The servants of God praise him who hath delivered them from idolatry; condemning both the makers and the worshippers of idols.
The wise gratfully praise the swetenes, and mercie of God, by whom they are deliuered from idolatrie: 6. detesting the makers, & worshippers of idols.
1But thou, our God, art gracious and true, patient, and ordering all things in mercy.Ma tu Dio nostro, tu se' benigno, e verace, e paziente, e tutto governi con misericordia:BVT ô thou our God, art sweete, and true, patient, and disposing al thinges in mercie.Tu autem, Deus noster, suavis et verus es, / patiens, et in misericordia disponens omnia. 2For if we sin, we are thine, knowing thy greatness: and if we sin not, we know that we are counted with thee.Imperocché se noi peccheremo, siamo tuoi, noi che conosciamo la tua grandezza, e se non peccheremo, sappiamo che tu tieni conto di noi:For if we sinne, we are thine, knowing thy greatnes: and if we sinne not we know that we are counted with thee.Etenim si peccaverimus, tui sumus, / scientes magnitudinem tuam; / et si non peccaverimus, / scimus quoniam apud te sumus computati. 3For to know thee is perfect justice: and to know thy justice, and thy power, is the root of immortality.Perocché il conoscer te è la perfezione della giustizia, e il conoscere la giustizia, e potenza tua, è radice di immortalità.For to know thee, is absolute iustice: and to know iustice, and thy powre, is the roote of immortalitie.Nosse enim te, consummata justitia est; / et scire justitiam et virtutem tuam, radix est immortalitatis. 4For the invention of mischievous men hath not deceived us, nor the shadow of a picture, a fruitless labour, a graven figure with divers colours,Conciossiachè non ha indotti noi in errore la invenzione maligna degli uomini, né il vano artifizio di un'ombreggiata pittura, od una immagine co' vari colori rappresentata,For mens inuention of euil art hath not brought vs into errour, nor the shadow of a picture being a labour without fruite, a shape grauen by diuerse colours,Non enim in errorem induxit nos / hominum malæ artis excogitatio, / nec umbra picturæ labor sine fructu, / effigies sculpta per varios colores: 5The sight whereof enticeth the fool to lust after it, and he loveth the lifeless figure of a dead image.Di cui la vista sveglia la cupidità dello stolto, che ama la avvenenza di un morto ritratto senz'anima.the sight wherof geueth concupiscence to the sensles, and and he loueth the shape without life of a deade image.cujus aspectus insensato dat concupiscentiam, / et diligit mortuæ imaginis effigiem sine anima. 6The lovers of evil things deserve to have no better things to trust in, both they that make them, and they that love them, and they that worship them.Quelli, che amano il male, sono degni di avere speranza in cose tali, e quelli pur, che lo fanno, e que', che le amano, e quelli, che le onorano.The louers of euils, are worthie to haue their hope in such thinges, both they that make them, and that loue, and that worshippe them.Malorum amatores digni sunt qui spem habeant in talibus, / et qui faciunt illos, et qui diligunt, et qui colunt.
7The potter also tempering soft earth, with labour fashioneth every vessel for our service, and of the same clay he maketh both vessels that are for clean uses, and likewise such as serve to the contrary: but what is the use of these vessels, the potter is the judge.Similmente un vasaio maneggiando la molle creta con molta fatica ne forma per nostro uso de' vasi di ogni sorte, e' della medesima pasta ne fa de' vasi per usi onesti, e similmente de' vasi per usi contrari: e dell'uso, a cui debban servire que' vasi ne è arbitro il vasaio;Yea and the potter pressing softe earth, with labour fashioneth euerie vessel to our vses, and of the same clay maketh the vessels, that are cleane to vse, and in like maner them, that are contrarie to these: but what the vse of these vessels is, the potter is iudge.Sed et figulus mollem terram premens, / laboriose fingit ad usus nostros unumquodque vas; / et de eodem luto fingit quæ munda sunt in usum vasa, / et similiter quæ his sunt contraria: / horum autem vasorum quis sit usus, / judex est figulus. 8And of the same clay by a vain labour he maketh a god: he who a little before was made of earth himself, and a little after returneth to the same out of which he was taken, when his life, which was lent him, shall be called for again.E con vana fatica della stessa pasta né forma un Dio, egli, che poco prima fu di terra creato, e di qui a poco ritorna donde fu tratto, allorché gli sarà ridomandata quell'anima, di cui è debitore.And with vaine labour he fashioneth a god of the same clay: he which a litle before was made of earth, and a litle after returneth backe whence he was taken, being exacted the debte of the life which he had.Et cum labore vano deum fingit de eodem luto / ille qui paulo ante de terra factus fuerat, / et post pusillum reducit se unde acceptus est, / repetitus animæ debitum quam habebat. 9But his care is, not that he shall labour, nor that his life is short, but he striveth with the goldsmiths and silversmiths: and he endeavoureth to do like the workers in brass, and counteth it a glory to make vain things.Ma egli non pensa alla fatica, che soffre, né alla brevità di sua vita, ma fa a picca cogli orefici, e argentieri, ed imita anche i bronzisti, e pone la sua gloria nel formare cose inutili,But his care is, not because he shal labour, nor because he hath a short life, but he contendeth with goldsmithes and siluer smithes: yea and he imitateth the copper smithes, and counteth it a glorie, because he maketh vaine thinges.Sed cura est illi non quia laboraturus est, / nec quoniam brevis illi vita est: / sed concertatur aurificibus et argentariis; / sed et ærarios imitatur, / et gloriam præfert, quoniam res supervacuas fingit. 10For his heart is ashes, and his hope vain earth and his life more base than clay:Perché il suo cuore è cenere, e la speranza di lui è men pregevole della terra, e la vita di lui è più vile del fango:For his hart is ashes, and his hope vaine earth, and his life viler then clay:Cinis est enim cor ejus, / et terra supervacua spes illius, / et luto vilior vita ejus:
11Forasmuch as he knew not his maker, and him that inspired into him the soul that worketh, and that breathed into him a living spirit.Mentre egli non conosce colui, che lo ha formato, e gli ispirò quell'anima, mediante la quale egli opera, e soffo in lui lo spirito di vita.because he was ignorant who made him, and who inspired into him the soule which worketh, and who breathed into him the vital spirite.quoniam ignoravit qui se finxit, / et qui inspiravit illi animam quæ operatur, / et qui insufflavit ei spiritum vitalem. 12Yea, and they have counted our life a pastime and the business of life to be gain, and that we must be getting every way, even out of evil.Costoro anzi han creduto, che sia un giuoco la nostra vita, e che tutta la nostra occupazione abbia da essere pel guadagno, e che convenga cercar di far roba anche col malfare:Yea and they estemed our life to be a pastime, and the conuersation of life made for a gayne, & that we must get euerie way euen of euil.Sed et æstimaverunt ludum esse vitam nostram, / et conversationem vitæ compositam ad lucrum, / et oportere undecumque etiam ex malo acquirere. 13For that man knoweth that he offendeth above all others, who of earthly matter maketh brittle vessels, and graven gods.Perocché ben sa, che più di tutti egli pecca colui, che di fragil materia forma de' vasi, e de' simolacri.For he knoweth that he offendeth aboue al men, which of the matter of earth fashioneth frayle vessels, and sculptils.Hic enim scit se super omnes delinquere, / qui ex terræ materia fragilia vasa et sculptilia fingit. 14But all the enemies of thy people that hold them in subjection, are foolish, and unhappy, and proud beyond measure:Ma son tutti stolti, e sgraziati, e superbi più che anima nata i nemici del popol tuo, i quali lo dominano,For al the vnwise, and vnhappie aboue measure of the soule, proude are the enemies of thy people, and rule ouer them:Omnes enim insipientes, / et infelices supra modum animæ superbi, / sunt inimici populi tui, et imperantes illi: 15For they have esteemed all the idols of the heathens for gods, which neither have the use of eyes to see, nor noses to draw breath, nor ears to hear, nor fingers of hands to handle, and as for their feet, they are slow to walk.Perché eglino credono dei tutti gli idoli delle genti, i quali non hanno l'uso degli occhi per vedere, né delle narici per respirare, né degli orecchi per udire, né delle dita delle mani per toccare, e i piedi stessi hanno incapaci di muoversi:because they haue estemed al the idols of the nations for goddes, which neither haue vse of eies to see, nor nosthrels to take breath, nor eares to heare, nor fingers of the hands to handle, yea and their feete are slow to walke.quoniam omnia idola nationum deos æstimaverunt, / quibus neque oculorum usus est ad videndum, / neque nares ad percipiendum spiritum, / neque aures ad audiendum, / neque digiti manuum ad tractandum, / sed et pedes eorum pigri ad ambulandum.
