Readings(LETTURE)Vol. VII, p. 738 LETTURE. – A monthly review of book criticism, entrusted to the Jesuits by the Archbishop of Milan in 1945 and begun in 1946. It provides timely notices of…
Realism(REALISMO)Vol. X, p. 357 REALISM. – A philosophical orientation that affirms the priority of being over knowing, in the sense that being is independent of the act by which it is known.…
Reality(REALTÀ)Vol. X, p. 359 REALTÀ: V. ENTE, ESSERE.
Rearm Moral(RIARMO MORALE)Vol. X, p. 498 RIARMO MORALE: v. BUCHMANISMO.
Reason(RAGIONE)Vol. X, p. 294 REASON. — A philosophical term which, especially in the sense of faculty (v.), has had a multiplicity of meanings throughout the history of Western thought,…
Reason and Faith(RAGIONE E FEDE)Vol. X, p. 296 REASON AND FAITH: v. FAITH, III. Faith and reason.
Reason of State(RAGIONE DI STATO)Vol. X, p. 295 REASON OF STATE. — Ratio is the principle, the rule that governs the life of the State. R. di S. is the translation of ratio reipublicae. The celebrated phrase…
Reasoning(RAGIONAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 294 REASONING. — From ratio (v. RAGIONE), it is the act by which thought, in virtue of given propositions, facts, and judgments, proceeds to a new affirmation. R.…
RebeccaVol. X, p. 359 REBECCA. - Daughter of Bathuel, granddaughter of Nachor (Gen. 22:23), and wife of Isacco (cbr. Ribhqāh). In accordance with the prayer made to God by Eliezer…
Recabites(RECABITI)Vol. X, p. 359 RECABITES. – A nomadic clan, descended from the Cineans or Kenites (I Par. 2:55), which in the ninth century B.C. received from Ionadab, son of Recab, a…
Recanati, Diocese of(RECANATI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 359 RECANATI, DIOCESI of. – City in the province of Macerata. The diocese extends partly through the province of Macerata and partly through that of Ancona; it has…
Receptive Referral(RINVIO RICETTIZIO)Vol. X, p. 557 RECEPTIVE REFERENCE. – There is a receptive reference whenever a legislative provision of the State or of the Church adopts as its own, that is, receives, one…
Recherches de Science ReligieuseVol. X, p. 361 RECHERCHES DE SCIENCE RELIGIEUSE. - Bimonthly periodical, founded in Paris in 1910 under the direction of Fr. J. Lebreton, director of Etudes (v.). Its purpose…
Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et MédiévaleVol. X, p. 361 RECHERCHES DE THÉOLOGIE ANCIENNE ET MÉDIÉVALE. — A quarterly periodical, founded in Louvain under the auspices of the Abbey of Mont César in 1929. The field…
Recidivism (Recidivity)(RECIDIVA (RECIDIVITÀ))Vol. X, p. 361 RECIDIVA (RECIDIVITÀ). — In the language of moralists and jurists, this denotes the condition of one who falls again into the same sin or crime. I. MORAL…
RecifeVol. X, p. 362 RECIFE: v. OLINDA E RECIFE; BRASILE.
Recluses(RECLUSI)Vol. X, p. 362 RECLUSI. — Seclusion is a form of eremitical life in which the religious imposes upon himself a solitary existence, far from every community or shut up in a…
Reclusion(RECLUSIONE)Vol. X, p. 367 RECLUSION. — It may be regarded either as preventive custody (v. CARCERE) or as a retributive punishment for an offense. I. IMPRISONMENT AS A PENALTY IN CANON…
Recognition(RICOGNIZIONE)Vol. X, p. 521 RECOGNITION. — The term r. denotes two institutions entirely different in their function and purpose. One, common to the legislation of the Church and to other…
Recollect Franciscans(RECOLLETTI FRANCESCANI)Vol. X, p. 368 RECOLLETTI FRANCESCANI : v. FRATI MINORI.
Recollectine Penitents of Oirschot(PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DI OIRSCHOT)Vol. IX, p. 676 PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DI OIRSCHOT. – The Institute is an offshoot of the Congregation of Limburg, founded on 21 September 1623 by Mother Giovanna di Gesù and…
Recollectine Penitents of the Immaculate Conception of Rosendael(PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DELL'IMMACOLATA CONCEZIONE DI ROOSENDAAL)Vol. IX, p. 676 PENITENT RECOLLECTINES OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION OF ROOSENDAAL. - The Institute originated from the ancient monastery of Lovanio, suppressed by the French…
Recollects of Saint Augustine(RECOLLETTI DI SANT'AGOSTINO)Vol. X, p. 367 RECOLLETTI DI SANT'AGOSTINO. — A reform toward a more austere way of life within the Order of the Hermits of S. Agostino, which arose in the province of Toledo…
Reconvention(RICONVENZIONE)Vol. X, p. 522 COUNTERCLAIM. — This is the action that the defendant brings against the plaintiff, thereby becoming plaintiff in the counterclaim itself. According to this…
Recrimination(RECONVENZIONE)Vol. X, p. 368 RECONVENZIONE : v. CAUSA.
