S
1,671 articles · English index · Indice italiano-
Sophiology (SOFIOLOGIA)
Philosophical-theological or gnostic doctrine (v. GNOSIS Russian contemporary) of a series of recent Russian thinkers on the foundation of the world… -
Sophism (SOFISMA)
In primitive usage σύφισμα (from σοφία, wisdom) is every contrivance or invention of thought (inventum, scitum). After dialectic, through sophistry (v.… -
Sophists (SOFISTI)
Representatives of a vast cultural and philosophical movement that flourished in Greece, particularly in Athens, in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. The… -
Sophonias (SOFONIA)
One of the "minor prophets," ninth in the series, who carried on his activity in the time of Josiah (ca. 638-609 B.C.), probably already before the reform… -
Sophronius (SOFRONIO)
According to St. Jerome (De vir. illustr., 134), a certain S. wrote in his youth Laudes Bethlehem; later a book on the destruction of the temple of Serapis in… -
Sophronius, Bishop of Pompeiopolis (SOFRONIO, VESCOVO DI POMPEIOPOLI)
Homoiousian bishop of the 4th century. According to the catalogues known to Michel Le Quien, S. would be the first known bishop of Pompeiopoli. Already in 341… -
Sophronius of Jerusalem, Saint (SOFRONIO DI GERUSALEMME, SANTO)
B. in Damascus ca. 560, d. in Jerusalem on 11 March 638. A monk in Jerusalem, he accompanied John Moschus (v.) to Egypt and to Rome, and after the latter's… -
Sora
SORA: v. AQUINO, SORA, PONTECORVO, DIOCESI di. -
Sordello
Italian troubadour, b. at Goito ca. 1200, d. ca. 1269. After an adventurous and turbulent youth (at Verona he abducted the wife of Ricciardo di S. Bonifacio… -
Sordi, Domenico and Serafino (SORDI, DOMENICO E SERAFINO)
Two of the five Sordi brothers from Piacenza, all Jesuits, who distinguished themselves by their contribution to the renewal of Scholastic philosophy in the… -
Sordini, Caterina
In religion Maria Maddalena dell'Incarnazione, foundress of the Perpetual Adorers of the Most Blessed Sacrament, b. at Porto S. Stefano (Grosseto) on 16 April… -
Sorel, Georges
French sociologist, b. at Cherbourg on 2 Nov. 1847, d. at Boulogne-sur-Seine on 30 Aug. 1922. He practiced the profession of engineer for several years. Of his… -
Soreth, Jean, Blessed (SORETH, JEAN, BEATO)
Prior General of the Carmelites, b. at Caen in 1394-95, d. at Angers in 1471. Appointed to teach the Bible and the Sentences at the University of Paris in… -
Soriano al Cimino, Cemetery of (SORIANO AL CIMINO, CIMITERO DI)
From the Etruscan Surrius vetus, destroyed by the Romans, derives the medieval Surrianum on the slopes of the Cimini Mountains (province of Viterbo). S.… -
Sorites (SORITE)
SORITE: v. SILLOGISMO. -
Sosipater (Σωσίπατρος, volg. Sosipater) (SOSIPATRO (ΣΩΣΊΠΑΤΡΟΣ, VOLG. SOSIPATER))
Collaborator of St. Paul in missionary activity. His name is read among those who send greetings in the Letter to the Romans (16:21). There, together with… -
Sossianus Hierocles (GEROCLE SOSSIANO)
Anti-Christian writer. Born in the second half of the 3rd century; he was prefect of Phoenicia, Bithynia and Lower Egypt. A bitter enemy of the Christians, he… -
Sosthenes (Σοσθένης, Sosthenes) (SOSTENE (ΣΟΣΘΈΝΕΣ, SOSTHENES))
In the New Testament this name occurs twice; but it is uncertain whether it is a question of the same person or of a simple homonymy. St. Paul, according to a… -
Soteris, Saint, Virgin and Martyr (SOTERE, SANTA, VERGINE E MARTIRE)
Martyred probably in the Diocletianic persecution, she was buried in an area above the surface on the Via Appia. She was the paternal ancestress of St.… -
Soterus, Pope, Saint (SOTERO, PAPA, SANTO)
He succeeded Anicetus and his pontificate must be placed between c. 166 and 175. According to Eusebius (Hist. eccl., V, 19) he was elected in 168-69 and… -
Soto, Andreas de
Franciscan theologian, b. at S. Facundo in Castile in 1552 or 1553, d. in the Recollects' Convent at Brussels on 5 April 1625. He went to the Netherlands as… -
Soto, Domingo de