16For man made them: and he that borroweth his own breath, fashioned them. For no man can make a god like to himself.Perocché un uomo li fece, e formolli uno, a cui fu dato in prestito lo spirito: e nissun uomo potrà mai fare un Dio simile a se;For a man made them: and he that borowed breath, the same fashioned them. For no man can make God like to himself.Homo enim fecit illos; / et qui spiritum mutuatus est, is finxit illos. / Nemo enim sibi similem homo poterit deum fingere. 17For being mortal himself, he formeth a dead thing with his wicked hands. For he is better than they whom he worshippeth, because he indeed hath lived, though he were mortal, but they never.Ed essendo egli mortale colle inique sue mani forma un morto; onde egli è da più di quelli, che adora, perchè egli benché mortale ha ottenuto la vita, ma quelli non mai.For wheras himself is mortal, he maketh a dead thing with his wicked handes For he is better then they, whom he worshippeth, because he in deede liued, though he were mortal, but they neuer.Cum enim sit mortalis, mortuum fingit manibus iniquis. / Melior enim est ipse his quos colit, / quia ipse quidem vixit, cum esset mortalis, illi autem numquam. 18Moreover, they worship also the vilest creatures: but things without sense, compared to these, are worse than they.Ma essi rendono culto ai più odiosi i animali, i quali paragonati coll'altre bestie prive di sentimento son di queste peggiori.But they worship also most miserable beasts: for the senslesse thinges compared to these, are worse then they.Sed et animalia miserrima colunt; / insensata enim comparata his, illis sunt deteriora. 19Yea, neither by sight can any man see good of these beasts. But they have fled from the praise of God, and from his blessing.Né alcuno può nell'aspetto istesso di quegli animali osservare alcun bene, come quelli, che han perduta l'approvazione, e la benedizione di Dio.Yea neither by sight can any man see good of these beasts. But they haue fled from the prayse of God, and from his blessing.Sed nec aspectu aliquis ex his animalibus bona potest conspicere: / effugerunt autem Dei laudem et benedictionem ejus.
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Calmet
Mercy. The pagans have no real respect for their gods: they fear them not. (Calmet)
Calmet
But we know that Thou governest all, (Haydock) and will punish us, if we transgress. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Us. He wrote after the captivity, when the Jews abhorred idolatry, (Calmet) as they might also do at the beginning of Solomon's reign. (Haydock)
Calmet
Picture. It is not certain that the art was known in the days of Moses, or that he expressly forbade it. Pliny says it was discovered at Corinth, by making the outlines of a man's shadow on the wall. Afterwards one colour was used, till a variety was found to represent things more perfectly, (L. 35:3, 4.) so as to deceive the senses, for which reason it is styled a fruitless labour. (Calmet)
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Clay. In death, those who have trusted in creatures, shall be abandoned by all.
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Worketh. God gives life, and also the rational soul, Genesis 2:7.
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Calmet
Evil. This is the maxim of worldlings. (Calmet)
Horace
Virtus post nummos. (Horace, 1:ep. 1.)
St. Chrysostom
Our occupations are like those of children. They presently perish, or we must quit them. (St. Chrysostom, hom. xlvii. ad Pop.)
Calmet
We must strive to act our part well. Libertines deem this life a comedy, and represent religion as an imposition. (Calmet)
Worthington
They are like atheists, as they leave the true God, who seek gain by idols. (Worthington)
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In their pride, they threaten more than they can perform, (Isaias 16:6.) or they take images to be gods, which infants only imagine are men, as Lactantius observes, quoting Lucilius,
Ut pueri infantes credunt signa omnia ahena Vivere et esse homines. --
Haydock
(Haydock)
Worthington
Measure. They become insolent, and despise and persecute the servants of God. (Worthington)
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Calmet
Beasts. They are deformed, (Haydock) and seem to have been cursed by God, like the serpent, Genesis 3:14. (Calmet)
Menochius
Fled from. Or "have banished" (Lorin.) God's praise, claiming it for themselves. (Menochius)
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Of the diue•s sortes of idols and Idolaters see our brife Annotion vpon the 113. Psal.
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Idolaters hauing forsaken and forgot the onlie true God, become as Atheists, making their temporal gaine of false goddes.
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And so waxing insolent, contemte and persecute the seruants of God.
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Some idolaters worshipped brute beastes for goddes, as being better then sensles images: but al are abominable.
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Early Popes (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) The Epistle of Pope Anterus 1
… For if we sin, we are Thine, knowing Thy power. And if we sin not, we know that we are counted Thine.”
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St Methodius † AD 311 Oration Concerning Simeon and Anna On the Day that They Met in the Temple 1
… Thou art our Lawgiver, and Thee we obey; Thou art God of all things the First. Before Thee was no other god begotten of God the Father; neither after Thee shall there be any other son consubstantial and of one glory with the Father. And to know Thee is perfect righteousness, and to know Thy power is the root of immortality.
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St Methodius † AD 311 The Banquet of the Ten Virgins; or Concerning Chastity 2.7
… forasmuch as he knew not his Maker, and Him that inspired into him an active soul, and breathed in a living spirit;”
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St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Exhortation to Martyrdom, Addressed to Fortunatus 1
… and as for their feet, they are slow to go. For man made them, and he that borrowed his own spirit fashioned them; but no man can make a god like unto himself. For, since he is mortal, he worketh a dead thing with wicked hands; for he himself is better than the things which he worshippeth, since he indeed lived once, but they never.”
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.60
… but their feet also are slow to walk. For man made them; and he who has borrowed his breath, he fashioned them. But no man will be able to fashion a god like to himself. For since he is mortal, he fashioneth a dead thing with wicked hands. But he himself is better than they whom he worships, since he indeed lived, but they never.”