Recrosio, Raimondo (Filippo)Vol. X, p. 368 RECROSIO, RAIMONDO (FILIPPO). — Barnabite, bishop, born at Vercelli on 1 October 1657, died at Bolena (Nice) on 21 May 1732. He taught philosophy and then…
Rector(RETTORE)Vol. X, p. 484 RECTOR. – From regere, it denotes in itself one who is at the head of an institution. In common usage it is often synonymous with director or superior (in…
Rector Potens Verax DeusVol. X, p. 368 « RECTOR POTENS VERAX DEUS ». — Hymn of the hour of sext, composed by s. Ambrogio. The hour of sext corresponds to our noon. The heat of the hour recalls to…
Recueil des Historiens des GaulesVol. X, p. 368 RECUEIL DES HISTORIENS DES GAULES. — From 1636 to 1649, André and François Duchesne had published a selection of sources relating to the history of France up…
RecusantsVol. X, p. 369 RECUSANTS. – The name “r.” or nonconformists dates back to the time of Elizabeth, when the Anglican Church was established. At first, this name served to…
Red Cross Society(SOCIETÀ DELLA CROCE ROSSA)Vol. XI, p. 515 RED CROSS SOCIETY. — The R. C. is an international organization of universal character, operating in all the States of the world, legally regulated by…
Red Sea(ROSSO, MARE)Vol. X, p. 827 ROSSO, MARE — The Exodus from Egypt and the crossing of the Red Sea. Fresco of the 3rd century, Dura Europos, synagogue. the altarpiece of Villamagna. From…
Redeemed of the Cross(REDENTO DELLA CROCE)Vol. X, p. 370 REDENTO della CROCE: v. DIONIGI della NATIVITÀ e REDENTO della CROCE, beati.
Redemption (Gr. Ἀπολύτρωσις)(REDENZIONE (GR. ἈΠΟΛΎΤΡΩΣΙΣ))Vol. X, p. 370 REDEMPTION (Gr. ἀπολύτρωσις). — It is equivalent to ransom, evoking the idea of the liberation of slaves. In Christian doctrine, the R. accomplished by Christ…
Redemptorists(REDENTORISTI)Vol. X, p. 370 REDemptorists: v. CONGREGAZIONE del Ss.mo REDENTORE.
Redistribution(REDISTRIBUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 374 REDISTRIBUTION. — In the classical division of political economy, which goes back to G. B. Say (1803) and is still in use today, distribution is placed after…
Redolfi, Fortunato, Servant of God(REDOLFI, FORTUNATO, SERVO DI DIO)Vol. X, p. 375 REDOLFI, FORTUNATO, servant of God. - Barnabite, b. at Zanano (Brescia) on 8 Nov. 1777, d. at Monza on 8 Apr. 1850. He was called “the priest of the boys,” for…
Reductions(RIDUZIONI)Vol. X, p. 525 REDUCTIONS. – From the very beginning of Spanish colonization in America, the system of reductions was put into effect, following the instruction issued by the…
Refectory(REFETTORIO)Vol. X, p. 375 REFECTORY. – An area of convents and monasteries intended for communal meals. It is ordinarily a large rectangular hall accessible from the cloister and…
Referendaries of the Apostolic Signatura(REFERENDARI DELLA SEGNATURA APOSTOLICA)Vol. X, p. 375 REFERENDARI DELLA SEGNATURA APOSTOLICA: v. TRIBUNALI DELLA S. SEDE, II. Segnatura apostolica.
ReferendumVol. X, p. 375 REFERENDUM. – The r. belongs among the institutions of direct democracy. What they have in common is the personal participation, rather than participation…
Reflected Principles(PRINCIPI RIFLESSI)Vol. X, p. 43 PRINCIPI RIFLESSI. — These are rules of a moral and general nature, supplementary to the direct principles for forming a certain conscience. I. PRELIMINARY…
Reflection(RIFLESSIONE)Vol. X, p. 531 REFLECTION. - It is the act by which thought becomes explicitly conscious of itself, considering its own activities, objects, and contents. Reflection…
Reformed Cistercians(CISTERCENSI RIFORMATI)Vol. III, p. 1015 Cisterciensians, Reformed — Abbot Armand-Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé. Painting by Hyacinthe Rigaud — Abbey of Notre-Dame de la Trappe. CISTERCIANS OF THE…
Reformism(RIFORMISMO)Vol. X, p. 534 REFORMISM. – Reformism is neither a theory nor does it rest upon a particular ideology, but is a practical attitude concerning the method to be followed in…
Refreshment(REFRIGERIO)Vol. X, p. 376 REFRIGERIO. — In Greek, ἀνάφυξις means refreshment, relief, banquet. Among the Romans it is found in this sense as: refrigeratio aestate (Cicero, De senectute,…
Regalis Solio Fortis Hiberiae(REGALI SOLIO FORTIS HIBERIAE)Vol. X, p. 378 «REGALI SOLIO FORTIS HIBERIAE». — Hymn of Vespers and Matins for the feast of s. Ermenegildo, martyr, written by Urbano VIII when in 1636 he extended the…
Regalism(REGALISMO)Vol. X, p. 378 REGALISMO. — This term has been used to designate that particular jurisdictional system (v. SEPARATISMO) founded upon the hegemony of the State over the…
Regeneration (Science)(RIGENERAZIONE (SCIENZA))Vol. X, p. 536 RIGENERAZIONE (SCIENZA). — One of the general properties of living organisms is regulation (v.), a property that permits the preservation of the unity of the…
Regeneration (Theology)(RIGENERAZIONE (TEOLOGIA))Vol. X, p. 536 REGENERATION (THEOLOGY). — Principal positive effect of justification, brought about in Baptism (v. BATTESIMO; MISTERI; ORFICI MISTERI; PALINGENESIA;…
Regensburg (Ratisbona), Diocese of(RATISBONA (REGENSBURG), DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 327 RATISBONA (REGENSBURG), DIOCESE of. – City and diocese of Germany, suffragan of Munich and Freising. It has an area of 12,193 sq. km., with a population of…
Regent(REGGENTE)Vol. X, p. 385 REGENT. — In the Roman Curia, this is the title of the superior prelate of the Apostolic Penitentiary (v. TRIBUNALI ECCLESIASTICI, I. Penitenzieria…
Reggianini, LuigiVol. X, p. 385 REGGIANINI, LUIGI. - Bishop, b. in Modena in July 1775, d. there in Jan. 1848. Scarcely ordained a priest, he promoted a Congregation (phot. Enc. Catt.)…