Dominican theologian, b. at Segovia in 1495, d. at Salamanca on 15 Nov. 1560. First professor of philosophy at Alcalá (1520-24), he entered religious life at… -
Soto, Francisco
Oratorian, b. at Osma (Spain) in 1536, d. at Rome in 1619. Having come to Rome, he demonstrated his marked musical qualities and was engaged as a soprano of… -
Soto, Pedro de
Dominican theologian, b. at Alcalá ca. 1495, d. at Trent on 20 April 1563. A religious at Salamanca (30 March 1518). A zealous promoter of strict observance… -
Soubiran, Marie-Thérèse de, Blessed (SOUBIRAN, MARIE-THÉRÈSE DE, BEATA)
Born Sophie Augustine, foundress of the Society of Mary Help of Christians, b. at Castelnauadary (diocese of Carcassonne) on 16 May 1834, d. in Paris on 7 June… -
Soul (ANIMA)
«The a. is the principle by which we primarily live, feel, and understand» (Aristotle, De anima, II, 2, 414a, 12-13). SUMMARY: I. Doctrine of the a. - II. The… -
Soulas, André
Priest, founder of the Sisters of Our Lord for the care of the sick, b. at Viols-le-Fort (diocese of Montpellier) on 25 February 1808, d. at Montpellier on 4… -
Soul, Recommendation of the (ANIMA, RACCOMANDAZIONE DELL')
The Roman Ritual, tit. V, ch. VII, contains certain liturgical prayers with which the Church accompanies the souls of the faithful to the threshold of… -
Sound (SUONO)
I. PHYSICAL GENESIS OF ACOUSTIC STIMULI. - The energy adequate to stimulate the auditory apparatus is a particular form of mechanical energy, that is… -
Sources of Law (FONTI DEL DIRITTO)
The expression is to be understood in a twofold sense: indeed, a distinction is drawn between sources of production (fontes existendi) and sources of cognition… -
Sources of Morality (FONTI DELLA MORALITÀ)
In a generic sense, the remote and universal causes on which the character and the moral evaluation of human acts depend are sometimes called sources of… -
Sousa, Luis de (Manuel de Sousa Coutinho)
Portuguese historian, b. at Santarém, lived from 1555 to 1632. His work, which deals with political and ecclesiastical history, is distinguished by its… -
Southern Solomon Islands, Apostolic Vicariate of the (SALOMONE MERIDIONALI, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DELLE ISOLE)
It is part of central Melanesia. On 27 July 1897 the apostolic prefecture of the British Solomon Islands was erected, detached from the apostolic vicariate of… -
South Tyrol (ALTO ADIGE)
1. GEOGRAPHY. - Name given (by E. Tolomei in 1906) to the basin of the river upstream of the Salorno gorge, which, in its present-day administrative… -
Southwell (Bacon), Nathaniel (SOUTHWELL (BACON), NATHANAEL)
Jesuit writer and bibliographer, b. in Norfolk in 1598, d. in Rome on 2 Dec. 1676. From 1617 to 1622 he was a student at the English College in Rome, where he… -
Southwell, Robert, Blessed (SOUTHWELL, ROBERT, BEATO)
Jesuit, poet and martyr, b. at Horsham St. Faith's (Norfolk) in 1561, d. in London on 21 Feb. 1595. Educated as a Catholic at Douai and Paris, he entered the… -
Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SOVRANO MILITARE ORDINE DI MALTA)
It is the oldest, most illustrious, most meritorious of the chivalric orders (v.) and traces its origins to that quarter which the merchants of Amalfi had… -
Sovereignty (SOVRANITÀ)
Since the middle of the last century the concept of s. has become the keystone of the modern conception of the State. Nevertheless both its content and its… -
Sozomen (SOZOMENO)
Salamanes Hermias, according to Photius (Bibl., 30). Ecclesiastical historian, born into a Christian family in the village of Bethelia near Gaza and raised in… -
Space (SPAZIO)
In the common acceptation it is the place in which bodies and movements are imagined. It involves certain fundamental distinctions. Real space is space in its… -
Spáčil, Teofilo (SPÁCIL, TEOFILO)
Professor of comparative Byzantine-Slavic theology at the Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies in Rome (1918-37). Born on 25 April 1875 at Výmyslice in… -
