The masters of Hierusalem comming so farre to carpe him 6 he chargeth with traditions, partly friuolous, 9 partly also contrarie to Gods commaundements. 14 And to the people he yeldeth the reason of that which they carped, 17 and againe to his disciples, shewing the ground of the Iewish washing (to witte, that meates otherwise desire the soule) to be false. 24 But by and by among the Gentils, in a vvoman he findeth vvonderful faith, vpon her therfore he bestovveth the crumme that she asked, 32 returning (because the time of the Gentils vvas not yet come) to the Ievves vvith the loafe. 32 Where he shevveth his compassion tovvardes mankind so deafe and dumme, 36 and of the people is highly magnified.
1And there assembled together unto him the Pharisees and some of the scribes, coming from Jerusalem.E raunaronsi da lui i Farisei, e alcuni degli Scribi venuti da Gerusalemme.AND there assemble together vnto him the Pharisees and certaine of the Scribes, comming from Hierusalem.Et conveniunt ad eum pharisæi, et quidam de scribis, venientes ab Jerosolymis. 2And when they had seen some of his disciples eat bread with common, that is, with unwashed hands, they found fault.E avendo osservato alcuni de' suoi discepoli cibarsi con mani impure, cioè senza essersele lavate, li biasimarono.And vvhen they had seen certaine of his disciples eate bread vvith common hands, that is, not vvashed, they blamed them.Et cum vidissent quosdam ex discipulis ejus communibus manibus, id est non lotis, manducare panes, vituperaverunt. 3For the Pharisees and all the Jews eat not without often washing their hands, holding the tradition of the ancients.Imperocché i Farisei, e tutti i Giudei non mangiano senza lavarsi spesso le mani, attenendosi alla tradizione de' maggiori:For the Pharisees and al the Ievves, vnles they often vvash their hands, eate not, holding the tradition of the Auncients:Pharisæi enim, et omnes Judæi, nisi crebro laverint manus, non manducant, tenentes traditionem seniorum: 4And when they come from the market, unless they be washed, they eat not: and many other things there are that have been delivered to them to observe, the washings of cups and of pots and of brazen vessels and of beds.E quando tornano dal foro, non mangiano, se prima non si sono battezzati. E vi sono molte altre lavande, che è stato loro insegnato di osservare, de' bicchieri, degli orciuoli, de' vasi di bronzo, e dei letti.and from the market, vnles they be vvashed, they eate not: and many other things there be that vvere deliuered vnto them to obserue, the vvashings of cuppes and cruses, and of brasen vessels & beddes.et a foro nisi baptizentur, non comedunt: et alia multa sunt, quæ tradita sunt illis servare, baptismata calicum, et urceorum, et æramentorum, et lectorum: 5And the Pharisees and scribes asked him: Why do not thy disciples walk according to the tradition of the ancients, but they eat bread with common hands?Or i Farisei, e gli Scribi lo interrogarono: Per qual motivo i tuoi discepoli non camminano secondo la tradizione degli antichi, e mangiano senza lavarsi le mani?And the Pharisees and Scribes asked him, Why do not thy disciples vvalke according to the tradition of the Auncients, but they eate bread vvith common hands?et interrogabant eum pharisæi et scribæ: Quare discipuli tui non ambulant juxta traditionem seniorum, sed communibus manibus manducant panem ?
6But he answering, said to them: Well did Isaias prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written: This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.Ma egli rispose, e disse loro: A ragione Isaia profetò di voi ipocriti, come sta scritto: Questo popolo mi onora con le labbra; ma il cuor loro è lungi da me.But he ansvvering, said to them, Wel did Esay Prophecie of you hypocrites, as it is vvritten, This people honoureth me with their lippes, but their hart is farre from me.At ille respondens, dixit eis: Bene prophetavit Isaias de vobis hypocritis, sicut scriptum est: Populus hic labiis me honorat, / cor autem eorum longe est a me: 7And in vain do they worship me, teaching doctrines and precepts of men.Inutilmente poi mi onorano, insegnando dottrine, e comandamenti d'uomini:and in vaine doe they worship me, teaching doctrines precepts of men.in vanum autem me colunt, / docentes doctrinas, et præcepta hominum. 8For leaving the commandment of God, you hold the tradition of men, the washing of pots and of cups: and many other things you do like to these.Imperocché, trascurati i comandamenti di Dio, siete tenaci delle tradizioni degli uomini, dei lavamenti degli orciuoli, e dei bicchieri; e molte altre cose voi fate simili a queste.For leauing the commaundement of God, you hold the traditions of men, the vvashings of cruses and cuppes: & many other things you doe like to these.Relinquentes enim mandatum Dei, tenetis traditionem hominum, baptismata urceorum et calicum: et alia similia his facitis multa. 9And he said to them: Well do you make void the commandment of God, that you may keep your own tradition.E diceva loro: Voi benissimo distruggete i comandamenti di Dio per osservare la vostra tradizione.And he said to thē, wel do you frustrate the precept of God, that you may obserue your ovvne tradition.Et dicebat illis: Bene irritum facitis præceptum Dei, ut traditionem vestram servetis. 10For Moses said: Honour thy father and thy mother. And He that shall curse father or mother, dying let him die.Imperocché Mosè disse: Onora il padre, e la madre, e chi maledirà il padre, o la madre, sia punito di morte.For Moyses said, Honour thy father & thy mother. and, He that shal curse father or mother, dying let him dye.Moyses enim dixit: Honora patrem tuum, et matrem tuam. Et: Qui maledixerit patri, vel matri, morte moriatur. 11But you say: If a man shall say to his father or mother, Corban (which is a gift) whatsoever is from me shall profit thee.Ma voi dite: Uno potrà dire al padre, o alla madre: Qualunque offerta, che io fo a Dio, gioverà a te:But you say, If a man say to father or mother, Corban (vvhich is a gift) vvhatsoeuer proceedeth from me, shal profit thee:Vos autem dicitis: Si dixerit homo patri, aut matri, Corban (quod est donum) quodcumque ex me, tibi profuerit:
12And further you suffer him not to do any thing for his father or mother,E non permettete, che egli faccia nulla per suo padre, o per la madre,and further you suffer him not to doe ought for his father or mother,et ultra non dimittitis eum quidquam facere patri suo, aut matri, 13Making void the word of God by your own tradition, which you have given forth. And many other such like things you do.Violando la parola di Dio per la vostra tradizione inventata da voi: e molte cose voi fate simili a questa.defeating the vvord of God for your ovvne tradition vvhich you haue giuen forth. and many other things of this sort you doe.rescindentes verbum Dei per traditionem vestram, quam tradidistis: et similia hujusmodi multa facitis. 14And calling again the multitude unto him, he said to them: Hear ye me all and understand.E chiamata a se nuovamente la turba, dicevate: Ascoltatemi tutti, e imparate.And calling againe the multitude vnto him, he said to them, Heare me al you, and vnderstand.Et advocans iterum turbam, dicebat illis: Audite me omnes, et intelligite. 15There is nothing from without a man that entering into him can defile him. But the things which come from a man, those are they that defile a man.Nissuna cosa vi è esteriore all'uomo, la quale entrando in esso possa renderlo immondo; ma quelle, che procedono dall'uomo, quelle sono, che rendono impuro l'uomo.Nothing is vvithout a man entring into him, that can defile him. but the things that proceede from a man those are they that make a man cōmon.Nihil est extra hominem introiens in eum, quod possit eum coinquare, sed quæ de homine procedunt illa sunt quæ communicant hominem. 16If any man have ears to hear, let him hear.Chi ha orecchie da intendere, intenda.If any man haue eares to heare, let him heare.Si quis habet aures audiendi, audiat. 17And when he was come into the house from the multitude, his disciples asked him the parable.Ed entrato che egli fu nella casa sciolto dalla turba, i discepoli lo interrogarono intorno a quella parabola.And vvhen he vvas entred into the house from the multitude, his Disciples asked him the parable.Et cum introisset in domum a turba, interrogabant eum discipuli ejus parabolam. 18And he saith to them: So are you also without knowledge? Understand you not that every thing from without entering into a man cannot defile him:Ed egli disse loro: Anche voi adunque siete tanto ignoranti? Non intendete, che tutto quello, che di fuora entra nell'uomo, non può renderlo impuro?And he saith to them, So are you also vnskilful? Vnderstand you not that euery thing from vvithout, entring into a man, can not make him common:Et ait illis: Sic et vos imprudentes estis ? Non intelligitis quia omne extrinsecus introiens in hominem, non potest eum communicare:
19Because it entereth not into his heart, but goeth into the belly, and goeth out into the privy, purging all meats?Perché non entra nel cuore di lui; ma passa nel ventre, donde va nel secesso, lo spurgo di tutti i cibi.because it entreth not into his hart, but goeth into the belly, and is cast out into the priuy, purging al the meates?quia non intrat in cor ejus, sed in ventrum vadit, et in secessum exit, purgans omnes escas ? 20But he said that the things which come out from a man, they defile a man.Ma quello, diceva egli, che esce dall'uomo, rende immondo l'uomo.But he said that the things vvhich come forth from a man, they make a man common.Dicebat autem, quoniam quæ de homine exeunt, illa communicant hominem. 21For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders,Imperocché dal di dentro, dal cuore degli uomini procedono i cattivi pensieri, gli adulterj, le fornicazioni, gli omicidi,For from vvithin out of the hart of men proceede euil cogitations, aduouteries, fornications, murders,Ab intus enim de corde hominum malæ cogitationes procedunt, adulteria, fornicationes, homicidia, 22Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness.I furti, le avarizie, le malvagità, le frodi, le impudicizie, l'invidia, le bestemmie, la superbia, la stoltezza.theftes, auarices, vvickednesse, guile, impudicities, an euil eye, blasphemie, pride, folishnes.furta, avaritiæ, nequitiæ, dolus, impudicitiæ, oculus malus, blasphemia, superbia, stultitia. 23All these evil things come from within and defile a man.Tutti questi mali procedono, dal di dentro e impuro rendono l'uomo.Al these euils proceede from vvithin, and make a man common.Omnia hæc mala ab intus procedunt, et communicant hominem. 24And rising from thence he went into the coasts of Tyre and Sidon: and entering into a house, he would that no man should know it. And he could not be hid.Indi partitosi, se ne andò ai confini di Tiro, e di Sidone: ed entrato in una casa, non voleva, che nissun lo sapesse; ma non potè star celato.And rising from thence he vvent into the coastes of Tyre and Sidon: and entring into a house, he vvould that no man should knovv, and he could not be hid.Et inde surgens abiit in fines Tyri et Sidonis: et ingressus domum, neminem voluit scire, et non potuit latere. 25For a woman as soon as she heard of him, whose daughter had an unclean spirit, came in and fell down at his feet.Imperocché una donna, la figliuola di cui era posseduta dallo spirito immondo, avendo sentito parlar di lui, andò a gettarsi a' suoi piedi.For a vvoman immediatly as she heard of him, vvhose daughter had an vncleane spirit, entred in, and fel dovvne at his feete.Mulier enim statim ut audivit de eo, cujus filia habebat spiritum immundum, intravit, et procidit ad pedes ejus.
26For the woman was a Gentile, a Syrophenician born. And she besought him that he would cast forth the devil out of her daughter.Ella era Gentile, e Sirofenice di nazione. E lo supplicava, che scacciasse il Demonio dalla sua figliuola.For the vvoman vvas a Gentile, a Syrophaenician borne. And she besought him that he vvould cast forth the diuel out of her daughter.Erat enim mulier gentilis, Syrophœnissa genere. Et rogabat eum ut dæmonium ejiceret de filia ejus. 27Who said to her: suffer first the children to be filled: for it is not good to take the bread of the children and cast it to the dogs.Ma Gesù dissele: Lascia, che prima si satollino i figliuoli: imperocché non è ben tatto di prendere il pan de' figliuoli, e gettarlo a' cani.Who said to her, Suffer first the children to be filled. for it is not good to take the childrens bread, and cast it to the dogges.Qui dixit illi: Sine prius saturari filios: non est enim bonum sumere panem filiorum, et mittere canibus. 28But she answered and said to him: Yea, Lord; for the whelps also eat under the table of the crumbs of the children.Ma quella rispose, e disselli: Si, Signore: imperocché anche i cagnuolini mangiano sotto la tavola i minuzzoli de' figliuoli.But she ansvvered, and said to him, Yea lord. for the vvhelpes also eate vnder the table of the crummes of the children.At illa respondit, et dixit illi: Utique Domine, nam et catelli comedunt sub mensa de micis puerorum. 29And he said to her: For this saying, go thy way. The devil is gone out of thy daughter.Ed egli le disse: Per questa parola va': il Demonio è uscito dalla tua figlia.And he said to her, For this saying goe thy vvay, the deuil is gone out of thy daughter.Et ait illi: Propter hunc sermonem vade: exiit dæmonium a filia tua. 30And when she was come into her house, she found the girl lying upon the bed and that the devil was gone out.Ed ella ritornata a casa sua, trovò la fanciulla, che giaceva sul letto, e che il Demonio sen era partito.And when she vvas departed into her house, she found the maid lying vpon the bed, and the deuil gone out.Et cum abiisset domum suam, invenit puellam jacentem supra lectum, et dæmonium exiisse. 31And again going out of the coasts of Tyre, he came by Sidon to the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the coasts of Decapolis.E tornato indietro dai confini di Tiro, andò per Sidone verso il mare di Galilea, traversando il territorio della Decapoli.And againe going out of the coastes of Tyre, he came by Sidon' to the sea of Galilee through the middes of the coastes of Decapolis.Et iterum exiens de finibus Tyri, venit per Sidonem ad mare Galilææ inter medios fines Decapoleos.
32And they bring to him one deaf and dumb: and they besought him that he would lay his hand upon him.E gli fu presentato un uomo sordo, e mutolo, e lo supplicarono a imporrli la mano.And they bring to him one deafe and dumme: and they besought him that he vvould impose his hand vpon him.Et adducunt ei surdum, et mutum, et deprecabantur eum, ut imponat illi manum. 33And taking him from the multitude apart, he put his fingers into his ears: and spitting, he touched his tongue.Ed egli, trattolo in disparte dalla folla, gli mise le sue dita nelle orecchie, e colle sputò toccò la sua lingua:And taking him from the multitude apart, he put his fingers into his eares: and spitting, touched his tongue.Et apprehendens eum de turba seorsum, misit digitos suos in auriculas ejus: et exspuens, tetigit linguam ejus: 34And looking up to heaven, he groaned and said to him: Ephpheta, which is, Be thou opened.E alzati gli occhi verso del cielo, sospirò, e dissegli: Ephapheta, che vuol dire, apriti.and looking vp vnto heauen, he groned, and said to him, Ephphetha, vvhich is, Be thou opened.et suscipiens in cælum, ingemuit, et ait illi: Ephphetha, quod est, Adaperire. 35And immediately his ears were opened and the string of his tongue was loosed and he spoke right.E immediatamente se gli aprirono le orecchie, e si sciolse il nodo della sua lingua, e parlava distintamente.And immediatly his eares vvere opened, and the string of his tongue vvas loosed, and he spake right.Et statim apertæ sunt aures ejus, et solutum est vinculum linguæ ejus, et loquebatur recte. 36And he charged them that they should tell no man. But the more he charged them, so much the more a great deal did they publish it.Ed egli ordinò loro di non dirlo a nissuno. Ma per quanto loro lo comandasse, tanto più lo celebravano:And he commaunded them not to tel any body. But hovv much he commaunded them, so much the more a great deale did they publish it,Et præcepit illis ne cui dicerent. Quanto autem eis præcipiebat, tanto magis plus prædicabant: 37And so much the more did they wonder, saying: He hath done all things well. He hath made both the deaf to hear and the dumb to speak.E tanto più ne restavano ammirati, e dicevano: Ha fatto bene tutte le cose: ha fatto, che odano i sordi, e i mutoli favellino.and so much the more did they vvonder, saying, He hath done al things vvel: he hath made both the deafe to heare, and the dumme to speake.et eo amplius admirabantur, dicentes: Bene omnia fecit: et surdos fecit audire, et mutos loqui.
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about the year A.D. 32.
Witham
With common hands. It may be translated, with defiled hands; as also ver. 15; but the circumstances plainly shew the sense. (Witham)
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Witham
Often washing, etc.[Ver. 3. Crebò, ean me pugme. Mr. Bois, prebend of Ely, defends the Latin version, and says pugme comes from pukna and puknos. But Theophylactus would have it to signify, up to the elbows; achri tou agkonos.] Some would have the Greek to signify unless they wash up to the elbows, but I think without sufficient grounds. (Witham)
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Witham
Washed: literally, baptized. By beds are not understood night beds, but couches to eat upon, as it was then the custom. (Witham)
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See the annotations Matthew 15:9, 11. It is groundless to pretend from this text, that the precepts and traditions of the Church are not binding and obligatory, for Christ himself has commanded all to hear his Church, and obey their lawful pastors. These indeed may be called the precepts of men, but they are precepts of men invested with power and authority from God, and of whom Christ himself said, (Luke 10:16.) He that heareth you, heareth me; and he that despiseth you, despiseth me.
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Witham
Well do you. Christ here speaks by the figure called irony. (Witham)
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Asked him the parable. Asked him to explain its meaning.
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St. Augustine
If he desired to conceal himself, and could not, his will it seems was under control; but this is impossible. His will must always take place. On this occasion, therefore, he wished himself to be sought for by these Gentiles, but not to be made known by his own apostles. Wherefore it came to pass, that not the persons who were his followers, but the Gentiles who entered the house in which he was, published his fame abroad. (St. Augustine)
Ven. Bede
Jesus Christ commanded his disciples not to publish that he was come into that country; not that he intended to cease from healing the infirm, and curing diseases, when he saw the faith of the inhabitants deserved it; for he informed the Gentile woman of his coming, and made it known to as many others as he thought worthy; but that he might teach us, by his example, to decline the applause of men. (Ven. Bede)
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St. Augustine
This part, in which St. Mark says that Christ was in the house, when the woman came to petition in behalf of her daughter, seems to differ from the narration of St. Matthew, who says that the disciples besought Christ to dismiss her, because she cried after them; by which he signifies, that she followed them as they were on the road. These apparent differences may thus easily be reconciled. The woman came to our Lord when he was in the house, and he, according to St. Matthew, not answering her a word, went out during the silence: the woman followed after, and by her perseverance obtained her request. (St. Augustine)
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Witham
Dumb.[Ver. 32. Mutum, dumb; Greek, mogilalon, qui parum loquitur.] The Greek signifies one that speaks little, or with difficulty. (Witham)
They besought him. In the Greek it is, they beseech him, which agrees so well with they bring, that we have every reason to believe that this was the original reading.
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Bible de Vence
Ephphetha, a Syriac word. Jesus Christ, in the cure of this man, uses many and various actions; but as of their own nature they are no ways equal to such a cure, they shew: first, that the cure was miraculous; and secondly, the virtue, which his divinity communicated to his sacred body. (Bible de Vence)
Denis the Carthusian
We must not suppose that our Saviour here groaned on account of any difficulty he experienced in working this miracle, but only from commiseration for the man, whom he was about to heal; as likewise to shew, how very difficult is the cure of those who are spiritually deaf and dumb by sin. He was affected in a similar manner when he raised Lazarus to life, to shew with what difficulty a man, dead and buried in sin by evil habits, can arise from that miserable state. (Denis the Carthusian)
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Doctrines and precepts of men.... See the annotations, Matt. 15. 9, 11.
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Concordanza Mt. 15, 1
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2. Common.] Common and vncleane is al one. For the Iewes were commaunded by the Law to eate certaine kindes of meates only, and not al indifferently: and because these were separated from other meates, and as it were sanctified to their vse, they called the other common and profane: and because the Law calleth those cleane and these vncleane, thereof it is, that vncleane and common is al one, as in this Chapter often, and Act. 10.
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Concordanza Esa. 29, 13.
They that say well or teache and preache well, or haue Christ and his word in their mouth, and liue naughtily, be touched in this place.
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7. Precepts of men.] Mens ordinances which be repugnant to Gods commaundements, be here condemned: Commaundements of men. as al obseruations not edifying nor profitable to the fulfilling of Gods commaundements, be vaine and superfluous: as many obseruations of the Pharisees were then, and the like traditions of Heretikes be now. for howsoeuer they bragge of Scriptures, al their maner of administration and ministerie is their owne tradition and inuention without al Scripture and warrant of Gods word. But the traditions of the Apostles and Ancients, and al the precepts of holy Church we are commaunded to keepe, Traditions. as things not prescribed by man, but by the Holy Ghost. Act. 15, ••. 41. 2 Thessal. •, 61.
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Concordanza Exo. 20, 12.
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11. Gift.] To giue to the Church or Altar is not forbidden, but the forsaking of a mans parents in their necessitie, Dutie to parēts. pretending or excusing the matter vpon his giuing that which should relieue them, to God or to the Altar, that is impious and vnnatural. And these Pharisees teaching children so to neglect their duties to their parents, did wickedly.
Concordanza Leu. 20, 9.
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15. Nothing entering into a man.] As these wordes of our Sauiour do not import, that the Iewes then might haue eaten of those meates which God forbade them: no more doe they now, that we Christians may eate of meates which the Church forbiddeth vs. Abstinēce from certaine meates. And yet both then and now al meates are cleane, and nothing entering into a man, defileth a man. For neither they then, nor we now absteine, for that any meates are of their nature abominable, or defile the eaters, but they for signification, we for obedience and chastisement of our bodies.
See the first annotation vpō this chapter.
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Concordanza Mt. 15, 21.
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of Tyre and Sidon, he came
Liturgia The Gospel vpō the 11 Sunday after Pentecost.
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33. Spitting.) Christs spittle worketh miracles. Not only by Christs vvord and vvil, but also by ceremonie and by application of external creatures vvhich be holy, miracles are vvrought. as by Christs spittle, vvhich vvas not part of his person, being a superfluity of his body, but yet most holy. Theophyl. in 7 Marci.
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34 Ephphetha.) Exorcismes and other ceremonies in Baptisme. The Church doth most godly imitate and vse these very vvordes and ceremonies of our Sauiour in the Exorcismes before Baptisme, to the healing of their soules that are to be baptized, as Christ here healed the bodily infirmitie and the disease of the soule together. Ambros. li. 1 de Sacram. c 1.
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Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… And ye forsook [28] the command of God, and held to the ordinance of men. Do ye well to wrong [29] the command of God in order that ye may establish your ordinance? Ye hypocrites, well did Isaiah the prophet prophesy concerning you, and say,
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Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[17, 18] And there came to him Pharisees and scribes, come from Jerusalem.
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Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[17, 18] And there came to him Pharisees and scribes, come from Jerusalem. And when they saw some of his disciples eating bread while they had not washed their hands, [19] they found fault.
Origene † 254 d.C. Origen's Commentary on Matthew 11.11
… and when they come from the market-place except they wash themselves they eat not. And there are some other things which they have received to hold, washings of cups and pots and brazen vessels and couches.”
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Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[17, 18] And there came to him Pharisees and scribes, come from Jerusalem. And when they saw some of his disciples eating bread while they had not washed their hands, [19] they found fault. For all of the Jews and the Pharisees, if they wash not their [20] hands thoroughly, eat not; for they held to the ordinance of the elders.
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist 2.103
… indeed the prophets, who feared to have their holy souls deceived with false baptism?" Just as though, in the days of Jeremiah, any one were washed with the sacrament of baptism, except so far as the Pharisees almost every moment bathed themselves, and their couches and cups and platters, with the washings which the Lord condemned, as we read in the gospel.
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Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… For all of the Jews and the Pharisees, if they wash not their [20] hands thoroughly, eat not; for they held to the ordinance of the elders. And they ate not what was bought from the market, except they washed it; and many other things did they keep of what they had received, such as the washing of cups, and [21] measures, and vessels of brass, and couches.
san Gregorio Nazianzeno † 389 d.C. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 2.8
8. I was influenced besides by another feeling, whether base or noble I do not know, but I will speak out to you all my secrets. I was ashamed of all those others, who, without being better than ordinary people, nay, it is a great thing if they be not worse, with unwashen hands,
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papa san Clemente I † 99 d.C. The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians 15
Let us cleave, therefore, to those who cultivate peace with godliness, and not to those who hypocritically profess to desire it. For [the Scripture] saith in a certain place, “This people honoureth Me with their lips, but their heart is far from Me.”
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Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… and ye make void and reject the word of God by reason of the ordinance that ye have ordained and commanded, such as the washing [27] of cups and measures, and what resembles that ye do much.
7:9
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… and ye make void and reject the word of God by reason of the ordinance that ye have ordained and commanded, such as the washing [27] of cups and measures, and what resembles that ye do much. And ye forsook [28] the command of God, and held to the ordinance of men.
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. The Epistles of Cyprian 39.6
6. The Lord warns us in His Gospel, saying, “Ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may establish your own tradition.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. On the Unity of the Church 19
19. These, doubtless, they imitate and follow, who, despising God’s tradition, seek after strange doctrines, and bring in teachings of human appointment, whom the Lord rebukes and reproves in His Gospel, saying, “Ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. On the Lord's Prayer 2
… What praying to the Father can be more truthful than that which was delivered to us by the Son who is the Truth, out of His own mouth? So that to pray otherwise than He taught is not ignorance alone, but also sin; since He Himself has established, and said, “Ye reject the commandments of God, that ye may keep your own traditions.”
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. A Treatise on the Spirit and the Letter 50
… In this place, however, it is certainly not circumcision which they wanted to establish as their own righteousness, because God established this by prescribing it Himself. Nor is it possible for us to understand this statement, of those works concerning which the Lord says to them, “Ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition;”
7:11
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… 79] Why do thy disciples not walk according to the ordinances of the elders, but [22] eat bread without washing their hands? Jesus answered and said unto them, Why do ye also overstep the command of God by reason of your ordinance? [23] God said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whosoever revileth his father and [24] his mother shall surely die.
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 51
And Mark again makes this plainer, by saying, “It is Corban, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me;”
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. Homilies on Philippians 6
… 33 .); Mammon says, “Take the bread from the hungry.” Christ says, “Cover the naked” ( Isa. lviii. 7 .); the other says, “Strip the naked.” Christ says, “Thou shalt not hide thyself from thine own flesh,” ( Isa. lviii. 7 .) and those of thine own house; Mammon says,
san Girolamo † 420 d.C. The Letters of St. Jerome 123.6
… The Lord commanded that poor parents should be supported by their children and that these should pay them back when old those benefits which they had themselves received in their childhood. The scribes and pharisees on the other hand taught the children to answer their parents by saying: “It is Corban, that is to say, a gift
7:12
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… Jesus answered and said unto them, Why do ye also overstep the command of God by reason of your ordinance? [23] God said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whosoever revileth his father and [24] his mother shall surely die. But ye say, If a man say to his father or to his mother, [25] What thou receivest from me is an offering,—
7:13
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… [23] God said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whosoever revileth his father and [24] his mother shall surely die. But ye say, If a man say to his father or to his mother, [25] What thou receivest from me is an offering,— and ye suffer him not to do anything [26] for his father or his mother;
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. The Epistles of Cyprian 62.14
… Neither is it becoming to follow the practice of man, but the truth of God; since God speaks by Isaiah the prophet, and says, “In vain do they worship me, teaching the commandments and doctrines of men.” And again the Lord in the Gospel repeals this same saying, and says, “Ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. The Epistles of Cyprian 67.2
… “This people,” he says, honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is widely removed from me; but in vain do they worship me, teaching the doctrines and commandments of men.” This also the Lord repeats in the Gospel, and says, “Ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may establish your own tradition.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. The Epistles of Cyprian 73.3
… But in vain do they worship me, teaching the doctrines and commandments of men.” Also the Lord in the Gospel, similarly rebuking and reproving, utters and says, “Ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.”