Reggio Calabria, Archdiocese of(REGGIO CALABRIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 386 REGGIO CALABRIA, ARCHDIOCESE of — Archdiocese and capital city of the province of the same name. It has an area of approximately 660 sq. km, with a population…
Reggio Emilia, Diocese of(REGGIO EMILIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 387 REGGIO EMILIA, DIOCESE of. — It extends over 1,982 sq. km and has 349,000 Catholics out of a population of 349,500: 450 churches, 256 parishes, 393 diocesan…
Reggio, Isacco Samuel(REGGIO, ISACCO SAMUELE)Vol. X, p. 386 REGGIO, ISACCO SAMUELE. — Hebraist, born in Gorizia in 1784, died there in 1855. From 1810 he was professor of history and geography at that Lyceum; from 1846,…
RegifugiumVol. X, p. 389 REGIFUGIUM. – Feast of the ancient Roman religion, observed on February 24, a remarkable date insofar as it is an even-numbered day and immediately follows the…
Regina CaeliVol. X, p. 389 « REGINA CAELI ». - Antifona maggiore con cui la Chiesa saluta e prega la S.ma Vergine associandola al trionfo della Risurrezione per la quale essa è divenuta…
Regina, Archdiocese of(REGINA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 389 REGINA, ARCHDIOCESE of. - In the south-eastern part of the province of Saskatchewan (Canada). The Catholic population is 69,889 inhabitants. There are 91…
Reginon of Prüm(RÉGINONE DI PRÜM)Vol. X, p. 390 RÉGINONE di PRÜM. — Born at Altripp (Rhenish Prussia), he entered the Benedictine monastery of Prüm (diocese of Trier), where he was appointed abbot (892);…
Regione ConciliareVol. X, p. 391 REGIONE CONCILIARE. — This is the name given to the territorial divisions into which Italy was divided by the decree of 15 February 1919 of the S. Congr.…
RegioniVol. X, p. 391 REGIONS. - The new Italian Constitution proclaims that the Republic is “one and indivisible,” but “recognizes and promotes local autonomies,” including…
Regis Superni NuntiaVol. X, p. 392 «REGIS SUPERNI NUNTIA». – Hymn of Vespers and Matins for the feast of s. Teresa di Gesù, composed by Urban VIII in 1629, when he extended her feast to the…
Register(REGESTO)Vol. X, p. 381 REGESTO. – The word regestum (from re-gero) was used chiefly, from the end of the classical age almost to the present day, as equivalent to registrum (in the…
Register of Araguaia, Prelature "Nullius" of(REGISTRO DO ARAGUAIA, PRELATURA « NULLIUS » DI)Vol. X, p. 394 REGISTRO DO ARAGUAIA, PRELATURE « nullius ». — Suffragan of Cuiabá, in the State of Matto Grosso, Brazil. It was erected on 12 May 1914 and entrusted to the…
Regula MagistriVol. X, p. 396 REGULA MAGISTRI. – A monastic rule by an unknown author (not unacquainted with letters and somewhat too abstract in the formulation of disciplinary precepts),…
Regulae Cancellariae ApostolicaeVol. X, p. 396 REGULAE CANCELLARIAE APOSTOLICAE. — These were a body of norms issued or confirmed by each pontiff for the Apostolic Chancery (v.), concerning the…
Regular Clerics(CHIERICI REGOLARI)Vol. III, p. 834 Regular Clerics. — These are the religious societies of clerics founded from the early sixteenth century until about the end of the eighteenth, which did not…
Regular Third Order of Saint Francis(TERZ'ORDINE REGOLARE DI SAN FRANCESCO)Vol. XI, p. 1228 THIRD REGULAR ORDER OF SAINT FRANCIS. - It derives from the Third Order of Penance, established by s. Francesco d'Assisi in 1221 for laypeople. As time passed,…
Regulars(REGOLARI)Vol. X, p. 395 REGULARS. — Conventional and invariable numbers used to determine certain dates; there were three kinds of r., namely the solar r. (regulares solis), the lunar…
Regulation (in Biology)(REGOLAZIONE (IN BIOLOGIA))Vol. X, p. 395 REGULATION (in BIOLOGY). — This term denotes one of the fundamental phenomena of living beings, whereby an organism tends to “regulate” any anatomical and…
Rehoboam(ROBOAM)Vol. X, p. 614 ROBOAM. — King of Judah for 17 years (932–915 B.C.), son and successor of Salomon (v.). At the beginning of his reign, the schism of the northern tribes took…
ReichenauVol. X, p. 397 REICHENAU. – This “Augia dives,” an island in Lake Constance, connected with the mainland by a causeway, today belongs to Baden. It was the site of a historic…
Reichensperger Family(REICHENSPERGER FAMIGLIA)Vol. X, p. 398 German politician, born on 22 March 1808 in Co- blenz, died there on 16 July 1895, brother of Peter R. In 1830 he entered the magistracy as an auditor at the…
ReichersbergVol. X, p. 399 REICHERSBERG. - Abbey of Canons Regular of S. Agostino, in the diocese formerly of Passavia, now of Linz (Upper Austria), on the plain of the Inn. Its renown…
Reichert, Benedict MariaVol. X, p. 399 REICHERT, BENEDICT MARIA. - Dominican historian, born 9 February 1868 at Amorbach, died 29 January 1917 at Priesendorf near Bamberg. He entered the Dominican…
Reid, ThomasVol. X, p. 399 REID, THOMAS. — English philosopher, born on 25 April 1710 at Strachan, near Aberdeen, at whose University he was a professor from 1752 to 1764, the year in…
Reiffenstuel, AnacletoVol. X, p. 400 REIFFENSTUEL, ANACLETO. - Canonist and theologian of the Order of Friars Minor, born at Tegernsee in Bavaria on 2 July 1641, died at Frisinga on 5 Oct. 1703.…
Reimarus, Hermann SamuelVol. X, p. 400 REIMARUS, HERMANN SAMUEL. - Deist, b. at Hamburg on 22 Dec. 1694, d. there on 1 March 1768. Rector at Wismar in 1723, professor of Oriental languages at the…
Reims, Archdiocese of(REIMS, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 400 REIMS, ARCIDIOCESI of — Archdiocese and chief city of the department of the Marne, on the right bank of the Vesle; it is surrounded by hills planted with…
Rein (Rein)Vol. X, p. 402 REIN (REIN). - A Cistercian abbey near Graz, in Styria, diocese of Seckau, formerly Salzburg. A daughter house of Ebrach, of the Morimond line, founded by…