Spada and Cappa, Chamberlain of (SPADA E CAPPA, CAMERIERE DI)
SPADA E CAPPA, CAMERIERE di: v. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA. -
Spadafora, Domenico, Blessed (SPADAFORA, DOMENICO, BEATO)
Dominican preacher, b. in Messina in 1450, d. at Montecerignone on 21 Dec. 1521. For 8 years he preached in Sicily. He devoted himself to the reform of his… -
Spada, Giuseppe
Historian, b. in Rome on 21 July 1793, d. there on 3 Nov. 1867. In 1811 he entered the bank of the Torlonia, of which he soon became procurator and, in 1863… -
Spada, Mariano
Dominican theologian, b. at Acireale on 1 January 1796, d. at Rome on 15 November 1873. A religious at Taormina, he was regent of studies at the College of St.… -
Spada, Virgilio
Oratorian, architect, b. at Brisighella (Faenza) on 17 July 1596, d. at Rome on 11 Dec. 1662. A close relative of Cardinals Bernardino (d. 1661) and Fabrizio… -
Spagnoletto, Jusepe de Ribera, called Lo (SPAGNOLETTO, JUSEPE DE RIBERA, DETTO LO)
Painter, b. at Játiva (Spain) on 12 January 1588, d. at Posillipo (Naples) on 2 September 1652. As an adolescent, in Valencia he was drawn to the works of… -
Spagnuolo (Spagnoli), Battista (Baptista Mantuanus), Blessed (SPAGNUOLO (SPAGNOLI), BATTISTA (BAPTISTA MANTUANUS), BEATO)
Born in Mantua on 17 April 1448, died there in 1516. After pursuing his studies in Padua and elsewhere, he entered the Carmelite Order, of which he was elected… -
Spahn, Peter
German politician, b. 22 May 1846 at Winkel in the Rheingau, d. 31 Aug. 1925 at Bad Wildungen. He entered the judiciary in 1874 as a judge at Marienburg, and… -
Spain (SPAGNA)
The Spanish State embraces a little more than 8/10 of the territory and a little less than 8/10 of the population of the Iberian Peninsula. With 505,720 sq km… -
Spalato (Split), Diocese of (SPALATO (SPLIT), DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese of Croatia (Yugoslavia). The diocese has an area of 3,668 sq. km. with a population of 306,340 inhabitants, of whom 285,400 are Catholics; it… -
Spalding, Martin John
Apologist and archbishop, b. at Bardstown (Kentucky, United States) on May 23, 1810, d. at Baltimore on Feb. 7, 1872. Having entered St. Mary's College in… -
Spallanzani, Lazzaro
Born Sept. 12, 1729 at Scandiano (Reggio Emilia), died Feb. 12, 1799 at Pavia. After grammar studies at Scandiano he completed his studies of philosophy at… -
Spanish Institute of Saint Francis Xavier for Foreign Missions (ISTITUTO SPAGNOLO DI SAN FRANCESCO SAVERIO PER LE MISSIONI ESTERE)
In 1899 Fr. Gerardo Villota founded in Burgos the "Colejo de Ultramar" with the aim of helping the dioceses of Latin America and the missions. In 1919 Benedict… -
Sparagana, Ludovico
Pontifical officer, b. at Monte S. Giovanni (Frosinone) on 30 March 1813, d. in Rome on 21 Aug. 1885. A volunteer in the pontifical infantry on 25 Apr. 1831… -
Spartans (SPARTANI)
In the books of Maccabees one reads with surprise that Jews and Spartans considered themselves "brothers." In II Macc. 5:9 there is only a passing mention of a… -
Spaur, Carlo von
Bavarian diplomat, b. Jan. 4, 1794, d. Oct. 26, 1854 in Florence. Count of Winckel and Laudeck, he began his diplomatic career as secretary of legation in… -
Spaur, Francesco
Superior general of the Somaschi, from a noble Tridentine family, formerly a secular priest; having entered the Somaschan Order, he shone there for virtue and… -
Spaventa, Bertrando
Philosopher, b. at Bomba (Chieti) on 26 June 1817, d. at Naples on 20 February 1883. A pupil at the Seminary of Chieti, then a teacher at the Seminary of… -
Spaventa, Silvio
Patriot and jurist, b. at Bomba (Chieti) on 10 May 1822, d. at Rome on 21 June 1893, brother of the idealist philosopher Bertrando, whose influence he felt… -
Special Administration of the Holy See (AMMINISTRAZIONE SPECIALE DELLA S. SEDE)
It is an office, with its seat in Vatican City, established by the Supreme Pontiff Pius XI with a motu proprio of 7 June 1929, for the management of the funds… -