7:14
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… He answered and said unto them, Every plant which my Father which is in heaven planted not shall be [37] [Arabic, p. 80] uprooted. Let them alone; for they are blind leading blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both of them shall fall into a hollow.
7:15
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[32] And Jesus called all the multitude, and said unto them, Hear me, all of you, and [33] understand:
Tertulliano † 220 d.C. On Patience 8
… When, then, on being cursed, I smite (with my tongue,) how shall I be found to have followed the doctrine of the Lord, in which it has been delivered that “a man is defiled,
7:16
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[32] And Jesus called all the multitude, and said unto them, Hear me, all of you, and [33] understand: nothing without the man, which then enters him, is able to defile him; [34] but what goeth out of him, that it is which defileth the man.
7:17
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… [44] these evils all of them from within proceed from the heart, and they are the things [45] which defile the man: but if a man eat while he washeth not his hands, he is not defiled.
7:18
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[38] And when Jesus entered the house from the multitude, Simon Cephas asked him, [39] and said unto him, My Lord, explain to us that parable.
7:19
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[38] And when Jesus entered the house from the multitude, Simon Cephas asked him, [39] and said unto him, My Lord, explain to us that parable. He said unto them, Do ye also thus not understand? Know ye not that everything that entereth into the [40] man from without cannot defile him;
Origene † 254 d.C. Origen's Commentary on Matthew 11.12
… For if “not that which entereth into the mouth defileth the man, but that which proceedeth out of the mouth,” and especially when, according to Mark, the Saviour said these things “making all meats clean,”
Antipapa Novaziano † 258 d.C. On the Jewish Meats 1
… and their ever increasing blindness is confuted in this present epistle, wherein I have briefly discoursed concerning their meats, because that in them they consider that they only are holy, and that all others are defiled.
Antipapa Novaziano † 258 d.C. On the Jewish Meats 5
… “Meats for the belly, and the belly for meats: but God shall destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for fornication, but for the Lord; and the Lord for the body.” God is not worshipped by the belly nor by meats, which the Lord says will perish, and are “purged” by natural law in the draught.
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 51
But Mark saith, that “cleansing the meats,”
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants 2.42
… Just as therefore this sanctification of our ordinary food does not hinder what enters the mouth from descending into the belly, and being ejected into the draught,
7:21
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… because it entereth not into his heart; it entereth into his stomach only, and thence is cast forth in the cleansing which maketh [41] clean all the food? The thing which goeth forth from the mouth of the man proceedeth [42] from his heart, and it is that which defileth the man.
7:22
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… because it entereth not into his heart; it entereth into his stomach only, and thence is cast forth in the cleansing which maketh [41] clean all the food? The thing which goeth forth from the mouth of the man proceedeth [42] from his heart, and it is that which defileth the man. From within the [43] heart of men proceed evil thoughts,
7:23
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… The thing which goeth forth from the mouth of the man proceedeth [42] from his heart, and it is that which defileth the man. From within the [43] heart of men proceed evil thoughts, fornication, adultery, theft, false witness, murder, injustice, wickedness, deceit, stupidity, evil eye, calumny, pride, foolishness: [44]
7:24
Origene † 254 d.C. Origen's Commentary on Matthew 11.16
… suspected of plotting against Him, it is said, “He withdrew,” is manifest from the passage, “And when He heard that John was delivered up He withdrew into Galilee.” Perhaps also on this account, when describing the things in this place, Mark says that “He rose up and went into the borders of Tyre, and having entered into the house wished no man to know it.”
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 52
But Mark saith, that “He could not be hid,”
san Girolamo † 420 d.C. Against the Pelagians 2
vii. 24 . “He went into the borders of Tyre and Sidon.” If Christ could not do as he wished, how can we?
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. The Harmony of the Gospels 2.49
… that very hour.” This story of the woman of Canaan is recorded also by Mark, who keeps the same order of events, and gives no occasion to raise any question as to a want of harmony, unless it be found in the circumstance that he tells us how the Lord was in the house at the time when the said woman came to Him with the petition on behalf of her daughter.
san Giovanni Damasceno † 749 d.C. An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith 3.14
And further , the divine Gospel says, The Lord came into the borders of Tyre and Sidon and entered into a house, and would have no man know it; but He could not be hid
san Giovanni Damasceno † 749 d.C. An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith 3.17
… And we hold that it is just the same with the deification of the will ; for its natural activity was not changed but united with His divine and omnipotent will, and became the will of God, made man . And so it was that, though He wished, He could not of Himself escape
7:25
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[46] And Jesus went out thence, and came to the borders of Tyre and Sidon. And he entered into a certain house, and desired that no man should know it; and [47] he could not be hid.
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. Homilies on Ephesians 24
… approach at all times; “pray,” saith he, “without ceasing.” ( 1 Thess. v. 17 .) Hast thou never heard of that widow, how by her importunity she prevailed? ( Luke xviii. 1–7 .) Hast thou never heard of that friend, who at midnight shamed his friend into yielding by his perseverance? ( Luke xi. 5–8 .) Hast thou not heard of the Syrophœnician woman (
7:26
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[46] And Jesus went out thence, and came to the borders of Tyre and Sidon. And he entered into a certain house, and desired that no man should know it; and [47] he could not be hid. But straightway a Canaanitish woman, whose daughter had an [48, 49] unclean spirit, heard of him.
Socrate Scolastico † 440 d.C. The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus 1.3
Now Constantine, the emperor, having thus embraced Christianity, conducted himself as a Christian of his profession, rebuilding the churches, and enriching them with splendid offerings: he also either closed or destroyed the temples of the pagans,
7:29
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
[53] Jesus said unto her, It is not seemly that the children’s bread should be taken and [54] thrown to the dogs. But she said, Yea, my Lord: the dogs also eat of the crumbs [55] that fall from their masters’ tables, and live. Then said Jesus unto her, O woman, [56] great is thy faith: it shall be unto thee as thou hast desired.
7:30
Taziano il Siro † 180 d.C. The Diatessaron 20
… But she said, Yea, my Lord: the dogs also eat of the crumbs [55] that fall from their masters’ tables, and live. Then said Jesus unto her, O woman, [56] great is thy faith: it shall be unto thee as thou hast desired. Go then thy way; and [57] because of this word, the devil is gone out of thy daughter. And her daughter was [58] healed in that hour.
7:31
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. The Harmony of the Gospels 2.50
… the exception being that he inserts before it a narrative given by no other,—namely, that relating to the deaf man whose ears the Lord opened, when He spat and said, “Effeta,” that is, Be opened.
7:32
sant'Efrem il Siro † 373 d.C. Ephraim Syrus: Three Homilies 1.10
… That Power Which may not be handled came down and clothed itself in members that may be touched; that the needy may draw near to Him, that in touching His manhood they may discern His Godhead. For that dumb man [whom the Lord healed] with the fingers of the body, discerned that He had approached his ears and touched his tongue;
san Gregorio Nazianzeno † 389 d.C. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 40
… and perhaps this will gush forth food for you, as for the woman of Sarepta, and especially if you happen to be feeding an Elias, to recognize that it is a good abundance to be needy for the sake of Christ, Who for our sakes became poor. If you were deaf and dumb, let the Word sound
7:34
sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Mysteries 1.3
3. Open, then, your ears, inhale the good savour of eternal life which has been breathed upon you by the grace of the sacraments; which was signified to you by us, when, celebrating the mystery of the opening, we said, “Epphatha, which is, Be opened,”
7:35
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 38
… So all his hopes (in life) were cut off, and his mother was full of grief: and though the physicians suggested many plans, and many others did so too, yet nobody was able to do him any good, until the merciful God loosed the string of his tongue (cf.
7:1
san Beda † 735 d.C. in Marc. 2, 29
The people of the land of Gennesareth, who seemed to be unlearned men, not only come themselves, but also bring their sick to the Lord, that they may but succeed in touching the hem of His garment. But the Pharisees and Scribes, who ought to have been the teachers of the people, run together to the Lord, not to seek for healing, but to move captious questions; wherefore it is said, Then there came together unto him the Pharisees and cerlain of the Scribes, coming from Jerusalem; and when they saw some of his disciples eat bread with common, that is, with unwashen hands, they found fault.
Teofilatto † 1107
For the disciples of the Lord, who were taught only the practice of virtue, used to eat in a simple way, without washing their hands; but the Pharisees, wishing to find an occasion of blame against them, took it up; they did not indeed blame them as transgressors of the law, but for transgressing the traditions of the elders. Wherefore it goes on: For the Pharisees and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
For taking the spiritual words of the Prophets in a carnal sense, they observed, by washing the body alone, commandments which concerned the chastening of the heart and deeds, saying Wash you, make you clean; (Isa. 1:16) and again, Be ye clean that bear the vessels of the Lord. (Isa. 52:11) It is therefore a superstitious human tradition, that men who are clean already, should wash oftener because they eat bread, and that they should not eat on leaving the market, without washing. But it is necessary for those who desire to partake of the bread which comes down from heaven, often to cleanse their evil deeds by alms, by tears, and the other fruits of righteousness. It is also necessary for a man to wash thoroughly away the pollutions which he has contracted from the cares of temporal business, by being afterwards intent on good thoughts and works. In vain, however, do the Jews wash their hands, and cleanse themselves after the market, so long as they refuse to be washed in the font of the Saviour; in vain do they observe the washing of their vessels, who neglect to wash away the filthy sins of their bodies and of their hearts. It goes on: Then the Scribes and Pharisees asked him, Why walk not thy disciples after the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with common hands?
san Girolamo † 420 d.C. in Matt. 15
Wonderful is the folly of the Pharisees and Scribes; they accuse the Son of God, because He keeps not the traditions and precepts of men. But common is here put for unclean; for the people of the Jews, boasting that they were the portion of God, called those meats common, which all made use of.
Pseudo-Girolamo
He beats back the vain words of the Pharisees with His arguments, as men drive back dogs with weapons, by interpreting Moses and Isaiah, that we too by the word of Scripture may conquer the heretics, who oppose us; wherefore it goes on: (Isa. 29:13) Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites; as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
For since they unjustly accused the disciples not of transgressing the law, but the commands of the elders, He sharply confounds them, calling them hypocrites, as looking with reverence upon what was not worthy of it. He adds, however, the words of Isaiah the prophet, as spoken of them; as though He would say, As those men, of whom it is said, that they honour God with their lips, whilst their heart is far from him, in vain pretend to observe the dictates of piety, whilst they honour the doctrines of men, so ye also neglect your soul, of which ye should take care, and blame those who live justly.
Pseudo-Girolamo
But Pharisaical tradition, as to tables and vessels, is to be cut off, and cast away. For they often make the commands of God yield to the traditions of men; wherefore it continues, For laying aside the commandments of God, ye hold to the traditions of men, as the washing of pots and cups.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Moreover, to convict them of neglecting the reverence due to God, for the sake of the tradition of the elders, which was opposed to the Holy Scriptures, He subjoins, For Moses said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso curseth father or mother, let him die the death. (Exod. 21:17.)
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
The sense of the word honour in Scripture is not so much the saluting and paying court to men, as alms-giving, and bestowing gifts; honour, says the Apostle, widows who are widows indeed. (1 Tim. 5:3.)
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Notwithstanding the existence of such a divine law, and the1 threats against such as break it, ye lightly transgress the commandment of God, observing the traditions of the Elders. Wherefore there follows, But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; understand, he will be freed from the observation of the foregoing command. Wherefore it continues, And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his mother.
Teofilatto † 1107
For the Pharisees, wishing to devour the offerings, instructed sons, when their parents asked for some of their property, to answer them, what thou hast asked of me is corban, that is, a gift, I have already offered it up to the Lord; thus the parents would not require it, as being offered up to the Lord,z (and in that way profitable for their own salvation). Thus they deceived the sons into neglecting their parents, whilst they themselves devoured the offerings; with this therefore the Lord reproaches them, as transgressing the law of God for the sake of gain. Wherefore it goes on, Making the word of God of none effect through your traditions, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye; transgressing, that is, the commands of God, that ye may observe the traditions of men.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Or else it may be said, that the Pharisees taught young persons, that if a man offered a gift in expiation of the injury done to his father or mother, he was free from sin, as having given to God the gifts which are owed to a parent; and in saying this, they did not allow parents to be honoured.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup. v. Hier. in Matt. 15. et Orig. in Matt. Tom. xi. 9
The passage may in a few words have this sense, Every gift which I have to make, will go to do you good; for ye compel children, it is meant, to say to their parents, that gift which I was going to offer to God, I expend on feeding you, and does you good, oh father and mother, speaking this ironically. Thus they would be afraid to accept what had been given into the hands of God, and might prefer a life of poverty to living on consecrated property.
Pseudo-Girolamo
Mystically, again, the disciples eating with unwashed hands signifies the future fellowship of the Gentiles with the Apostles. The cleansing and washing of the Pharisees is barren; but the fellowship of the Apostles, though without washing, has stretched out its branches as far as the sea.
Il testo latino
Beda
Homines terrae Genezareth, qui minus docti videbantur, non solum ipsi veniunt, sed et suos infirmos adducunt ad dominum, ut vel fimbriam eius mereantur contingere. At vero Pharisaei et Scribae, qui doctores esse populi debuerant, non ad quaerendam medelam, sed ad movendas quaestionum pugnas ad dominum concurrunt; unde dicitur et convenerunt ad eum Pharisaei, et quidam de Scribis venientes ab Ierosolymis; et cum vidissent quosdam ex discipulis eius communibus manibus, idest non lotis, manducare panes, vituperaverunt
Theophylactus
Discipuli namque domini instructi ea quae virtutis tantum sunt operari, non lotis manibus simpliciter comedebant. Pharisaei autem volentes occasionem invenire, hoc acceperunt; et non utique vituperabant eos, ut legis transgressores, sed quia traditiones seniorum transgrediebantur; unde sequitur Pharisaei enim, et omnes Iudaei, nisi crebro laverint manus, non manducant, tenentes traditionem seniorum
Beda in Marc
Spiritualia enim prophetarum verba carnaliter accipientes, quae illi de cordis et operis castigatione praecipiebant dicentes: lavamini et mundi estote; et: mundamini qui fertis vasa domini, isti de corpore solo lavando servabant. Superstitiosa ergo est hominum traditio, semel lotos ob manducandum panem crebrius lavare, et a foro, nisi baptizentur, non comedere. Sed necessarium est eos qui panem de caelo descendentem participare desiderant, crebro eleemosynis, lacrimis et aliis iustitiae fructibus sua opera purgare. Necessarium etiam est inquinamenta, quae ex temporalibus negotiorum curis quisquam contraxerit, subsequenti bonarum cogitationum, et actuum permundet instantia. Frustra autem Iudaei lavant manus, et a foro baptizantur, quamdiu contemnunt fonte ablui salvatoris: in vanum Baptisma servant vasorum qui corporum suorum et cordium negligunt abluere sordes. Sequitur et interrogabant eum Pharisaei et Scribae: quare discipuli tui non ambulant iuxta traditionem seniorum, sed communibus manibus manducant panem?
Hieronymus super Matth
Mira Pharisaeorum Scribarumque stultitia. Dei filium arguunt quare traditiones hominum et praecepta non servet. Commune autem hic pro immundo ponitur: populus enim Iudaeorum, partem Dei se esse iactitans, communes cibos vocat quibus omnes utuntur
Hieronymus
Pharisaeorum autem superfluum latratum furca rationis obtundit, idest Moysi et Isaiae interpretatione, ut nos adversantes haereticos verbo Scripturae vincamus; unde sequitur at ille respondens ait: bene prophetavit Isaias de vobis, hypocritae, sicut scriptum est: populus hic labiis me honorat; cor autem eorum longe est a me
Chrysostomus in Matth
Quia enim non de legis transgressione, sed seniorum, discipulos accusabant, iniuriose ipsos confundit, hypocritas vocans, quasi commendantes cum reverentia quadam id quod non conveniebat. Superaddit autem Isaiae prophetae verbum, quasi de eis dictum; ac si diceret: sicut hi de quibus dicitur, quod Deum labiis honorant, cor autem eorum ab eo longe est, in vanum pietatem custodire se dicunt, doctrinas hominum honorantes; ita et vos qui derelinquitis id quod interius curabile est, et iustitiam colentes accusatis
Hieronymus
Traditio autem pharisaica in mensis et vasis abscindenda est et radenda: saepe enim traditionibus hominum mandata Dei cedunt; unde sequitur derelinquentes mandata Dei, tenetis traditiones hominum, Baptismata urceorum
Chrysostomus in Matth
Ut autem eos arguat tamquam Dei reverentiam non servantes, propter traditionem a senioribus factam, divinis Scripturis oppositam, subiungit Moyses enim dixit: honora patrem et matrem tuam; et: qui maledixerit patri vel matri, morte moriatur
Beda
Honor in Scripturis non tantum in salutatione et officiis deferendis, quantum in eleemosyna ac munerum collatione sentitur: honora, inquit apostolus, viduas quae vere viduae sunt
Chrysostomus
Tali autem existente divina lege, ac talibus ministris transgredientibus illatis, vos de levi divinum transgredimini praeceptum, observantes seniorum traditiones; unde sequitur vos autem dicitis: si dixerit homo patri aut matri: corban, quod est donum, quodcumque ex me tibi proderit; supple: liber erit ab observatione praemissi mandati; unde sequitur et ultra non dimittitis eum quicquam facere patri suo aut matri
Theophylactus
Volentes enim Pharisaei quae offerebantur comedere, instruebant filios, quod cum peculia aliqua habebant, et parentes haec peterent, responderent illis; corban, hoc est donum, quod a me petis, iam obtuli domino; et ita haec non exquirerent, quasi domino oblata, idest ad salutem parentum proficua: et sic decipiebant filios, ut parentes non honorarent, et ipsi oblata devorarent. Hoc ergo dominus exprobrat eis, quia propter lucrum legem divinam transgrediebantur; unde sequitur rescindentes verbum Dei per traditionem vestram quam tradidistis. Et multa similia huiusmodi facitis, scilicet transgredientes praecepta Dei, ut observetis hominum traditiones
Chrysostomus in Matth
Vel potest dici, quod Pharisaei iuvenes docebant, quod si quis pro iniuria patri aut matri illata munus offerret Deo, erat immunis, quasi Deo dans munera quae patri debentur; et hoc dicentes parentes honorari non permittebant
Beda
Potest autem et hunc breviter habere sensum: munus quod ex me est, tibi proderit. Compellitis, inquit, filios ut dicant parentibus suis: quodcumque donum oblaturus eram Deo, in tuos consumo cibos, tibique prodest, o pater et mater; quasi dicant: non prodest; ut sic illi timentes accipere quod Deo videbant mancipatum, inopem magis vellent vitam ducere, quam edere de consecratis
Hieronymus
Mystice autem discipulos non lotis manibus manducare, futuram gentium communionem significat. Munditia et Baptisma pharisaicum sterile est: communicatio non lota apostolica extendit palmites suos usque ad mare
7:14
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
The Jews regard and murmur about only the bodily purification of the law; our Lord wishes to bring in the contrary. Wherefore it is said, And when he had called all the people unto him, he said unto them, Hearken unto me every one, and understand; there is nothing from without a man, that entering into him can defile him, but the things which come out of a man, those are they which defile a man; that is, which make him unclean. The things of Christ have relation to the inner man, but those which are of the law are visible and external, to which, as being bodily, the cross of Christ was shortly to put an end.
Teofilatto † 1107
But the intention of the Lord in saying this was to teach men, that the observing of meats, which the law commands, should not be taken in a carnal sense, and from this He began to unfold to them the intent of the law.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Again He subjoins, If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. For He had not clearly shewn them, what those things are which proceed out of a man, and defile a man; and on account of this saying, the Apostles thought that the foregoing discourse of the Lord implied some other deep thing; wherefore there follows: And when he was entered into the house from the people, his disciples asked him concerning the parable; they called it parable, because it was not clear.
Teofilatto † 1107
The Lord begins by chiding them, wherefore there follows, Are ye so without understanding also?
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
For that man is a faulty hearer who considers what is obscure to be a clear speech, or what is clear to be obscurely spoken.
Teofilatto † 1107
Then the Lord shews them what was hidden, saying, Do ye not perceive, that whatsoever thing from without entereth into the man, it cannot make him common?
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
For the Jews, boasting themselves to be the portion of God, call common those meats which all men use, as shellfish, hares, and animals of that sort. Not even however what is offered to idols is unclean, in as far as it is food and God’s creature; it is the invocation of devils which makes it unclean; and He adds the cause of it, saying, Because it entereth not into his heart. The principal seat of the soul according to Plato is the brain, but according to Christ, it is in the heart.
La Glossa
a It says therefore into his heart, that is, into his mind, which is the principal part of his soul, on which his whole life depends; wherefore it is necessary, that according to the state of his heart a man should be called clean or unclean, and thus whatsoever does not reach the soul, cannot bring pollution to the man. Meats therefore, since they do not reach the soul, cannot in their own nature defile a man; but an inordinate use of meats, which proceeds from a want of order in the mind, makes men unclean. But that meats cannot reach the mind, He shews by that which He adds, saying, But into the belly, and goeth out into the draught, purging all meats. This however He says, without referring to what remains from the food in the body, for that which is necessary for the nourishment and growth of the body remains. But that which is superfluous goes out, and thus as it were purges the nourishment, which remains.
sant'Agostino † 430 d.C. Lib. oct. Quæs. 73
For some things are joined to others in such a way as both to change and be changed, just as food, losing its former appearance, is both itself turned into our body, and we too are changed, and our strength is refreshed by it.b Further, a most subtle liquid, after the food has been prepared and digested in our veins, and other arteries, by some hidden channels, called from a Greek word, pores, passes through us, and goes into the draught.
san Beda † 735 d.C.
Thus then it is not meat that makes men unclean, but wickedness, which works in us the passions which come from within; wherefore it goes on: And he said, That which cometh out of a man, that defileth a man.
La Glossa non occ.
The meaning of which He points out, when He subjoins, for from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts. And thus it appears that evil thoughts belong to the mind, which is here called the heart, and according to which a man is called good or bad, clean or unclean.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
From this passage are condemned those men who suppose that thoughts are put into them by the devil, and do not arise from their own evil will. The devil may excite and help on evil thoughts, he cannot be their author.
La Glossa non in Gloss. sed v. de Lyra in loc.
From evil thoughts, however, evil actions proceed to greater lengths, concerning which it is added, adulteries, that is, acts which consist in the violation of another man’s bed; fornications, which are unlawful connexions between persons, not bound by marriage; murders, by which hurt is inflicted on the person of one’s neighbour; thefts, by which his goods are taken from him; covetousness, by which things are unjustly kept; wickedness, which consists in calumniating others; deceit, in overreaching them; lasciviousness, to which belongs any corruption of mind or body.
Teofilatto † 1107
An evil eye, that is, hatred and flattery, for he who hates turns an evil and envious eye on him whom he hates, and a flatterer, looking askance at his neighbour’s goods, leads him into evil; blasphemies, that is, faults committed against God; pride, that is, contempt of God, when a man ascribes the good, which he does, not to God, but to his own virtue; foolishness, that is, an injury against one’s neighbour.
La Glossa non occ. sed v. Summa 2, 2. Qu. 46. 1. et 1, 2. Qu. 1, 1
Or, foolishness consists in wrong thoughts concerning God; for it is opposed to wisdom, which is the knowledge of divine things. It goes on, All these evil things come from within, and defile the man. For whatsoever is in the power of a man, is imputed to him as a fault, because all such things proceed from the interior will, by which man is master of his own actions.
Il testo latino
Chrysostomus
Iudaeis considerantibus corporalem munditiam legis, et de hac murmurantibus, dominus contrarium vult introducere; unde dicitur et advocans iterum turbam, dicebat illis: audite me omnes, et intelligite. Nihil est extra hominem introiens in eum quod possit eum coinquinare; sed quae de homine procedunt, illa sunt quae coinquinant hominem; idest immundum faciunt. Ea enim quae Christi sunt, intra hominem considerantur; ea vero quae legis sunt, magis cernuntur extra hominem; quibus quasi corporalibus crux Christi finem in brevi dare debebat
Theophylactus
Hoc autem dominus dicit, volens instruere homines, quod observationes escarum, quas lex commemorat, non oportet corporaliter intelligere; et ex hoc intentionem legis eis manifestare incepit
Chrysostomus
Subiungit autem si quis habet aures audiendi, audiat. Non enim manifeste aperuerat quae essent illa quae de homine procedebant, et hominem coinquinant, et propter hoc verbum apostoli crediderunt quod aliud profundum praedictus domini sermo innueret; unde sequitur et cum introisset in domum a turba, interrogabant eum discipuli eius parabolam. Parabolam autem immanifestum sermonem vocabant
Theophylactus
Dominus autem prius increpat; unde sequitur et ait illis: sic et vos imprudentes estis?
Beda
Vitiosus enim est auditor qui obscura manifeste, aut manifeste dicta obscure vult intelligere
Theophylactus
Deinde dominus manifestat id quod erat occultum, dicens: non intelligitis quia omne extrinsecus introiens in hominem non potest eum coinquinare?