Reincarnation(REINCARNAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 403 REINCARNATION. — A term used to indicate the passage of the soul from one human body to another. It has a narrower meaning than metempsychosis (from the Greek…
Reinhardt, HeinrichVol. X, p. 405 REINHARDT, HEINRICH. - Swiss historian, b. 10 Dec. 1855 at Olten, d. 6 Dec. 1906 at Fribourg, Switzerland. A teacher of history at the higher school of Lucerne…
Reinhold, Karl LeonhardVol. X, p. 405 REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD. - Kantian philosopher, b. in Vienna on 26 Oct. 1758, d. in Kiel on 10 Apr. 1823. Educated by the Jesuits, he studied philosophy and…
Reinke, LaurentiusVol. X, p. 405 REINKE, LAURENTIUS. – Catholic exegete, born on 6 February 1797 in Langförden (Germany), died at Münster in V. on 4 June 1879. Ordained a priest (1822), he…
Reinkens, Josef HubertVol. X, p. 405 REINKENS, JOSEF HUBERT. – Bishop of the “Old Catholics,” born on 1 March 1821 at Burtscheid near Aachen, died on 4 January 1896 in Bonn. Ordained a priest in…
Reisach, Karl August vonVol. X, p. 405 REISACH, KARL AUGUST von. — Cardinal, born on 6 July 1800 at Roth (diocese of Eichstätt), died on 22 December 1869 at the Redemptorists’ house in Contamine…
Reisch, GregorVol. X, p. 406 REISCH, GREGOR. - Carthusian, b. at Balingen in inner Württemberg before 1467, d. at Freiburg im Br. on 9 May 1525. He studied at Freiburg, where in 1489 he…
Reithmayr, Franz XaverVol. X, p. 406 REITHMAYR, FRANZ XAVER. – New Testament exegete, born in Illkofen (Regensburg) to poor artisans on 16 March 1809, died in Munich on 26 January 1872. Ordained a…
Relation(RELAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 410 RELATION. – From referre, it signifies the ordering of one thing to a term, and its formal character consists precisely in this being toward another, which…
Relations Between State And Church(RELAZIONI TRA STATO E CHIESA)Vol. X, p. 261 RELATIONS BETWEEN STATE AND CHURCH. — Speaking of the capital, it is appropriate to mention the religious situation of the country, as a complement to the…
Relativism(RELATIVISMO)Vol. X, p. 406 RELATIVISMO. – A term indicating not a specific doctrine or system, but an attitude common to various thinkers, according to which every value is such only…
Relativity, Theory of(RELATIVITÀ, TEORIA DELLA)Vol. X, p. 407 RELATIVITÀ, TEORIA della. - I. PHYSICAL SPACE AND TIME. - This theory, like the nearly contemporaneous theory of «quanta» (v.), is one of the singular theories…
Relator General(RELATORE GENERALE)Vol. X, p. 410 GENERAL RELATOR. — Title of one of the official prelates of the S. Congregation of Rites (v.). He presides over the historical section, established within that…
Relegation(RELEGAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 411 RELEGATION. - A punishment of the Roman imperial period, consisting in compulsory residence in a specified place or on an island, either permanently or for a…
Relics(RELIQUIE)Vol. X, p. 445 RELICS. - In Greek λαίφανα. Etymologically, it refers to what remains, specifically of the human body or a part thereof; in a broader sense, relics are also…
Relief(RILIEVO)Vol. X, p. 539 RILIEVO. – In the figurative arts, it is distinguished from a statuary group by being attached to a background plane from which figures, architectural…
Religion (In Canon Law)(RELIGIONE (NEL DIRITTO CANONICO))Vol. X, p. 411 RELIGIONE (NEL DIRITTO CANONICO). - I. NO- NOTION. — In canon law, r. signifies a society approved by the legitimate ecclesiastical authority, in which the…
Religion (In Moral Theology)(RELIGIONE (NELLA TEOLOGIA MORALE))Vol. X, p. 414 RELIGION (IN MORAL THEOLOGY). — I. DEFINITION. — From Lat. religio, whose meaning varies according to whether it is derived from relegere (“to consider, to…
Religion of the Germans(GERMANI, RELIGIONE DEI)Vol. VI, p. 92 GERMANI, RELIGION of the. - On the religious beliefs of the ancient Germanic peoples prior to their contact with the Roman world—that is, until the systematic…
Religions, Comparative Study Of(RELIGIONI, STUDIO COMPARATO DELLE)Vol. X, p. 416 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGIONS Many scholars, especially over the past century, believe that only a thorough comparison of all religions can lead to convincing…
Religious Congregation(CONGREGAZIONE RELIGIOSA)Vol. IV, p. 193 RELIGIOUS CONGREGATION. — The CIC defines a religious congregation as a religious institute in which only simple vows are taken, whether perpetual or temporary…
Religious Experience(ESPERIENZA RELIGIOSA)Vol. V, p. 375 ESPERIENZA RELIGIOSA. – It is a certain “contact” that human consciousness may have with God and, in a derived sense, the awareness of God’s action in the…
Religious House(CASA RELIGIOSA)Vol. III, p. 570 RELIGIOUS HOUSE. — The smallest division of an Order, Congregation, or religious society that exists as a community is commonly called a r. h. in canon law…
Religious Missionary Congregations, Male and Female(CONGREGAZIONI RELIGIOSE MISSIONARIE MASCHILI E FEMMINILI)Vol. IV, p. 194 MALE AND FEMALE MISSIONARY RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONS. – In the conversion of the peoples of northern Europe, the Benedictine monks played a most important role,…
Religious of Saint Juliana, Apostoline of the Most Holy Sacrament(RELIGIOSE DI SANTA GIULIANA, APOSTOLINE DEL S.MO SACRAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOSE DI SANTA GIULIANA, APOSTOLINE DEL S.mo SACRAMENTO. — Founded at Mechelen in 1856 by Fanny Kestre for the perpetual adoration of the Most Holy…
Religious Order(ORDINE RELIGIOSO)Vol. IX, p. 168 ORDINE RELIGIOSO: v. RELIGIONE.