Speciano, Cesare
Bishop and nuncio, b. at Cremona in 1539, d. there on 20 Aug. 1607. First canon of the Milanese Metropolitan chapter with St. Charles Borromeo, of whom he was… -
Species (SPECIE)
A biological entity which, through physiological isolation, on the one hand allows the complex of characters inherited from its ancestors to be transmitted to… -
Species Consecrated (Crime Against) (SPECIE CONSACRATE (DELITTO CONTRO LE))
The profanation of the Eucharist is a sacrilege, a real injury against God. Even in ancient times it constituted a most grave crime, for which, notwithstanding… -
Specific and Numerical Distinction of Sins (DISTINZIONE SPECIFICA E NUMERICA DEI PECCATI)
DISTINZIONE SPECIFICA E NUMERICA DEI PECCATI: V. PECCATO. -
Specola Vaticana
SPECOLA VATICANA: v. VATICANO. -
Spectacle (SPETTACOLO)
SPETTACOLO: v. CINEMATOGRAFO; DIVERTIMENTO; SPORT; TEATRO. -
Speculation (SPECULAZIONE)
A financial operation in which the gain, generally to a degree far above normal in relation to the capital employed and to the duration of the operation… -
Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation") (SPECULUM HUMANAE SALVATIONIS)
An exposition of the history of human Redemption in 45 chapters of rhymed verse, embellished with miniatures and later with woodcuts (symbolic scenes also… -
Speculum Perfectionis
A short work by a Friar Minor of the Spiritual tendency, written at the beginning of the 14th century, held to be one of the sources of Franciscan… -
Spedalieri, Nicola
Apologist and publicist, b. at Bronte (Catania) on 6 Dec. 1740, d. at Rome on 26 Nov. 1795. He completed his early studies at the Seminary of Monreale, where… -
Spee von Langenfeld, Friedrich
Jesuit, poet and ascetic spiritual writer, b. 25 February 1591 at Kaiserwerth, d. at Trier on 7 August 1635. He entered the Order on 22 September 1610, and was… -
Spencer, Herbert
English philosopher, b. at Derby on 27 April 1820, d. at Brighton on 8 December 1903. Belonging to a cultured family, he received his complete education within… -
Spener, Philipp
SPENER, PHILIPP: v. PIETISMO. -
Spengler, Oswald
Philosopher, b. May 29, 1880 at Blankenburg, d. May 8, 1936 at Munich. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Munich and Berlin. He taught mathematics at… -
Spenser, Edmund
English poet, b. in London in 1552, d. there on 16 January 1599, after having spent a great part of his life in Ireland as a colonizer and diplomat. In him the… -
Sperandio di Mantova
Sculptor and engraver, son of the Roman goldsmith Bartolomeo di S. Savelli, b. in Mantua in 1431, d. there in 1504. Having moved > (phot. Alinari) > SPERANZA -… -
SPERONE D'ORO (Ordine Pontificio della Milizia aurata)
SPERONE D'ORO (Ordine Pontificio della Milizia aurata): v. ORDINI EQUESTRI PONTIFICI. -
Speroni, Ugo
Twelfth-century jurist and heretic from Piacenza. He studied Roman law at Bologna before 1145; he was a teacher and legal expert there and exercised the office… -
Speyer, Giovanni e Windelino da (SPIRA, GIOVANNI E VINDELINO DA)
Name of two German brothers, printers, who emigrated to Venice and worked there from 1469 to 1477. GIOVANNI was the prototypographer of Venice with the two… -
Speyer (Spira), Diocese of (SPIRA (SPEYER), DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese of Germany in the Palatinate. It has an area of 5,964 sq km with a population of 1,218,165 inhabitants, of whom 558,231 are Catholics… -
Spezi, Pio
A Romanist and in particular a scholar of the history and study of the churches of Rome, b. in Rome on 1 Oct. 1861, d. there on 2 Jan. 1940. A teacher of… -
Spiegel, Ferdinand August
Bishop, b. 25 Dec. 1764 in Canstein Castle (Westphalia), d. 2 Aug. 1835 in Cologne. A cadet of a baronial family, he embraced the ecclesiastical state and in… -
Spielberg
Castle of the city of Brno (Brünn, Brno) in Moravia (Czechoslovakia), famous in the history of the Risorgimento for having served as a prison for those… -