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which are full of demons, and therefore they rage, and avenge their neglect grievously, and receive idolaters and magicians, who obey them less, most wickedly and punish them. Note here four gifts of God in governing: the first, benignity and sweetness; the second, truth and faithfulness; the third, long-suffering and patience; the fourth, mercy and clemency: let kings, rulers and governors learn and ask these from God. governing all things. For sweet, in Greek it is χρηστός, that is, good, benign, upright, humane, easy to gratify, suitable, clement; likewise useful, fruitful, helpful, excellent, vigorous: such was Χρηστός, that is, our Christ, who therefore was called by the gentiles Χρηστός, that is, Chrestus, and Christians were called chrestians, because they were benign and beneficial to all. The sense is, as if to say, Idolaters worship useless gods, nay, harmful ones: for such are demons, who when invoked by magicians afford meagre help, so that they may bring greater harm to them, both in body and in soul; but our God is most useful, as much as he is most benevolent and most beneficent, who heaps upon us all good things: we therefore congratulate ourselves on such a God, best and greatest, and that he hath freed us from such wicked gods: thus Cantacuzenus, who notes there is an antithesis between God and idols, such as I have assigned. But thou, our God, art sweet and true, patient and disposing all things in mercy. — Vatablus, thou, our God, art benign and true, and with long patience (or gentleness) and mercy gu-
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sinned, whether venially or even mortally, we profess openly that we cannot escape you, as the idolaters thought they could escape their gods, because we are yours, and subject to your dominion, and we know your supreme power, by which you can punish us wherever we may have fled, otherwise than the weak and powerless idols: for, as David says, Psalm CXXXVIII, 8: "If I ascend into heaven, thou art there: if I descend into hell, thou art present: if I take my wings early in the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there also thy hand shall lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me." Even if we have sinned, we are yours, namely because we have a good and great God, who both wills and is able to heal the sins of the penitent, not one who would not dare to destroy those persisting in malice, whence he adds, knowing thy power, from which no sinner can withdraw or hide himself: thus St. Augustine in the place already cited, who therefore rightly admonishes the sinner that he ought not to flatter himself with security, thinking that he is God's. Morally, if we have sinned, we are yours: yours through penance, confession, chastisement; yours through contrition and charity, as was your St. Mary Magdalene, concerning whom St. Paulinus, in his epistle to Severus: "The Lord loved not the ointment in her, but the charity by which, shamefully bold and piously wicked, without fear of reproach and rejection, she, uninvited, penetrated into the house of the Pharisee, a stranger to her, with that force by which the kingdom of heaven is seized: and thirsting so much for heavenly words, she ran not to his riches, but to the feet of Christ, and washed and fed herself in them; and made those very feet for herself a sanctuary, so to speak, and an altar, in which she poured out libations with tears, made offerings with ointment, and sacrificed with affection." The penitent therefore is God's, because through contrition he loves God, and devotes and consecrates himself to him; whence in turn he is received by God into grace, love, and his former favor. Thus concerning the gentiles to be converted from gods to God through Christ, Isaiah says, cap. XLIV, 5: "This one shall say: I am the Lord's; and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob: and another shall write with his hand, To the Lord:" and David, Psalm CXVIII, 94: "I am thine, he says, save me: for I have sought thy justifications." And if we have not sinned, we know that we are reckoned with you. — First, St. Augustine reads appointed; in Greek, we are esteemed yours, that is, if we do not sin we are more dear to you, and more in your heart and care: for you love the just and innocent as friends, nay as sons most beloved to you before all the world, protect them, direct them, advance them to salvation and glory and all good. If therefore we sin, we are yours through power, because we incur the hands of your mighty justice; if we do not sin, we are yours through grace and adoption; whether therefore we sin or do not sin, we are yours: for you are the Lord our God, whose hands we cannot escape, but into them we fall whatever we do. The Vulgate reads in the Greek ὅτι, that is ὅ, already that is lacking in the Greek, which therefore thus has it, we shall not sin, when we know ourselves to be esteemed by you, or to be in your care and of value to you: for this especially ought to turn away any one of us from sin, that we know ourselves to be in God's care, dear, and of value to him, and to be predestined by God at least in the beginning, that we may be his sons and heirs, and co-heirs with Christ. For God destined all the faithful and just to glory, and therefore predestined them at least in the beginning. Thus St. Augustine, On Faith and Works, cap. XXII, who reads in the past tense, we have not sinned, as the Louvain scholars corrected it, although the context seems to require we shall not sin, as the Greek texts have: for who, thinking himself inscribed in God's friendship, family and familiarity, would dare to sin, so as to sell and squander so great a good for a vile desire? who, seriously considering himself elected and called by God to so great grace and glory, would not strive with all his strength to live worthily of so great a calling, that he might show himself a worthy citizen of heaven and companion of the angels? "Who, thinking worthily of dwelling with God, in which all are appointed by predestination, who are called according to his purpose, would not strive to live so as to be fitting for such a dwelling?" says St. Augustine in the place cited. Second and more genuinely, our Castro: It seems, he says, that Solomon speaks of the election of the people before other peoples (not of predestination), of which Moses, Deuter. XXXII, 8: "When the Most High divided the nations, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the peoples according to the number of the children of Israel. But the Lord's portion is his people: Jacob the lot of his inheritance." This knowledge therefore and persuasion, that we are of the number of God's people, and that we are inscribed in the catalogue of his faithful, chiefly contains us or ought to contain us in all shame and fear, lest we sin, and the more so the more we are drawn into his familiarity. The Greek λελογισμέθα favors this, that is, we are inscribed in your accounts, assigned to your reckoning, reckoned by you: for λογίζομαι is indeed an arithmetical verb, and designates the reckoning of merchants.
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in us a holy fear of God, which makes us abstain from all sin, which is the origin of death and all corruption, and therefore induces all virtue, which is the root of immortality, happiness and eternal glory. Moreover, this knowledge, or knowledge of God, is obtained through faith; whence the Apostle everywhere says that we are justified and saved through faith, because faith begins the course toward justice, salvation and immortality, Rom. I, 17; III, 28; and V, 1, etc.: see the remarks there. Finally, "to know" gives the reason for the preceding statements, why namely he professed his knowledge and faith in God, saying in verse 1: "But thou, our God, art sweet and true," etc.; and in verse 2: "Knowing thy greatness." But properly and especially it gives the reason for what immediately preceded: "And if we have not sinned, we know that we are counted with thee;" or, as the Greek has it, we shall not sin, namely because we know ourselves to be esteemed by thee, or to be a care to thee: for knowledge of the power and providence of God is the cause which makes us carefully avoid all sin, and spurs us on so that with all our effort we strive for justice, to the end that we may please God, and obtain from him blessed immortality: see the remarks on cap. I, verse 13, and Prov. I, 7. The sense therefore is, as if to say: That confession of our faith, by which a little before we professed thee to be supremely benign, patient, powerful, merciful, and as such we love and worship thee with all our heart, and therefore in turn are loved by thee, as wholly thine, and bound to thee by the closest bond of faith, religion and charity: this, I say, is our perfect justice, from which as from a root, springs forth the fruit of immortality and eternal happiness. Thus Christ says, John XVII, 3: "This is eternal life (that is, the way to eternal life, and as it were its principle and beginning), that they may know (through faith) thee the only true God, and whom thou hast sent, Jesus Christ. For faith, Heb. XI, 1, is the substance of things to be hoped for, the evidence of things that appear not:" see the remarks there. Tropologically, Blessed Lawrence Justinian, patriarch of Venice, used to say: "The true knowledge of man is to know these two things, namely that God is all things, and that he is nothing," thus his Life has it: for from this knowledge and faith follows distrust of self and confidence in God; thence hatred of self and love of God, which is perfect justice, consisting in three theological virtues, namely in outstanding faith, hope and charity. Hence St. John in the Apocalypse XV, 2, saw the saints to be in the end of the world, having seen the seven last plagues of the world, in which the wrath of God shall be consummated, to be amazed, and he heard them singing and exclaiming: "Great and wonderful are thy works, O Lord God Almighty: just and true are thy ways, O King of ages. Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and magnify thy name? because thou alone art holy: because all nations shall come and shall adore in thy sight, because thy judgments are manifest." Similar are their voices after the destruction of Babylon, cap. XVIII, 8 et seq.; and cap. XI, verse 17; and cap. XIV, verse 7. The antistrophe to Solomon is the maxim of Jeremiah, cap. IX, verse 23: "Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, and let not the strong man glory in his strength, and let not the rich man glory in his riches; but in this let him glory to know and understand me." Anagogically, to know God through the beatific vision is perfect justice, perfect, I say, in grace and glory, and therefore confirmed, so that for eternity the blessed man cannot fall from it by any temptation, any chance: thus Hugo, who however less correctly adds, by God is understood the Father, as if to say: We have known God the Son in the incarnation, the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, when he appeared in tongues of fire; likewise in the baptism of Christ, when he appeared in the form of a dove; but God the Father we have not known by a similar symbol in this life, but we shall know him in the future; whence then there will be perfect knowledge, love and justice of God. For this is foreign to the mind and purpose of the wise man; this also is not true: for the Father appeared in the Old Testament, equally as the Holy Spirit, when three angels appeared to Abraham representing the three divine persons; likewise in the baptism of Christ, the voice of the Father thundered forth, Matt. III, 17: "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased;"; the same voice of the Father was heard in the transfiguration of Christ, Matt. XVII, 5.