Religious Researches(RICERCHE RELIGIOSE)Vol. X, p. 516 RICERCHE RELIGIOSE. - A monthly review of historical-religious studies founded by E. Buonaiuti in 1925 (and condemned in that same year), after its founder had…
Religious Sisters Of Our Lady Of Mercy(RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DELLA MERCEDE)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF MERCY. - Mons. Carlo Lavigerie founded in 1864 at Nancy, where he was bishop, a female institute for the education of girls, known as…
Religious Sisters Of Our Lady Of Mount Carmel(RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DEL CARMELO)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF MOUNT CARMEL. - They date back to 1852, when Miss Maria Scrilli (later Sister Maria Teresa di Gesù), together with some companions,…
Religious Sisters Of Our Lady Of The Retreat Of The Cenacle(RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DEL RITIRO DEL CENACOLO)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF THE RETREAT OF THE CENACLE. — They were founded in 1826 at La Louvesc (Ardèche), near the tomb of s. Fr. Regis, by the priest Stefano…
Religious Sisters Of The Holy Union Of The Sacred Hearts(RELIGIOSE DELLA SANTA UNIONE DEI SACRI CUORI)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF THE HOLY UNION OF THE SACRED HEARTS. – Congregation founded at Douai (Cambrai) in 1828 by the priest G. B. de Brabant. Purpose: the Christian…
Religious Sisters Of The Sacred Hearts Of Jesus And Mary(RELIGIOSE DEI SACRI CUORI DI GESÙ E MARIA)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF THE SACRED HEARTS OF JESUS AND MARY. – Congregation founded at Castellammare di Stabia in 1872 by Bishop Mons. Francesco Saverio Petagna. Purpose:…
Religious Sisters Teachers Of Mary Immaculate(RELIGIOSE INSEGNANTI DI MARIA IMMACOLATA)Vol. X, p. 442 RELIGIOSE INSEGNANTI DI MARIA IMMACOLATA. — Founded in 1852 by Antonia Paris de S. Pedro in Santiago de Cuba. The nuns, who take solemn vows and observe papal…
Religious Society(SOCIETÀ RELIGIOSA)Vol. XI, p. 525 SOCIETÀ RELIGIOSA: V. RELIGIONE.
Religious State(STATO RELIGIOSO)Vol. XI, p. 774 RELIGIOUS STATE. - In canon law, and in the strict sense, this is the juridical situation of those Christians who, desiring to live a stable life of Christian…
Religious Studies(STUDI RELIGIOSI)Vol. XI, p. 883 STUDI RELIGIOSI. — A bimonthly journal, “critical and historical, promotive of religious culture in Italy.” Founded in Florence in 1901 by the then priest…
Religious Superior(SUPERIORE RELIGIOSO)Vol. XI, p. 953 RELIGIOUS SUPERIOR. - He is one who possesses the legitimate power to command the members of a religious society or part thereof. I. In canon law, major and…
Religious Tertiary Capuchins Of Our Lady Of Sorrows(RELIGIOSI TERZIARI CAPPUCCINI DI NOSTRA SIGNORA ADDOLORATA)Vol. X, p. 442 CAPUCHIN TERTIARY RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF SORROWS. – They were founded by Luigi Amigò at Masamagrell (Valencia), Spain, on 12 Apr. 1889. Papal approval dates…
Religious, Teaching Of(RELIGIOSO, INSEGNAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 442 RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. — That part of education and instruction whose object is the explanation and learning of religious truths. For man and the Christian are…
Reliquary(RELIQUIARIO)Vol. X, p. 443 RELIQUIARIO. - The common name for an object chosen to contain relics; but since antiquity it has had a great variety of names depending on its shape. The most…
Rembrandt (Rembrandt Harmenszogn Van Rijn or Van Rijn)(REMBRANDT (REMBRANDT HARMENSZOGN VAN RIJN O VAN RIJJN))Vol. X, p. 451 REMBRANDT (REMBRANDT HARMENSZOGN VAN RIJN OR VAN RIJJN). — Painter and etcher, born in Leiden on 15 July 1606, son of Harmen Gerritsz, owner of a mill on the…