Spiera, Francesco
Italian Protestant who returned to Catholicism, b. at Cittadella in 1502, d. there in 1548. A lawyer in his city, denounced to the Inquisition of Venice as a… -
Spillmann, Joseph
Jesuit, historian and popular narrator, b. at Zug (Switzerland) on 22 April 1842, d. at Luxembourg on 23 Feb. 1905. Having entered the Order on 22 Sept. 1862… -
Spina, Alfonso López de (SPINA, ALFONSO LOPEZ DE)
Friar Minor, formerly a Jew, learned theologian, distinguished for piety and doctrine, effective preacher, rector of the Minorite Studium of Salamanca and… -
Spina, Bartolomeo
Dominican theologian, b. in Pisa in 1475, d. in Rome in 1546. A lecturer in philosophy and theology, he taught for more than twenty years in the general studia… -
Spina, Giuseppe
Cardinal, b. 12 March 1756 at Sarzana, d. 13 Nov. 1828 at Rome. He studied law at Pisa and at Rome, where he entered the papal Court and was appointed by Pius… -
Spinelli, Francesco
Priest, founder of the Adoratrices of the Most Blessed Sacrament, b. in Milan on 14 April 1853, d. at Rivolta d'Adda (diocese of Cremona) on 6 February 1911.… -
Spinelli, Niccolò
Jurist, b. perhaps at Giovinazzo between 1320 and 1325, d. at Pavia (?) after 1396. He first taught at the University of Padua around 1350-1351, then at… -
Spinola, Fabio Ambrogio
Ascetical writer and preacher, b. in Genoa on 3 Oct. 1593, d. there on 28 Aug. 1671. Having entered the Society of Jesus (1610), he was professor of philosophy… -
Spinola, Family (SPINOLA, FAMIGLIA)
One of the four major houses of Genoa. In the city it held power in the name of the Obertenghi marquises, whom it gradually replaced. Guido was consul between… -
Spinola y Maestre, Marcél (SPINOLA Y MAESTRE, MARCEL)
Cardinal, archbishop of Seville, b. at S. Fernando (diocese of Cadiz) on 14 Jan. 1835, d. at Seville on 22 Jan. 1906. Already a graduate in jurisprudence, he… -
Spinoza, Baruch de
Philosopher, b. in Amsterdam on 24 Nov. 1632 to a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, d. at The Hague on 21 Feb. 1677. He represents the highest and most… -
Spiridion, Saint (SPIRIDIONE, SANTO)
Bishop of Trimitunda (Cyprus), who lived in the 4th century. Before entering the ecclesiastical career he was a shepherd of flocks and had a wife. Not many… -
Spirit (SPIRITO)
Corresponds to the Greek πνεῦμα and νοῦς, and to the Latin spiritus and mens. Etymologically it means "breath," "vital breath" (the expressions "vital s." and… -
Spirit and Flesh (SPIRITO E CARNE)
Antithesis of biblical anthropology between the perishable and the enduring in man, analogous to the antithesis between man and God already clear in Is. 31:3.… -
Spiritism (SPIRITISMO)
In the attempt to give an explanation to the phenomena that are the object of metapsychics (v.), notable and particularly followed since the earliest times… -
Spiritual Childhood (INFANZIA SPIRITUALE)
A state of interior life which presents, acquired through ascetic effort, in relation to God and to neighbor, the virtues that children possess by nature and… -
Spiritual Combat (COMBATTIMENTO SPIRITUALE)
Ascetical repression of temptations and vicious inclinations, attainment of the moral ideal. The struggle for life and for improving and elevating its form… -
Spiritual Communion (COMUNIONE SPIRITUALE)
I. A eucharistic practice consisting, as the Council of Trent says (sess. XIII, c. 8: Denz-U, n. 881), in the votum Sacramenti: it is a uniting oneself to… -
Spiritual Dialogue (DIALOGO SPIRITUALE)
A compositional technique of vocal music, in use from the Middle Ages to the 16th century and beyond. Toward the sixteenth century the dialogue procedure is… -
Spiritual Direction (DIREZIONE SPIRITUALE)
Assistance habitually given to a single soul, for the most part in connection with sacramental Confession, in order to "lead it in the ways of God, teach it to… -
Spiritual Exercises (ESERCIZI SPIRITUALI)