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Evil contrivance of art. — Namely the art of sculpture and painting of beautiful simulacra and idols, which is called evil because it allures to worship and adore them, in Greek κακότεχνος ἐπίνοια, that is, malevolent, harmful, malignant: likewise deceitful, adulterous, pernicious and contrived for the destruction of men, the invention of the art of sculpture of idols; Vatablus, an insidious invention; Jansenius, a malignant invention, by which namely through the elegance of the sculpture of idols, the rude are incited to worship idols as gods; our translator from Castro renders κακότεχνος word for word from the etymology, weaving evil, removing evil, or the contrivance of an evil artificer, as if to say: Among the other benefits with which you have enriched your people, this is an outstanding one, that you have preserved them from the fallacious and pernicious inventions of men, who against God's law contrive many things and establish many things. Nor the shadow of a picture: — the interpreter reads with the Complutensian, Royal and other editions by diastole with two words, σκιᾶ γραφῶν, that is, shadow of a picture; now the Vatican editions read more plainly and clearly with one word σκιαγράφων, that is, adumbrating, and this they connect with what follows, labor without fruit, as if to say: The labor of painters did not deceive us, who by painting adumbrate and assimilate things, a fruitless labor; but the sense comes to the same thing. The adumbrated or shadowy picture itself is called the shadow of a picture, and this first, because the origin of painting is shadow: for the first natural image or likeness of a body is its own shadow; whence from shadow men learned to paint, and by painting to adumbrate: wherefore Quintilian in book X says: "There would be no painting, if that which circumscribed the extreme lines of the shadow which bodies made in the sun." Hence the first paintings were mere delineations or circumscriptions of the lines of the depicted body: hear Pliny, book XXXV, chapter III: "The Greeks, he says, some in Sicyon, others among the Corinthians claim painting was discovered, all agree that it was the shadow of a man circumscribed with lines; and so such was the first (as we still see in ancient works at Rome), the second with individual colors and monochromatic, that is, called unicolor." The third followed from various colors and polychromatic, that is, multicolor. Pliny continues: "They say the linear art was invented by Philocles the Egyptian, or Cleanthes the Corinthian, etc. Cleophantus the Corinthian was the first to invent coloring with broken pottery (as they say)." The same, book XXXV, chapter V: "Both arts (namely statuary and painting) began with Phidias in the 83rd Olympiad, about 332 years after," from which the art of sculpture or carving in marble began. Second, because in painting it is a great art to paint shadows well: for through them the heights, depths, mountains and valleys, distances and intervals of things are represented. Indeed I saw at Rome through shadows alternated on walls, these things represented so lifelike that they would make anyone looking at them doubtful whether there was truly this eminence and depth in the wall, or whether it was only made and adumbrated through painting and art; whence painting itself is called adumbration, and to paint is to adumbrate, and those are called σκιαγράφοι who apply lineaments and shadows, by which things that are flat appear to stand out in the picture. An image carved with various colors. — For image, in Greek it is εἶδος, that is, form, species, figure; whence the diminutive εἴδωλον, that is, idol, as if to say a diminished figure, a meager form, a small and contracted species, a small god, a tiny deity. For carved, in Greek it is σπιλωθέν, that is, stained, that is, variegated with various colors: for stains are called both the marks by which painters are accustomed to distinguish and illustrate images and pictures; and varieties of colors; whence Seneca, epistle 116: "They delight us," he says, "the stains of huge columns;" add that the Wise Man by this voice rebukes idols as if they were depicted not so much with colors as stained and defiled, so that he may bring them into hatred, both because the colors themselves are in themselves sordid and stained; and because if you regard God, surely these idols depicted with God's colors ought to be called stained, for God, who is pure spirit, and therefore devoid of color, are infected and stained by earthly and foul colors of painting, and thus exhibit God not as spiritual, but as corporeal and colored. Our translator renders it more profoundly as "carved," both so that he may indicate that ancient idols were statues skillfully carved, which were then painted with various colors; and because the coloring and painting itself is called carving by catachresis: for the painter by painting a thing with various colors, now whitish and bright, now blackish and dark, especially when he represents by these the prominences or depths of things, or mountains and valleys (whence also the Greek σπῖλος signifies not only stains, but also prominences and prominent things, such as cliffs, rocks, islands in the sea), carves out the thing itself as it were, as is seen in skillfully painted glasses; hence any idols, even merely painted ones, are called carved images in the Scriptures, as Exodus XX, 4: "Thou shalt not make to thyself a carved image," that is an idol; Psalm CV, 19: "And they adored the carved image;" Isaiah XLII, 17: "They that trust in a carved image," and throughout the prophets. By various colors. — In Greek, χρώμασιν ἠλλαγμένοις, that is by various and distinct colors, variously arranged and distributed, for there is a wonderful variety of colors in idols, which seized the eyes of the rude people in admiration, and thence into worship and veneration; whence follows:
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Royal; secondly, the Vatican texts read eis ἐρεθισμόν, that is into stimulation, nay into fury, into madness; for thus sharply and eagerly the senseless one, having seen a beautiful image, is seized into concupiscence for it, so that he is as it were maddened and rages. The sense therefore is, as if to say, Paintings and carvings have this power, that they inspire concupiscence of idols in the rude and senseless people, and seize him to love, nay to adore these figures of a dead image, or of an image representing a dead thing, without a soul, nay even without spirit and breath. Cantacuzenus adds that the word "senseless" denotes the Egyptians, who worshipped not only the effigies of men, but also of beasts as gods. Moreover, the demon renders idolaters so senseless that they have loved their effigies as if they were alive, as if they were women: thus Pygmalion king of Cyprus, as Arnobius testifies, book VI Against the Gentiles, loved the idol of Venus as a woman, and with it, as with a woman, embraced it, kissed it, and exercised other lustful gestures and touches. A similar example of another is narrated by Pliny, book XXXVI, chapter V. Hence idolatry in the Scriptures is called fornication, not only mystical, but also real, because near the temples of idols were brothels and harlots, with whom strangers committed fornication: and thus Pineda explains that passage Job. XL, 46: "He sleepeth under the shadow," that is, under the idol, he says, the demon lies hidden, who is therefore called Baal, that is husband exciting to his foul love; whence for "he loveth," in Greek is ἐρᾶται, that is he desires, he covets.
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those dishes, but that one for forming chamber pots and other vessels for other uses, as it pleased him and seemed good to him: and yet the potter, as he adds in verse 8, in like manner from the same clay fashions an idol, and judges and chooses for this purpose that part of the clay which seems more suitable to him. Therefore an idol, if you regard the material, is plainly similar, indeed the same as the material of dishes and chamber pots, which is most vile, namely clay; but if you regard the craftsman, it is the same potter who fashions the idol and who fashions the chamber pot; therefore as vile is the potter and vile the clay, so equally vile is his work, namely the idol fashioned by him: wherefore rightly Arnobius, book VI Against the Gentiles, pierces and destroys idolaters with this argument as with a weapon: "What then is the reason," he says, "that if all these bodies remain untouched and uncut, they lack the force of divinity and heavenly authority, yet if they receive the forms of men, if ears, noses, cheeks, lips, eyes, eyelashes, they immediately become gods, and are referred into the order of the heavenly ones and enrolled? Does some novelty of fiction add something to these bodies, so that by the very addition you are compelled to believe that some divinity and majesty has been conferred upon them?" etc. Among other idols he mentions earthen ones especially, both because these were very numerous and were purchased everywhere by the poor at small price; and because earthen material is most vile, the molding most sordid, the craftsman most sordid; who nevertheless has full dominion and power over it, so that with wonderful ease he forms and fashions from soft clay those forms and figures which pleased him: all which things prove the utmost vileness of idols; whence he adds:
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Brings himself back, — That is to say: The potter, dying shortly, will return to the earth from which his body was formed, "the debt of the soul being demanded back," namely of dying, or of departing from the body: namely when God demands back from the soul the debt of departing from the body and returning to himself, so that it may render to God truly demanding an exact account of debts, that is, of sins committed, and especially of idolatry and of idols fashioned by itself, — that is to say: How vain and foolish is it to believe that the potter fashions God, who receives his being from God, and shortly returns that being to God the giver, and will render an account of it well or badly spent? Hence learn morally that the soul and life are not ours, but God's, who is their Lord and has granted us only the use of it, and has given it to us as it were on loan, so that namely we might use it for the will and praise of God; but if we abuse it to fashion for ourselves some idol of honor, pride, avarice, or luxury, he will demand from us in judgment a sharp account of what was given, or rather lent, and will punish its abuse with eternal fires, according to the parable of the talents, Matthew XXV, 15; then the abuser will hear from Christ the judge that word, Luke XII, 20: "Fool, this night do they require thy soul of thee: and the things thou hast provided, whose shall they be?" God therefore is the creditor, man the debtor, the debt is the soul and its sins; death is the debt of nature, hell is the debt of sin, wherefore he who sins bears fruit unto the second death, that is, bears fruit unto hell, as St. Ambrose says on Romans chapter VII: in like manner the earth demands back from dying men the debt of the body received from itself, according to that word, Ecclesiastes XII, 7: "And the dust return to the earth from whence it was, and the spirit return to God, who gave it:": see the things said there. Hence St. Ambrose, book On the Good of Death, chapter X, proves the immortality of the soul: "Did he say," he says, "let thy soul die in thee? No: but it is demanded back from thee; what was given is demanded back, or they demand it from thee: for the soul is demanded back, not destroyed. What is demanded back remains; what is destroyed does not remain."