Remedius (Remedio), Saint(ROMEDIO (REMEDIO), SANTO)Vol. X, p. 793 ROMEDIO (REMEDIO), saint. — Eponym of a celebrated sanctuary in the Val di Non, whose cult, confirmed on 24 July 1907 by Pio X, has no certain traces earlier…
Remigio da Sant'Erasmo Maschat(MASCHAT, REMIGIO DA SANT'ERASMO)Vol. VIII, p. 191 MASCHAT, REMIGIO da SANT'ERASMO. – Bohemian canonist, born in 1692, died in 1747. A Piarist, he was superior general of the Order. Highly versed also in music,…
Remigio De' GirolamiVol. X, p. 452 REMIGIO de' GIROLAMI. — Dominican theologian, born in Florence in 1235, died there in 1319. He studied in Paris, where s. Tommaso d'Aquino was his teacher; he…
Remigius Of Auxerre(REMIGIO DI AUXERRE)Vol. X, p. 452 REMIGIO di AUXERRE. — Benedictine, exegete, theologian, grammarian, born shortly after 841, died in Paris before 908. A monk in the abbey of S. Germano di…
Remigius, Archbishop of Lyon(REMIGIO, ARCIVESCOVO DI LIONE)Vol. X, p. 453 REMIGIO, archbishop of LIONE. - Chaplain to Emperor Lotario and King Carlo of Provenza, archbishop of Lione in 852, he obtained, through the favor he enjoyed…
Remigius, Archbishop Of Rouen(REMIGIO, ARCIVESCOVO DI ROUEN)Vol. X, p. 453 REMIGIO, archbishop of ROUEN. - Natural son of Carlo Martello, educated at court, he succeeded Rainfroi in the archbishopric of Rouen around 754–55. After a…
Remigius, Bishop Of Reims, Saint(REMIGIO, VESCOVO DI REIMS, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 453 REMIGIO, bishop of REIMS, saint. - He is commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 15 Jan., in the Roman on the 13th, and in the medieval historical…
Reminiscence(REMINISCENZA)Vol. X, p. 453 REMINISCENCE. — In the generic sense (from re-miniscor), it indicates memory, recollection. In philosophy the term (Gr. ἀνάμνησις) acquired a technical meaning…
Remission Of Sins(REMISSIONE DEI PECCATI)Vol. X, p. 454 REMISSIONE DEI PECCATI: v. ASSOLUZIONE; CONTRIZIONE; PENITENZA. REMISSORIE LETTERE: LETTERE ECCLESIASTICHE.
Remling, Franz XaverVol. X, p. 454 REMLING, FRANZ XAVER. - Priest, archivist, and historian, b. at Edenkoben (Palatinate) on 10 July 1803, d. there on 28 June 1873. Episcopal archivist, then…
Removability(AMOVIBILITÀ)Vol. I, p. 682 AMOVIBILITY. – Ecclesiastical offices are said to be irremovable (or also perpetual or titular) or removable (also called manual or temporary), according as…
Removal(RIMOZIONE)Vol. X, p. 543 REMOVAL. — In the generic sense, this indicates the authoritative removal of someone from an office or benefice; in the strict sense, removal properly concerns…
Renaissance(RINASCIMENTO)Vol. X, p. 543 RENAISSANCE. - The concept designated by the word "Renaissance" (or rinascita) is commonly applied to the period of Italian history spanning roughly from the…
Renan, ErnestVol. X, p. 454 RENAN, ERNEST. — Orientalist, born at Tréguier in Brittany on 17 February 1823, died in Paris on 2 October 1892. Orphaned by his father at the age of five, in…
Renano, Blessed(RENANO, BEATO)Vol. X, p. 457 RENANO, BEATO. — German scholar and editor, from a family originally from Rheinau (Lower Alsace), whose surname was Bild; born at Schlettstadt on 22 August…
Renata Of France, Duchess Of Ferrara(RENATA DI FRANCIA, DUCHESSA DI FERRARA)Vol. X, p. 457 RENATA OF FRANCE, Duchess of FERRARA. - Daughter of the King of France, Louis XII, and Anne of Brittany, born in the castle of Blois on October 25, 1510, died…
Renato, CamilloVol. X, p. 457 RENATO, CAMILLO. — Pseudonym of an Italian anti-Trinitarian and Anabaptist heretic, b. in Sicily at the beginning of the fifteenth century, d. after 1571 at…
Renato, GoupilVol. X, p. 458 RENATO, GOUPIL: V. CANADO-AMERICANI, MARTIRI.