Beda
Iudaei enim se partem Dei iactantes, communes cibos vocant quibus omnes homines utuntur, ut ostrea, lepores, et huiusmodi animalia. Nec etiam idolothytum, inquantum cibus, et Dei creatura est, sed Daemonum invocatio hoc facit immundum. Et causam subdit, dicens quia non intrat in cor eius. Animae locus principalis, iuxta Platonem, in cerebro; sed, iuxta Christum, in corde est
Glossa
Dicitur ergo in cor eius, idest in mentem, quae est principalis pars animae, ex qua tota hominis vita dependet; unde secundum eam necesse est hominem mundum, vel immundum aestimari; et sic ea quae ad mentem non perveniunt, non possunt homini immunditiam afferre. Cibi ergo quia ad mentem non perveniunt, secundum suam naturam hominem inquinare non possunt; sed inordinatus ciborum usus, qui ex inordinatione provenit mentis, ad hominis immunditiam pertinet. Quod autem cibi ad mentem non perveniant, ostendit per id quod subdit, dicens sed in ventrem vadit, et in secessum exit, purgans omnes escas. Hoc autem dicit, ne intelligatur quod inde ex cibis in corpore maneat. Manet enim quod est necessarium ad corporis nutrimentum et augmentum; egreditur autem quod est superfluum, quasi purgatio quaedam interius remanentis nutrimenti
Augustinus in Lib. 83 quaest
Quaedam enim sic accedunt ut etiam mutent, et mutentur; sicut et ipse cibus amittens speciem suam, in corpus nostrum vertitur, et nos refecti in robur commutamur. Sed et tenuissimus humor, cum in venis, et aliis arteriis cocta fuerit esca et digesta, per occultos meatus, quos Graeci poros vocant, dilabitur, et in secessum vadit
Beda
Sic ergo cibi non faciunt homines immundos, sed malitia, quae operatur passiones ab interioribus procedentes; unde sequitur dicebat autem, quoniam quae de homine exeunt, illa coinquinant hominem
Glossa
Cuius rationem significat cum subdit ab intus enim de corde hominis cogitationes malae procedunt. Et sic patet quod malae cogitationes ad mentem pertinent, quae hic cor nominantur; secundum quam homo dicitur bonus vel malus, mundus vel immundus
Beda
Hinc autem arguuntur qui cogitationes a Diabolo immitti putant, non ex propria nasci voluntate. Diabolus incentor, et auditor malarum cogitationum esse potest: auctor esse non potest
Glossa
Ex malis autem cogitationibus ulterius mali actus procedunt; de quibus subditur adulteria, quae in violatione alieni tori consistunt; fornicationes, quae sunt illiciti coitus personarum matrimonio solutarum; homicidia, quibus in personas proximorum nocumentum infertur; furta, quibus res subtrahuntur; avaritiae, inquantum aliqua iniuste retinentur; nequitiae, quae consistunt in proximorum calumniis; dolus, in eorum deceptione; impudicitiae, quantum ad quamlibet corruptionem mentis, vel corporis
Theophylactus
Oculus malus, idest odium, et adulatio: nam qui odit, oculum malum et invidum habet ad eum quem odit; et adulator non recto oculo videns quae sunt proximi, ad malum ipsum deducit; blasphemiae, idest iniuriae in Deum; superbia, idest Dei contemptus, dum scilicet quis bonum quod operatur, non Deo, sed suae virtuti ascribit; stultitia, idest iniuria in proximum
Glossa
Vel stultitia est cum non recte de Deo sentitur: contrariatur enim sapientiae, quae est divinarum rerum cognitio. Sequitur omnia haec mala ab intus procedunt et coinquinant hominem. Hoc enim in culpam homini imputatur quod in sua potestate existit. Talia autem sunt quae procedunt ab interiori voluntate, per quam homo est suorum actuum dominus
7:24
Teofilatto † 1107
After that the Lord had finished His teaching concerning food, seeing that the Jews were incredulous, He enters into the country of the Gentiles, for the Jews being unfaithful, salvation turns itself to the Gentiles; wherefore it is said, And from thence he arose, and went into the borders of Tyre and Sidon.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Tyre and Sidon were places of the Canaanites, therefore the Lord comes to them, not as to His own, but as to men, who had nothing in common with the fathers to whom the promise was made. And therefore He comes in such a way, that His coming should not be known to the Tyrians and Sidonians. Wherefore it continues: And entered in to a house, and would have no man know it. For the time had not come for His dwelling with the Gentiles and bringing them to the faith, for this was not to be, till after His cross and resurrection.
Teofilatto † 1107 Pseudo-Aug. Quæst. e Vet. et Nov. Test. 77
Or else His reason for coming in secret was that the Jews should not find occasion of blame against Him, as if He had passed over to the unclean Gentiles. It goes on, But he could not be hid.
Pseudo-Agostino
But if He wished to do so and could not, it appears as if His will was impotent; it is not possible however that our Saviour’s will should not be fulfilled, nor can He will a thing, which He knows ought not be. Therefore when a thing has taken place, it may be asserted that He has willed it. But we should observe that this happened amongst the Gentiles, to whom it was not time to preach; nevertheless not to receive them, when they came to the faith of their own accord, would have been to grudge them the faith. So then it came to pass that the Lord was not made known by His disciples; others, however, who had seen Him entering the house, recognised Him, and it began to be known that He was there. His will therefore was that He should not be proclaimed by His own disciples, but that others should come to seek Him, and so it took place.
san Beda † 735 d.C. in Marc. 2, 30
Having entered also into the house, He commanded His disciples not to betray who He was to any one in this unknown region, that they, on whom He had bestowed the grace of healing, might learn by His example, as far as they could, to shrink from the glory of human praise in the shewing forth of their miracles; yet they were not to cease from the pious work of virtue, when either the faith of the good justly deserved that miracles should be done, or the unfaithfulness of the wicked might necessarily compel them. For He Himself made known His entry into that place to the Gentile woman, and to whomsoever He would.
Pseudo-Agostino ubi sup.
Lastly, the Canaanitish woman came in to Him, on hearing of Him; if she had not first submitted herself to the God of the Jews, she would not have obtained their benefit. Concerning her it continues: For a woman, whose daughter had an unclean spirit, as soon as she had heard of him, came in and fell at his feet.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Now by this the Lord wished to shew His disciples that He opened the door of faith even to the Gentiles, wherefore also the nation of the woman is described when it is added, The woman was a Gentile, a Syrophenician by nation, that is, from Syria of Phænice. It goes on: And she besought him that he would cast forth the devil out of her daughter.
sant'Agostino † 430 d.C. de Con. Evan. 2, 49
It appears however that some question about a discrepancy may be raised, because it is said that the Lord was in the house when the woman came to her, asking about her daughter. When, however, Matthew says that His disciples had suggested to Him, Send her away, for she crieth after us, (Matt. 15:23) he appears to imply nothing less than that the woman uttered supplicating cries after the Lord, as He walked. How then do we infer that she was in the house, except by gathering it from Mark, who says that she came in to Jesus, after having before said that He was in the house? But Matthew in that he says, He answered her not a word, gave us to understand that He went out, during that silence, from the house; thus too the other events are connected together, so that they now in no way disagree. It continues; But he said unto her, Let the children be first filled.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
The time will come when even you who are Gentiles will obtain salvation; but it is right that first the Jews who deservedly are wont to be called by the name of children of God’s ancient election, should be refreshed with heavenly bread, and that so at length, the food of life should be ministered to the Gentiles. There follows: For it is not meet to take the children’s bread, and to cast it to the dogs.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
These words He uttered not that there is in Him a deficiency of virtue, to prevent His ministering to all, but because His benefit, if ministered to both Jews and Gentiles who had no communication with each other, might be a cause of jealousy.
Teofilatto † 1107
He calls the Gentiles dogs, as being thought wicked by the Jews; and He means by bread, the benefit which the Lord promised to the children, that is, to the Jews. The sense therefore is, that it is not right for the Gentiles first to be partakers of the benefit, promised principally to the Jews. The reason, therefore, why the Lord does not immediately hear, but delays His grace, is, that He may also shew that the faith of the woman was firm, and that we may learn not at once to grow weary in prayer, but to continue earnest till we obtain.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
In like manner also to shew the Jews that He did not confer healing on foreigners in the same degree as to them, and that by the discovery of the woman’s faith, the unfaithfulness of the Jews might be the more laid bare. For the woman did not take it ill, but with much reverence assented to what the Lord had said. Wherefore it goes on, And she answered and said unto him, Truth, Lord, but the dogs under the table eat of the children’s crumbs.
Teofilatto † 1107
As if she had said, The Jews have the whole of that bread which comes down from heaven, and Thy benefits also; I ask for the crumbs, that is, a small portion of the benefit.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
Her placing herself therefore in the rank of dogs is a mark of her reverence; as if she said, I hold it as a favour to be even in the position of a dog, and to eat not from another table, but from that of the Master himself.
Teofilatto † 1107
Because therefore the woman answered with much wisdom, she obtained what she wanted; wherefore there follows, And he said unto her, &c. He said not, My virtue hath made thee whole, but for this saying, that is, for thy faith, which is shewn by this saying, go thy way, the devil is gone out of thy daughter. It goes on, And when she was come into her house, she found her daughter laid upon the bed, and the devil gone out.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
On account then of the humble and faithful saying of her mother, the devil left the daughter; here is given a precedent for catechising and baptizing infants, seeing that by the faith and the confession of the parents, infants are freed in baptism from the devil, though they can neither have knowledge in themselves, or do either good or evil.
Pseudo-Girolamo
Mystically however the Gentile woman, who prays for her daughter, is our mother the Church of Rome. Her daughter afflicted with a devil, is the barbarian western race, which by faith hath been turned from a dog into a sheep. She desires to take the crumbs of spiritual understanding, not the unbroken bread of the letter.
Teofilatto † 1107
The soul of each of us also, when he falls into sin, becomes a woman; and this soul has a daughter who is sick, that is, evil actions; this daughter again has a devil, for evil actions arise from devils. Again, sinners are called dogs, being filled with uncleanness. For which reason we are not worthy to receive the bread of God, or to be made partakers of the immaculate mysteries of God; if however in humility, knowing ourselves to be dogs, we confess our sins, then the daughter, that is, our evil life, shall be healed.
Il testo latino
Theophylactus
Postquam de escis dominus docuerat, videns incredulos esse Iudaeos, fines ingreditur gentium: Iudaeis enim infidelibus existentibus, salus ad gentes convertitur; unde dicitur et inde surgens abiit in fines Tyri et Sidonis
Chrysostomus
Tyrus et Sidon loca Chananaeorum erant. Venit igitur ad eos dominus, non tamquam ad propinquos, sed tamquam ad eos quibus nihil est commune ad patres, quibus promissio facta est: et ideo sic venit, ut adventus suus Tyriis et Sidoniis non appareret; unde sequitur et ingressus domum neminem voluit scire: nondum enim tempus advenerat ut cum gentibus habitaret, et eas ad fidem adduceret: huius enim tempus debitum erat post crucem et resurrectionem
Theophylactus
Vel ideo clam ingreditur, ne occasionem Iudaei sumerent contra eum, tamquam ad immundas gentes transisset. Sequitur et non potuit latere
Augustinus de quaest. Nov. et Vet. Testam
Si autem voluit, et non potuit, infirma voluntas eius esse videtur. Impossibile est autem ut salvatoris voluntas non impleatur, nec potest velle quod scit fieri non debere; idcirco quod factum est, hoc voluisse dicendus est. Advertendum est autem, quod istud in finibus gestum est gentilium, quibus adhuc tempus praedicandi non erat; ultro tamen venientes ad fidem non suscipere invidiae erat. Sic ergo factum est ut salvator a discipulis proditus non esset, ab aliis tamen qui ingredientem domum viderant, proditus est, et incepit sciri quod esset in domo. A suis ergo noluit praedicari; requiri autem se voluit; et ita factum est
Beda
Ingressus etiam domum praecepit discipulis ne se cuiquam in regione ignota quis esset aperirent, ut exemplo eius discerent, quibus sanandi infirmos gratiam conferret, in exhibitione miraculorum humani favoris gloriam quantum possent declinare, nec tamen a pio virtutis opere cessare, quando hoc fieri vel fides bonorum iuste mereretur, vel infidelitas pravorum necessario cogeret. Ipse enim suum illo introitum gentili feminae, et quibuscumque voluit publicavit
Augustinus
Denique mulier Chananaea audiens de illo intravit ad eum; quae nisi prius subiecisset se Deo, Iudaeorum beneficium consecuta non esset; de qua sequitur mulier enim statim ut audivit de eo, cuius filia habebat spiritum immundum, intravit, et procidit ad pedes eius
Chrysostomus
Per hoc autem voluit dominus discipulis ostendere quod etiam gentibus aperuit ostium salutis; unde et mulieris genus describitur cum subditur erat enim mulier gentilis Syrophoenissa genere, idest de Syria Phoenicis. Sequitur et rogabat eum ut Daemonium eiceret de filia eius
Augustinus de Cons. Evang
Videtur autem afferre aliquam repugnantiae quaestionem, quia dicit in domo fuisse dominum, cum ad illum venit mulier pro filia sua rogans. Sed quoniam Matthaeus dicit discipulos domino ita suggessisse: dimitte illam, quoniam clamat post nos, nihil aliud videtur significare quam post ambulantem dominum mulierem illam deprecatorias voces emisisse. Quomodo ergo in domo, nisi quia intelligendum est dixisse quidem Marcum, quod intraverit ubi erat Iesus, cum eum praedixisset fuisse in domo? Sed quia Matthaeus ait: non respondit ei verbum, dedit agnoscere in eo silentio egressum fuisse Iesum de domo illa; atque ita cetera contexuntur quae iam in nullo discordant. Sequitur qui dixit illi: sine prius saturari filios
Beda
Quasi dicat: futurum est ut etiam vos, qui de gentibus estis, salutem consequamini; sed prius oportet Iudaeos, qui merito antiquae dilectionis, filiorum Dei solent nomine censeri, pane caelesti refici; et sic tandem gentibus vitae pabula ministrari. Sequitur non est bonum sumere panem filiorum et mittere canibus
Chrysostomus
Hoc autem verbum dixit: non quod in eo sit defectus virtutis ad benefaciendum omnibus, sed quia beneficium eius distributum Iudaeis et gentibus, communionem inter se non habentibus, provocationem magis operaretur
Theophylactus
Canes vocat gentiles, tamquam a Iudaeis sceleratos reputatos; panem vero dicit beneficium, quod filiis, idest Iudaeis, dominus promisit. Est ergo sensus, quod non decet gentiles beneficii primo esse participes, quod Iudaeis principaliter promissum est. Ideo autem dominus non statim exaudit, sed gratiam differt, ut etiam ostendat mulieris fidem constantem, et ut discamus non statim deficere cum oramus, sed ut insistamus donec recipiamus
Chrysostomus
Similiter etiam ut Iudaeis ostenderet, quod non aequaliter eis dabat, et alienigenis sanitatem, et ut patefacta mulieris fide, magis patefieret infidelitas Iudaeorum. Mulier enim non graviter tulit, sed vocem domini cum multa reverentia confirmavit; unde sequitur at illa respondit, et dixit ei: utique, domine: nam et catelli comedunt sub mensa de micis puerorum
Theophylactus
Quasi dicat: Iudaei panem totum habent, scilicet descendentem de caelo, et tua etiam beneficia; ego micas postulo, scilicet modicam beneficii partem
Chrysostomus
Quod ergo in ordine canum se reputat, reverentiae est; quasi dicat: pro gratia habeo etiam in numero canum esse, et non ab aliena, sed a propria mensa comedere dominantis
Theophylactus
Quia ergo mulier sapientissime respondebat, obtinuit quod optabat; unde sequitur et ait illi, et cetera. Non dixit: virtus mea te salvam fecit; sed propter hunc sermonem, idest propter fidem tuam, quae hoc de sermone demonstratur, vade; exiit Daemonium a filia tua. Sequitur et cum abiisset in domum suam invenit puellam iacentem supra lectum, et Daemonium exiisse
Beda
Propter humilem enim matris, fidelemque sermonem filiam deseruit Daemonium: ubi datur exemplum catechizandi et baptizandi infantes: quia videlicet per fidem et confessionem parentum in Baptismo liberantur a Diabolo parvuli, qui necdum per se sapere, vel aliquid agere boni possunt vel mali
Hieronymus
Mystice autem mulier gentilis quae pro filia rogat, est mater nostra Romana Ecclesia. Nata eius daemoniaca barbarica est Occidentalis natio; cuius fides fecit de cane ovem. Micas autem spiritualis intellectus, non panem infractum litterae sumere cupit
Theophylactus
Unusquisque etiam nostrum cum peccat, mulier est anima eius. Infirmam vero filiam habet haec anima actus pravos; quae filia Daemonium habet: nam actus pravi Daemonum sunt. Peccatores autem existentes, nuncupantur catuli impleti immunditiis. Propter quod non sumus digni panem Dei recipere, aut participes fieri immaculatorum mysteriorum Dei. Si vero cognoscentes nosmetipsos per humilitatem esse catulos, confiteamur peccata nostra, tunc sanabitur filia, scilicet operatio prava
7:31
Teofilatto † 1107
The Lord did not wish to stay in the parts of the Gentiles, lest He should give the Jews occasion to say, that they esteemed Him a transgressor of the law, because He held communion with the Gentiles, and therefore He immediately returns; wherefore it is said, And again departing from the coasts of Tyre, he came through Sidon, to the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the borders of Decapolis.
san Beda † 735 d.C. in Marc. 2, 31
Decapolis is a region of ten cities, across the Jordan, to the east, over against Galilee.c When therefore it is said that the Lord came to the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the borders of Decapolis, it does not mean that He entered the confines of Decapolis themselves; for He is not said to have crossed the sea, but rather to have come to the borders of the sea, and to have reached quite up to the place, which was opposite to the midst of the coasts of Decapolis, which were situated at a distance across the sea. It goes on, And they bring him one that was deaf and dumb, and they besought him to lay hands upon him.
Teofilatto † 1107
Which is rightly placed after the deliverance of one possessed with a devil, for such an instance of suffering came from the devil. There follows, And he took him aside from the multitude, and put his fingers into his ears.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
He takes the deaf and dumb man who was brought to Him apart from the crowd, that He might not do His divine miracles openly; teaching us to cast away vain glory and swelling of heart, for no one can work miracles as he can, who loves humility and is lowly in his conduct. But He puts His fingers into his ears, when He might have cured him with a word, to shew that His body, being united to Deity, was consecrated by Divine virtue, with all that He did. For since on account of the transgression of Adam, human nature had incurred much suffering and hurt in its members and senses, Christ coming into the world shewed the perfection of human nature in Himself, and on this account opened ears with His fingers, and gave the power of speech by His spittle. Wherefore it goes on, And spit, and touched his tongue.
Teofilatto † 1107
That He might shew that all the members of His sacred body are divine and holy, even the spittle which loosed the string of the tongue. For the spittle is only the superfluous moisture of the body, but in the Lord all things are divine. It goes on, And looking up to heaven, he groaned, and saith unto him, Ephphatha, that is, Be opened.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
He looked up to heaven, that He might teach us that thence is to be procured speech for the dumb, hearing for the deaf, health for all who are sick. And He sighed, not that it was necessary for Him to beg any thing from His Father with groaning, for He, together with the Father, gives all things to them who ask, but that He might give us an example of sighing, when for our own errors and those of our neighbours, we invoke the guardianship of the Divine mercy.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
He at the same time also groaned, as taking our cause upon Himself, and pitying human nature, seeing the misery into which it had fallen.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
But that which He says, Ephphatha, that is, Be opened, belongs properly to the ears, for the ears are to be opened for hearing, but the tongue to be loosed from the bonds of its impediment, that it may be able to speak. Wherefore it goes on, And straightway his ears were opened, and the string of his tongue was loosed, and he spake plain. Where each nature of one and the same Christ is manifestly distinct, looking up indeed into Heaven as man, praying unto God, He groaned, but presently with one word, as being strong in the Divine Majesty, He healed. It goes on, And he charged them that they should tell no man.
Pseudo-Crisostomo Vict. Ant. e Cat. in Marc.
By which He has taught us not to boast in our powers, but in the cross and humiliation. He also bade them conceal the miracle, lest He should excite the Jews by envy to kill Him before the time.
Pseudo-Girolamo
A city, however, placed on a hill cannot be hid, and lowliness always comes before glory. Wherefore it goes on, But the more he charged them, so much the more a great deal they published it.
Teofilatto † 1107
By this we are taught, when we confer benefits on any, by no means to seek for applause and praise; but when we have received benefits, to proclaim and praise our benefactors, even though they be unwilling.
sant'Agostino † 430 d.C. ap. Aug. non occ. sed ap. Bed. ubi sup.
If however He, as one Who knew the present and the future wills of men, knew that they would proclaim Him the more in proportion as He forbade them, why did He give them this command? If it were not that He wished to prove to men who are idle, how much more joyfully, with how much greater obedience, they whom He commands to proclaim Him should preach, when they who were forbidden could not hold their peace.
La Glossa non occ.
From the preaching however of those who were healed by Christ, the wonder of the multitude, and their praise of the benefits of Christ, increased. Wherefore it goes on, And they were beyond measure astonished, saying, He hath done all things well; he maketh the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak.
Pseudo-Girolamo
Mystically, Tyre is interpreted narrowness, and signifies Judæa, to which the Lord said, (v. Isa. 28:20) “For the bed is grown too narrow,” and from which he turns himself to the Gentiles. Sidon means ‘hunting,’ for our race is like an untamed beast, and ‘sea,’ which means a wavering inconstancy. Again, the Saviour comes to save the Gentiles in the midst of the coasts of Decapolis, which may be interpreted, as the commands of the Decalogue. Further, the human race throughout its many members is reckoned as one man, eaten up by varying pestilence, in the first created man; it is blinded, that is, its eye is evil; it becomes deaf, when it listens to, and dumb when it speaks, evil. And they prayed Him to lay His hand upon him, because many just men, and patriarchs, wished and longed for the time when the Lord should come in the flesh.
san Beda † 735 d.C. ubi sup.
Or he is deaf and dumb, who neither has ears to hear the words of God, nor opens his mouth to speak them, and such must be presented to the Lord for healing, by men who have already learned to hear and speak the divine oracles.
Pseudo-Girolamo
Further, he who obtains healing is always drawn aside from turbulent thoughts, disorderly actions, and incoherent speeches. And the fingers which are put into the ears are the words and the gifts of the Holy Ghost, of whom it is said, This is the finger of God. (Exod. 8:19) The spittle is heavenly wisdom, which loosens the sealed lips of the human race, so that it can say, I believe in God, the Father Almighty, and the rest of the Creed. And looking up to heaven, he groaned, (Cf. Mat. 12:20. Luke 11:20) that is, He taught us to groan, and to raise up the treasures of our hearts to the heavens; because by the groaning of hearty compunction, the silly joy of the flesh is purged away. But the ears are opened to hymns, and songs, and psalms; and He looses the tongue, that it may pour forth the good word, which neither threats nor stripes can restrain.
Il testo latino
Theophylactus
In gentilium locis moram dominus facere non volebat, ne occasionem Iudaeis daret ut transgressorem legis eum aestimarent, quod se gentibus admiscebat; et ideo confestim revertitur; unde dicitur et iterum exiens de finibus Tyri, venit per Sidonem ad mare Galilaeae inter medios fines Decapoleos
Beda
Decapolis est regio decem urbium trans Iordanem ad orientem contra Galilaeam. Quod ergo dicitur quod dominus venit ad mare Galilaeae inter medios fines Decapoleos, non ipsos fines Decapolis intrasse significat, neque enim mare navigasse dicitur; sed potius ad mare usque venisse atque ad ipsum pervenisse locum qui medios fines Decapolis longe trans mare positos respiciebat. Sequitur et adducunt ei surdum et mutum, et deprecabantur eum ut imponat illi manum
Theophylactus
Quod recte post daemoniaci liberationem ponitur: ex Daemonio enim talis passio erat. Sequitur et apprehendens eum de turba seorsum, misit digitos suos in auriculam eius
Chrysostomus
Seorsum a turba oblatum surdum et mutum apprehendit, ut divina miracula non faceret manifeste, instruens nos vanam gloriam eicere, et tumorem: nihil enim est ex quo aliquis sic miracula operetur, sicut si humilitatem colat, et modestiam sequatur. Misit vero digitos in auriculam, potens verbo sanare, ut ostenderet quod divina virtute ditatum erat corpus divinitati unitum, et operatio eius. Quia enim propter transgressionem Adae, natura humana multam incurrerat passionem, ac membrorum, et sensuum laesionem, veniens Christus in seipso perfectionem demonstravit humanae naturae; et propter hoc digitis aures aperuit, et sputo loquelam dedit; unde sequitur et expuens tetigit linguam eius
Theophylactus
Ut scilicet ostenderet quod omnia membra sacri corporis eius divina existunt et sancta; sicut et sputum, quod vinculum linguae dissolvit. Etenim omne sputum superfluitas est; sed in domino omnia divina fuerunt. Sequitur et suspiciens in caelum ingemuit, et ait: ephphetha, quod est adaperire
Beda
Suspexit quidem in caelum, ut inde mutis loquelam, inde auditum surdis, inde cunctis infirmantibus medelam doceret esse quaerendam. Ingemuit autem, non quia ipsi opus esset cum gemitu aliquid petere a patre, qui cuncta petentibus donat cum patre; sed ut nobis gemendi daret exempla, cum vel pro nostri, vel pro nostrorum erratibus proximorum supernae pietatis praesidia invocamus
Chrysostomus
Simul etiam ingemuit, nostram causam suscipiens in seipso, et naturae misertus humanae, videns miseriam in quam humanum genus inciderat
Beda
Quod ait ephphetha, idest adaperire, ad aures proprie pertinet: aures enim ad audiendum aperiendae, lingua vero, ut loqui posset, a retinaculis erat suae tarditatis solvenda; unde sequitur et statim apertae sunt aures eius, et solutum est vinculum linguae eius, et loquebatur recte: ubi utraque natura unius et eiusdem Christi manifeste distincta est. Suspiciens quidem in caelum, quasi homo Deum deprecatus ingemuit; sed mox uno sermone quasi potens divina maiestate curavit. Sequitur et praecepit illis ne cui dicerent
Hieronymus
Per quod non in virtutibus gloriandum esse docuit; sed in cruce et humiliatione
Chrysostomus
Praecepit etiam miraculum occultare, ne ante tempus accenderet Iudaeos ad homicidium per invidiam perpetrandum
Hieronymus
Civitas autem in monte posita, undique circumspecta abscondi non potest, et humilitas semper praecedit gloriam; unde sequitur quanto autem eis praecipiebat, tanto magis plus praedicabant
Theophylactus
Docemur autem ex hoc cum alicui beneficia elargimur, minime applausus, et laudes petere; cum vero accepimus beneficia, benefactores praedicare et laudare, quamvis nolint
Augustinus de Cons. Evang
Si autem sciebat eos (sicut ille qui notas habebat et praesentes et futuras hominum voluntates) tanto magis praedicaturos, quanto magis ne praedicarent eis praecipiebat; ut quid hoc praecipiebat, nisi pigris volebat ostendere quanto gaudiosius, quanto ferventius eum praedicare debeant, quibus iubet ut praedicent, quando illi qui prohibebantur, tacere non poterant?