An expression that in a general sense applies to the whole set of spiritual practices tending toward personal sanctification, and in a more particular sense… -
Spiritualism (SPIRITUALISMO)
An ambiguous philosophical term whose meaning is not easily definable, given the variety of its acceptations. Moreover, under this name it is possible to group… -
Spiritual Reading (LETTURA SPIRITUALE)
By spiritual reading is meant the reading of those writings that are conducive to the progress of the spiritual life, undertaken precisely with the aim of… -
Spiritual Retreat (RITIRO SPIRITUALE)
RITIRO SPIRITUALE: V. ESERCIZI SPIRITUALI. -
Spirituals (SPIRITUALI)
Extremist current that arose within the Franciscan Order, organized and active from c. 1274 until 1318. I. ORIGIN AND CHARACTERS. - In their writings the S.… -
Spiritus Paraclitus
Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV, published on Sept. 15, 1920 (AAS, 12 [1920], pp. 385-422 and Denz-U, nos. 2186-2188) to celebrate the 15th centenary of the… -
Spiš (SZEPES)
SZEPES : v. SCEPUSIO. -
Splendor Paternae Gloriae
Hymn of Lauds for Monday, composed by St. Ambrose. The light of day dazzles the poet and carries him to that spiritual light, to Christ, the splendor of… -
Spokane, Diocese of (SPOKANE, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the State of Washington (United States). The diocese of S. (Spokanensis) was erected by Pope Pius X on 17 Dec. 1913 by detachment from… -
Spoleto, Archdiocese of (SPOLETO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
The archdiocese of S. comprises a vast territory situated in the provinces of Perugia, Terni and Rieti; it borders on the dioceses of Todi, Terni, Rieti… -
Sponsa Christi, Constitution (SPONSA CHRISTI, COSTIT)
SPONSA CHRISTI, COSTIT. DI PIO XII: v. MONASTERO. The discipline currently in force for female cloistered m. -
Spontaneous Generation (GENERAZIONE SPONTANEA)
GENERAZIONE SPONTANEA: v. VITA, origine della. -
Spontini, Gaspare, Luigi, Pacifico
Musician, b. 14 Nov. 1774 at Majolati (Jesi) and d. there 24 Jan. 1851. In Rome he made his debut as a composer of stage works; in 1803 in Paris he obtained… -
Sporer, Patritius
Franciscan moralist, b. at Passau around the first decade of the 17th century, d. there on 29 May 1683. Having entered the Order in 1637, he taught philosophy… -
Sport
An English term that has entered the current usage of the language; it derives from the older disport; this, in turn, from Old French desport, akin to Italian… -
Sportelli, Cesare, Venerable (SPORTELLI, CESARE, VENERABILE)
Redemptorist preacher, b. at Mola di Bari on 19 June 1701, d. at Pagani on 19 Apr. 1730. Having become a lawyer of the Neapolitan bar, he was procurator of the… -
Spotorno, Giovanni Battista
Barnabite, b. in Albisola superiore on 27 Oct. 1788, d. in Genoa in 1844. A Barnabite in 1806, he taught mathematics, jurisprudence and theology at Macerata… -
Spouses, Rights and Duties of (CONIUGI, DIRITTI E DOVERI DEI)
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. - Among the principal effects of marriage (v.) is what theologians and canonists are accustomed to call the individua vitae consuetudo… -
Sprenger, Jacob
Dominican theologian, zealous promoter of the Rosary, b. c. 1436 at Rheinfelden, d. 6 Dec. 1495 at Strasbourg. From the Observant convent of Basel, where he… -
Springfield-Illinois, Diocese of (SPRINGFIELD-ILLINOIS, DIOCESI DI)
Diocese and city of the State of Illinois (U.S.A.). The present diocese of S. was created by Pius IX on 29 July 1853 at Quincy, by dismemberment of Chicago… -
Springfield, Massachusetts, Diocese of (SPRINGFIELD - MASSACHUSETTS, DIOCESI DI)
MASSACHUSETTS, DIOCESI di. - City and diocese in the State of Massachusetts (United States). The diocese of S., Mass. (Campifontis), suffragan of Boston, was… -
Squarcione, Francesco
Paduan painter, b. in 1397, d. in 1468. A tailor and embroiderer, he devoted himself to painting in 1429 and was the founder of a school that gathered young… -