Renaudot, EusèbeVol. X, p. 458 RENAUDOT, EUSÈBE. – Born in Paris on 22 July 1648, and died there on 1 September 1720; Orientalist, liturgist, journalist. R. entered the Oratory on 17 June…
Rendu, Jeanne-Marie (In Religion Soeur Rosalie)(RENDU, JEANNE-MARIE (IN RELIGIONE SOEUR ROSALIE))Vol. X, p. 459 RENDU, JEANNE-MARIE (in religione SOEUR ROSALIE). - Daughter of Charity, born at Confort (Ain) on 8 Sept. 1787, died at Paris on 7 Feb. 1856. Having entered…
Rendu, LouisVol. X, p. 459 RENDU, LOUIS. — Bishop of Annecy, born on 19 December 1789 at Meyrin near Geneva, died on 28 August 1858 at Annecy. Ordained a priest on 19 June 1814, from…
Reni, GuidoVol. X, p. 459 RENI, GUIDO. — Painter, born at Calvenzano (Bologna) on 4 November 1575, died at Bologna on 9 August 1642. At the age of twenty, in the school of the Carracci,…
RennesVol. X, p. 460 RENNES. – City and archdiocese in France, capital of the prefecture of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine; the latter river divides the city into two parts: the…
Reno, Diocese Of(RENO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 461 RENO, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the State of Nevada (U. S. A.). The diocese of R. covers a territory of 110,829 sq. miles, and the total population is…
Renouvier, CharlesVol. X, p. 461 RENOUVIER, CHARLES. – Philosopher, born in Montpellier on 1 January 1815 and died at Prades on 1 September 1903. He is considered the founder and foremost…
Rensi, GiuseppeVol. X, p. 462 RENSI, GIUSEPPE. — Philosopher and political writer, born on 31 May 1871 at Villafranca (Treviso), died at Genoa on 9 February 1941. Initially a journalist and…
Renty, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, Baron de(RENTY, GASTON-JEAN-BAPTISTE, BARONE DI)Vol. X, p. 462 RENTY, GASTON-JEAN-BAPTISTE, Baron de. - Lay apostle and ascetic, born at the castle of Bény (near Bayeux) in 1611, died in Paris on 24 April 1649. In his…
Renunciation (Ascetic)(RINUNCIA (ASCETICA))Vol. X, p. 557 RENUNCIATION (ASCETICISM). — Ascetic detachment from earthly goods and joys insofar as they impede or slow union with God. In evangelical doctrine, self-denial…
Reo and Conventus(REO E CONVENUTO)Vol. X, p. 463 DEFENDANT AND RESPONDENT. — The word r., in the CIC, is sometimes used (though in truth rarely) in the sense of one convicted or confessing to a crime (e.g.,…
Reordination(RIORDINAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 558 RIORDINATION. – A modern term denoting the practice, prevalent in certain periods and only in certain circles, of repeating an Ordination deemed invalid…
Reparata, Saint, Martyr(REPARATA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 463 REPARATA, saint, martyr. — Unknown to the ancient hagiographical documents, she is first mentioned in the historical martyrologies of the Middle Ages, from…
Reparation(RIPARAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 560 REPARATION. — In ascetical usage, besides actual reparation (the restoration of man to his original integrity, the passage from corruption to incorruption),…
Reparations(RIPARAZIONI)Vol. X, p. 560 REPARATIONS. — Reparations consist in that complex of financial and economic burdens and various services which the victor ordinarily imposes upon the…
Reparatrix Nuns(RIPARATRICI)Vol. X, p. 559 RIPARATRICI. – Female religious institutes whose principal purpose is reparation. I. R. DEL S. CUORE DI GESÙ. - Founded in Lima in 1896 by Teresa del S. Cuore.…
Report of the Literary, Cultural and Artistic Activity of Catholics in Italy, The(RAGGUAGLIO DELL'ATTIVITÀ LETTERARIA, CULTURALE E ARTISTICA DEI CATTOLICI IN ITALIA, IL)Vol. X, p. 294 ACCOUNT OF THE LITERARY, CULTURAL, AND ARTISTIC ACTIVITY OF CATHOLICS IN ITALY, THE. - An annual review of such activities, begun in 1930 by M. Luzzi, R.…
Repoussé Work(FERRO BATTUTO)Vol. V, p. 725 WROUGHT IRON. — The artistic working of wrought iron, that is, hammered, embossed, and carved iron, first became widespread in France, Germany, and Spain…
Representation(RAPPRESENTAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 318 REPRESENTATION. - It is the term of an act of cognition when this is not an immediate apprehension and presentation of the reality known (it corresponds to the…
Representation (In Legal Acts)(RAPPRESENTANZA (NEGLI ATTI GIURIDICI))Vol. X, p. 317 REPRESENTATION (IN LEGAL ACTS). - It is the legal institution whereby a person intervenes to perform a legal transaction (v.) valid for another, with the…
Representations of the S.(RAPPRESENTANZE DELLA S)Vol. X, p. 318 RAPPRESENTANZE DELLA S. SEDE: v. DELEGATO APOSTOLICO; LEGAZIONE, DIRITTO di; NUNZIATURA APOSTOLICA; NUNZIO APOSTOLICO.
Reprisal(RAPPRESAGLIA)Vol. X, p. 315 RAPPRESAGLIA. — Generally speaking, a reprisal is a coercive measure intended to settle a question of law that could not be resolved by peaceful means. The…
Reprobation of Testimonies (Reprobatio Attestationum)(RIPROVAZIONE DELLE TESTIMONIANZE (REPROBATIO ATTESTATIONUM))Vol. X, p. 565 RIPROVAZIONE DELLE TESTIMONIANZE (reprobatio attestationum). — This is a juridical institution which the CIC, deriving it from the ius vetus, regulates in…
Reproduction(RIPRODUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 563 REPRODUCTION. – Reproduction, or the faculty of generating new organisms similar to themselves, is the most characteristic and fundamental feature of living…
Republic(REPUBBLICA)Vol. X, p. 463 REPUBBLICA. – The res publica was originally understood, in a general sense, as the totality of the interests and activities or functions of the civic…
Rerum Creator OptimeVol. X, p. 465 « RERUM CREATOR OPTIME ». – Hymn of Matins on Wednesday. By an unknown author (cf. G. M. Dreves – C. Blume, Anal. hymnica, LI, Leipzig 1908, p. 27 ff.). The…
Rerum Deus Tenax VigorVol. X, p. 465 « RERUM DEUS TENAX VIGOR ». — Hymn of the hour of none, corresponding to three in the afternoon, attributed, though not with complete certainty, to St. Ambrose…
Rerum EcclesiaeVol. X, p. 465 « RERUM ECCLESIAE ». — Thus begins the encyclical letter of Pius XI dated 28 February 1926, intended to recall in writing the teachings of the Vatican…
Rerum NovarumVol. X, p. 466 « RERUM NOVARUM ». — Encyclical de conditione opificum of Leo XIII dated 15 May 1891, known by these words with which it begins; it is the most popular of the…
Res(COSA)Vol. IV, p. 397 COSA. — I. GENERAL NOTIONS. — In legal language, c. is every portion of the external world capable of being used for the satisfaction of human needs; a concept…
Res Judicata(COSA GIUDICATA)Vol. IV, p. 398 RES JUDICATA. – Res judicata has a twofold meaning. Understood in the formal sense, it represents the concept of the unassailability of the judgment and,…
Rescission (Rescindibility)(RESCISSIONE (RESCINDIBILITÀ))Vol. X, p. 467 RESCISSION (RESCINDIBILITY). — Rescission is a means of preventing or removing the effects of an act which is in itself valid, but in which the proper…
Rescript(RESCRITTO)Vol. X, p. 468 RESCRIBED LETTER. — From re-scribere, this means any written reply. But already in Latin sources it signified the reply or order given in writing by the lord…
Reservatum EcclesiasticumVol. X, p. 470 RESERVATUM ECCLESIASTICUM. — Name given to one of the most important clauses of the Peace of Augsburg (25 Sept. 1555) between the Protestants and Catholics of…
Reserve and Reserved Cases(RISERVA E CASI RISERVATI)Vol. X, p. 567 RISERVA and CASI RISERVATI. — R., from the Latin verb reservare, evokes the idea of separation in order to arrange something subsequently when the need arises,…
Reserved Cases(CASI RISERVATI)Vol. III, p. 575 CASI RISERVATI: v. RISERVA.