Glossa
Ex praedicatione autem salvatorum a Christo, crescebat admiratio turbarum, et confessio beneficiorum Christi; unde sequitur et eo amplius admirabantur dicentes: bene omnia fecit; hoc scilicet, surdos fecit audire, et mutos loqui
Hieronymus
Mystice autem Tyrus interpretatur angustia, et significat Iudaeam, cui dominus dicit: coangustatum est stratum, a qua transfert se ad gentes alias. Sidon venatio interpretatur. Fera autem indomita nostra natio est, et mare, quod fluctuosa volubilitas est. Inter medios autem fines Decapoleos, quod interpretatur Decalogi mandata, salvator ad salvandas gentes venit. Genus autem humanum per multa membra, quasi unus homo varia peste absumptus, enumeratur in protoplasto: caecatur dum male videt, surdus fit cum audit, obmutescit cum loquitur. Deprecantur autem eum, ut imponat illi manum, quia incarnatum fore dominum multi iusti et patriarchae cupiebant et optabant
Beda
Vel surdus et mutus est qui nec aures audiendi verba Dei habet, nec os aperit pro loquendis; quales necesse est ut hi qui loqui iam, et audire divina eloquia didicerunt, domino sanandos offerant
Hieronymus
Seorsum autem semper a turbulentis cogitationibus, et actibus inordinatis, sermonibusque incompositis educitur qui sanari meretur. Digiti autem, qui in aures mittuntur, verba, vel dona spiritus sunt, de quo dicitur: digitus Dei est hic. Sputum autem divina sapientia est, quae solvit vinculum labiorum humani generis, ut dicat: credo in Deum patrem omnipotentem, et reliqua. Suspiciens autem in caelum ingemuit, idest gemere nos docuit, et in caelum thesauros nostri cordis erigere: quia per gemitum compunctionis intimae frivola laetitia carnis purgatur. Apertae sunt autem aures ad hymnos et cantica et Psalmos. Solvit linguam, ut eructet verbum bonum, quod non possunt nec verbera cohibere
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2. COMMUNIBUS MANIBUS, ID EST NON LOTIS, MANDUCARE. — «Manus communes» vocantur non lotae, id est immundae, quia scilicet res immundae, profanae et pollutae erant communes Judaeis et Gentibus, mundis et immundis. Nota Apostolos non fuisse tam rusticos, ut pransuri vel cenaturi manus non lavarent, cum et agricolae et opifices ante cibum eas lavent, sed abstinuisse a lotione religiosa, vel potius superstitiosa Pharisaeorum, quam ipsi ex majorum suorum ritu et traditione acceptam scrupulose servabant. Ritus autem eorum, inquit Theophylactus, erat hic, ut ad cubitum usque lavarentur.
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3. CREBRO. — Syrus, betilaith, id est diligenter vel curiose; Graece, πυγμῇ, id est certatim. Hebr. כף אל כף caph el caph, id est manum ad manum, scilicet saepe confricando, uti faecatas qui manus foedatas depurare volunt. Pharisaei enim cum vel minimum quid impuri attigissent, aut se attigisse scrupulose metuerent, illico lavabant manus, idque toties quoties hic eis metus vel scrupulus occurrebat.
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4. ET A FORO, — scilicet venientes et domum redeuntes lavant manus, quia scilicet in foro est omne genus, uti rerum, sic et hominum mundorum et immundorum, quorum attactu se pollutos verebantur, ideoque immunditiem hac lotione non manuum, sed totius corporis abstergere sese debere putabant; unde sequitur: NISI BAPTIZENTUR. — Hoc est, nisi totum corpus aquis immergant et abluant, uti etiamnum saepe faciunt Judaei. Plus enim est «baptizari,» quam manus abluere: quia ergo in foro Gentiles attingere et alloqui, quaedam etiam immunda attrectare cogebantur, hinc redeuntes domum totos se abluebant, ait Vatablus. CALICUM. — Graece, ποτηρίων, id est poculorum. URCEORUM. — Graece, ξεστῶν, id est sextariorum: ξέστης enim est sextarius, vel cyathus; Syrus, anophoram, id est vasorum, quibus vina afferuntur vel effunduntur. Vatablus intelligit vasa lignea, quae ξεστά dicuntur, eo quod torno poliantur, aut sculpturis ornata sint: ξέω enim est frico, polio, rado, sculpo: unde ξεστός, id est politus, rasilis, excultus. Urceus proprie est vas, quo aqua in urnam vel ahenum infunditur, ait Paulus Jureconsultus; inde ad vasa quaelibet similia transfertur. AERAMENTORUM, — vasorum aereorum, quibus cibi vel coquebantur, vel in mensam inferebantur. ET LECTORUM, — quibus ad mensam accumbebant. Vatablus vertit, spondarum. Cetera exposui Matth. xv et seq.
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15. COMMUNICANT. — Id est «coinquinant,» ut legunt alii codices. Idem est vers. 18 et 20.
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19. QUIA NON INTRAT IN COR EJUS (id est in animam ejus, ac proinde eam coinquinare nequit), SED IN VENTREM (scilicet stomachum) VADIT, (ubi facta secretione purioris cibi, ad jecur et cor pergit; reliquum vero, quod impurum et faeculentum est), IN SECESSUM EXIT, PURGANS (exitu suo, id est puras relinquens) OMNES ESCAS. — Quia scilicet ipsum est cibi faex et purgamentum: quare eo ipso quo exit, alimentum reliquum depurat et expurgat.
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26. GENTILIS. — Graece, Ἑλληνίς, id est Graeca, ut vertit Arabicus: Graecis enim dominantibus, omnes Gentiles vocabantur Graeci; hinc illud Rom. cap. 1: «Judaeo primum et Graeco,» id est Gentili. SYROPHOENISSA. — Graece, Syra Phoenicissa; Syrus, ex Punicia Syria, id est ex illa Phoeniciae parte, quae ad Syriam spectat. Matthaeus Chananaeam vocat.
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32. ET MUTUM. — Graece, μογιλάλον, id est aegre loquentem, impeditae linguae, balbutientem: nam sanatus a Christo «loquebatur recte,» id est expedite, ut dicitur vers. 35. Non ergo erat omnino mutus, uti sunt ii qui a nativitate sunt surdi, qui Graece ἄναυδοι dicuntur. Sic enim duo fuissent hic Christi miracula, scilicet solutionis linguae, et inditae scientiae vocum. Contrarium tamen quoque est probabile.
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33. ET EXPUENS, TETIGIT LINGUAM EJUS. — Congrue fecit id Christus, quasi saliva sua salvifica os siccitate mutum et ligatum humectaturus et soluturus; saliva enim est in lingua, et illi se assimilat, ait Galenus, Aphor. 39. Expuit autem non in os muti, sed in suum ipsius digitum, ac digito salivam ori muti admovit, ut colligitur ex Graeco: hoc enim honestas et decor exigebant. Porro Christus, aperiendo aures et linguam corporis, aperuit pariter aures et linguam mentis, ut inspirationes ipsius audiret, ac crederet ipsum esse Messiam, ab eoque peccatorum suorum veniam posceret et impetraret. Quos enim Christus corpore, hos et mente sanavit. Tropologice: idem cuique poscendum ac dicendum cum Psalte: «Domine, labia mea aperies, et os meum annuntiabit laudem tuam,» Ps. L, 17. Idem de auribus, ut possimus cum Isaia, cap. L, 4, jubilare: «Dominus dedit mihi linguam eruditam, ut sciam sustentare eum qui lassus est verbo: erigit mane, mane erigit mihi aurem, ut audiam quasi magistrum. Dominus Deus aperuit mihi aurem;» hoc autem fit cum ipse digito suo, id est Spiritu Sancto (hic enim est Digitus Dei, Exod. viii, 19), et saliva caelestis sapientiae, quae est ipsemet ex ore Altissimi prodiens, linguam mentis tangit.
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34. ET SUSPICIENS IN CAELUM (quia inde verba mutis, auditus surdis, medela cunctis infirmis, ait Beda) INGEMUIT, — tum condolens miseriae muti et surdi, tum cum gemitu orans et impetrans illi sanitatem a Deo. «Expendebat enim, ait Victor, in quantam calamitatem et miseriam, omnis bonae honestaeque actionis hostis diabolus, primorumque parentum incuria et lapsus ipsum dejecisset.» EPHPHETHA, QUOD EST (quod significat) ADAPERIRE. — Id est aperiantur tibi aures et os: ubi «utraque, ait Beda, unius ejusdemque mediatoris Dei et hominum natura manifeste destinata est. Suspiciens enim in caelum quasi homo, Deum precaturus ingemuit; sed mox uno sermone, quasi divina potens majestate, curavit.» Omnes enim habemus oculos, sed caeci clausos et obstructos, qui Syriaca phrasi eleganter dicuntur aperiri, cum tegmina illa recluduntur, ait Angelus Caninius in Nomin. Hebr., cap. x. Porro Hebr. פתח patach, est aperire: unde in imperativo passivo niphal הפתח hippateach, et crasi hippatach, pro quo Syri dicunt Ephphetha, idem est quod aperire, hoc est aperitor, vel esto apertus.
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36. ET PRAECEPIT ILLIS NE CUI DICERENT. — Praeceptum hoc fuit non proprie dictum, quod ad culpam obligaret, sed urbanitas duntaxat, et modestiae indicium, ut scilicet significaret se nolle sua miracula ostentare, et ex iis aucupari vanam hominum gloriam. Quare non peccabant, qui eo non obstante illa divulgabant. Unde sequitur: «Quanto autem eis praecipiebat, tanto magis plus praedicabant.» «Docemur hoc loco, ait Theophylactus, quod quando benefacturi sumus, ne plausus vel celebritates ex beneficiis quaeramus: cum autem beneficia acceperimus, ut benefactores, licet ipsi recusent, laudemus et praedicemus.» Ut enim illud est hominis benefici, ita hoc grati, ait Franciscus Lucas. Et S. Augustinus, De Consensu Evang.: «Voluit Dominus, ait, prohibendo docere, quanto ferventius eum praedicare debeant, quibus jubet ut praedicent, quando illi qui prohibebantur tacere, non poterant.»
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37. BENE OMNIA FECIT. — Graece, καλῶς, id est belle, decore, concinne, congrue, irreprehensibiliter, q. d. Nil fecit Christus, quod Pharisaei, vel similes momi jure culpare queant. Rursum bene Hebraice הטיב heteb, id est benefice, quia surdo auditum, muto loquelam reddidit. Tota enim vita Christi fuit assidua beneficentia, Act. cap. x, vers. 38.
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v. 1 et conveniunt ad eum pharisaei et quidam de scribis venientes αὖ lerosolymis , οἱ φαοισαῖοι posito articulo factio vel secta designatur, ita ut etsi aliqui tantum adsunt et loquuntur, tamen totius sectae rem agerecenseantur. Simul cum his accedunt ad Iesum aliqui legis doctores vel rabbini; ἐλθόντες aliqui ad solosscribas referre volunt (οἰ, Weiss), quia pharisaei ut secta non veniant ab urbe. Sed cum profectoin urbe eius sectae primores essent, haec ratio satis infirma videtur (cf. Schanz); praeterea Matth. 15,1 explicite dicitur ἀπὸ ᾿Ιεροσολύμων φαρισαῖοι. Ab urbe itaque descendunt in Galilaeam; non videtur improbabile eos ἃ synedrio esse deputatos ut Iesum , cuius fama magis in dies celebrabatur et qui ad pascha non in urbem ascenderat, observarent; quare συνάγονται congregantur ad eum; id quod longiorem commorationem et rerum gestarum explorationem indicare videtur. Verum nihil quod reprehendant inveniunt, nisi quod recens aliquod praeceptum doctorum legis aliqui discipuli quandoque non satis observant
oystov. In v. 20 coinquinant lich ken ept (marg) sixt (item sixt in v. 23). In v. 22 ken furta, falsa testimonia (ex Matth 15,19). Modo descripserst evangelista potentiam Christ et benignitatem plane divinam in multiplicatione panis, in ambulatione super aquas, in plurimis sanationibus : quotquot tangebant eum salvi fiebant; descripserat quoque studium ac fervorem turbarum quo ab eo maxima beneficia et miracula sedulo quaerebant. Iam plane aliud in medium affert, et bene advertit [ans. : ex personarum ac rerum collata diversitate singula magis elucescunt ; ita ex collatione perversitatis scribarum et pharisaeorum cum populi simplicitate liquet omnibus quam hi fuerint insanabiles, per quos aliorum incredulitatem corrigi conveniebat;
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v. 3 δέ cum vidissent quosdam ez discipulis eius communibus manibus , id est, non lotis, manducare panes, (vituperaverunt) , sententia in graeco non absolvitur, sed longiore parenthesi interposita in v. 8 et &, tandem in v. 5 continuatur, verum ita ut subiectum grammaticale repetatur et sententia cum καὶ annectatur, unde in v. 2 habes anacoluthon. Quod anacoluthon veteres aliqui vitarunt inserentes ἐμέμ- ψαντο (vide lect. var.), recentiorum quidam trahentes xoi ἰδόντες arcte ad ἐλθόντες ; verum id vix fieri posse videtur, nam tum explicare debebis : congregantur ad eum postquam venerunt et viderunt; sed quando et ubi viderunt? Vix antequam ab urbe proficiscerentur; num eo tempore quo discipuli missi ἃ Domino praedicabant? id aliqui opinantur. Sed coniunctio ex rei natura maxime obvia est , ut ἰδόντες interrogent v. 5, postquam ab urbe profecti ad Iesum convenerunt. Vident quosdam, « quid si omnes id facientes vidissent? non debuerunt quod omnes discipuli faciebant vitio vertere magistro, quanto minus, quod non omnes sed aliqui faciebant? etsi non arbitror ideo evangelistam dixisse quosdam ut indicaret non omnes sed aliquos tantum discipulos solitos fuisse illotis manibus vesci, sed potius ut innueret non omnes sed aliquos tantum a pharisaeis visos fuisse ita vescentes, idque satis fuisse hominibus ad calumniandum paratis ut inde occasionem arriperent, non solum discipulos omnes sed ipsum etiam Christum accusandi » (Maid.). Dicitur commune, κοινόν id quod est profanum; ita losephus quoque ait Iudaeos qui a patriis moribus desciverant χοινὸν βίον profanam vitae consuetudinem esse amplexatos (Antiq. 13,1. 1); cf. Act. 10,15. Rom. 15,14. Haec lotio manuum considerabatur tamquam actio religiosa qua si ex commercio cum aliis vel ex rebus immundis quid profani manibus adhaereret id removeretur. Talis lotio lege non erat praescripta sed inducta et praecepta a legis doctoribus vel rabbinis. Uti Ed. Il p. 13 dicit, primum eius consuetudinis vestigium apparet in ea oraculorum sibyllinorum parte quae ad annum 160 ante Ch. circiter refertur (lib. III v. 591-593), sed usus iste praeprimis invaluit auctoritate Hillel et Schammai, qui cum in plurimis rebus definiendis inter se dissentirent hac in re eiusdem erant sententiae; porro cum isti in scriptis rabbinicis praecipuo quodam iure appellarentur seniores — uterque nominari solet simpliciter 1511 ὁ πρεσδύτερος — etiam usus ille vocatur traditio τῶν πρεσθυτέρων. Εἰ quanti haec traditio aestimata sit, iam elucet ex accusatione quam pharisaei movent et pro tempore quoque posteriore ostenditur plurimis illis praescriptionibus de modo lavandi, de aqua, de vasis e quibus aqua affundi possit etc. quae habentur in tractatibus berachoth 8,9-5, chagiga 2,5-6, edujoth 3,2, jadajim 1,1-5; 2,3 (cf. Schürer 1. c. lI p. . 405; Surenhustus kom. VI); immo, uti refert Wünsche p. 391 in sota fol. & b rabbi Serika eum perire ac damnari affirmat qui manus ante et post comestionem lavare omittat; plura de ea re vide apud LtgAtfoot ad Matth. 15,2 et Schoettgen eodem loco. Non lege eiusmodi praescribi, sed a doctoribus evangelista monet et quam seduli sint in istis minutiis declarat
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v. 3 pAarisaet euim et omnes Iudaei (omnes accipe modo loquendi populari dictum) ns? crebro laverint manus non manducant tenentes traditionem seniorum , crebro offensioni est; nam crebro eos lavare manus antequam manducent, profecto mirum esset nec ullibi a rabbinis praescribitur; quare lectio πυχνά erit reiicienda et altera πυγμῇ retinenda. Quae aliter nequit intelligi nisi : pugno manus lavare i. e. facto pugno palmas manuum fricare et lavare. Apud rabbinos saltem posteriores firma erat sententia gravius peccari si quis traditiones seniorum neglexerit quam si contra legem mosaicam deliquisset ; praeterea statuebant : amabilia sunt verba scribarum prae verbis legis et graviora sunt verba seniorum quam verba prophetarum (cf. Lightfoot 1. c. Schürer Il p. 323; Ed. 1 p. 8. 15; Weber, System der altsynagogalen pal. Theologie p. 121 seq.);
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v. & e£ a foro scil. redeuntes nisi baptizentur ῥαντίσωνται nisi lustrentur aqua, aspergantur (cf. lect. var.) non comedunt; lege praescribuntur lustrationes, si certa quaedam immunditiei genera contrahebantur; vide Lev. 15,2-18; 11,32-37; pharisaei eiusmodi lustrationes iam fieri volebant, quando fortasse quis inscius aliquid immundi tetigisset vel in commercio cum aliis qui fortasse levitice immundi erant suspicari posset tale quid evenisse. Cum itaque in foro homines multi versarentur, inter quos esse poterant legaliter immundi et quorum forte unus vel alter pharisaeum tangebant, pharisaeus domum reversus sedulo se aqua lustrabat. De lotione plena, de balneo vel baptismo secundum lectionem ῥαντίσωνται non est sermo !. Et videtur satis probabile pharisaeos sibi ritum faciliorem excogitasse, prout etiam in lotione manuum sibi constituerunt propriam caerimoniam quae satis facile peragi poterat; δέ alia multa sunt quae tradita sunt. illis servare, quae observanda susceperunt, óaptismata calicum et urceorum et aeramentorum , vasorum aeneorum, et lectorum scil. tricliniarium ; omnia haec aqua eluebant antequam iis uterentur, quia fortasse calices et vasa aliqua animalcula immunda essent attacta vel quia fortasse aliquis immundus lectum tetigisset; intelligi lectos in quibus ad mensam accumbebant sententia est plurimorum (Mad. Lap. recentiores) quae contexta oratione suadetur, etsi χλίνη et de lecto triclinari et de alio adhibetur. Eiusmodi lecti aqua aspergebantur, calices, vasa immergebantur ; quare βαπτισμός sensu quodam generali purgationis adhiberi videtur vel (si proprium retinere malueris) zeugmatice ut loquuntur ad lectos trahitur. « Sed quid quaeso est : pugno lavare manus »? quaerit Patr. eam explicationem reiiciens. Res tamen videtur cogitari posse, scil. pugillo lavare manum cavam eamque fricare. Verum est hunc lavandi modum in scriptis rabbinorum non commemorari. Unde aliqui eam explicationem admitti posse negant. At nemo ostendere potest aut iure contendere vel omnia quae in talmude habeantur iam observata esse tempore Christi vel si qui ritus in talmude non exprimatur eum ne antea quidem exstitisse. Quare nos oportet esse valde cautos et in asserendis iis quae talmude narrantur et in negandis iis de quibus tacetur. Proinde cum verba evangelistae clara sint, sensus obvius retineatur oportet. Vox ξέστης, uti Etymol. m. dicit ῥωμαιχόν ἐστιν ὄνομα, sextarius, vas sextarii capax ; bath Hebraeorum δύναται χωρῆσαι ξέστας E6bopr[xovta δύο, ait Iosephus, Antiq. 8,2. 9. Sextarius sexta pars erat congii (cf. Wilke, Lexicon gr. lat.) Etiam talmudistae utuntur voce ΘΌΡ, N'Dp pro vase, lagena; cf. Buxtorf, Lexicon chald. p. 2076 seq. Romanis non adeo gnaris morum Iudaeorum hanc explicationem v. 3. & evangelista dedit. Iam redit ad v. 2 et narrationem interruptam v. ὅ et interrogabant eum pharisact et scribae : quare discipuli tui non amóulant iuxta traditionem seniorum , sed communibus manibus manducant panem? i. e. cibum capiunt. Quam integris moribus et quanta legis mosaicae observatione discipuli fuerint, ipsi insidiatores hac una querela testantur; aliam scil. licet sedulo explorassent non repererunt, quamvis multum desiderarent magistrum quo reprehenderent invenire. Verum tale recipiunt responsum quod si praevidissent non fuissent interrogaturi;
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v. 6 at tlle respondens dizit eis : bene prophetavit Isaias de vobis hypocritis , sicut scriptum est : populus hic labiis me honorat , cor autem eorum longe est a me, i. e. quae Isaias de suis aequalibus dixit, haec plane quoque conveniunt in pharisaeos, vel ut V?ct. bene dicit : nam sicut illi, de quibus sermo est, Deum labiis honorantes mente et animo ab eo aberant, ita et vos. Valet itaque de hoc quoque Isaiae loco, quod de alio (6,9) Paulus indicat Act. 98,95 et Stephanus aperte profitetur : sicut patres vestri, ita et vos (Act. 7,51). Iterum igitur verba prophetae implentur, quae de populo dixit, cum populus a prophetis per saecula tamquam una persona considerari soleat, valent et suo etiamnum robore constant. Quare dici potest prophetavit de vobis , quamvis verba non contineant vaticinium explicitum de Christi tempore. Loquitur itaque Christus dum verba Dei apud prophetam scripta transfert in pharisaeos, simili modo uti olim Deus apud Michaeam : popule meus, quid feci tibi? quia eduxi te de terra Aegypti et misi ante faciem tuam Moysen et Aaron (Mich. 6,3. 4 ; cf. Is. 43,3. ler. 2,9. Ez. 16,3seq. 23,2 etc.) ; ν.