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Juvenal ridicules the Egyptians, because they worshipped garlic and leeks as gods, and says: O holy nations, for whom these are born as divinities in gardens! In a similar way you might ridicule idol-makers, and say to them: O holy molders, who mold clay divinities! O holy palms, by which it is permitted to fashion divinities! O divine fingers, which can fashion gods! Not because he will labor. — This labor is understood variously by different ones; first and properly, for that by which the potter laboriously works in forming an idol, and each of its parts and members, and in preserving them lest they break or be shattered, as I have already said. Second, by which he labors from sickness, which he contracts from excessive molding labor day and night; whence Peter Nannius here: "He will labor," he says, "that is, he will become sick: for κάμοντες are called the sick or the dead," as if to say: The potter intent on profit and glory wears himself out, loses and destroys himself through excessive labor. Third, by which he labored in death, when the debt of his soul is demanded of him, and in hell, where he will burn on account of his idols, which he fashioned: thus Jansenius. He contends (in Greek ἀντερείδεται, that is, he contends against an adversary or rival, strives, fights, so that the excellence of his art might bring more profit and glory). He prefers glory, because he fashions superfluous things, — that is, as in Greek, he esteems glory, because he fashions κίβδηλα, that is, counterfeit things; Vatablus, he counts it glory to himself, because he fashions impostures; others, because he fashions adulteries, that is, adulterated and falsified things, namely idols, which are not divinities, but figments and portents of divinities, and therefore are adulterous and falsified gods, that is, shadowed, painted, feigned and false: for the Greek κίβδηλος signifies an adulterated, false, feigned thing, and is properly said of debased coins, when namely brass is mixed with gold, which vitiates and adulterates them: in a similar manner an idol is a god, not true, but false and adulterated. Wherefore Tertullian, in the book On Idols, chapter VII, asserts that Christian artisans, who fashion simulacra for idolaters for the sake of profit, ought to be cast out from the Church, indeed their hands ought to be cut off: "All day," he says, "zeal for the faith will plead on this side, groaning that a Christian comes from idols into the Church, comes from an adversary's workshop into the house of God, lifts up to God the Father hands that are mothers of idols, with these hands adores what is adored outside against God, applies those hands to the body of the Lord, which hands deliver bodies to demons. Nor is this enough: it is too little if they receive from other hands what they contaminate; but they themselves also hand on to others what they have contaminated. Idol-makers are enrolled in the ecclesiastical order; O crime! Once the Jews laid hands on Christ, these daily assault his body; O hands to be cut off! Let them see now whether it was said by way of similitude, Matthew V, 30: If thy hand scandalize thee, cut it off. What hands ought more to be cut off than those in which the body of the Lord is scandalized?" For this reason St. Claudius, Nicostratus, Symphorianus, Castorius and Simplicius, under the emperor Diocletian, achieved glorious martyrdom, because, although they were supreme sculptors, they could in no way be induced to make statues of idols; and when they were led to the simulacrum of the Sun, so that they might venerate it, they said they would never allow themselves to adore the works of human hands: wherefore they were thrown into prison, beaten with scorpions, finally enclosed alive in leaden coffins and cast into the river, they surrendered their bodies to the earth, their souls to heaven, and achieved a glorious triumph over idols. The Church celebrates the day of their birth in the Octave of All Saints, and we venerate their relics in Rome in the Church of the Four Crowned Saints.
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For ashes, in Greek it is σποδός, but not simple, which is called τέφρα, but filthy, and in which extinguished coals are mixed together, and the remains of other things, namely fragments of potsherds, which in a hotter fire in the furnace are often shattered and broken; in these therefore is the whole heart, that is the thought and occupation of the potter, so that he himself wholly immersed in ash and clay, appears to live a life among ashes not human and vital, but ashen and funereal. Thus Lyra: Ashes, he says, is the heart of the potter by affection, because, as St. Augustine says: You love the earth, you are earth; you love heaven, you are heaven; you love God, what shall I say? divine, nay you are God: for love transforms the lover into the beloved, for the soul is more where it loves than where it animates. The same St. Augustine, book II On the Sermon of the Lord on the Mount, chapter IX: "Just as," he says, "a sinner is called earth, when it is said to him: You are earth, and into earth you shall go: so a just man can be called heaven on the contrary: for it is said to the just: The temple of God is holy, which you are. Wherefore if God dwells in his temple, and the saints are his temple; it is rightly said, you who are in the heavens, you who are in the saints; and this similitude is most fitting, so that spiritually there appears to be as much difference between the just and sinners as there is corporally between heaven and earth. For the sake of signifying this matter, when we stand for prayers, we turn toward the east, whence heaven rises: not as if God were there, and as if he had abandoned the other parts of the world, he who is present everywhere, not by the spaces of places, but by the majesty of power; but so that the mind may be admonished to turn itself toward a more excellent nature, that is toward the Lord, when his body itself which is earthly is turned toward a more excellent body, that is toward a heavenly body." And after some things: "So that when they have at some time known the dignity of the soul to exceed even a heavenly body, they may seek him more in the soul than in the body even heavenly." of his and of all good things the author and giver. For which works, in Greek it is ἐνεργοῦσαν, that is working, living, efficacious, which is not idle and empty, but is always in act and always does something, which demonstrates its force and vital vigor; which therefore Cicero, I Tusculan, calls a certain continuous and perpetual motion. For the soul is the fountain and origin of life and vital operation, which flows perpetually from life: for just as a fountain always gushing forth never rests or stops, so also the soul never rests, but always vivifies the body, quickens the members, animates the brain, and into each part of the body through vital and animal spirits, vegetation, life, sense and motion flows; of which the pulse is an index, which is in perpetual agitation and motion as long as man lives; which if it ceases, man dies. Likewise the vital spirit, that is the force of breathing, and continuous respiration through the whole of life, which ceasing man is extinguished and ceases. Wherefore wrongly some from this place have thought that there are several souls in man, namely two or three, to wit vegetative, sensitive and rational, for there is one rational soul in man, but threefold in power: for it alone performs all the duties, which in plants the vegetative soul performs, and in animals the sensitive soul, and in angels the soul, so to speak, rational. It therefore vivifies man so that he grows, it sees, hears, feels, it understands and reasons. It could also be understood through the vital spirit as the soul itself: for it is called soul, inasmuch as it animates and vivifies the body; the same is called spirit, both because it itself is spiritual and incorporeal, and because it gives to man the force of breathing, and because it produces and supplies vital and animal spirits to the head and to the whole body. Vile earth is his hope, — that is he hopes for vile earth, namely vile gain, vile gold and silver: for these are nothing other than white and red earth, says St. Bernard; in Greek it is, viler earth is his hope, and his life more abject than clay, because he has placed his hope in a clayey idol, which for this reason is itself viler earth: for earth as it is created by God, remains what it is; but an idol has what it is not, for it is thought to be God, when it is not at all: whence also the potter lives more abjectly than the earth itself or the clay of the idol, because he subjects himself to clay, as a servant to the Lord, and as a creature to his creator. Finally the Syriac translates, earth is his hope, and a clayey dwelling place of reproach is his: for the potter perpetually handles clay, so that he appears to dwell in it as in his own house. Tropologically, three primary vices are noted here: for ashes, which is generated from fire, denotes anger and pride; earth, which produces fruits and riches, avarice; clay, which infects and stains, gluttony and lust: for the idol of the avaricious is gold, of the proud honor, of gluttony and lust wines and pleasures; but all these are clayey, that is vile and fragile, and go into earth and ashes with man himself, according to that, Job XXX, 19: "I am compared to mud, and I am become like ashes and dust." For natural heat like fire consumes the radical moisture of man: wherefore man dies, and the body goes into ashes and earth; whence chapter II, 3, he said: "Which (spark) extinguished, our body shall be ashes," as it were a residue from fire: see the things said there.