Squillace, Diocese of (SQUILLACE, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the province of Catanzaro. It has an area of over 960 sq km, with a population of 124,452 inhabitants, almost all Catholics, distributed in… -
Srbik, Heinrich von
Austrian historian, b. 10 Nov. 1878 in Vienna, d. 16 Feb. 1951 at Ehrwald (Tyrol). A pupil of the Austrian Historical Institute, he began his activity as a… -
Stabat Mater
A sequence known in many redactions, from missals and liturgical books (about thirty between the mid-14th century and the end of the 15th) and from… -
Stabia
STABIA: V. CASTELLAMMARE DI STABIA. -
Stablum, Emanuele
Physician, b. at Terzolas (Trento) on 10 June 1895, d. at Rome on 16 March > (courtesy of Dr. Rina Cavalieri) > STABLUM, EMANUELE - Portrait. 1950. He entered… -
Stadion, Christoph
Bishop, b. in March 1478 to a noble Swedish family at Schelklingen, d. at Nuremberg on 15 April 1543. He studied at Tübingen (1490) and Freiburg im Breisgau… -
Staël, Anne-Louise-Germaine de
Of a Calvinist family of Genevan origin, daughter of the famous minister of Louis XVI, J. Necker, born in Paris on 22 April 1766, died there on 4 July 1817… -
Stahl, Friederich Julius
Jurist and politician, a Jew converted to Lutheranism, b. in Munich on 16 Jan. 1802, d. at Bad-Brückenau on 10 Aug. 1861. He wrote various works, among them… -
Stained Glass (VETRATA)
The precursors of that kind of transparent mosaic which is stained glass were the closures of basilican windows in the 4th and 5th centuries, formed of… -
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (Džugašvili) (STALIN, IOSIF VISSARIONOVIĆ (DŽUGAŠVILI))
Russian statesman, b. at Gori, a small village in the Caucasus, to a Georgian shoemaker, on 21 Dec. 1879. From 1893 to 1899 he studied at the Orthodox… -
Stampa, Gaspara
Poet, b. in Padua in 1523, d. in Venice on 23 April 1554. Daughter of a Paduan jeweler, on his death she moved with her mother to Venice, where she learned… -
Stams
Cistercian abbey, in the Inn valley, in the Tyrol, apostolic administration of Innsbruck, formerly diocese of Bressanone. The monastery of S. was founded in… -
Stancaro, Francesco
Italian heretic of the anti-Trinitarian current, b. at Mantua in 1501, d. at Stobnice in Poland on 11 Nov. 1574. Restless and passionate, he took part in the… -
Standard (STENDARDO)
In ecclesiastical usage, mentioned in the Roman Ritual (tit. X, ch. 1, no. 5), they are banners in which the cloth hangs from a horizontal crossbar attached to… -
Standonck, Johannes van
Preacher and ascetic reformer, b. at Mechelen in 1453, d. 2 February 1504. Extremely poor, he did his first studies at Mechelen, then at Gouda (Holland) with… -
St. Andrews and Edinburgh, Diocese of (SANT'ANDREA E EDIMBURGO, DIOCESI DI)
In Scotland, it comprises the counties of Edinburgh, Berwick, Haddington, Lothians, Peebles, Roxburgh, Selkirk, almost all of Stirling and part of Fife. It has… -
Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski, King of Poland (STANISLAO II AUGUSTO PONIATOWSKI, RE DI POLONIA)
B. Jan. 17, 1732 at Wolczyn, d. Feb. 12, 1798 at St. Petersburg. He traveled throughout Europe, until in 1755 he went to Russia with the English diplomat Sir… -
Stanislaus Kostka, Saint (STANISLAO KOSTKA, SANTO)
Jesuit, b. in the family castle of Rostkow (Prasnysz, Poland) on 28 Oct. 1550, d. in Rome on 15 Aug. 1568. Of a family of the highest Polish nobility, piously… -
Stanislaus, Saint, Martyr (STANISLAO, SANTO, MARTIRE)
Bishop and patron of Poland, born in that nation between 1030 and 1035, died in Kraków in April 1079. Tradition holds that he came from the Polish stock of the… -
Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of Poland (STANISLAO I LESZCZYNSKI, RE DI POLONIA)
B. 20 Oct. 1677 at Lwów, d. 23 Feb. 1766 at Lunéville. With the direct support of Charles XII of Sweden he was crowned king of Poland in 1705, but after the… -