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7 invanumautem me colunt, docentes doctrinas (et) praecepta homtnum ; verba deprompta sunt ex Is. 29,13, hebr. in hac parte : timor eorum erga me (i. e. cultus eorum vel pietas, religio) est praeceptum hominum institutum i. e. continetur praeceptis ab hominibus traditis, ritibus usu et consuetudine humana traditis. Verba magis concordant cum LXX, sed sensus est idem : ea quae docent hominum praecepta sunt, ideoque eorum cultus est vanus et inutilis. Cum LXX habeant μάτην σέδονταί με, hebr. legebant non *nn (uti habent massorethae) sed *nn i. e. tohu, uti similiter dicitur : tohu simulacra eorum, plastae idolorum sunt tohu, tohu quaerite me (Is. 41,99; &&,9; &5,19) i. e. vanum, inane, frustra; qua lectione gravior evadit reprehensio : inanis cultus eorum, praeceptum (scil. est) ab hominibus edoctum. lam probat Christus quam merito ad eos applicet verba illa. Idque duplici modo ostendit, prius quia mandatis Dei neglectis traditiones observant, dein quia immo suis traditionibus legem Dei evertunt eamque reddunt irritam ;
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v. 8 relinguentes enim mandatum Dei tenetis traditionem hominum ; maiore studio hanc observant; potius Dei mandatum observare omittunt quam traditionem; qua in re iam cernitur illud quod in talmude conceptis verbis enuntiatur verba sapientum graviora esse quam verba prophetarum et verba doctorum maiore studio esse servanda quam verba legis (cf. tract. erubin fol. 21 b, Wünsche p- 391) ; baptismata urceorum et calicum et alia similia his facitis multa, vide lect. var.; hisce minutiis occupati negligunt ea quae verae sunt pietatis; reponunt Dei cultum in ritibus illis externis qui praeter legem assumpti sunt. Immo multo peius agunt; unde quasi novam materiam exorsus interponit evangelista
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v. 9 et dicebat illis : bene χαλῶς praeclare, cum ironia dictum est, irritum facitis praeceptum Det, ut traditionem vestram servetis, ἵνα recte dicitur, etsi illi negarent hanc esse suam intentionem. Nam uti exemplo v. 11-13 allato patet, revera sua constitutione de corban legem Dei reddunt vacuam ét inefficacem ; iam vero possunt et debent intelligere id fieri perperam , quod cum nihilominus faciant, illis imputandum est ac si explicite facerent eum in finem, ut legem Dei abrogarent. Accusationem probat
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v. 10 Moyses enim dixit : honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, cui mandato statim subditur sanctio : et : qui maledizerit patri vel matri, morte moriatur; οἵ. Ex. 20,12; 91,17. Lev. 20,9. Deut. 5,16; 27,16; gravissima hac poena addita significatur ipsum mandatum esse grave eiusque negligentiam reputari culpam gravem. Iam ad honorem parentibus debitum pertinet, ut si opus habent a filiis sustententur;
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v. 11 vos autem dicitis : si dixerit homo patri aut matri : corban (quod est donum) est vel esto, quodcumque δὰ me tibi profuerit i. e. id quo a me possis iuvari, esto donum Deo vel templo consecratum, qua sententia ex rabbinorum doctrina efficiebatur, ut parentes iam non.sine sacrilegio rem illam sibi propriam facere pos- sent; vide ad Matth. 15,5; res igitur illis erat interdicta, quorum ratione haec formula pronuntiabatur; ab aliis vero impune potuit absumi. Quare filius id quod parentibus debitum erat in suos poterat usus convertere ; unde Christus suis verbis subdit quid ex tali doctrina veipsa sequatur (ita, ut sententia in v. 11 dicta maneat suspensa sine propria apodosi)
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v. 12 et ultra non dimittitis eum quidquam facere patri suo aut matri,
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v. 13 rescindentes verbum Dei per traditionem vestram quam tradidistis et similia hutusmodi multa facitis , ἀκυροῦντες auctoritate privantes vel robore , infirmantes, invalidum reddentes verbum Dei !; nam eiusmodi vota quibus res interdicebantur non esse infringenda pariter statuebant. Cum Christus cum emphasi dicat traditionem vestram quam tradidistis, quam docuistis, quamvis antea de traditionibus seniorum ageretur, videtur exemplum de corban spectare non ad priscos doctores, sed ab ipsis demum pharisaeis et scribis recenter inductum (cf. ScAanz, Weiss); sed fatendum est eodem modo dici posse , si doctrinam a prioribus acceptam ipsi amplectuntur eamque suis commendant discipulis. " Marcus itaque priore loco ponit oraculum Isaiae et dein ostendit recte id ad pharisaeos applicari. Matthaeus autem prius reipsa ostendit eos transgredi mandatum Dei et dein infert bene de iis prophetasse Isaiam. Uter ordo est praeferendus? Aliqui apud Marcum meliorem dispositionem deprehendunt, quia post citatum Isaiae testimonium applicando illud convenienti ordine ostendat dupliciter pharisaeos peccasse in mandata Dei per observationem traditionum humanarum (/ans.) et quia quod rei caput sit priore loco ponat (Schanz). Yerum dici debet apud Matthaeum disceptationem hanc eo modo magis proponi quo animi audientium fortius percellantur et perstringantur. Quid enim statim ab initio efficacius insolentiam pbarisaeorum retundit quam illud : quare et vos transgredimini mandatum Dei proper traditionem vestram? et ne qua tergiversatio vel excusatio locum habere possit, immediate exemplo res probatur 15,4-6. Quo exemplo plane convicti sunt; unde iam non possunt declinare reprehensionem et quam vere dicantur hypocritae et quam praeclare describantur verbis Isaiae manifestum est. Aliter apud Marcum, et nescio an eius ordo non ab illa efficacia et vi deficiat aliquantum. Statim qui interrogaverant appellantur hypocritae; sed cur ita vocentur nondum apparuit; unde possent oggerere : cur ita nos appellas? possent quasi de iniuria sibi illata indignari. Non ita apud Matthaeum ; dum audiunt se esse hypocritas, id iam adeo aperte ostensum est, ut pudore suffusi tacere debeant. Apud Marcum prius asseritur praeclare de iis valere verba Isaiae et dein id probatur; apud Matthaeum prius reipsa eorum crimen probatur et dein adducto loco Isaiae acrius castigantur. Si apud Marcum audiunt assertionem, possunt adhuc irridere, indignari, ne- 1. « Pharisaeorum superfluum latra(um furca rationis obtundit » Ps. Hier. gare; si apud Matthaeum verba Isaiae iis applicantur, iam non possunt tergiversari, sed debent confusi silere. Proin si ita loqui fas est, apud Marcum prior ictus non ferit, ferit solum secundus; apud Matthaeum et prior et secundus ferit. Qui volunt evangelistas in scribendo alterum ab altero res esse mutuatos, etiam hic quaerunt, uter sit prior. Marcum priorem esse alii contendunt, cuius ordinem mutaverit Matthaeus, cuius narrationem et mutaverit et breviorem reddiderit (Meyer); alii e contra Marcum esse secundo loco ponendum affirmant quippe qui varia permisceat atque confundat, ordinem .sequatur ineptum, circumlocutionibus et sententiis generalibus utatur (Keim). Sed quomodo explicatur Marcum si habuit narrationem bene compositam et litteris consignatam voluisse eam perturbare et sine ulla ratione rerum ac sententiarum seriem et ordinem mutare? Quid ergo? Matthaeus scripsit prout rei recordatus est; Marcus, prout Petrus narravit et prout Romanis res esse declarandas iudicavit. Pharisaei palam coram turbis (uti patet ex 6,56 et 7,14; cf. Matth. 15,36 et 15,10) Iesum interpellarunt et accusationem suam protulerunt. Dum Christus eos alloquens respondet, turbae sese recipiunt probabiliter quadam ductae reverentia virorum auctoritate apud plebem valentium. Christus autem contra ritus illos inanes etiam coram turbis reddere vult testimonium et docere ad quid sit attendendum, ut ostendat falso accusatos esse discipulos
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v. 1& et advocans tterum turbam dicebat illis : audite me omnes et intelligite,
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v. 15 niil est extra hominem introiens in eum quod possit eum. cotinquinare, sed quae de homine procedunt, illa sunt quae communicant hominem i. e. eum coinquinant, immundum reddunt , a rebus sacris arcent. Christus ita loquitur, ut primo et per se videatur in mentem revocare non alimenta quibus vesci liceat hominem inquinare, verum eum reddi immundum lepra, fluxu seminis, etc., prout in lege declaretur (Lev. 13,2 seq. 15,2 seq.). Et eo modo turbae poterant eum intelligere et inde concludere cibis illis quibus Iudaei utantur vesci manibus non religiose lotis nullo modo hominem reddere immundum, quia de tali immunditie nihil in lege statuatur; statui enim immunditiem in iis quae procedant de homine. Ita videri poterat Christus plebem ἃ traditionibus humanis revocare ad legem mosaicam. Sed prout verba referuntur Matth. 15, 11: quod procedit ex ore, hoc coinquinat hominem, res statim ad mores transfertur. Atque idem etiam hic saltem innuitur, cum dicatur τὰ £X τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐχπορευόμενα, sub qua dictione generali praecepta legis de quibusdam immunditiei generibus non adeo commode intelligi possunt. Idem innuitur
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v. 16 s? quis habet aures audiendi audiat , qua monitione declaratur non esse haerendum in superficie, verum rem esse perpendendam et bene ponderandam ut quo tendat deprehendatur. Unde probabile fit haec verba esse genuina, cum in subsequentibus pateat Christum minime sistere in legalibus, sed totum statim transferre ad minores. Marcus effert discipulos domum reversos interrogasse ; eos non interrogasse coram turbis ex Matthaei narratione colligi non posset; quare hic quoque Marcus rem magis determinat. Apud Matthaeum Petrus ponit quaestionem , apud Marcum generatim discipuli nominantur; omnium itaque nomine quaerit Petrus qui tamen in sua narratione noluit adeo explicite asserere se interrogasse quasi esset vel ceteris avidior sciendi vel familiarior Christo
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v. 17 et cum tntroisset in domum a turba i. e. cum domum venisset, ergo cum esset domi, in domo sua in Capharnaum, vel cum in a&iquam intrasset domum, :nterrogabant eum discipuli eius parabolam , de sensu. apophthegmatis; parabola enim est ὁ σχοτεινὸς λόγος (TAeoph.), τὸ αἴνιγμα (Euth.); ponitur enim pro hebr. δὼ. Miratur Christus discipulos nondum attigisse sensum
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v. 18 et ait illis : sic et vos imprudentes estis? οὕτως adeone? usque ad talem gradum etiam vos estis insipientes? non tntelligttts quia omne eztrinsecus tntroiens in. hominem non potest eum communicare , inquinare , reddere profanum, arcere a sacris; cuncta enim a Deo sunt creata, unde nihil per se estimmundum, nihil per.se coram Deo abominabile et malum eiusque odio subiectum ; viditque Deus cuncta quae fecerat et erant valde bona (Gen. 1,31), opera Domini universa bona valde (Eccli. 39,291). Et rationem reddit Christus, quia ea in re tamdiu nihil mali esse potest quamdiu solum naturae institutum agitur neque hominis animus, voluntas attingitur
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v. 19 quia non intrat ἔπ cor eius , cibus per se non ingreditur cor, non inficit intellectum et voluntatem, ita ut per se hominis sentiendi agendique rationes in malum pervertat, sed cursum a natura institutum peragit, sed inventrem vadit et in secessum exit purgans omnes escas; καθαρίζων qui scil. secessus ἀφεδρών purgat omnes escas (nominativus participii quandoque ponitur apud Graecos ἀναχολούθως, uti hic habes, et appositio saepius additur in nominativo; cf. Buttmann 1. c. p. 68 seq.). Purgat autem cloaca (ἀφεδρών) escas, quia quae inutilia sunt secernuntur ac deiiciuntur; « per hoc enim quod natura egerit superfluum alimenti, id quod remanet purificat separato superfluo et immundo a mundo et necessario » (Dion. sim. Alb. Ians. Lap. Calm. etc.). Seribit 5. Chrysostomus (hom. 51 al. 52 n. & in Matth. M. 58,515) : Marcus dicit : purgans omnes cibos haec dicebat Christus; unde καθαρίζων refert ad λέγει v. 18 et verba haec addita esse a Marco indicat qui quo oratio Christi tendat significet; proinde hac explicatione adderet Marcus quadam praeoccupatione idem quod postea Petro dictum est Act. 10,15 : quod Deus purificavit, tu commune ne dixeris. Eandem interpretationem etiam aliqui recentiores adoptarunt (Field, Scrivener!, Cook, Ed. 11 p. 23) vel valde probabilem censent (Baur, Koestirn). Verum, uti verba iacent, participium nimio intervallo distat a λέγει quam ut ad λέγει possit pertinere; debuit addi id quod S. Chrys. utique addit : ταῦτα ἔλεγεν χαθαρίζων etc. Sententia hic in v. 18. 19 enun-. tiata valet in universum, etiam pro vetere testamento. Nunquam enim cibus ipse reddidit hominem inquinatum, sed inobedientia eum contaminat, si contra praeceptum legitime latum cibis vescitur vetitis; eum contaminat non cibus, sed inordinata concupiscentia , ingluvies, intemperantia. Unde maxime ridendi sunt qui ex hoc loco insurgant contra constitutiones ecclesiasticas de abstinentia a certo ciborum genere certis diebus observanda et de ieiunio. Haec enim salubriter pracscribuntur ut moneamur de necessitale agendae poenitentiae; haec instituta sunt praeter alia etiam ut verbum Christi 2,20 suum sortiatur effectum. Nonne Deus iam in paradiso aliquam dedit abstinentiae legem? nonne apostoli quibusdam ecclesiis legem abstinentiae tulerunt (Act. 15,23-29)? Omnem itaque superstitionem Christus excludit docens non cibo hominem contaminari coram Deo, sed malis animi concupiscentiis, inobedientia, vitiis. Haec utique moneri oportuit quoniam pharisaei in externa observantia religionem reponebant. Hisce simul paratur via qua discipuli intelligant praecepta illa de cibis mundis et immundis posse abrogari. Quae doctrina quam necessario proponatur collige ex Act. 15,5. Rom. 14,2 seq. Col. 2,16. 21. 1 Tim. 4,3 etc. Iam quae revera hominem contaminent exponitur
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v. 20 d?cebat autem quoniam quae de homine ezeunt illa communicant hominem ;
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v. 91 ab intus enim de corde hominum malae cogitationes procedunt, unde simul patet quid sibi velit cor in v. 19; διαλογισμοί consilia, ratiocinationes, adulteria, fornicationes, vitia carnis quibus plerique vel implicantur vel oppugnantur, Aomic:dia , v. 99 furta , avaritiae , varia scil. artificia quibus cupiditates lucrandi et possidendi cum iniuria aliorum expleantur, nequitiae, machinationes malignae, dolus, fraudes, impudicitiae ἀσέλγεια lascivia, impudica et effrenata petulantia, voluptas libidinosa, oculus malus, invidia (Theoph.) , blasphemia , superbia, stultitia ἀφροσύνη insipientia, eo scil. sensu quo in s. litteris pessimi peccatores insipientes, stulti dicuntur; cf. hebr. 52:, 152: 1. Sam. 95, 25. 9 Sam. 13,12. Ps. 15,1; 53,9. Is. 9,16; 32,6 etc. Cum emphasi concluditur
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v. 23 omnia haec mala ab intus procedunt et communicant homtnem , et ut apud Matth. additur : non lotis autem manibus 1. A plain Introduction etc. p. 583. manducare non coinquinat hominem; ita sermo redit ad id ex quo exorsus est et Christus a cavillatione pharisaeorum opportunitatem nactus est et exponendi palam eorum hypocrisin et documenta verae pietaüs tradendi discipulis eosque revocandi a caerimoniis quae sine mente et ratione exerceantur. d) Iesus in regionibus phoenicia et decapolitana '7,24-37. Iesus ad tertium pascha non ascendit in lerusalem ; immo per aliquod tempus sese insidiis Iudaeorum subtrahit; id quod etiam notatur loan. 7,1 : post haec autem ambulabat Iesus in Galilaea; non enim volebat in Iudaeam ambulare quia quaerebant eum ludaei interficere; id quod de eodem tempore dicitur, de quo eliam Marcus narrat v. 9^ οί inde surgens aóüt in fines Tyri et Sidonis, « scribis et pharisaeis calumniatoribus derelictis transgreditur in partes Tyri et Sidonis » (Beda), non abit praedicaturus, sed ut paululum requiesceret (Ew/A.) vel discipulis opportunitatem quiescendi praeberet ; cf. 6,31. Quare nullo modo contra id agit quod discipulis praescripserat (Matth. 10,5). Sunt quoque qui censeant Iesum itinere hoc in regiones gentilium, in regiones igitur opinione pharisaeorum immundas, suscepto voluisse re ipsa illustrare quod modo docuisset v. 15 seq., dum alii colligunt eum discipulos docuisse etiam gentibus ianuam salutis iri apertum ( Vict.) et regnum Dei esse ad gentes transferendum (/ans.). Quidquid opinatus fueris, id certum est in exemplo mulieris gentilis gravia discipulis exhiberi documenta; et cum Christus quid futurum esset praesciret, ea suis proponi voluit. Cum dicatur et inde ἐκεῖθεν, aliqui id referunt ad domum v. 17; verum plerique melius explicant solum designari Christum recessisse e regione in qua tum versabatur, e Genesareth; neque obstat surgens ἀναστάς ἀπῆλθεν id quod Hebraeorum more dicitur, cum verbis eundi, proficiscendi sexcenties verbum tp praemitti soleat in vetere testamento. Abiit Iesus ἐπὶ fines , ὅρια, in partes (μέρη, Matth. 15,21), ergo in regiones quae ad ditionem Tyri et Sidonis pertinebant. Neque enim Sidonis omitti potest (vide lect. var.), neque cum aliquibus codicibus et textu recepto qui dicitur legendum est εἰς τὰ μεθόρια, in confinia, quasi Christus solum in loca regioni Tyriorum adiacentia et vicina profectus esset, non in ipsos eorum fines, quae explicatio neque cum Matth. 15, 21 neque cum v. 31 congruit. Neque tamen in regiones illas abiit, ut eodem atque apud Iudaeos ministerio fungeretur, i. e. munere scil. praedicationis ac sanationum ; ideoque dicitur e/ ingressus domum neminem voluit scire se scil. ibi adesse; ut homo fecit ut lateret quantum in ipso erat nec palam se manifestando et suis praecipiendo silentium (lans.). Modus loquendi ad humanam agendi rationem conformatur et sic explica volu:t; nam si absolute divina voluntate voluisset , etiam nemo eum adesse advertisset, et non potuit latere; nam fama eius iam dudum in eas quoque regiones propagata erat et inde quoque multi ad eum in Galilaeam confluxerant; vide 3,8, Matth. 4,94. Luc. 6,17. Quaerunt sitne ingressus in domum alicuius Iudaei an gentilis. Ea in regione etiam Iudaeos habitasse certum est; unde aliqui concludunt domum pii ludaei eum intrasse (Meyer, Keil). Verum quia mulier gentilis sine ulla mora etiam eodem ingreditur neque a quoquam prohibetur neque impeditur, potius de domo gentilis vel de communi quodam ac publico deversorio cogitandum erit; v. 95 mulier enim (ἀλλὰ, mulier autem, in oppositione ad id quod Iesum voluisse dictum est v. 2&; enim spectat ad illud: non potuit latere) statim ut audivit de eo , cuius filia habebat spiritum immundum; cf. 1,23; nota hebraismum ἧς... αὐτῆς, intravit et procidit ad. pedes eius; Marcus hic rem breviter perstringit; nam ut Matthaeus narrat, iam in via opem Iesu imploraverat ; ea igitur Marcus praeterit, Verum ipse solus commemorat Iesum intrasse domum, voluisse latere, mulierem eum esse secutam usque in domum;
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v. 26 erat enim mulier gentilis, ἡ δὲ γυνή, mulier autem (uti plerique codices vulg. quoque habent, idque rectius) erat ᾿Ελληνίς, non natione sed religione adeoque gentilis; « lanum nomen gentt/is in novo testamento atque adeo in libris Machabaeorum (2 Mach. 4,10. 13; 6,8) positum fere reperitur quoties in graecis exemplaribus ἑλλὴν graecus vel aliud ex hoc deductum » (Patr.); ita ludaei et Graeci alias quoque nominari solent, ut designentur ludaei et reliquae gentes , sicut dici solebat apud veteres : Graeci et barbari; Syrophoenissa genere i. e. oriunda exSyrophoenicia, ex Phoenicia quae erat pars Syriae; vocatur Syrophoenissa ; Romanis enim etiam Libyphoenices noti erant , scil. Poeni qui Libyam incolebant. À Matthaeo dicitur Chananaea, « Phoenicia enim primo pars fuit Chanaanitidis (Gen. 10,15. 19), nam Chanaan Phoenicum auctor (Gen. 10, 15-19), deinde reliqua Chanaanitide ab Israelitis occupata hoc nomen uni Phoeniciae mansit (Is. 23,11 coll. 1); ex quo autem Iudaea, Palaestina, Phoenicia, Syria finitimaeque harum regiones Romanis subditae fuerunt, omnes in unam provinciam contributae Syria communi nomine vocari coeperunt, ita tamen ut distinguerentur Syri Iudaei, Syri Palaestini, ceteri, itidemque Syri Phoenices » (Patr.). Mulier ex iis quae de Iesu audivit maximam concepit fiduciam, et rogabat eum ut daemonium eiüceret de filia eius; Iesus autem muneris sui rationem peculiarem ac praecipuam in medium affert; uti enim apud Matthaeum dicit: non sum missus nisi ad oves quae perierunt domus Israel, ita hoc loco missionem suam ac beneficia primo et per se Iudaeis destinari affirmat
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v. 27 qui dixit ili : sine prius saturari filios; populum electum, Iudaeos, eo nomine designat, uti Ex. 4,93 de Israel dicitur : dimitte filium meum; cf. Is. 1,2. Ier. 31,20. Os. 11,1, quam dignitatem theocralicam filiationis apostolus quoque inter iura praecipua populi enumerat, ὧν ἡ υἱοθεσία, quorum adoptio est filiorum (Rom. 9,&). Iesus itaqueid enuntiat quod postmodum apostolus asseruit : vobis oportebat primum loqui verbum Dei (Act. 13,856; A/5.) et quod alias quoque indicat Iudaeo primum evangelium esse virtutem Dei in salutem (Rom. 1,16; 2,9. 10); idque tum temporis eo magis, quia Ecclesia nondum fundata et redemptione nondum peracta medius paries maceriae nondum erat solutus (Eph. 2,14). Et beneficia messiana eo tempore solis destinari [Iudaeis affirmat : non est enzm bonum sumere panem filiorum et mittere canibus τοῖς χυναρίοις catellis; nomine deminutivo utitur, quas voces in aramaico non defuisse, vide ad Matth. 15, 26. Sermo est proverbialis, quo declaratur pro temporis ratione solos ludaeos esse filios et pertinere ad familiam, cui beneficia messiana debeant obtingere; alienigenas non posse mensae huic accumbere nec reputari inter filios vel membra familiae, verum potius eum in hac domo Dei occupare locum quem catelli soleant. Responsio Christi ad speciem dura videtur. Centurioni petenti statim acquievit (Matth. 8,7), qui tamen et ipse non erat ex Israel. Sed discrimen in eo est, ut ille proselytus, veri Dei cultor fuerit (cf. Luc. 7,5. 5), mulier haec autem “Ἑλληνὶς τὴν θρησχείαν (Euth.). i. e. idololatra, quae ut talis utique a Dei domo et familia erat plane aliena. Verum summo desiderio impetrandi beneficium et certa de Iesu benignitate fiducia mulier redditur sagax, ita ut ex ipsis Iesu verbis suam capiat opportunitatem Iesumque sua ipsius sententia quasi obstringat ad obsequendum petitioni v. 98 at t//a respondit et dixit illi : utique, Domine , nam et catelli comedunt sub mensa de micis puerorum ; nihil perit filiis, nihil eis demitur, si ex illorum abundantia mihi aliquid beneficii tribueris; immo plane convenit, ut ex copia eorum mihi aliquid contingat; « quia ergo catella sum, non aliena sum , neque de micis participare prohibeor;... quod ergo adeo repulsa non discessit fidei erat, quod vero se catellam est professa humilitatis, quod autem ἃ Christi sermonibus patrocinium sibi aptaverit prudentiae » (Euth.). Fidem, patientiam, humilitatem ab ea exhiberi Beda quoque commemorat. Et tantae fidei et humilitati Christus non negat praemium
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v. 99 et ait tlli : propter hunc sermonem vade, exüt daemonium a filia tua , cum scil. sermo magnam fidem et devotionem indicet, ut A/b. ait; quam fidem eo quoque mulier iterum comprobat, quia credit Iesum tantae esse potentiae ut absens solo voluntatis nutu daemonem expellat ;
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v. 30 et cum abiisset domum suam, invenit puellam iacentem supra lectum , placide itaque quiescentem, et daemonium exisse, id quod ex illa quiete iam concludi poterat et deinceps toto puellae habitu patebat. Discipuli hoc eventu docentur beneficia messiana primo [udaeis esse offerenda et Iesum hanc populi electi dignitatem agnoscere et servari velle; proinde ipsi quoque admonentur, ut pro suis popularibus strenue laborent eorum salutem modis omnibus procurantes, quod documentum S. Paulus praeclare aemulatus est (Rom. 9,1 seq. 11, 13. 14). Simul autem discunt fide in Iesum gentes quoque dignas reddi quibus beneficia praestentur, discunt quid valeat fides, cum ea a Iesu quasi invito miracula impetrentur; cernunt in muliere gentili talem fidem et humilitatem, dum apud scribas et pharisaeos fastidium , superbiam, inimicitias in Iesum non possunt non advertere. Unde eo quoque eventu verba Iesu illustrantur : non inveni tantam fidem in [srael; multi ab oriente et occidente venient et recumbent in regno coelorum , filii autem regni eiicientur in tenebras exteriores (Matth. 8,10 -19). Iesum diutius in regione gentilium extra Galilaeam versatum esse adeoque per aliquod tempus se subtraxisse invidiae pharisaeorum , etiam patet ex itinere eius quod Marcus describit
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v. 31 e4 iterum eziens de finibus Tyri (et iterum, cf. v. 24; aliis quandoque placet iungere : et iterum venit ad mare Galilaeae) venit per Sidonem ad mare Galilaeae inter medios fines Decapoleos ; mare scil. Galilaeae estterminus ad quem tendit iter faciens per Sidonem et per tractum Decapoleos. Proin de finibus Tyri perrexit Sidonem; lectio διὰ Σιδῶνος auctoritate testium retineatur oportet; quod in textu recepto legitur (eum de finibus Tyri et Sidonis exiisse), solum conformatum est ad v. 25, uti apparet, fortasse quia mirum videbatur Iesum Sidonem esse iugressum. Sed per Sidonem de ipsa urbe iutelligere oporlet, uti sequitur ex oppositione ad /ines Tyri; quare arbitrarium est cum Cam. Fil. dicere eum non per Sidonem, sed per eius urbis fines transiisse. A Sidone per Libanum et Antilibanum montes profectus est in regionem decapolitanam ; « decapolitana regio a numero oppidorum , in quo non omnes eadem observant, plurimum tamen Damascum, Philadelphiam Raphanam, Scythopolim, Gadara, Hippon, Dion, Pellam, Galasam (Gerasam?), Canatham » (Plinius, h. n. 5,18. 14; cf. Schürer M p. 8&; vide quae dixi ad Matth. &,95). Longiore hac profectione verno tempore per regiones amoenas etiam discipulis illam praestitisse censendus erit requiei opportunitatem, de qua 6,31 locutus erat. Matthaeus eiusdem meminit ilineris 15,99, verum multo brevius. Cum autem Iesus ad mare Galilaeae veniret in eam fere regionem in qua ante aliquod tempus panes multiplicaverat, accesserunt ad eum turbae multae habentes secum multos, caecos, claudos etc. (Matth. 15, 30). Ex illis sanationibus multis unam Marcus accuratius refert
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v. 32 et adducunt ei surdum et mutum, μογιλάλον, quae vox cum proprie dicat aegre. vel difficulter loquentem, multi;censent eum non fuisse plane mutum , verum solummodo lingua impeditum , fortasse ex morbo (cf. Salmeron t. 6 tract. 30, Cai. Mald. lans. Lap. Calm. Patr. Schegg, Fil.), quam acceptionem plerumque ex eo quoque confirmant quod sanatione facta dicitur eum recte locutum esse, proinde facile et expedite. Nihilominus alii tenent eum fuisse mutum (Schanz, Keil, Weiss); atque LXX hebr. cw Is. 35,6 reddunt μογιλάλος, qua voce etiam utuntur Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotio ad Ex. &,11 (vide tamen Fie/d, Hexapla ad Ex. 4,11). Quare mutus ea voce designari potest. Accedit quod v. 37 turbae laudant Iesum quod fecerit ἀλάλους mutos loqui, quod encomium ex hoc miraculo originem ducit. Proinde versio vulg. retineri potest; et deprecabantur eum, ut imponat illi manum, « eum qui pro se Dominum orare non potuit, pii pro illius salute solliciti et illius calamitatem miserati ad Dominum ducunt ac proillo deprecantur sola manus impositione credentes duo simul mala posse tolli ab hoc misero » (lans.). Rogant ut manum ei imponat; certe quippe noverant Iesum attactu vel impositione manuum iam multos curasse; cf. 1,31 et 5,41 et 6,5; Matth. 8,3. 15; 9,95. Luc. 13,13. Hominem a daemone esse eum in statum redactum TAeopA. Salm. Dion. gratis asserunt. Bene notat Mald. : « videtur voluisse Christus non semper aequaliter suam divinitatem potentiamque declarare, quod non semper, etiam si nos causa lateat, convenire iudicaret; aliquando solo verbo daemones eiicit, mortuos exsuscitat ; aliquando tactu, saliva, luto sanat aegrotos, accommodans quodammodo potentiam suam ad modum agendi causarum naturalium et ad sensum ac consuetudinem hominum ». Atque in hac sanatione eius rei exemplum cernitur illustre
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v. 33 et apprehendens eum de turba seorsum, eum abduxit a turba, separavit ἐχώρισεν (Euth.). Cur ita, varie explicant, ne miracula videretur spectaculo exponere (ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ θεατρίζειν τὰ θαύματα, Euth.) nosque doceret gloriam fugere humanam (Vict. Salm. Dion. Ians. Calm.), ne a turba impediretur vel turbaretur (Bleek, Fritzsche); vel eum secreto sanasse ne videretur velle munere suo ordinario fungi (Weiss), vel oculis hominum sese subtraxisse quia turbae rudes ad res spirituales quasi callo obducto doctrinam Iesu non susciperent et quo commodius ac melius fidem excitaret ipsius aegroti (cf. Schanz, Fil.); credo ego, ait Mald., eodem consilio Christum eum a turba hominum semovisse quo paulo post v. 86 praecepit illi ceterisque qui illum adduxerant ne cui dicerent ; misit digitos suos in auriculas etus et ezspuens tetigit linguam eiusi. e. cum exspuisset tetigit saliva linguam eius; neque enim est credibile (ut Maid. notat) in os muti inspuisse, id quod tamen ScAegg factum esse putat quia Iesus eodem tempore et digitos duarum manuum in ambas immisisset auriculas et exspuens tetigisset linguam. Hisce Iesus fidem hominis surdomuti excitare eumque ad gratiam sanationis accipiendam praeparare voluit signis iis eum edocens quid ei praestare posset et vellet. Ad hoc enim signa illa apta erant; « quia qui surdi sunt videntur re aliqua obturatas habere aures, mittit digitum in aures surdi quasi clausas et obturatas terebraturus aut impedimentum quod in illis erat ablaturus digito; et quia qui muti sunt videntur ligatam nimia siccitate habere linguam palatoque adhaerentem ideoque loqui non posse (sicut propheta ille dixit : lingua mea adhaesit faucibus meis, Ps. 21,16; cf. Ps. 136,6 adhaereat lingua mea faucibus meis, id est, mutus fiam, si non meminero tui, id est, nisi laudes tuas praedicavero) mittit salivam in os muti quasi eius linguam humectaturus » (Mald.). Sicut itaque Christus alias attactu vel impositione manuum curavit aegros, ita nunc saliva quoque utitur, ut ostendat omnes corporis sui partes propter coniunctam divinitatem esse salutiferas et sanctas, quam rationem TAeoph. Euth. Salm. Dion. lans. Mald. reddunt;
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v. 3& et suspiciens in coelum, « ut inde mutis loquelam , inde surdis auditum, inde cunctisinfirmitatibus medelam doceret quaerendam esse » (Beda), quemadmodum saepius antequam miracula patraret orare solebat ad Patrem; cf. 6,41; 8,6. loan. 11,41; ea igitur quae faciebat, ad Patrem coelestem, bonorum omnium fontem referebat (Vict.), ingemuit, per modum scil. alicuius vehementissimae orationis (Sy/v.); gemitum ad orationem referunt S. Gregorius (hom. in Ez. I, 10. 20; M. 76,894) Bed. Mald. Calm. Schegg , Schanz, « non quod ipse necessarium gemitum haberet qui dabat quod postulabat, sed nos ad eum gemere qui coelo praesidet docuit » (S. Greg. Bed.). Frequenter quoque gemitum explicant ita ut Christus miserari censeatur hominis naturam, in qualem scil. miseriam eam egerit invidia diaboli et protoparentum peccatam vel ut Christus miseriae muti et surdi condoleat (cf. Vict. EutA. Salm. Fab. Dion. lans. Lap. Bisp. Patr. Fil.); et au ii : ephphetha, quod est adaperire; aramaice nn5nw !; quod verbum cum significet aperire et etiam solvere v. g. vincula, saccum (aperire vincula scil. est solvere; cf. Iob 30,11; 38,31; 39,5. Ps. 30,12. Is. 20,2), refertur ad aures aperiendas et vinculum linguae solvendum; vide v. 35. Lingua enim muti ligata esse censetur. Retinuit Marcus ipsam vocem qua Iesus usus est, uti 5,51 et 7,11; ita scil. Petrus, rei gestae testis, narrare solebat, atque ea voce servata conciliatur narrationi maior fides et auctorilas, cum ostendatur eventum illum alte esse impressum animo et memoriae eius qui narrat. Neque abs re notat Ma/d. : « tamquam si nos Platonis aliquam sententiam proferentes non latinis eam, sed graecis lisdem omnino quibus ille usus sit verbis recitemus, haud dubium quin et augeamus fidem et orationi plus auctoritatis gravitatisque adhibeamus ». Dixit et facta sunt; verbum Domini id efficit quod significat
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v. 35 et statim apertae sunt aures eius et solutum est vinculum linguae etus et loquebatur recte; etiam apud profanos legitur δεθῆναι τὴν γλῶσσαν, γλώσσης δεσμὸν λύειν, γλῶτταν λύειν δεδεμένην (cf. Wetstein ad ἢ. l.). Censent aliqui surditatem fuisse unam causam et solam cur mutus quoque fuerit (cf. Schanz, Weiss). At eo ipso quod Christus linguam eius saliva tetigit, uti digitis aures, potius concludendum erit, uti in auribus exsistebat defectus naturalis et impedimentum, ita in lingua quoque ; proin praeter surditatem aliud quoque adfuisse ex quo mutus redderetur; id quod magis etiam congruit ad v. 32 et 37 et ad vinculum linguae solutum, quod profecto hic non dicitur metaphorice de magna quadam dicendi copia et libertate; si autem subiungitur /oguebatur recte ὀρθῶς, miraculi magnitudo designatur, ut scil. statim receperit usum loquelae rectum, planum, clarum, qui antea alios loquentes minime audierit. Dicitur recte etiam in oppositione ad sonos quosdam inconditos quos surdomuti quandoque edere solent. Si itaque surdus fuit et mutusa nativitate , simul voce illa Christi notitiam linguae aramaicae accepit infusam. Quod tamen ii non concedunt qui μογι- λάλον explicant de eo qui balbutiat vel solum impeditus sit in usu linguae vel qui eum defectum morbo esse inductum censent. Quod dicitur loquebatur recte, videtur significare, ait Jans., « quod prius quidem loquebatur, sed non recte nec expedite; deinde si natura surdus fuisset et mutus, sublato vinculo linguae loqui adhuc non potuisset nisi prius didicisset »; etidem quoque infert Sy/v. « nam qui surdi sunt a nativitate, neque recte neque non recte sciunt aliquid loqui ». Sed tamen dubito num tanta futura fuisset populi admiratio quanta subsecuta est, si Christus solum restituisset sanitati hominem qui ex aliquo tempore vitio aurium et linguae laborare coepisset. Uti hominem quem curare volebat semovit a turba , ita nunc quoque miraculum non vult efferri in vulgus,
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v. 36 e/ praecepit illis, scil. qui hominem adduxerunt et pro eo deprecali erant v. 32, ne cui dicerent; quanto autem eis praecipiebat , tanto magis plus praedicabant i. e. studium illud quo Iesus praecipiebat illi longe maiore contentione ac studio rem evulgandi superabant. Admirationem et animum gratum cohibere non poterant; faciunt scil. quod homines facere solent, qui benefactores, licet h1 recusent, laudant et praedicant (TAeoph.). Christus ità agebat, uti consultum erat propter concitationem turbarum falsamque regni messiani exspectationem, vel (utsaepe rem concipiunt) uti modestia nostrumque omnium institutio postulabant , illi autem qui beneficium acceperant, eum praedicabant, uti aequitas postulare videbatur. Etiam hic dici potest quod monui ad Matth. 9,31, fortasse eos putasse Christum modestiae suae causa, neque adeo serio, ne dicerent vetuisse. Neque id mirum esset, cum tam multi postea tam docti viri idem existimaverint, ut Maíd. notat. Quare plerique eos a culpa absolvunt; vel si qua culpa fuerit, eam dignam fuisse dicunt venia, cum esset contracia si minus obediente, grato tamen et amante animo. Sed cur Christus prohibebat, si sciebat id eos non esse facturos? Respondet Ma. alia posita quaestione : « cur nobis praecepta tradit quae nos non observaturos novit? facit ille quod debet quodque in se est, quamvis non ignoret nos quod debemus quodque in nobis est minime facturos ». Ex illo praecepto cum tali praevisione dato censet S. Aug. Christum voluisse pigris ostendere, quanto studiosius quantoque ferventius ipsum praedicare deberent quibus ut praedicarent mandaret, quando illi qui prohibiti essent tacere non potuissent (de cons. evang. &,4. 5; M. 35, 1219). Verum longius quam par est aliqui progrediuntur inde inferentes Christum non serio praecepisse videri ne quid dicerent, sed potius ut magis ad dicendum incitaret (cf. Sylv. lib. 6 cap. 3 qu. 11). At id omnino dici potest cum Saím. Ians. eos illa prohibitione revera magis provocatos esse, ut eum praedicarent; nam « eo vehementius aspiciebant magnitudinem eius qui cum talia posset ac praestaret, non solum nihil exigebat praemii, sed ne gloria quidem tam insignis facti frui cupiebat; sed ut est hominis vere benefici non exigere laudem pro beneficio, ita grati hominis est hoc ipso impensius referre gratiam, quo qui beneficium dedit nullam exspectat ». Atque profecto ad hominis naturam plane accommodatum est magna affici admiratione, cum is latere et ignorari cupiat qui tam stupenda patrare potest; quare v. 37 eteo magis admirabantur ὑπερπερισσῶς ἐξε- πλήσσοντο, superabundanter stupore et admiratione percellebantur, d:- centes : bene omnia fecit , et surdos fecit audire et mutos loqui , ὡς vx... ποιεῖ sicut et surdos facit audire et ἀλάλους elingues, loquela qui carent, loqui. Verbis alludunt ad [s. 35,5. 6, uti pariter vox Christi égya0z idem spectat oraculum : aures surdorum aperientur (n3nn51j; cf. Matth. 15,31.