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He assigns the root of the evil, namely why potters fashion idols, because namely they think all things that are done in this life are not serious matters, upon which the salvation and eternal happiness of man depends, but playful things, with which men, like children with their dolls for the short time they live, play; and therefore they fashion idols like dolls, so that with them as with playful gods they play and mock men, and their riches and purses, whether by right or by wrong they wring out, while they sell these their fictions and playful idols for whatever price. For "jest" in Greek is παίγνιον, that is, a playful thing, a jest, a mockery, and especially delights with which children play, such as little images and effigies, especially those which they themselves form from earth or clay: for from παῖς, that is, child, as it were a player; and παίγνιον, that is, a playful thing with which a child plays; or certainly from παῖς, it is said παίζω, that is, I play, I jest like a child. Some wrongly read "luxury" for "jest"; whence Lyran understands by jest luxury, namely carnal delight; but Hugo understands by jest derision, by which the impious mock the pious; Dionysius however, as if to say, Idolaters and the impious pursue the goods of this life, which are playful, but neglect the goods of the future life, which are true and solid; but the genuine sense is the one I gave at the beginning, to which add, that by this jest is noted atheism, as if to say, Idol-makers play with their idols and grow rich from them, because they think this life to be mere play, nor do they think its account as a serious matter is to be demanded from God. For mere play is play, nor is it referred to another end, says Aristotle, book X of the Ethics, chapter VI: thus also these men think this life is not referred to the future, but that when it is finished the soul perishes with the body: wherefore they feast securely, play, fornicate, etc., as he said in chapter II. Hence St. Thomas, II II, Question CLXVIII, article 2, to 2, thinks that at this place those are refuted who are immoderate and excessive in play, so that they seem to constitute in it the highest good and happiness, whom he himself refutes from the saying of Cicero, book I of On Duties, saying: "We are not so born by nature that we seem to have been made for play and jest, but rather for seriousness, and for certain studies more grave and greater" (the same Aristotle asserts, book X of the Ethics, chapter VI), and from that of St. Chrysostom, homily 6 on Matthew: "God does not give to play (with excessive or forbidden play), but the devil does. Hear what those playing suffered, Exodus XXXII, 6: The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play," when they adored the golden calf. Wherefore St. Thomas there assigns the virtue of eutrapelia, whose office is to moderate jests and plays, so that they be neither excessive nor too sparse; by which it comes about that a man, neither too light and playful, nor too serious, stoic and gloomy, but festively grave, and gravely festive becomes; and he cites that saying of Cicero, book I of On Duties: To use play and jest indeed is permitted, but as sleep and rest, other things then, when we have satisfied ourselves with grave and serious matters, according to that of Cato: Interpose sometimes joys among your cares, And you will be able to endure any labor in spirit. I remember in Belgium some, to lighten the pain conceived from public calamities, instituted a society of play and jest, whose axiom and norm was this: "Be neither too jocose nor too grave: neither too often nor too foolishly." Wisely Clement of Alexandria, book III of the Pedagogue, chapter XI: "He does not have wisdom," he says, "to whom play is held as serious;" whence Jeremiah, chapter XV, 7: "I sat not," he says, "in the council of those playing;" and Tobias, chapter III, 17: "Never," he says, "did I mingle myself with those playing, nor did I make myself a partner with those who walk in levity." The world plays with its lovers, as a harlot with her paramours, whom she deceives and plunders, just as a cat plays with a mouse: thus Ishmael played with Isaac by persecuting him, and therefore by the command of God he was cast out from the house of his father Abraham, Genesis XXI, 10. Finally, Play was the companion of Bacchus, from whom Lusitania is asserted to have received its name, says Pliny, book III, chapter 1: "Varro," he says, "relates that Lusus, the son of Liber, and Lysa bacchanating with him, gave the name to Lusitania, and Pan as its prefect over all." But Play reigned among the Celtiberians at the time when Pharao was drowned in the Red Sea: thus Berosus, book V: see here the antiquity of Lusitania, which in the time of Moses and Pharao received its name from King Lusus. Symbolically, our life is a game of children, a comedy, a tragedy, but let each one see to it that he acts his part decently in it, and plays this game wisely, because upon it depends the salvation and perpetual happiness of each: for we cast the die concerning all eternity, and that either most happily or most miserably, and irrevocably. Hence Epictetus, Enchiridion XXIII: Our whole life, he says, is a mime, a stage and a play: the same was said by Augustus Caesar when dying, as Suetonius testifies. Plato compared our life, especially youth now free, to a game of dice, or a game of chance, where one must cast what is fitting, and must rightly use what the cast brings forth; and that to cast this die is not in our power, but in God's, fate's, or fortune's. But if we are truly wise, it is in our power to receive conveniently what fortune has offered, and to place each thing in its proper place, where it may be most beneficial, and what happens contrary to our will may not at all offend us: otherwise those who live with no art applied, no prudence, when things go well, exalt their lot, when things go badly, they are cast down. Thus in either fortune they are disturbed and never at peace, just as we see the sick able to bear neither heat nor cold. Following Plato, Plutarch, in the book On the Tranquility of the Soul, compares human life to a game of dice: What falls by the cast, he says, is not in our power; but to arrange rightly what has fallen, is in our power: thus the outcome is not in us: to turn what happens into good, is our duty. Synesius, book I On Providence: "Just as," he says, "on the stage a tragic actor, whatever character the choragus of the play imposes upon him, is required to act it well: so God clothes us and fortune with diverse kinds of life, as it were certain characters in this great drama of the world, nor is the condition of one better or worse than that of another: each one bears it as he can; but a good man can conduct himself rightly in every place, whether he acts a beggar or a king. Nor is one accustomed to quarrel about the character: for it would be ridiculous in a tragedy for him to refuse this one or choose another: in the character of an old woman, if it please, he obtains garlands and praises: on the contrary, if in a royal role he conducts himself shamefully, he is hissed off and booed; and sometimes even pelted with stones." St. Chrysostom, homily 47 to the People: "Life," he says, "present, is a game, nay what is worse; but the future is not a game: for how do we differ from children playing and building houses, we erecting splendid houses? What do we differ from those eating breakfast, we living delicately? nothing, except that we do these things with punishment. But if we have not yet beheld the truth of things, it is no wonder: for we have not yet become men; but when we shall have become men, we shall know that these are childish things, because those too, becoming men, we abandon. But when we are children, we think serious the things of making pots and clay, we are no less anxious in erecting walls than those building great fortifications, yet immediately they perish and collapse: and even if they stood anywhere, they would be useful to us no more than these splendid houses. For they cannot admit a citizen of heaven." He then adds that the heavenly ones laugh at these games of men on earth: "Nor would one having a heavenly homeland endure to dwell in these, but just as we destroy these with our feet, so he subverts them with judgment; and just as we laugh at children weeping in the subversion, so the heavenly ones not only laugh at us groaning over these, but also weep: and because their bowels are merciful, and hence there is much loss. Let us therefore become men. How long shall we crawl on the ground alone, being wise in stones and wood? How long shall we play, and would that we only played. But now we have also betrayed our salvation; and just as little children when they apply themselves to these things, neglecting letters, suffer many blows: so we too, expending all our effort in these, while we neglect spiritual disciplines, then by works, we shall not have what we provide, we shall give the final punishment, nor shall there be anyone to rescue us, whether father or brother." He has the same in homily 24 on Matthew. The same, epistle 6: "Present life," he says, "is not unlike theatrical scenes: for just as there one fills the office of emperor, here of judge, another of soldier; but when night has come, the emperor