Residence(RESIDENZA)Vol. X, p. 470 RESIDENCE. – Etymologically (from residere), it indicates the place of a prolonged, almost permanent and definitive stay and is therefore synonymous with…
Resignation (Canon Law)(RINUNCIA (DIRITTO CANONICO))Vol. X, p. 552 RENUNCIATION (CANON LAW). – This is a form of the exercise of the power to dispose of rights. It consists in the pure and simple abandonment of a subjective…
Resistencia, Diocese of(RESISTENCIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 472 RESISTENCIA, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the territory of Chaco and Formosa in Argentina. It has an area of 172,173 sq. km. and a population of 583,000…
Respicio, Saint, Martyr(RESPICIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 472 RESPICIO, saint, martyr: v. TRIFONE E RESPICIO, santi, martiri.
Respighi, OttorinoVol. X, p. 472 RESPIGHI, OTTORINO. - Master composer, b. at Bologna on 9 July 1879, d. at Rome on 18 Apr. 1936. He studied at the Musical Lyceum of Bologna, then at St.…
Respiration(RESPIRAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 472 RESPIRATION. — This term denotes the exchange between the organism and the external environment of those substances found in the environment in a gaseous…
Responsibility(RESPONSABILITÀ)Vol. X, p. 473 RESPONSIBILITY. - I. LAW. - It may be defined as subjection to the reaction which the legal order connects with damage (v.). The legal effect of damage…
Responsibility of Knowledge(RESPONSABILITÀ DEL SAPERE)Vol. X, p. 474 RESPONSABILITÀ DEL SAPERE. - A review published in Rome under the auspices of the « Centro internazionale di comparazione e sintesi », founded and directed by…
Responsorial(RESPONSORIALE)Vol. X, p. 474 RESPONSORIALE: v. ANTIFONARIO.
Responsory(RESPONSORIO)Vol. X, p. 474 RESPONSORIUM. – In the Mass, after the reading, and in the Office at the end of each lesson, and at the minor hours after the Chapter, the soloist sings or…
Resta di Sogliano, FilippoVol. X, p. 475 RESTA DI SOGLIANO, FILIPPO. - Papal general, born into a noble family at Tagliacozzo in Oct. 1777, died there on 20 Nov. 1853. Admitted to the papal army at…
Restituta, Saint, Martyr(RESTITUTA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 477 RESTITUTA, saint, martyr. — A martyr named R. appears in various Passiones of a legendary character and is venerated on 17 May at Ischia and Naples (BHL,…
Restitution(RESTITUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 478 RESTITUTION. – It is the restoration to the condition (especially in terms of property) in which one would be if certain unjust acts or attitudes had not been…
Restitution, "In Integrum"(RESTITUZIONE « IN INTEGRUM »)Vol. X, p. 480 RESTITUTIO « IN INTEGRUM ». — It is defined by writers on canon law as the extraordinary legal remedy by which one who has suffered injury to his rights is, on…
Restoration(RESTAURAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 475 RESTAURATION. – Commonly, by r. one means the period that followed the collapse of Napoleon. It was not, however, a pure and simple return: in fact,…
Restoration(RESTAURO)Vol. X, p. 475 RESTORATION. – I. IN ARCHITECTURE. – This term denotes those direct interventions upon the structures and essential decorative elements of a building aimed at…
Resurrection and Reviviscence(RISURREZIONE E REVIVISCENZA)Vol. X, p. 578 RESURRECTION and REVIVISCENCE. — Resurrection, that is, the return to full life of an organism certainly dead, has at all times been invoked as the supreme…
Resurrection of Jesus Christ(RISURREZIONE DI GESÙ CRISTO)Vol. X, p. 576 RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST. — The historical fact of the Resurrection of Christ and the related dogmatic treatment are set forth under v. GESÙ CRISTO. The…
Resurrection of the Dead(RISURREZIONE DEI MORTI)Vol. X, p. 574 RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD. — The Catholic Church believes that, at the end of the world, all the dead, good and evil, will rise again to be judged by Jesus…
Resurrectionists(RESURREZIONISTI)Vol. X, p. 481 RESURREZIONISTI. – Religious congregation begun in Paris in 1836 by Bogdan Janski, Pietro Semenenko, and Girolamo Kajsiewicz, who at that time were engaged in…
RetabloVol. X, p. 481 RETABLO. – The interpretation given here of the term, which belongs to the Spanish language, is confined to the meaning it assumes in the fields of…