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Les Pharisiens n'ont plus paru depuis πὶ, 6; peut-être ceux qui avaient engagé la lutte avec Jésus sont-ils allés rendre compte à Jérusalem ; Me. distingue « les » Pharisiens, c’est-à-dire ceux du pays, les Pharisiens de Galilée, et « quelques » docteurs venus de Jérusalem (cf. 111, 22); syrsin. n’a pas tenu compte de cette nuance, aussi un peu effacée dans Vg. On peut supposer la scène à Capharnaüm. Me. a esquissé (vi, 53-56) le début d'un voyage dont le terme est peut-être Tyr; en passant, Jésus a pu toucher Capharnatüm et même y faire un séjour.
7:2
ἰδόντες τινάς... ὅτι... ἐσθίουσιν, mélange de deux constructions, la première supposant un participe à l’accus. ἐσθίοντας, la seconde supposant (à. ὅτι ἐσθίουolv τινες (Swete). τινάς ne prouve pas par a contrario que quelques-uns observaient la coutume rabbinique, car les Pharisiens tirent une conclusion qui s'applique à tous les disciples de Jésus et à Jésus lui-même. L'emploi de « commun » dans le sens d’impur est caractéristique du judaïsme. Les religions sémitiques distinguaient le sacré et le commun ou profane (Études sur les rel. sém., 2e éd., 141-157), et le pur et l'impur (hébr. RM), mais le profane ou commun n'était pas synonyme d'impur. Les LXX rendent NU par ἀκάθαρτος, jamais par κοινός. Cependant tout ce qui est profane est par occasion impur s'il se présente dans une occasion où la sainteté est requise. Les Juifs, sous l'influence des premiers Pharisiens, se rangèrent dans un tel ordre de sainteté que ce qui était commun devenait pour eux synonyme d’impur, d'où par réciproque on nommait commun ce qui était réellement impur : I Mac. 1, 47: θύειν ὕεια καὶ χτήνη χοινά; 1 Mac. 1, 62 : τοῦ μὴ φαγεῖν κοινά (cf. IV Mac. vi, 6); dans le N. T. κοινόν est employé dans ce sens, Rom. xiv, 14 (bis); Apoc. χχι, 27, et à côté de ἀκάθαρτον, donc avec une nuance, Act. x, 44. 28; χι, 8. Des mains non lavées sont des mains impures, tant il était facile de contracter l'impureté; cependant Mc. a cru devoir l'expliquer à ses lecteurs. Mt. a évité cette expression trop purement judaïque. — ἐσθίειν τοὺς ἄρτους dans le sens de faire un repas; cf. Le. xiv, 1; Gen. xxxvur, 25; Ex. 1, 20; I! Regn.1x, 7; dans tous ces cas l’article manque : φαγεῖν ἄρτον, Ici Me, vise les pains qu'on servait; peut-être Jésus et les docteurs mangeaient-ils à la même table.
7:3
Ce verset et le suivant sont une explication fournie par l'évangéliste; elle manque dans Mt., mais ce n’est point une raison de la tenir pour une glose. Il est seulement très probable qu'elle ne se trouvait pas dans les sources — orales ou écrites — de Mc. « Tous les Juifs », c’est-à-dire la masse de la nation; c’est le sens que Mc. donne à ce mot au ch. xv. On voit bien par la suite que tout le monde ne suit pas la plus stricte observance; mais la caractéristique était juste et peignait bien les choses, par exemple pour des Romains. C'est le cas qui prouve le plus clairement que Mc. s'adressait surtout à des Gentils. Il est en effet difficile d'entendre par ’louÿator, dans le sens de saint Jean, le parti des scribes et des Pharisiens; car ce sens ne paraît nulle part dans les synoptiques. Πυγμῇ est un mot difficile, omis parsyrsin. La leçon πυχνά (Ti.) de N est représentée par f g Ve. (crebro), me. go. (et aussi sans doute par pes. et hrcl. qui ont rendu diligenter ou sedulo); c’est une correction pour aboutir à un sens intelligible, mais faux, car les Pharisiens ne devaient pas se laver les mains « souvent » avant le repas. Il faut donc retenir πυγμῇ À B (D πυχμη) etc. les minusc., lamajorité des lati. {pugillo), arm. Or. Loïsy, après Knab., Holtz.ete., le traduit : « à poing fermé, en se frottant vigoureusement » (1, 951, n. 8). Ce pe doit pas être le sens. Il s’agit d’une formalité rituelle {non d’un nettoyage à fond), telle que les prêtres la pratiquent avant la messe ou les moines avant le repas; on touche l’eau du bout des doigts. Et c’est bien ce que marquent les rabbins. On employait pour cette ablution un mot spécial, 63, qui signifiait « lever », parce qu'on versait l’eau sur les doigts (ὁ. Æhoull. 106: PR pod ovs nbn:) : « l’ablution des mains avant (de manger) les choses profanes se pratique jusqu’à la jointure », c’est-à-dire des doigts, par opposition à celle qui précède la manducation de la terouma, qui va jusqu'à la jointure des doigts et de la main, tandis que si on se lave les mains dans le Temple, on doit aller jusqu'à la joïinture (du poignet) (Lévy, Dict., vo ΒῚΞ; οἵ. δοηναβ, le Talmud de Jérusalem, 1, p. 141). C’est bien ce qu'a compris la glose de la version syr. hrel., traduite par Field : ἀποκλύζοντες τῷ ὕδατι τοὺς δαχτύλους αὐτῶν (cf. II Reg. πα, 11). Le mot πυγμή signifie « poing », et spécialement le poing fermé, mais peut-être aussi les doigts fermés pour recevoir l’ablution : Hés. πογμή... τὸ συγχεχλεῖσθαι τοὺς δαντύλους. Dans ce sens le datif est difficile à expliquer; on peut citer cependant Sopu. Ant. 1236 ἤρεισε πλευραῖς μέσσον ἔγχος. « Dans le flanc » au datif n’est pas moins étonnant que πυγμῇ « sur les doigts fermés Quant à l'usage lui-même, il était en effet obligatoire d'après l'opinion des rabbins; on devait même faire jusqu’à quatre milles pour avoir de l'eau pure afin de se laver les mains (Scwas, op. ἐ., 1, 141), et on pouvait, en négligeant cet usage, cncourir l’excommunication (b. Sota, 4b); d’ailleurs on savait très bien que ce précepte ne reposait que sur l’autorité des docteurs qui essayaient cependant de le rattacher à Lev. xv, 11 (ὁ. Khoull. 1062). — χρατεῖν τὴν παράδοσιν cf. II Thess. τι, 15. Les anciens (D%3p5) était un terme technique pour désigner les docteurs, qui transmettaient la tradition, παράδοσις (PoLve, XII, νι, 1), transmise de docteur en docteur. Josèphe, quoique pharisien, distinguait très bien cette tradition de la Loi écrite : νόμιμα πολλά τινα παρέδοσαν τῷ δήμῳ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι Ex πατέρων δίαδοχἧς ἅπερ οὖχ ἀναγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς Μωυσέως νόμοις (Ant. ΧΙ, x, 6; cf. Le Messianisme..., 140). Les παραδόσεις πατρικαί Gal. 1, 14 sont probablement ἸΝῺ … ND (7. Voma, ἀ15 etc.); la παράδοσις τῶν πρεσδυτέρων une michna où une halaka ou une masoreth, mais non une qabbala, ce mot n'ayant été employé que beaucoup plus tard dans le sens de tradition (secrète); il signifiait d'abord l’Écriture qui n’est pas le Pentateuque.
7:4
Deux sens bien différents, selon qu’on admet la leçon βαπτίσωνται (A D E etc. latt. syrr. arm. Or.) ou ῥαντίσωνται (N Β Auit minusc. Euth.). Dans le premier cas, il s'agit des Pharisiens ou de leurs disciples ; lorsqu'ils reviennent de La place publique où ils courent le risque de contracter des impuretés, ils prennent un bain avant de manger. J. Lightfoot avait supposé qu'ils plongeaient ou baignaient les mains, au lieu de les laisser mouiller par effusion comme dans le v. précédent ; mais, à défaut de τὰς χεῖρας, il ne peut être question que d'un véritable bain. Or ce bain n'a jamais été exigé, à moins que ce ne soit avant de manger des choses saintes : « On se lave les mains pour manger du profane, ou de la dîme, ou de l’oblation; pour les saintetés, on doit prendre un bain » (Scnwas, op. L., VI, 281, traité Haghiga, τι, 5). Si l'on était sûr d’avoir contracté une impureté légale, il fallait prendre un bain, mais cela n'avait aucun rapport avec le repas. Il faudrait donc supposer que Mc. fait allusion aux Esséniens (Bell. VIII, u, 5) ou qu'il dénonce, en ne visant ici que les plus fervents, une pratique par trop scrupuleuse, à laquelle la Michna fait allusion : « Si l’on prend un bain légal avant de manger du profape, en ayant l'intention de ne rien manger d'autre, c'est insuffisant pour manger de la dîme » (1. 1., $6), mais la Ghemara ajoute : « Est-il besoin d’appliquer {le bain) en vue du profane? non ».… La leçon βαπτίσωνται peut donc se soutenir, mais elle a peu d'intérêt. Me. a déjà parlé des précautions prises par la personne ; il compléterait pour le cas où l’on est allé sur la place publique. Si l'on lit ῥαντίσωνται, il ne s’agit plus des personnes, maïs des aliments, ce que Holtz. reconnaît possible au point de vue grammatical (cf. ἀπ᾽ ἀγορᾶς ζῆν, Xén. An. VI, τ, 4). Mc. aurait donc énuméré ce qui regarde les personnes, ce qui regarde les aliments, et ce qui regarde les plats; énumération complète et bien en situation. Il est certain que tout ce qui venait du marché était suspect. « Pourquoi ne peut-on pas consommer du lait cédé par un païen? parce qu'il y ἃ à craindre qu'il ne l'ait mêlé à du laït d’animal impur.…. (ou) qu'il ait été découvert ete xposé aux reptiles » (Scawas, op. 2. III, 96, traité Teroumotk). On aurait donc aspergé ces aliments. Les textes ne mentionnent pas celte coutume qui se rattache d'ailleurs à une opération de cuisine très naturelle. C'est l'interprétation du Diatess. arabe (xx, 20) : et quod emptum est a foro, nisi lavent, non manducant. Il y ἃ encore d’autres traditions à observer, le lavage des vases pour boire, Ce peuple m’honore des lèvres, mais leur cœur est loin de moi. 7 Ils me rendent un culte vain, enseignant des doctrines [qui sont des] préceptes humains. des ξέστα: (sextarius, setier), mesure contenant, d'après Josèphe (Ant. VIIF, 11, 9), la soixante-douzième partie d’un bath, équivalant à l’amphore attique (38 litres 88), des xakxla, ou vaisselle de bronze, plats et assiettes. Des autorités très graves (À D X ΓΠ Σ ® αἱ. min. latt. syrr. [mais non syrsin.] go. arm. Or.) ajoutent καὶ χλινῶν qui a pu être suggéré par la législation de Lev. xv (Swete). Sur les prescriptions rabbiniques on peut consulter Scaürer, ΤΙ, 564 ss. et le traité Kelim (Michna et Talmud). Les Juifs de Palestine, chez lesquels il nous est arrivé de manger en voyage, ne consentent que très difficilement à prêter leur vaisselle à des étrangers pour ne pas être obligés de la briser si elle est en faïence. Il est vraisemblable que Mc. ne fait allusion qu'à des vases de métal ou de pierre ou même de bois.
7:5
Si les v. 3 et 4 étaient une stricte parenthèse, Mc. n'eût pas dû mettre xal; mais, comme il a interrompu le fil, il reprend une nouvelle phrase, anacoluthe que des mss. (entre autres D) et les lait. ont supprimée en terminant le v. 2 par « ils (les) blämèrent ». Les Pharisiens et les docteurs ne s’en prennent pas à Jésus; ils supposent cependant qu'il approuve la tenue de ses disciples, puisqu'ils lui en demandent la raison. — περιπατεῖν dans le sens moral, comme dans IV Regn. xx, 3; Prov. vin, 20; Eccli. x1, 9 (hébr. a), sens inconnu au grec profane, et seulement ici dans les synoptiques, mais employé par Jo. var, 12, χα, 85 (bis) et par Paul (Rom. vu, &; x1v, 15; I] Cor. x, 2. 3; Eph. 11, 2). La tradition des anciens ou des docteurs était précisément la halaka (n25n) ou voie qu'il fallait suivre,
7:6
Au lieu de répondre à la question, Jésus attaque vivement ses adversaires et s’en prend au principe même de la tradition. On trouve la même vivacité dans le dialogue du bain (AB. 1908, p. 538 ss.).—xakûç pour approuver est déjà attique; cf. χα, 82 et Jo. iv, 17; vnr, 48; χπὶ, 43. — Le ὑποχριτής est un comédien. Dans le N.'T.le mot signifie celui qui joue le rôle d'un homme pieux; la définition en est donnée très exactement par la première partie du texte d'Isaïe (χχιχ, 18) cité. D'après B le texte est : Ἐγυγίζει por ὁ λαὸς οὗτος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν τοῖς χείλεσιν αὐτῶν τιμῶσίν με, ἣ δὲ χαρδία αὐτῶν πόρρω ἀπέχει ἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ. Les mss. ΝΑῸ omettent ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν qui se trouvent dans TM. ; Mc. ἃ donc suivi le texte plus court qui d'ailleurs exprime suffisamment l'opposition entre le cœur et les lèvres.
7:7
Ici encore Me. suit les LXX μάτην δὲ σέδονταί με διδάσκοντες ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων καὶ διδασκαλίας. Le traducteur au lieu de “an a lu ni, « vanité ou vacuité » ; comme il suivait 18 même texte, il faut reconnaître que c’est un contresens, non une leçon différente; le texte hébreu s'entend très bien : la crainte de Dieu, c'est-à-dire le culte, sans l'attachement du cœur, n’est qu’une observance humaine. Dans Mc. le sens estque la doctrine enseignée par les scribes n'est qu'une ordination humaine, sans autorité divine. Le texte est donc appliqué à la présente controverse et pour cela l'ordre des mots est changé et la copule supprimée (comme elle doit l'être aussi dans Ve. d'après WW.). — ἐντάλματα est mis en opposition avec διδασκαλίας. Ce changement est beaucoup plus grave que celui qui résulte de la fausse traduction μάτην, et cependant clest bien la même idée que dans le prophète sur l'essence de la religion; si c'est un rite de pure routine, elle n'a plus rien de divin.
7:8
La conclusion tirée ici dépasse encore davantage le texte d'Isaïe : l'attachement à cette tradition humaine en vient à faire négliger les véritables commandements de Dieu. On dirait que le sing. ἐντολή marque l'unité de la Loi divine, par opposition aux ἐντάλματα imaginés par les hommes. C'était une gloire pour les rabbins de promulguer des décisions légales; Aqiba avait su tirer des masses de .alakoth de chaque particularité des lettres de la Thora. Le syrsin. a omis tout ce verset comme faisant double emploi avec le suivant, et Swete incline à le regarder comme un doublet. Mais le reproche était tellement grave qu'il fallait insister. Effacer l'addition de Κρ. (même WW.) : baptismata urceorum, et calicum; et alia similia his facitis multa, qui se trouve dans D ff au début du verset.
7:9
καλῶς s'emploie dans un sens ironique (ARISTOPHANE, Grenouilles, 512 et 888), mais ici il a plutôt le sens d'une affirmation énergique. Le reproche du v. 8 a dû faire frissonner les scribes ; Jésus insiste et va fournir sa preuve Oui vraiment, vous réduisez à rien..…, ἀθετεῖν plus normal que vi, 26, puisque maintenant il s'agit d’une institution; ef. Is. χχιν, 16; Gal. nr, 15; Heb. x, 28. Les scribes n'auraient pas osé attaquer de front une règle formelle de Ia Loi, mais leurs décisions pouvaient la tenir en échec (cf. Le Messianisme, 148 5.); ἵνα n’est pas précisément final, encore moins faut-il lire στησητε (D statuatis, lait. syrsin. pes. arm. Cypr.) comme si l'autorité de la Loï avait été réduite dans le but d'établir un principe nouveau : la tradition était, au moins théoriquement, affaire de transmission; on observait, on ne créait pas.
7:10
Moïse (dans Mt. ὁ θεός) représente l'autorité divine de la Loi par opposition aux traditions des anciens. Les passages cités sont Ex. xx, 12; xx1, 17; dans le second Mc. coïncide avec les codd. AF. θανάτῳ τελευτάτω au lieu de τελευτήσει 8. de B. La peine de mort suppose une injure très grave, équivalant à une malédiction; aujourd’hui encore, en Palestine, pour insulter quelqu'un, on dit : « maudit soit ton père », ou même, ce qui est plus fort : « maudite soit ta religion
7:11
Corban (132) est un mot hébreu qui signifie offrande, comme le dit Mc., et spécialement une offrande faite à Dieu (δῶρον θεοῦ, Jos. C. 4ρ. τ, 22, 167 Niese). Lorsqu'un objet lui était consacré, fût-ce seulement par vœu, ou par serment, il était dès lors enlevé aux usages profanes. Mais cet emploi légitime et saint du vœu avait engendré un abus qui était, il faut le dire, une véritable profanation. On disait « Corban » pour signifier qu'on s’interdisait des relations amicales avec ses amis ou avec sa femme. Parmi les divers cas, on trouve expressément la formule de Mc. D31h (expression abrégée pour 72) % non Ann (Nedarim vm, 7) : « Qonas! si tu tires quelque utilité de moi ». A prendre 165 choses à la lettre, on s'interdisait donc de rendre un service, par exemple de fournir des aliments à son père ou à sa mère, parce que cet avantage qu'ils eussent pu espérer était d'avance consacré à Dieu. Il va sans dire qu'on ne se croyait pas obligé pour cela de donner au Temple tout ce qui serait demandé. Le sens était : j'aime mieux le consacrer, que de te le donner. Ce n'est pas seulement la Michna qui témoigne de cet usage, Josèphe nous apprend (d'après Théophraste) que les Tyriens avaient déclaré nuls les serments corban : λέγει γάρ, ὅτι κωλύουσιν οἱ Τυρίων νόμοι ξενιχοὺς ὄρχους ὀμνύειν, ἐν οἷς μετά τινων ἄλλων χαὶ τὸν καλούμενον ὅρχον χορδὰν καταριῦμε (C 4ρ..1; 167 Niese). On peut donc supposer qu'un père ou une mère demandant un service à leur fils, celui-ci fait serment de ne pas ie leur rendre, serment regardé comme un vœu et sacré. Il y avait là une grave injure, et plus qu'un refus d'assistance. Cependant c'était un vœu, il était sorti des lèvres. L'A. T. n'avait pas formulé explicitement 18 définition du vœu : promesse faite à Dieu d'un bien meilleur. Les rabbins n'envisageaient que la promesse. Ils recon - naissaient quatre causes d'annulation du vœu, les deux premières quand il n’était évidemment pas sérieux, puis l'erreur et la contrainte (Nedarim ut). Mais ils admettaient qu'on était tenu par un vœu, même si l'on s’interdisait de faire des choses ordonnées par la Loi, comme de construire une hutte pour la fête des Tabernacles, de mettre des tephilir etc. (Nedarim τι, 2). Donc ils ont dû regarder comme valable le vœu dont parle Mc., de même que lorsqu'on disait « Qonas! si ma femme tire quelque plaisir de moi », on était engagé à la répudier, Ce serait mal connaître la casuistique rabbinique que de la croire impuissante à tirer d'un mauvais pas ceux qui vouaient imprudemment. Ainsi lorsque la personne qu'on s'était interdit d'assister n'avait rien à manger, on pouvait donner quelque chose à un tiers qui le lui remettait (Nedarim v, 6). L'exception confirme ici la règle, témoin ce fils qui s'était interdit tout rapport avec son père; à l'occasion du mariage de son fils, il donne fictivement sa cour à un autre pour que le grand-père puisse assister au banquet (Ned. 1. 1.}. On cherchait aussi, pour annuler le vœu, à amener l’imprudent à déclarer que son intention n’était pas sérieuse, et l'un des motifs allégués était de ne pas déshonorer ses parents par des vœux téméraires (Ned. 1x, 1). Mais si celui qui avait promis persistait dans son vœu, aucune autorité rabbinique ne pouvait l'en délier. Les reproches de Jésus ne portent que sur la solution principale, non sur les arguties, peut-être postérieures, qui l’adoucissaient dans la pratique. Ils sont donc parfaitement fondés (en partie contre Scnürer, II, 577). On s’est demandé si le vœu était hypothétique ou absolu. Il est certain qu'en fait aucun objet distinct n'était consacré à Dieu dès ce moment, cependant le vœu était absolu pour sa partie négative. On ne dit pas : « Je consacrerai tout ce que tu me demanderas », car il n’y aurait pas encore de vœu; mais : « Je consacre dès maintenant tout ce que tu aurais pu me demander aussi serait-il mieux de lire avec Blass (210) ὠφελήθης (Nutzen gehabt haben würdest) que ὠφεληθῇς qui est cependant universellement reçu. La leçon à lindic. correspond mieux au parfait hébreu employé dans les nombreuses locutions analogues. — Ce passage a souvent été très mal compris par les Latins, parce qu'ils se sont arrêtés à la traduction défectueuse du passage de Mt. xv, 5: munus quodcumque est ex me, tibi proderit, dont on a appliqué le sens même à la trad. de Me. : Corban.… quodcumque ex me tibi profuerit.