is not recognized as emperor, nor is the judge seen as judge, nor the soldier afterwards who was before a soldier: so each one of us on that day of the age to come will receive dignity befitting not persons, but things and deeds." Play, mortals, with the play not of vices, but of virtues. The miser plays with his coins, while through usuries, frauds, right and wrong he heaps them together. The ambitious man plays with his offices and honors, which he procures for himself through illicit arts. The glutton plays with his feasts, the luxurious man with his women; but this play is followed by a sad catastrophe, this applause by a mournful lamentation, while from play one goes to mourning, from jests to the fires of hell; nor does he remember the heavenly warning: "Udo, Udo, cease from play, enough play, Udo," except when, after the play of life is finished, after death with Udo of Magdeburg he is damned to the underworld, he becomes a plaything to the world, and a mockery of demons. Is it then for a worthless coin, a paltry honor, a foul woman's mask that the die of hell is cast, that the blessed glory of heaven is squandered, that, I say, immense and boundless eternity is made sport of? O shame, O wonder, O senseless mind, O foolish heart! How much more wisely, more soundly, more pleasantly and more happily do they play, who play with humility, charity, patience, and the other offices of virtues, so that they perform them joyfully and playfully on account of the sure hope of eternal happiness! How well did St. Paul play the play of his life, saying in I Corinthians IV, 9: "We are made a spectacle to the world, to angels, and to men. We are fools for Christ," etc. How well did St. Athanasius, St. Chrysostom, St. Anthony, St. Francis, and the other saints play the same! How well did they perform their part in this comedy and fable of life! And their manner of life arranged for gain; — in Greek τὸν βίον πανηγυρισμὸν ἐπικερδῆ, that is, life or manner of living, to be a fair prepared for gain, or gainful trading; whence the Syriac translator renders it, the sale of a merchant, that is, a market: thus Pythagoras, as Cicero testifies in the Tusculan Disputations V, said that the life of men is like a fair, which was celebrated in public games with the concourse of all Greece, to which all flocked, some to buy, others to sell. The sense is, as if to say, Idolmakers think of nothing but gain; they therefore form idols so that they may sell them, and thus heap up riches: for they know no other riches, spiritual riches, nor do they think of or believe in the future life. In a similar way St. Gregory of Nazianzus in the Tetrastich said that this life is a spiritual market, in which it is permitted for anyone to buy the wares of virtues, by which he may live in the future age: for when life is finished in death, as if the fair were finished, it is not permitted to anyone to acquire anything further; but hear Nazianzus: You should believe that this life is a fair: If you know how to trade, you will bring away gain, Exchanging transient things for eternal comforts; After that other time there will be no opportunity. And that one ought to acquire gain from every source, even from evil, — in Greek, πορίζειν, that is, to make profit, as if to say, The idolmaker, wholly intent on gain, seizes it from evil, namely from idols, which he fashions, and which he sells as if they were deities at a higher price than either the material or his work deserves: thus the rude and greedy common people today, intent solely on gain, pursues it from any thing, even from evil: for the avaricious place the highest good in gain, and therefore propose profit to themselves as if it were God. The emperor Vespasian, attending more carefully to the matter, extracted revenue and profit even from sordid things, such as from urine; when some objected that this revenue was sordid, he replied: "Urine stinks, but gold does not stink, for from any thing the odor of profit is good and sweet;"; more honorably and cordially Chilon in Laertius book I, chapter I: "Gain," he says, "obtained through crime is a loss, not a gain."
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More properly and strictly St. Bonaventure, Lyra and Dionysius: The enemies, they say, of the Israelites are called proud beyond measure of soul, that is more than the soul of anyone could presume and exalt itself, according to that of Isaiah XVI, 6: "The pride of him (Moab), and his arrogance, and his indignation more than his strength:" for this seems to signify τὸ beyond measure of soul, although in the Greek it is beyond the souls of infants, as if to say: Presuming beyond what they are able to conceive, as foolish and unwise children do. Again Vatable understands by infants the foolish; whence he translates, more wretched than the souls of all thy people are all thy enemies, who oppress him by power, because they hold all the idols of the nations as gods. For all indeed, in Greek is πάντες δέ, that is all truly; but these particles are often interchanged with each other, and δέ is taken for γάρ, that is for, and vice versa, as I showed above. For it meets a tacit objection, as if he said: Do not object to me, who am attacking idols and idolaters, that the enemies of Israel are wise and happy, and that through idols and their gods, whom they worship and invoke, because they themselves now rule and command the people of God, namely the Israelites. I say therefore that they are foolish and unhappy before other nations, because they worship mute and stupid idols, not only their own, but of any nations whatsoever however foul and base, what could be more foolish or unhappy? for lest the Hebrews from the vicinity of the Egyptians be infected by their idolatry, especially since they saw them as masters commanding them, hence against them the Wise One rises up, and in the following chapter demonstrates their foolishness and unhappiness. For the same reason Baruch, cap. VI, thunders against the idols of the Babylonians, so that he might turn away the Jews about to go into Babylonian captivity from worshipping them. For commanding, Lyra, Hugo and others wrongly read reviling; for in Greek it is, καταδυναστεύοντες αὐτόν, that is oppressing him by power and force, namely the people of God. To this pertains the prayer of Esther, cap. XIV, vers. 7 and seq.: "And now it is not enough for them (the Persians, our enemies) that they oppress us with the hardest servitude, but attributing the strength of their hands to the power of idols, they wish to change thy promises, so that they may open the mouths of the nations, and praise the strength of idols," etc. Gorionides narrating this makes Esther speak thus: Behold they do not say that thou (O God) hast delivered us into their hands, but they attribute this very thing to idols, and they adore them saying: You have delivered the Jews into our hands. From this place it is clear that Solomon is not the author of this book: for in his time no nations ruled over Israel, but rather Israel through Solomon ruled over other nations, especially the neighboring ones: wherefore this book seems to have been written in the time of the Seventy Interpreters, when Ptolemy, father of Philadelphia, and the idolatrous Egyptians ruled over Judea, as I said in the Preface; hence in the following chapter he continues to attack the Egyptians. For what Lyra thinks, that the author of the book is Philo the Jew, who lived after Christ under Caius Caligula Caesar, who Caius sent his statue throughout the whole world, because also to Jerusalem, so that it might be adored there by the Jews and other nations, and the Jews refusing to do this, he caused them many troubles, for which reason Philo sent to him by the Jews met with rejection: this, I say, seems little probable, for who would believe that a Jewish man, with Judaism already abrogated, unfaithful and perfidious, is the author of a canonical, holy and sacred book?
15:15
— In Greek ἀργοί, that is idle, ineffective, unfit for walking. For use, as the Greek and Roman texts have it, some wrongly read sight, although the sense is the same: it alludes to that, Psalm CXIII, 4 and Psalm CXXXIV, 18; the words are clear in themselves and evident from what has been said. St. Cyprian, lib. III Testim. cap. LIX, for fingers of hands, reads fingers in hands: the sense is, as if to say: The Egyptians worshipped the gods of all nations, namely idols, which have neither true fingers, nor true feet, nor true hands, but are like logs and trunks; which, if their makers themselves became like them, would cease to be men; hence it is clear that the Egyptians, being very superstitious, worshipped not only their own gods, but also those of other nations: the Romans did the same after them, so that they might have the gods of the nations propitious to themselves, and thus through them might subdue all nations to themselves. Wisely St. Augustine, lib. I De Civit. cap. II: "Nor did Troy perish for this reason, because she lost Minerva: for what had Minerva herself lost before, that she should perish? or perhaps her guardians? this indeed is true, for when they were killed she could be taken away, and indeed the statue was guarded by men, not men by the statue. How therefore was she worshipped, so that she might guard the country and citizens, she who was not able to guard her own guardians?"
