAZIANO (IMP. FLAVIUS GRATIANUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)Vol. VI, p. 623 GRAZIANO (Imp. Flavius Gratianus), ROMAN EMPEROR. — Son of Valentinian I and his first wife Marina, born at Sirmium on 23 May 359, died near Lyon on 25 August…
Gratian of Paris(GRAZIANO DA PARIGI)Vol. VI, p. 623 GRAZIANO da PARIGI. - Capuchin writer of the Parisian province, b. 5 March 1875; he received the habit of the Order on 4 Oct. 1896; d. in Paris on 1 Aug. 1943.…
Gratian of Pisa(GRAZIANO DA PISA)Vol. VI, p. 623 GRAZIANO da PISA. - Cardinal, nephew of Eugenio III (1147–53), who lived in the 12th century under Pope Alessandro III, by whom he was sent in 1169, together…
Gratianus, CardinalisVol. VI, p. 611 GRATIANUS, CARDINALIS. – Canonist of the 12th century, designated in ancient manuscripts by the generic name Cardinalis. Born in Pisa, he taught canon law at…
Gratitude(GRATITUDINE)Vol. VI, p. 611 GRATITUDINE. — I. NOTION. — From the Latin gratindo, it is the virtue that inclines man to acknowledge (with the mind and with words) the benefits received…
Grato, Saint(GRATO, SANTO)Vol. VI, p. 612 GRATO, saint. — Bishop and patron of the diocese of Aosta, greatly venerated in the surrounding Alpine regions, he is identified with the presbyter Gratus who,…
Gratry, AlphonseVol. VI, p. 612 GRATRY, ALPHONSE. — Philosopher, born in Lille on 30 March 1805, died in Montreux on 7 February 1872. Having completed his secondary studies, he entered the…
Grauert, Hermann vonVol. VI, p. 614 GRAUERT, HERMANN von. — German historian, born at Pritzwalk (Brandenburg), into a family originating from Westphalia, on 7 September 1850; died at Munich on 12…
Graun, Karl HeinrichVol. VI, p. 614 GRAUN, KARL HEINRICH. — Musician, born in Wahrenbrück on 7 May 1701, died in Berlin on 8 August 1759. In Dresden he pursued serious and profound studies under…
Gravelbourg, Diocese of(GRAVELBOURG, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 614 GRAVELBOURG, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in Canada, erected on 31 January 1930 by Pope Pius XI with the apostolic constitution Universa Christi fidelium…
Gravina, Diocese of(GRAVINA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 615 GRAVINA, DIOCESI DI. - City and diocese in the province of Bari; it owes its name to the steep ravines that open on the slopes of the Murge towards the Ionian…
Gravina, DomenicoVol. VI, p. 616 GRAVINA, DOMENICO. - Dominican theologian, born in Naples about 1547, died in Rome on 26 Aug. 1643. He taught in various convents and was promoted to master of…
Gravina, Gian VincenzoVol. VI, p. 616 GRAVINA, GIAN VINCENZO. — Man of letters and jurist, b. at Rogiano (Cosenza) on 20 February 1664, d. at Rome on 6 January 1718. Introduced to classical studies…
Gravina, PietroVol. VI, p. 617 GRAVINA, PIETRO. — Cardinal, born on 16 December 1749 at Monte Vago (diocese of Girgenti), died on 6 December 1830 at Palermo. He studied with the Theatines in…
Gravitation(GRAVITAZIONE)Vol. VI, p. 617 GRAVITAZIONE. - I. GENERALITIES. - In the study of natural phenomena, the opportunity repeatedly arose over the centuries to admit the hypothesis that material…
Graz, Diocese of(GRAZ, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VI, p. 618 GRAZ, DIOCESI di: v. SECKAU, DIOCESI di.
Graziani De Garzadoro, Francesco (De Garzatoribus)Vol. VI, p. 622 GRAZIANI de GARZADORO, FRANCESCO (de Garzatoribus). – Canonist, born at Torrebelvicino, on an uncertain date. He was doctor iuris at Padua in 1550; he was a…
GrazianoVol. VI, p. 622 GRAZIANO. — Italian canonist and theologian, whose name bears no addition, either patronymic or adjectival. Sometimes, in dictionaries or commentaries on the…
Graziano, GiovanniVol. VI, p. 623 GRAZIANO, GIOVANNI: V. GREGORIO VI, ANTI-PAPA.
Grazzini, Anton FrancescoVol. VI, p. 624 GRAZZINI, ANTON FRANCESCO. – Born in Florence on 22 March 1503, and died there on 18 February 1584. He was an apothecary and writer; in 1540 he founded with…