7:12
Construction irrégulière : le v. 11 devrait se terminer par : « il est tenu d'accomplir son vœu », ce qui est remplacé équivalemment par le v. 12; les scribes tiennent bon pour ce vœu étrange assez semblable à qui dirait : du diable si je t'assiste! les paroles ont été proférées, l'engagement est pris envers Dieu, la décision légale ne permet plus d'y manquer en assistant son père ou sa mère. — Ποιεῖν τί τιν: dans le sens d'un bienfait; cf. v, 19. 20.
7:13
ἀκυροῦν est presque terme technique pour déclarer sans autorité une loi ou une convention (OP. nt, 491, 3; 494, 4; 495, 3; Syll. 329, 30 [rer 5. av. J.-C.]). — A τῇ παραδόσει ὑμῶν, D et latt. ajoutent τῇ μωρᾷ, tandis que syrsin. supprime ἢ παρεδώχατε, comme inutile οἱ peut-être comme difficile. Le datif ἢ que Swete explique comme instrumental est plutôt l'attraction du relatif (Holiz.), Vg. quam. La fin de la phrase, qui manque à Mt., est probablement ajoutée par l'évangéliste pour compléter l'argumentation. Avec les Pharisiens et les docteurs, Jésus s’en tient là. Il n'a répondu à la question de savoir pourquoi ses disciples ne se lavent pas les mains avant de manger qu’en élevant le débat, et en mettant en doute la valeur de la tradition pharisaïque. Si cetle tradition ἃ pu aboutir à transgresser la Loi de Dieu, on ne peut donc pas la déclarer par elle-même obligatoire. La comparaison avec Mt. est ici spécialement importante. Elle est très bien esquissée par Loisy qui trouve le développement de Mt. « plus régulier et plus satisfaisant » (1, 952). Dans Matthieu « le Sauveur commence par rétorquer habilement et sans violence, le blâme dirigé contre ses disciples, fournit a preuve du grief beaucoup plus important qu’il soulève contre les pharisiens, et flétrit enfin leur hypocrisie désormais évidente, en les reconnaissant dans le texte d'Isaïe ». Est-ce une preuve que Mc. ἃ suivi Mt.? Tout au contraire, Car il n'aurait pas dérangé ce bel ordre. Sa manière plus vive est probablement aussi plus spontanée et primitive. Il emploie le mot Corban, qui est araméen. Il dit « Moïse » pour marquer l’auteur du commandement, tandis que Mt. en disant « Dieu » oppose plus explicitement l'autorité de Dieu à celle des hommes. Si Mt. est postérieur à cause de sa régularité même, on peut conclure avec vraisemblance que la citation d'Isaïe est authentique; si un reviscur l'avait ajoutée, il l'aurait naturellement mise en conclusion, comme a fait Mt. Le χαλῶς du v. 9 au lieu de prouver contre le καλῶς du v. 6 est une nouvelle et plus décisive affirmation.
7:14
ΤΠ] semble qu'on s'était séparé de la foule pour prendre un repas auquel les Pharisiens et les Docteurs avaient assisté. Jésus avait donc cessé un moment son instruction; il convoque la foule de nouveau (πάλιν; d'après Holts. seulement comme 1v, 1; x, 1). Ce n’est pas pour la faire juge de la question soulevée, puisqu'il ne la met pas au courant; néanmoins ce sont bien les Pharisiens qui ont fourni le thème. Leur question avait soulevé le grave problème de la pureté des aliments. Jésus traite ses auditeurs comme plus haut (πι, et 1v, 33 5). Aux Pharisiens qui cherchent à le surprendre et non à s'instruire, il ferme la bouche par une fin de non-recevoir sur la valeur de la tradition. La foule mérite davantage; il pose en sa faveur un principe fécond, mais énigmatique. Aux disciples il explique plus clairement sa pensée. Loisy qui admet l'authenticité de la déclaration de Jésus (v. 16) et sa forme un peu énigmatique doit, dans l'intérêt de son système sur les paraboles, rejeter l'explication comme adventice : « Maïs la forme un peu énigmatique de cette déclaration l'aura fait prendre pour une parabole qui avait dû être incomprise des auditeurs, el qui avait besoin d'un commentaire » (1, 957). Tout cela n'est pas logique : si la parole était un peu énigmatique, pourquoi les disciples n'en auraient-ils pas demandé l'explication, et pourquoi Jésus ne la leur aurait-il pas donnée ? Les meilleurs mss. ont l'aor, ἀκούσατε... χαὶ σύνετε... Jésus ne demande qu'un moment d'attention.
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Le sens de la déclaration de Jésus n’est pas douteux, et, comme dit très bien Loisy, « Matthieu introduit déjà l'interprétation dans le texte » (1, 959), interprétation que Jésus va communiquer dans Me. à ses disciples. Jésus oppose l'ordre matériel à l'ordre moral, sans le dire, et c'est pour cela que sa parole est un peu obseure. Le sens de la première partie est déterminé pour le lecteur par là controverse précédente, et la foule pouvait en avoir uppris quelque chose : ce que l'homme mange ne le rend pas impur, quand bien même il n'aurait pas eu les mains lavées... c’est ce qui sort de l'homme qui le souille. Ici, pas d'explication; c'est la partie énigmatique. Mais le parallélisme suggérait « ce qui sort par La bouche », et on pouvait songer aux paroles, ce qui transportait de plain-pied dans l'ordre moral. Cependant on pouvait aussi demeurer perplexe... L'obscurité de la sentence empéchait qu'on pût la regarder comme une atteinte à la Loi. Aussi bien Jésus ne parle pas des lois sur les aliments purs ou impurs qui n'étaient pas en question. Il n'abroge pas la Loi mosaïque, et spécialement la loi sur les aliments pour laquelle des héros de la foi étaient morts (I Macc. τ, 62 5., cité par Swete); mais néanmoins il pose un principe qui ira jusque-là. Les lois religieuses des Sémites qui prohibent certains aliments comme impurs leur reconnaissent certaines vertus de contagion à la fois naturelle et démoniaque (Études sur les Religions sémitiques, 2e éd., 141 ss.). Le peuple juif admettait cette contagion de l'impureté, et les docteurs, loin de la réduire, la développaient dans un sens vraiment superstitieux. La Loi mosaïque avait sanctionné ces impuretés alimentaires sans approuver ni réprouver les concepts plus ou moins justes des Juifs, comme elle tolérait la répudiation. Si quelque docteur, comme Éléazar ben Azaria, comprenait que le véritable motif d' acquiescer à la Loi était l'obéissance due à Dieu, il ajoutait cependant que Dieu avait prescrit ces ordonnances pour séparer Israël des Gentils (Le Messianisme..., Ὁ. 152). Jésus ne parle pas de cette restriction et pose le principe que la nourriture ne peut pas souiller l’homme, considéré comme tel. Désormais une seule chose importe, la moralité de l'acte, la même pour tout homme. C'est ce que Victor ἃ admirablement rendu : Ἐντεῦθεν ὁ καινὸς ἄρχεται νόμος ὃ χατὰ τὸ πνεῦμα, ὁ μηχέτι ζητῶν ἐν σωματικοῖς χαθάρσεσι, μηδὲ ἐν βρωμάτων διαφορᾷ, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ἀρετῇ πνεύματος. Ce principe bien compris, la loi alimentaire n'aura plus de raison d'être. — B. Weiss a cru que Jésus s'était placé strictement sur le terrain de l’ancienne Loi : Ce qui souille l’homme, ce ne sont pas les aliments autorisés par la Loi, ce sont les sécrétions qui sortent de lui, la lèpre etc. Mais Holtz. et Loisy répondent qu'au point de vue de la Loi on ne pouvait faire abstraction des aliments défendus. D'ailleurs que venait faire cette pensée οἱ où trouver dans la Loi l’opposition entre ce qui pénètre dans l'homme et ce qui en sort? Loisy semble laisser le choïx entre l'interprétation donnée par les évangélistes et celle-ci : « La façon dont on mange n'importe pas à la vraie pureté; s'il s’agit de pureté physique ou de propreté, ce n'est pas avec ce qu'il mange que l'homme se 5811}, mais avec ses excréments » (1, 960). Le choix est facile. Pas un seul instant la question n'avait été posée d'une propreté purement physique. Les Pharisiens croient qu’en ne se lavant pas les mains on se rend impur légalement, ce qui suppose une influence de l’aliment, contaminé par les mains, sur la situation religieuse d'un homme. C'est à cela qu'il fallait répondre. Jésus ne dit pas qu'il faille violer la Loi. Après avoir rejeté une tradition surérozatoire, il pose le principe que les aliments n’ont pas cette vertu par eux-mêmes, et, si l'on est un peu logique, il faudra en dire autant des sécrétions. Si donc ce qui sort de l'homme le souille, ce n’est point une question de propreté ; il s’agit d'un ordre différent. L'invitation à réfléchir souligne le caractère mystérieux de la sentence,
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εἴ τις ἔχει ὦτα ἀχούειν ἀχουέτω, — Nestle om.
Le v. 16 de la Fg. est maintenu avec ADXT, etc. minuse. lait: syrr. sah. arm. go. acth., quoique omis par NBLA 28.102, "16. (les meilleurs mss.), Nestle, Ti. etc.
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Peu importe la maison, celle de Pierre ou une autre. Cependant Mc. n'ayant pas dit seulement κατ᾽ ἰδίαν, on pourra voir là un souvenir précis de la tradition sur la maison de Pierre; cf. πὶ, 1; nt, 20. Les disciples (dans Mi. Pierre) demandent le sens de la parabole, cf. 1v, 10. Naturellement, Loisy tient cette explication pour une addition à la parole authentique, puisqu'il est entendu que les paraboles sont claires et n'ont pas besoin d'explication. Cependant il n’a pu réussir à faire entrer la déclaration de Jésus dans le genre des paraboles-comparaisons. Mc. nomme expressément cette parole une parabole, et il en avait le droit, puisque l'A. T. connaissait ce sens du m#4chäl, parole profonde, d'allure un peu énigmatique (RB. 1909, 346). Cela prouve seulement que l’on n’entendait pas alors parabole dans le sens étroit de Jülicher, παραθδολὴν τὸν ἀσαφῆ λόγον ὀνομάζοντες (Vicror). Dans ce sens la parabole avait besoin d'une interprétation.
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Οὕτως, sic ( Vg..) ou siccine plutôt que tam; dans Gal. πὶ, 3 et Heb. xn, 21, le sens de tam vient de l'union de l’adj. avec l'adv. (Swete). Le reproche est un peu de style (οἵ. 1v, 13), surtout après l'invitation à réfléchir qui prouve bien que ce n'était pas si clair; mais les disciples devraient avoir l'esprit plus ouvert.
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Les aliments ne pénètrent pas dans le cœur, siège de la vie morale; ils ne peuvent donc pas changer la situation morale ou religieuse de l'homme. Et les scribes ne le prétendaient pas non plus. On pouvait, sans sa faute, encourir des impuretés, même alimentaires, et les docteurs distinguaient entre l'impureté rituelle, qui empéchait de paraitre dans le Temple, et la faute commise contre Dieu. Cependant Jésus a raison de poser ce principe si important dans la pratique. La préoccupation des impuretés était devenue accablante, et les rapports avec Dieu en étaient paralysés; c'étaient vraiment des aliments (ou d’autres points de la loi rituelle) qui dominaient la vie morale et religieuse. On se préoccupait plus d'éviter l'impureté que de pratiquer la vertu. Aussi Jésus déclare-t-il avec énergie et avec un réalisme qui lui est peu ordinaire que les aliments sont destinés seulement au ventre pour aboutir aux lieux d'aisance, traçant ainsi une démarcation tranchée entre la vie physique et la vie morale (ἀφεδρῶνα est remplacé dans D par oxetov, avec le sens probable d'intestins). C'était affirmer en principe que tous les aliments sont purs, sans poser la question, à résoudre par d'autres principes, des interdictions dont la loi religieuse peut trouver le motif ail- Jeurs. Et tel est bien le sens de l'incise xafapitiov πάντα τὰ βρώματα, dépendant de λέγει, comme l'a vu Origène : κατὰ τὸν Μάρχον ἔλεγε ταῦτα ὁ σωτὴρ καθαρίζων πάντα τὰ βρώματα, δηλῶν ὅτι οὗ κοινούμεθα μὲν ἐσθίοντες ἃ ᾿Ιουδαῖοι φασί xt. (in Mt. t. XI, 12), saint Grégoire le Thaumaturge (Ρ. G. X, 1020) et saint Chrysostome (P. G. LVIIT, 515). L'incise est un peu loin de λέγει, maïs on peut alléguer le cas tout semblable de πὶ, 30. Si ce procédé paraissait trop artificiel pour Mc., mieux voudrait admettre une glose que de recourir à la solution de Holtz., Knab., Schanz, que καθαρίζων se rapporte à ἀφεδρῶνα comme un nomen pendens, le nominatif en apposition avec l'accusatif! La difficulté grammaticale n’est pas la seule. Loisy a très bien exprimé ces choses délicates « Que les excréments soient le déchet des aliments, et les purifient en s'en séparant, c’est une idée trop savante pour le discours. dans ce cas, la purification ne serait pas imputable au lieu, mais à l'organe digestif. D'autre part, il serait inutile de dire que le lieu purifie tous les aliments, parce qu'il les reçoit et en débarrasse le corps. il n'y aurait qu'une antithèse mal venue et du plus mauvais goût entre le cœur, où ne vont pas les aliments, et le lieu où ils vont, et qui les purifie » (I, 965).
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Mc. ayant fait une sorte de parenthèse a dû donner de nouveau la parole à Jésus. 21 5.) Les aliments ne pénètrent pas dans l'homme moral, ils ne font que traverser l’homme physique : au contraire c’est bien du dedans des hommes que sortent les vices, puisqu'ils sortent de ses pensées, dont le cœur est censé le siège, surtout lorsqu'il s’agit de la vie morale. Ces pensées sont des raisonnements parfaits, des délibérations, διαλογισμοί (seulement ici dans Mc. et dans Μί., mais six fois dans Lc. et cinq fois ie les CE paulines, et Jac. 11, 4). nr Suit une énumération de douze vices, six au spiuriels six au ἌΡ Les quatre premiers sont les plus graves et les plus communs, ceux que toutes les civilisations anciennes réprouvaient, non sans une certaine indulgence pour les péchés de luxure compris dans les πορνεῖαι, — Πλεονεξία, seulement ici au pluriel dans le N. T. (D a le sing.), indique une convoitise déréglée; le pluriel marque peut-être des actes dans les deux ordres de la richesse et des honneurs. — Πονηρίαι est moins étonnant au pluriel pour désigner des actes de méchanceté. Les noms au sing. marquent en majorité des défauts qui sont la source des vices. Swete estime que la ruse (δόλος) s'adresse plutôt aux Juifs, et les mœurs impudemment dissolues (ἀσέλγεια) aux Gentils; le mauvais œil, en hébreu et en araméen, est l'envie (Wellh.); βλασφημία sont les mauvais propos, médisance ou calomnie ; ὑπερηφανία est l’orgueil joint au mépris pour les autres; ἀφροσύνη chez les païens était la démence; dans l'A. T. une sottise de parti pris, une lourdeur d'esprit qui ne cherche point à connaître les voies de Dieu. Il sera intéressant de comparer la liste des péchés énumérés par Jésus à celles que A. Dieterich a groupées d'après diverses sources païennes ou juives (Nekyia, 163 ss.). On y trouve à peu près toujours les péchés contre Dieu ou les dieux, ou contre la patrie, ou l’ordre social. Jésus ne s’occupe ici que de l'homme et de sa vie morale, comprenant sans doute des devoirs envers le prochain, mais comme prochain, non comme compatriote, ou comme maître ou comme serviteur. Son énumération évite aussi tout ce qui aurait un cachet trop particulier, avortements, empoisonnements, sodomie, etc. La vertu se résume dans la pureté, la simplicité, l'absence d’orgueil, la modération dans les désirs, le respect des droits du prochain. C’est une morale plus largement humaine que celle qui résulte des vices énumérés par Platon dans le Gorgias ἐπιορχίαι, ἀδικίαι, φεῦδος, ἀλαζονεία, ἐξουσία, τρυφή, ὕόρις, ἀκρατία, ἀσυμμετρία, αἰσχρότης (Dierericn, ἰ, L. 170). Mt. ἃ ajouté ψευδομαρτυρίαι, « les faux témoignages », mais il ἃ omis πλεονεξίαι, πονηρίαι, δόλος, ἀσέλγεια, ὀφθαλμὸς πονηρός, ὑπερηφανία, ἀφροσύνη; sa liste est donc réduite à six noms d'actions extérieures caractérisées. Aucune des deux listes ne comprend la colère, l'un des trois grands vices des Stoïciens, éra, cupiditas, libido, peut-être parce qu’elle est moins un ôtæhoytoués, étant plus spontanée.
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Conclusion nerveuse de tout ce qui précède. Par une sorte d'inclusio qui ferme la controverse sur le motif qui l’a déterminée, Mc. ajoute que l’homme n'est pas souillé pour manger sans se laver les mains. On s'était éloigné de ce point de départ, mais la remarque de Mc. exprime bien du moins que Jésus n'avait pas tranché expressément d’autre question légale. Il est exagéré de dire avec Knab. : « Sententia hic in 6. 18. 19 enuntiata valet in universum, etiam pro vetere testamento » (193), comme si la doctrine de Jésus ne contenait pas un principe qui, bien compris, rendait inutile la législation alimentaire, mais il n’est pas moins exagéré dans l'autre sens de dire avec Loisy : « Le Christ... va donc leur enseigner une des thèses les plus chères à Paul, et qu'on devra supposer qu'ils ont oubliée plus tard » (1, 964), pour insinuer que Jésus n’a pas dit ce que Me. lui fait dire. D'ailleurs Loisy note que « la thèse de Paul n'est pas traitée à la façon paulinienne; elle est reprise au point de vue du sens commun ». Alors qui prouve qu'elle est reprise et non point antécédente? Si les disciples n'ont pas compris d'abord tout ce qu'on pouvait déduire du principe, ce n’est pas une raison pour nier qu'il ait été posé. Les disciples étaient évidemment bien inférieurs à leur Maître; on n'avait pas besoin pour s’en douter de les comparer à saint Paul. Loisy montre seulement sa tendance à voir partout du paulinisme quand il écrit : « Cette manière d'apprécier les ressources intellectuelles des apôtres galiléens pourrait bien être une trace de paulinisme plus importante et plus certaine que celles qu'on ἃ voulu parfois retrouver dans le second Evangile » (1, 964). L’antithèse entre la pureté lévitique et l'impureté intérieure a été poussée encore plus loin dans le Logion du bain (RB. 1908, p. 538 ss.). Là, les soins du corps ne sont pas seulement inuliies à l'âme, ils peuvent être le moyen voulu pour inspirer de mauvais désirs. Comme dans Mc., le reproche, tourné en invective, précède le raisonnement : « Le Sauveur lui répondit, et dit Malheur! aveugles qui ne voient pas! "Tu t'es lavé dans ces eaux courantes où l’on jette, nuit et jour, des chiens et des pores, et, après avoir pris un bain, tu as nettoyé cette peau du dehors, que les courtisanes elles aussi et les joueuses de flûte oignent et lavent, et nettoient et parent pour (exciter) les désirs des hommes. Mais leur intérieur est plein de scorpions et de tout mal ». Cependant le thème n'est pas tout à fait le même. Le Logion oppose l’eau qui ne peut purifier, à une autre eau qui purifie, et sort ainsi de la question des purifications rituelles sans aborder à aucun moment celle des aliments impurs.
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Après Τύρου, la leçon καὶ Σιδῶνος (om. DLA latt. syrsin. syrhier. Or.) est soutenue par de si graves autorités (NAB etc. og. pes. arm. go. me. sah.) qu’on la jugerait authentique, n’était le soupçon d'harmonisation avec Mt. — On ne sait pas exactement d'où Jésus part, en se levant comme si son enseignement était terminé: ἀναστὰς ἀπῆλθεν n’est pas une tournure seulement hébraïque {contre Ænab.); cf. ἀναστάντες δὲ διέστησαν (Tuuc., 1, 87; cf. vu, 49 etc.) On peut supposer que la controverse a eu lieu à Capharnaïüm et que Jésus sort des États d'Hérode pour éviter les embüches de ses ennemis; il se dirige cette fois au nord-ouest. Les ὅρια ne sont pas seulement la limite, maïs le territoire, comme cela résulte de ce qui suit; le pays des Tyriens limitait précisément la Galilée au nord (Jos. Bell. 111, nr, 1). Dans cette région on avait entendu parler de Jésus (nr, 8), mais, à mesure qu’il avançait, il avait chance d'échapper à l'attention. 11 ne semble pas qu'il y soil venu pour prêcher, et on ne voit pas qu'il y ait donné des instructions spéciales à ses apôtres. — εἰς οἰκίαν « dans une maison » au lieu de εἰς οἶχον (vin, 17) « à la maison » (Holz.); ἠδυνάσθη, cette forme (ionique) n’est pas seulement fréquente dans les LXX, on la trouve plusieurs fois dans les papyrus, spécialement avec l’augment en ἢ (Mayser, 330). Jésus pensait demeurer caché, mais le mouvement vers sa personne (νι, 53-56) n'est pas à son terme.
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ἧς... αὐτῆς, le pronom répété après le relatif, est une négligence qui n’est pas inconnue aux classiques, ni au grec moderne; elle s'explique cependant plus facilement par l'influence des tournures sémitiques des LXX (Blass, 178; Mouliton, 94 s.). Les païens admettaient les cas de possession (SorHocre, Ajax, 244) et très spécialement par les démons impurs, du moins au temps de Porphyre : μάλιστα δὲ αἵματι χαίρουσι καὶ ταῖς ἀκαθαρσίαις, καὶ ἀπολαύουσι τούτων eisδύνοντες τοῖς χρωμένοις (Eus. Praep. ev. IV, xxur, 4). Le même passage traite de l'expulsion des démons. Cependant le terme πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον vient du style des Juifs.
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Ἑλληνίς doit indiquer avant tout la religion, et peut-être aussi la langue. Mc. ajoute qu'elle appartient à la population originaire du pays. On dit de même aujourd'hui : Grec-arabe ou grec arabophone pour indiquer un orthodoxe indigène. Elle est Συροφοινίχισσα (BE etc. Συρα Φοινιχισσα), Phénicienne de Syrie (cf. Luc. Deor. ecel. ἃ : Συροφοῖνιξ et Juv. δαί. vin, 459 : Syrophænix) par opposition aux Carthaginois ou Phéniciens de Libye (Strab., xvu, 49 : ἣ τῶν Λιδυοφοινίκων γῆ). Le fém. φοινίκισσα vient directement du nom de pays Φοινίχη ou en supposant une forme intermédiaire Φοινιχίς { W.-Schmiedel, 135, n. 17). τῷ γένει, cf. Act. xvir, 2. 24 (Moulton, 75 : dative of reference). Pour la tournure ἠρώτα... οἵ. OP. 1v, πο 744, 1, 43 : ἐρωτῶ σε οὖν ἵνα μὴ ἀγωνιάσῃς... « Je te prie de ne pas te tourmenter
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Les χυνάρια sont des chiens domestiques, sinon tout à fait des χυνάρια μελιταῖα, ces petits bichons de Malte auxquels on prodiguait les gâteries (ATHEN., x11, 78). Le sens du texte est clair. Les enfants ou les fils de la maison doivent passer avant les chiens; quand ceux-là seront rassasiés, on pourra jeter Îles restes à ceux-ci.