15:17
18. 18. But also the most wretched animals they worship: for senseless things compared to these are worse than those. — For "most wretched," the Greek is ἔχθιστα, that is most hostile, most hateful, most troublesome, such as serpents, cats, dogs, crocodiles, mice and worms, which the Egyptians worshipped, and yet these are most harmful and troublesome to men, and therefore most wretched: for that animal is most wretched which is rebellious and troublesome to man, who is its master equally and its end, to whom therefore it ought to obey and serve, inasmuch as it wanders and deviates completely from its end and purpose, to which it was ordained by God the creator. Lyra reads "most wretched" as "of the wretched" for "most wretched", and although this is less genuine, yet it is fitting, that is to say, The Egyptians worshipped most wretched animals as gods, and therefore they themselves became wretched: for each one becomes such as is the god whom he worships.
15:18
For senseless things compared to these are worse than them. — Lyra, reading "most wretched" for the preceding passage, thus explains it, as if to say: Senseless animals compared to these, namely to men, are themselves worse than men, so as to give a reason why he said that those are most wretched who worship animals, because namely senseless things are worse than men who worship them, as being endowed with sense and reason. Others explain it, as if to say: Senseless things, namely wooden and stone idols, compared to these, namely to animals, are themselves worse than them, as if to say a wooden idol is worse than a brute animal; if therefore a brute is not God, much less is a wooden idol God. But these are mere side-issues and at variance with the Greek: for the Greek has thus: "For folly compared to other things, is worse"; whence also some codices of the Vulgate have "other things" for "them". Ἄκια in Greek is properly a noun in the singular number, signifying folly, madness, fury; but the author of this book, who from time to time innovates Greek words and takes them in a new way (as we saw above), seems to take ἄκια as an adjective in the plural and in the neuter gender, so that it is the same as ἄνοιτα, that is, madness or senselessness. The sense therefore is, as if to say: Whatever senseless or mad animals, if they be compared with these which the Egyptians worship, we shall find these worse than them, that is, the animals worshipped by the Egyptians, when, if they be compared with others, madness among rational things should be held, hence they are worse than them, for since all things lacking reason are, those others agree more with the human mind, because they are benign and useful to man: but these are hostile to him, in that they are venomous, and most pestilential to him, so that you would wonder what men worship, having forgotten their own humanity. Thus Cantacuzenus, Osorius, Emmanuel Sa, and Christopher of Castro. Again, if you take the Greek ἄκια substantively and properly, transferring the accent from the antepenult to the penult, in the dative case, which serves the Greeks for the Latin ablative, so that ἀκίᾳ is the same as "with madness, by madness, on account of madness, madly, foolishly and senselessly," as some read in the Vulgate for "senseless," thus the sense will be, as if to say: These most pestilential animals which the Egyptians worship, by this madness, or on account of this madness by which the Egyptians, captivated, exhibit worship to them, compared with the other animals, are worse than them, in that those please God, since they serve human uses, for which they were created; but these are accursed, since they are accommodated to an improper use of a usurped divinity. Hence Vatable translates it, so that things compared to others are worse on account of this madness, namely of the Egyptians, who worship animals so vile and destructive before other animals that are salutary as gods, and therefore make them worse before God, and more hateful to him, as it were rivals of divinity: for it was madness to choose crocodiles and serpents compared with horses, oxen and other animals, as gods on this account, that they are worse and more hostile to man: for this is a mad and insane comparison and choice; whence some read "senselessly," that is, insanely compared, as I said. Cantacuzenus adds that the Egyptians worshipped flies and worms sprung from putrid matter as gods, and therefore as it were errors and sins of nature, which God therefore at the beginning of the world did not create with the other animals, nor named them good, nor blessed them saying: "Increase and multiply": for these are animals wholly senseless, and worse than all others; but what should be thought concerning their generation or creation, I have said in Genesis I. But neither can anyone behold any good in these animals. But they have escaped the praise of God, and his blessing. — For "behold" the codex of Monte Cassino reads "desire"; for "anyone" some manuscripts read "anything," as if to say: Animals, namely, can behold good. As good, that is as beautiful, for this is the Hebrew טוב (tob) and the Greek καλόν, as if to say: No one of the Egyptians who worship crocodiles and serpents delights in their appearance, but rather shudders and abhors by nature such that they are foul, deformed and horrible. Who therefore would believe that those are gods, who are most beautiful and most pleasant? or what amounts to the same thing, that is to say, But neither, if anyone should look upon any of these animals, can he perceive them to be good or beautiful: for he finds none endowed with beauty on account of which they should be loved and worshipped; but rather he sees them as foul and horrible, and therefore to be avoided and rejected. In Greek it is, nor to such an extent that they should be desired as good in the sight of animals, that is, crocodiles and serpents among other animals are good, beautiful and comely, they are not good, desirable and pleasant to behold; therefore much less are they good for worship, that they should be worshipped namely as gods. Otherwise Cantacuzenus, that is to say, God at the beginning of the world did not create flies and worms, which the Egyptians worship; whence since God saw all things created by him to be good, Gen. I, among these good things he neither saw nor numbered flies and worms. Vatablus adds from the Greek, the animals which the Egyptians worshipped, namely crocodiles, from other animals, so that foul and hideous ones might be avoided and abhorred, that is to say, Therefore much more should these same not be worshipped by men, but avoided and turned away from with horror, lest they appear more stupid than animals: for thus Vatablus translates it, and things which do not even appear beautiful to animals, so that they might be touched by desire for them. And the animals escaped the praise of God, and his blessing. — The animals escaped, not the Egyptian idolaters, but the animals, such as crocodiles and serpents worshipped by them as gods: for in Greek it is, ἐκπέφευγε, that is, it escaped in the singular number, which elegantly agrees in Greek syntax with the neuter plural ζῷα, that is, animals, that is to say, The animals which the Egyptians worship are alien from the praise and blessing of God: for they themselves worship serpents; but the serpent God cursed long ago, because it seduced Eve, saying, Gen. III: "Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed upon the earth." The sense is first, that is to say, The Egyptians worship serpents as gods, not only deadly and horrible, but also cursed by God; what good therefore can they hope for from them? for serpents are hateful to God, to men and to all animals, and therefore they flee the light, and the sight of men and animals, as much as that of God, and hide themselves in darkness and hiding places: this is what τὸ escaped denotes: thus Osorius, Jansenius, Sa and others. Again, the animals escaped the praise of God, because they are forced by the idolaters who worship them to deny in some way to God the praise and blessing which all created things render to their Creator. Secondly, our Lorinus more significantly, that is to say, The animals worshipped by the Egyptians escaped, that is, they took away from themselves the praise and blessing of God, when they themselves usurped to themselves the praise of God, when it was transferred to them by those who "changed the glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of the image, not only of corruptible man, but also of birds, and of four-footed beasts, and of serpents," Rom. I, 23.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
15:1
… In Hebrew religiosity pessimism seems to prevail, in this sense, especially in the wisdom books (cf. the disconsolate Ecclesiastes; also Eccl. 40); yet in the end it is God who judges, punishes and rewards (cf. Wis. 15, 1 ff.). …
15:3
The hope for the future is expressed clearly in Ps. 16, 11; 49, 16; 73, 23 ff. and often in the book of Wisdom, which speaks of immortality (Sap. 3, 4; 4, 1; 8, 17; 15, 3), of incorruptibility (ibid. 2, 23; 6, 18 ff.) and of the different lot that awaits the just (ibid. 3, 1 ff. 7, 9; 4, 4-17; 5, 15) and the wicked (ibid. 1, 16; 2, 21-25; 5, 6-13), …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.