7:28
L'aor. ἀπεχρίθη suivi du présent λέγει se retrouve en grec moderne (Moulton, 139 et 121}; ce n’est donc point nécessairement une forme araméenne. Ναί n'est pas en opposition à οὐ, dans le sens de « sil » (contre Holtz.). La femme se contente de ce qu'on lui offre. On lui fait la part des chiens, eh bien! cela suffit à son argumentation : « C'est vrai, mais les chiens ont les miettes L'opposition exprimée par « mais » force un peu la note pour faire ressortir le sens; c'est pour cela que D et quelques latt. ont ἀλλὰ xx, sed et (ff). Sion lit za yap (comme dans Mt.) avec de nombreux mss. et Fe., le sons est adversatif : « pourtant si..., car les chiens mangent les miettes »; il est donc vrai de dire qu'on leur donne le pain des fils. — xisie en parlant à Jésus, la seule fois dans Me. ; cette formule de politesse témoigne du profond respect de cette femme (Schanz) dont la confiance dans le pouvoir surnaturel de Jésus n'est pas ébranlée. L'à-propos de la réplique ἃ été bien saisi par Euth. (sur Mt.) : ἐπεὶ τοίνυν κυνάριόν εἶμι, οὐχ εἰμὶ ἀλλοτρία, οὐδὲ χωλύομαι τῶν ψιχίων μετασχεῖν. Le terme de petit chien, ou chien domestique, n'était pas entièrement méprisant οὐ permettait d'insister : le chien est encore de la maison. La parole de Jésus est un refus, mais elle n’est pas directement outrageante, quoique la comparaison soit très familière. Ce n’est pas tout à fait une allégorie, car on ne peut dire que les fils représentent directement les Israélites, et les chiens les Gentils, d'autant que χυνάρια marque une nuance et ne présente pas les chiens sous l'aspect d'êtres méprisés. Jésus fait allusion à une scène domestique courante. Mais la femme païenne connaissait les prétentions des Juifs et leur mépris des Gentils; aussitôt elle l'entend ainsi. Le sens allégorique résulte plutôt de la situation que de l'emploi de métaphores reçues. Il est vrai que les Israélites étaient les enfants de Dieu (οἵ. RP. oct. 1908, La Paternité de Dieu), et que les Gentils ont été nommés les chiens dans le midrach des Psaumes (J. Zightfoot sur Mt. xv, 26), cependant dans les textes plus anciens (ὁ. ‘Aboda zara, 54b) ce sont les dieux des païens qui sont comparés aux chiens. Les métaphores n'étaient donc pas toutes faites; c'est l'emploi d’une semblable parabole dans de telles circonstances qui la transformait en allégorie. Loisy le concède, sans se préoccuper, semble-t-il, de l'inconvénient qui en résulte pour sa théorie générale sur les paraboles. « C’est une sorte de comparaison qui a son application au cas présent, mais une application si directe et immédiate, que le terme sous-entendu se devine dans le terme exprimé, et que les mots « enfants » et « chiens » deviennent presque une désignation métaphorique des Juifs et des païens. Il a fallu que la femme le comprit ainsi, pour trouver sa réplique » (1, 975). Mais Loisy tient surtout à nier ce qui ressort du texte, que le tour des Gentils viendra. Il suppose que les premières paroles de Jésus : « Laisse premièrement les enfants se rassasier » ont été ajoutées par Mc. « Propos inintelligible et déplacé dans la circonstance. On ne voit pas ce que sont les « enfants », avant que Jésus ait formulé son antithèse, ni comment il pourrait promettre à la cananéenne que sa fille sera guérie quand il aura fait tous les miracles qu'il doit accomplir en Israël » (1, 974). La première objection prouve seulement que les premières paroles ne doivent pas être isolées du contexte; ia seconde repose sur un contre-sens. Jésus ne promet rien, il dit seulement que le temps des Gentils n’est pas venu. 1] n’ÿ a rien dans tout le dialogue d'inintelligible et de déplacé, et Æoltz. reconnaît que la réponse de la femme peut s'appliquer à tout ce qu'a dit Jésus, et non seulement à la seconde partie, que Loïisy déclare seule authentique. La femme modifie seulement un peu l'hypothèse. Si les chiens mangent les miettes qui tombent de la table, ils sont donc servis en même temps que les enfants, et n’ont pas à attendre. Naturellement leur part est moins bonne, la femme s'en contente. .
7:29
La réponse de la Syrophénicienne était vive et spirituelle; elle était aussi humble et confiante. Quoique les paroles de Jésus pussent paraître dures et méprisantes, elle ne doute pas de sa bonté. Aussi le Sauveur l'exauce à cause de cette réponse; il accomplit le miracle à distance, sans même qu'il ait vu l'enfant.
7:30
L'enfant est couchée sur son lit, dans un état de calme et de santé qui 31 Et de nouveau, quittant le territoire de Tyr, il vint par Sidon vers la mer de Galilée, au milieu du territoire de la Décapole. prouve que le démon était sorti (Loisy), ou plutôt le démon l'y avait jetée par un dernier coup de méchanceté avant de sortir (Æoltz.); cf. 1x, 26. L'épisode de la Syrophénicienne, ou de la Cananéenne, comme la nomme Mt., ne saurait être nommé l'évangélisation des païens par Jésus. C'est vraiment et seulement une miette qui tombe de sa table. Il se laisse pour ainsi dire arracher un miracle; il n’annonce pas la bonne nouvelle aux Gentils. Encore est-il que cette miette a sa valeur. Tandis que les docteurs cherchent chicane à Jésus pour les observances auxquelles ils attachent une importance ridicule, une païenne fait preuve d’une humilité et d’une foi qui montrent tout ce qu’on peut attendre des Gentils méprisés (Knab.\. Mème si l’on tranche arbitrairement dans le texte comme le fait Loisy, il serait faux de dire que « la relation que l'on entrevoit derrière Marc et Matthieu n’accuse pas la moindre préoccupation universaliste » ou que « les paroles du Sauveur pouvaient plus aisément s'entendre dans Le sens des judéochrétiens que dans celui de Paul » (1, 977). Les premières paroles de Jésus, celles qui servent à éprouver la femme, sont plus étroites même que celles des judéochrétiens ; elles semblent inspirées par l'esprit pharisaïque — qu'il vient de condamner; — mais il faut aussi voir sa conduite, et s'il accorde une miette avant le temps, que sera-ce quand le temps sera venu? Et, pour employer des termes de Loisy : « (Jésus) se comporte comme si l'annonce du royaume ne les concernait pas : c'est la manifestation même du royaume qui agira sur les nations » (1, 977). Le règne de Dieu devait être prêché d'abord à ceux auxquels il était promis: il devait ensuite s'étendre aux autres par la manifestation qui suivit la résurrection. Sur la question de l’évangélisation des Gentils dans la pensée de Jésus, on lira avec intérèt le beau livre de M. Max Meinertz, Jesu und die Heidenmission (Münster, 1908). Le même sujet a été repris par M. Spitta (protestant) : Jesus und die Heidenmission (Giessen, 1909).
7:31
L’itinéraire ἃ été diversement compris. D'après Knab., Jésus passe par la Décapole pour arriver à la mer de Galilée ou lac de Tibériade; c’est intervertir l'ordre des mots, et supposer un immense contour, surtout si on le conduit au pays de Damas qui faisait partie de la Décapole. Comme il est déjà étrange que de Tyr il passe par Sidon, qui est à une journée au nord de Tyr, Wellhausen a supposé que Sidon (7%) est ici pour Beth-saïda, le mot Beth pouvant être omis (comme dans Josèphe Βηθαράμαθα [ Bel. 11, τν, 2] le même que ἐν ᾿λμμάθοις [Anr. XVII, x, 6]); mais rien n'appuie cette conjecture. Le Sauveur est donc allé dans la direction du nord jusqu'à Sidon, pour des raisons qui nous sont inconnues, peut-être simplement pour éviter les foules, comme il l'avait promis à ses disciples (νι, 31); de là une route facile le conduisait dans la vallée du Jourdain et au bord du lac (εἰς dans le sens de ἐπί ou de πρός), puis en pleine (ἀνὰ μέσον n’est pas un hébraïisme, nombreux exemples dans les papyrus ptolémaïques, les inscriptions, Poivre; gr. mod. ἀνάμεσα, οἵ. Blass, 123) région de la Décapole (οἵ, v, 20}. Nous sommes donc toujours en dehors de la Galilée et du territoire d'Hérode, sinon en terre purement païenne, puisque la Décapole contenait des Juifs en assez grand nombre,
7:32
Jésus ne pouvait plus aller nulle part sans qu'on lui demandät des miracles. On amène un sourd qui est μογιλάλος, c’est-à-dire qui a de la peine à parler, ὁ μόγις λαλῶν « qui ne peut articuler ». Des mss. ont μογγιλάλον, comme sila racine était μογγός « qui a la voix sourde », mais par erreur. Le plus grand nombre des exégètes l'entend d'un sourd-muet de naissance, parce que μογιλάλος traduit dans les LXX l'hébreu oùx qui signifie muet (Is. xxxv, 6). Mais à supposer que Mc. ait eu en vue le passage d’Isaïe, rien ne prouve qu'il ait vérifié le texte hébreu; le grec τρανὴ δὲ ἔσται γλῶσσα μογιλάλων suggérait plutôt le sens de « parlant d’une voix confuse ». Entre le bégaiement simplement ridicule et le mutisme complet du sourd de naissance, il y a le bégaiement très grave avec affection spasmodique de la glotte qui s'étend même aux muscles du visage. On demande à Jésus d'imposer la maïn (ordinairement les mains v, 23; vi, 5), ce qui indiquerait des Juifs.
7:33
érokaGôpevas (cf. II Macc. vi, 21 : ἀπολαμδάγοντες αὐτὸν χατ᾽ ἰδίαν); Cf. Brit. Mus. I, p. 30 (n° 5. av. J.-C.) des reclus du Sérapéum τῶν êxet ἀπειλημμένων (Expos.1908, août, 187). De nombreusesraisons de cette prise à part ont été proposées. Euth. en suggère deux bonnes : ἵνα μὴ δόξη θεατρίζειν τὰ θαύματα, mai μάλιστα, γνούς τινας τῶν μεμψιμοίρων ἀναμεμιγμένους τοῖς πλήθεσιν. Mais alors pourquoi tant de miracles en public ? 11 semble bien que les deux raisons, éviter l’ostentation et déjouer la critique, ontici une valeur spéciale à cause du procédé que Jésus se propose d'employer. Il comprend un élément sensible qui pouvait paraître un peu trop dramatique aux païens, et entaché de magie aux Juifs. Les rabbins interdisaient sévèrement à tous ceux qui soignaient des plaies de chuchoter quelques paroles qui passaient facilement pour des versets bibliques, surtout si l'on faisait auparavant usage de salive sur la blessure (Ὁ. Sanh. 1012), car cela était tenu pour une injure faite à Dieu. Ce que fit Jésus aurait donc pu être mal interprété. D'ailleurs ce n’est pas le seul cas où Jésus fait le miracle à l'écart (v, 37; vur, 23), et il y a des exemples analogues dans l'A. T. (Élie, I Reg. xvn, 19 5. ; Élisée, II Reg. 1v, 33-35). .]i vaudrait mieux renoncer avec Loisy à chercher une explication que de dire avec Schanz que Jésus se consacre désormais aux particuliers, que [8 foule est décidément trop adonnée aux choses extérieures, etc. Jésus met ses doigts dans les oreilles du sourd, et, avec sa propre salive, il touche la langue. Les deux actions sont plutôt successives que simultanées, car le texte ne dit pas que Jésus ait craché dans la bouche de l'infirme. 5 le touche, c’est plutôt avec le doigt. Dans le Diatessaron de Tatien, Jésus crachait d'abord sur ses doigts, et employait la salive aux oreilles et à la langue (cf. Lauy, Æphrem, I, 171; Diat. ar. xx1, 3 et Wd exrusev εἰς τοὺς δαχτυλους αὐτου χαι εθαλεν εἰς τα ὠτὰ του χωφου xat ηψατο τῆς γλωσσης τον μογγιλαλου). Le texte le plus autorisé est aussi le plus intelligible. Les doigts sont placés dans les oreilles comme pour les ouvrir, la salive sur la langue comme pour faciliter son opération. Il y ἃ donc un certain rapport entre l'acte de Jésus et le résultat qu'il veut obtenir. Cependant Loisy exagère beaucoup 16 caractère médicinal des gestes : « Il se comporte comme un médecin confiant en Dieu, qui réaliserait une cure extraordinaire par un remède vulgaire, avec l'assistance divine » (1, 981). Le remède serait par trop rudimentaire; il serait même puéril, et n’entrerait pas plus dans l’ordre de la médecine qu’une simple imposition des mains. Cependant Mald. a bien noté que les gestes ne sont pas quelconques: ils sont appropriés : Quia ergo, qui surdi sunt, videntur re aliqua obturatas habere aures, mittit digitum in aures surdi, quasi clausas, et obturatas terebraturus.. Et quia, qui muti sunt, videntur ligatam nimia siccitate habere linguam.…. mittit salivam in os muti… 11 n'emploie pas sérieusement ces opérations comme un remède, mais il opère, par la vertu qui est en lui, ce que les remèdes n'auraient pu obtenir, accommodans quodammodo potentian suam ad modum agendi causarum naturalium, et ad sensum, et consuetudinem hominum. Le miracle, opéré par une parole et de loin, n'aurait pas exprimé aussi bien l'action efficace de son humanité dans l'obtention de certaines faveurs (Fict., Euth., Swete) ; c'est ainsi que l'Eucharistie est encore aujourd'hui l'instrument de grâces que Dieu pourrait accorder sans elle, mais qui sont le privilège de l'humanité sainte du Sauveur. Il n’est pas nécessaire d'ajouter avec παῤ. que Jésus ἃ voulu exciter la foi de l’infirme et le préparer à la grâce de la guérison.
7:34
Jésus regarde vers le ciel pour prier; son gémissement est aussi une prière (cf. Rom. vin, 23. 26) instante, quoique muette, suivie d'un ordre donné avec autorité. éppalé par assimilation du tau devant phe pour RnEnn (d'après Darman, Gram., 2 éd., 278, n. 1, plur. fém., soit NANEN, mais le discours s'adresse plutôt à Ιᾶ puissance auditive}. Le ot est conservé en araméen, non qu'il ait une efficacité comme tel ou une valeur magique, mais parce que le narrateur se proposait de reproduire plus exactement la scène, ainsi qu'il nous arrive à nous-mêmes quand un mot étranger nous paraît plus pittoresque. 51 l'interprétation de Dalman était correcte, le traducteur aurait dû mettre le pluriel dans sa traduction; le syr. a omis l'interprétation, mais écrit ANDNN.
7:35
Le lien de la langue ne doit pas être pris d’une façon trop matérielle, pas plus que l'ouverture des oreilles. L'infirme a désormais le libre usage de l'une et des autres. Cependant il est plus naturel de conclure à une infirmité spéciale de l'organe de la parole en dehors de la surdité : Schanz cite : cut nomen Baltus propter linguae obligationem fuit: — linguae nodis solutis loqui primum coepit (Jusrin, Hist. XIII, vu, 4. 6). Aussi Mc. ne dit pas que le sourd commença à parler, mais à parler comme tout le monde, ὀρθῶς. Dans l'hypothèse d'un sourd-muet de naissance il faut supposer que Jésus lui donna la science infuse de l’araméen (Ænab.) ou entendre avec Schanz qu’il eut désormais tout ce qu'il fallait pour apprendre à bien parler. Loisy grandirait volontiers le miracle, sauf à en révoquer en doute la réalité : « Quoi qu'il en soit de la réalité, le narrateur, préoccupé peut-être de la significalion symbolique du miracle, fait entendre que l'homme était aussi sourd et muet qu'on peut l'être, et qu'il s'était trouvé subitement en plein et parfait usage de l’ouïe et de la parole » (1, 982). D'après Deissmann (Zicht vom Osten, p. 219 ss.) ὃ δεσμὸς τῆς γλώσσης est un terme technique pour marquer que l'homme a été lié par un sortilège. Il cite de nombreuses formules magiques qui avaient pour but de lier la langue, c'est-à-dire d'empêcher de parler. Mais, en dehors de toute allusion de Mc. à une possession démoniaque, il est plus sûr de l'entendre d’un empêchement naturel.
7:36
Jésus demande le silence, comme v, 43. Il est difficile de dire pourquoi; il y a du moins dans le secret cette logique qu'il est commandé dans ces deux occasions après un miracle que Jésus a voulu opérer loin de la foule. D'ailleurs le miracle ne pouvait demeurer caché, puisqu'on pouvait comparer les deux états du sourd-bègue. Mais pourquoi donner un ordre qui ne devait pas être obéi? facit ille quod debet quodque in se est, quamvis non ignoret nos quod debemus quodque in nobis est minime facturos (Mald.). 1] convenait à Jésus, et cela découlait des humbles sentiments de son âme, d’avoir une attitude tout opposée à celle des charlatans qui promettaient des miracles pour se poser comme Messies, Cette attitude est soulignée de temps en temps. Jésus n'espère pas que ses miracles demeureront secrets, mais il veut qu'on sache qu'il n'entend pas s’en prévaloir. Cette modestie excite davantage l'enthousiasme de la foule, maïs faut-il s'abstenir d’être modeste pour ne pas être estimé? D'autant que, d'ordinaire, le résultat de la modestie est bien qu'on reste caché.
7:37
ὑπερπερισσῶς est un kapax qui augmente encore la force de ἐχπλήσσεσθαι (cf. 1, 22; vi, 2; x1, 18); c'est un paroxysme qui indique peut-être une population en partie païenne, plus exubérante que les Juifs dans ses démonstrations. Au point où l’on est arrivé (le parf. πεποίηχεν), Jésus ἃ bien fait toute chose, et la preuve en est dans ce qui se passe actuellement (ποιεῖ), la foule s'exprime avec une emphase qui généralise et force peut-être la note; aussi le mot ἀλάλους choisi pour jouer avec λαλεῖν ne peut être regardé comme marquant avec précision l'infirmité de l’homme guéri. Les Juifs pouvaient voir dans ce miracle une réalisation de l'oracle d’Isaïe {xxxv, 5. 6). Loisy prétend que l'évangéliste se sert de la foule pour insinuer au lecteur le sens du miracle : « L’émotion extraordinaire causée par la guérison du sourd-muet figure la conversion des Gentils » (1, 982). Il est très arbitraire de prêter ce symbolisme à Me., mais il semble bien que l'épisode, qui se passe dans le pays des Gentils, a eu beaucoup d’entre eux pour témoins, et que Mc. n’a pas été fâché de constater leur enthousiasme pour l’œuvre de Jésus. ΥΠΙ, 1-9. SECONDE MULTIPLICATION DES PAINS (Mt. xv, 32-89).
7:1
La seconda parte del ministero di Galilea va dall'estate 28 fino alla festa dei Tabernacoli (ott. 28: Mc. 7, 1-9, 30; Lc. 9, 18-50; p. 51-18, 30).
7:3
SCRIBA (EBR. SÔPHÊR, PLUR. SÔPHÊRÎM, GR. ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΌΣ)
… decisioni sul modo di osservare la legge, ma anche conoscere e far conoscere con un'autorità generalmente riconosciuta («dalla cattedra di Mosè» ecc., Mt. 23, 2) i responsi e le decisioni dati precedentemente, «le tradizioni degli antichi» (ibid. 15, 2; Mc. 7, 3), di cui facevano gran conto e con la cui osservanza caricavano le coscienze.
7:4
… Il termine « B. » nella S. Scrittura non è riservato esclusivamente al Sacramento istituito da Gesù Cristo (cf. Mt. 3, 7; Mc. 7, 4.8; Lc. 3, 3) e neppure è l'unica parola scelta a designarlo (Eph. 5, 26; Tit. 3, 5; F. Prat, I, p. 551; Oepke, pp. 527-28, 543).
7:5
… progressivo adattamento della t. mediante la casistica fu detto « t. orale » (t. feb-bā' al peh), espressione che risale a Hillēl (Šabbāth, 31 a) o almeno a Gamaliel II (Siphrē Deut. 33, 10) e soppianta il termine « tradizioni » (παραδόσεις; Mt. 15, 2 = Mc. 7, 5; Mt. 15, 3-6; Gal. 1, 14). La t. orale, presentata come volontà di Dio rivelata a Mosè e procedente da Mosè mediante una catena ininterrotta di maestri ('Abōth, I, 1-3), si sviluppò …
7:7
… Gesù definì questa « tradizione » διδασκαλίας ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων (Mt. 15, 9; Mc. 7, 7) e disse si f.: « Trasgredite il precetto di Dio per la tradizione vostra » (Mt. 15, 3, 6; Mc. 7, 9). Siffatto atteggiamento conciliò ai f. la benevolenza del popolo, che anche nella …
7:9
… Gesù definì questa « tradizione » διδασκαλίας ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων (Mt. 15, 9; Mc. 7, 7) e disse si f.: « Trasgredite il precetto di Dio per la tradizione vostra » (Mt. 15, 3, 6; Mc. 7, 9). Siffatto atteggiamento conciliò ai f. la benevolenza del popolo, che anche nella controversie religiose e liturgiche seguiva sempre il loro parere. …
7:11
CORBAN (EBR. QORBĀN, GR. ΚΟΡΒΆΝ; VOLG. CORBAN E CORBONA)
… Dal Vangelo (Mc. 7, 11) sappiamo che spesso simile promessa era emessa da figli ingrati, che così interdicevano ai genitori l'uso di oggetti desiderati. …
7:13
Altri passi chiamano gli scritti veterotestamentari τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ (= « oracoli di Dio »: Rom. 3, 2); λόγια ζῶντα (= « oracoli di vita »: Act. 7, 38); λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ (= « parola di Dio »: Mc. 7, 13) ecc. I Libri biblici sono designati quali « santi » (Rom. 1, 2) e « sacri » (II Tim. 3, 15), cioè di origine divina.
7:24
CANANEA. - La donna di Tiro, da Mt. 15, 21-28, chiamata C., e da Mc. 7, 24-30, siro-fenicia, che implorò ed ottenne da Gesù la liberazione della figlia dal demonio che la vessava, è stata raramente rappresentata nell'arte cristiana antica.
… liberazioni di i. sono: «l'uomo posseduto da spirito impuro» nella sinagoga di Cafarnao (Mc. 1, 23-28; Lc. 4, 33-37); l'i. di Gerasa (Mc. 5, 1-20; Mt. 8, 28-34; Lc. 8, 26-39; in bocca all'i. è anticipata la confessione di Pietro); la fanciulla i. sirofenicia (Mc. 7, 24-30; Mt. 15, 21-28; Gesù opera secondo la preghiera e la persuasione della donna); l'epiletto i. (Mc. 9, 18-29; Mt. 17, 14-21; Lc. 9, 37-42; Gesù riconosce la presenza del demonio).
… Gli abitanti di S., attratti dalla fama dei miracoli del Salvatore, si recarono in Galilea per ascoltarne gli insegnamenti (Mc. 3,8); Gesù stesso ne visitò il territorio (Mt. 15, 21; Mc. 7,24) e durante il viaggio sanò la figlia della Cananea (Mt. 15, 22-28; Mc. 7, 25-30). S. Paolo nel viaggio da Cesarea a Roma vi sostò (Act. 27,3). Il cristianesimo vi si sviluppò ben presto …
TIRO (EBR.-FENICIO ŞOR, ŞOR; CF. ŞOR « ROCCA »; GR. TOPOÇ; MOD. ŞUR)
Nell'età persiana ed ellenistica l'importanza di T. andò diminuendo; rimase però il grande ricordo della potenza passata, ordinariamente in unione con Sidone, come mostrano le allusioni del Vangelo (Mt. 11, 21-22; 15, 21; Mc. 3, 8; 7, 24, 31; Lc. 6, 17; 10, 13 agg.), insieme con un certo movimento nel suo porto (Act. 21, 3-7).
7:25
… Gli abitanti di S., attratti dalla fama dei miracoli del Salvatore, si recarono in Galilea per ascoltarne gli insegnamenti (Mc. 3,8); Gesù stesso ne visitò il territorio (Mt. 15, 21; Mc. 7,24) e durante il viaggio sanò la figlia della Cananea (Mt. 15, 22-28; Mc. 7, 25-30). S. Paolo nel viaggio da Cesarea a Roma vi sostò (Act. 27,3). Il cristianesimo vi si sviluppò ben presto e il vescovo di S. intervenne al Concilio di Nicea.
7:31
Gesù al principio del suo ministero fu seguito da folle della D. (Mt. 4, 25); ne attraversò poi il territorio nel rendersi da Sidone al lago di Cenesareh (Mc. 7, 31) e vi guarì un demoniaco che divenne missionario della D. (Mc. 5, 21).
… Una quindicina riguardano guarigioni subitanee da infermità diverse: come, per es., quella del lebbroso (ibid. 8, 2-4), del servo del centurione, paralitico e quasi morente (ibid. 8, 5-13; Lc. 7, 1-10), del paralitico di Cafarnao (Mt. 9, 1-8), dei due ciechi (ibid. 9, 27-31), del sordomuto (Mc. 7, 31-37), del cieco di Gerico (ibid. 10, 46-52), del paralitico di Gerusalemme (Io. 5, 1 sgg.), dell'idropico (Lc. 14, 1-4), del cieco nato (Io. 9, 1 sgg.).
… Iud., III, 10,8); « mare di Galilea » (Mt. 4,18; 15,29; Mc. 1,16; 7,31) dal nome del distretto politico. …
7:32
… malattia naturale, come, del resto, si ricava dal Vangelo, nel caso dell'indemoniato lunatico epilettico (Mt. 4, 24; 17, 14); nelle differenti forme di paralisi e contratture localizzate (Lc. 13, 11-16), di cecità, sordità, mutismo (Mt. 9, 32; 12, 22; Mc. 7, 32; 9, 24) e del colpito da crisi di agitazione maniacale (Mc. 1, 26; 9, 17-21; Lc. 9, 39).
… 13: guarigione di un lebbroso; Mc. 5, 23, Giairo, nei riguardi di sua figlia ammalata, così prega Gesù: « Filia mea in extremis est, veni, impone manum super eam ut salva sit »; anche quanti presentano al Signore un sordomuto affinché lo guarisca (ibid. 7, 32) pregano Gesù « ut imponat
… 1, fig. 2). Gli artisti rappresentano Gesù Cristo nell'atto di operare i m. mediante differenti gesti, come si legge nei testi evangelici, cioè il Signore viene implorato perché imponga le mani (nel testo greco), la mano (nel testo latino [Mc. 5, 23; 7, 32; Mt. 7, 32]) sui malati, o semplicemente li tocchi (Mc. 8, 22); egli pone le sue dita nelle orecchie del sordo-muto e ne umetta la lingua con la sua saliva (Mc. 7, 33); impone invece …
7:33
… implorato perché imponga le mani (nel testo greco), la mano (nel testo latino [Mc. 5, 23; 7, 32; Mt. 7, 32]) sui malati, o semplicemente li tocchi (Mc. 8, 22); egli pone le sue dita nelle orecchie del sordo-muto e ne umetta la lingua con la sua saliva (Mc. 7, 33); impone invece le mani sugli occhi del cieco di Bethsaida (Mc. 8, 23) e sulla donna rattrappita (Lc. 13, 11-15); tocca il lebbroso (Mt. 8, 2-3; Mc. 1, 40-42; Lc. 5, 12-13), i ciechi …
7:34
APERITIO AURIUM. - Nelle liturgie occidentali il sacerdote, prima del Battesimo, secondo l'esempio di Nostro Signore (Mc. 7, 34), bagna le orecchie e le narici del catecumeno con la saliva, dicendo: Eph-thetha, quod est adaperire. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Reims 1582), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.