Stanisławów [Ivano-Frankivsk], Diocese of the Ruthenians (STANISLAO POLI, DIOCESI DEI RUTENI (UCRAINO: STANISLAVIV))
It was formerly in Poland (Galicia), now in Ukraine (USSR), a suffragan of Lviv. S. was erected after lengthy negotiations (begun in 1830) on 25 March 1885, by… -
Stanleyville [Kisangani], Apostolic Vicariate of (STANLEYVILLE, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)
It is situated in the north-eastern part of the Belgian Congo. It was erected as an apostolic prefecture on 3 Aug. 1904 with territory detached from the… -
Staphylus (Stapellage), Friedrich
Lutheran theologian, later converted to Catholicism, b. 27 Aug. 1512 at Osnabrück, d. 5 March 1564 at Innsbruck. After spending his early years at Danzig and… -
Stapleton, Thomas
Catholic controversialist, b. at Hensfield (Sussex) in July 1535, d. at Louvain on 12 Oct. 1598. A bachelor at Oxford (Dec. 1556), he obtained a prebend in the… -
Starace, Costanza
In religion Sister Maria Maddalena della Passione, foundress of the Suore Compassioniste serve di Maria, b. at Castellammare di Stabia on 5 Sept. 1845, d. at… -
Starčević, Ante
Croatian politician, b. 23 May 1823 at Žitnik (Lika), d. at Zagreb on 28 February 1896. From 1845 to 1848 he studied theology at Budapest, where he took his… -
Starck, Johann August von
Crypto-Catholic theologian, b. 28 Oct. 1741 at Schwerin, d. 3 March 1816 at Darmstadt. He studied theology and Oriental languages at Göttingen (1760-1763)… -
Starets (plural: Startsy) (STARETS (PLUR. STARTSY))
That is, "old man," a very ancient monastic institution in Russia. The st. (priest or not) is the monk who, possessed by the Holy Spirit, becomes a guide on… -
Starnina, Gherardo
Gherardo di Jacopo di S., painter. Enrolled among the painters of Florence from 1387, between 1398 and 1401 he went to Spain, where he is recorded at Toledo… -
State (STATO)
The term has not always been used in the sense that is presently customarily attributed to it. For a long time it served to indicate the personal condition of… -
State, Duties of the Individual (STATO, OBBLIGHI DEL PROPRIO)
By "state" here is meant not only the unchangeable conditions of life by which we are bound toward others (a state deriving from sacred Order, religious… -
State of Grace (STATO DI GRAZIA)
I. DOCTRINE. - S. of G. means the permanent and supernatural condition or mode of being of the soul, cleansed of every mortal sin and adorned with Grace. It… -
State of Innocence (INNOCENZA, STATO DI)
INNOCENZA, STATO di: v. DONI PRETERNATURALI. -
State of Innocence (STATO DI INNOCENZA)
STATO DI INNOCENZA: v. DONI SOPRANNATURALI E GIUSTIZIA ORIGINALE. -
State of Necessity (STATO DI NECESSITÀ)
STATO DI NECESSITÀ: v. NECESSITÀ, STATO di. -
State of Perfection (STATO DI PERFEZIONE)
STATO DI PERFEZIONE: v. PERFEZIONE CRISTIANA. -
Statica
STATICA : V. MECCANICA, II. GEOMETRIA DELLE FORZE. -
Statistics (STATISTICA)
This term derives, most probably, from the Latin status, which means state, position, condition, manner of being. It was used for the first time in Italy, in… -
Statization (STATIZZAZIONE)
STATIZZAZIONE : v. SOCIALIZZAZIONE. -
Statutes and Constitutions (STATUTI E COSTITUZIONI)
The two terms are generally not regarded as equivalent, although the particular distinctive notes of the one and the other, especially if considered in their… -
Staudenmaier, Franz Anton
Theologian, b. 11 Sept. 1800 at Dorzdorf (Württemberg), d. 19 Jan. 1856 at Freiburg im Breisgau. Having obtained his doctorate in theology at Tübingen with the… -
Staupitz, Johann von
German theologian and mystic of the 16th century, professor of theology at Wittenberg and vicar general of the Augustinians in Germany. He was the teacher and… -
Stauropegion (STAUROPEGIO)
In Byzantine canon law, it denotes a privilege granted by the patriarch by virtue of which a place or a pious foundation is withdrawn from the ordinary… -
Stauropegion of Lviv (STAUROPIGHIA DI LEOPOLI)
Brotherhood of Galician, Moldavian and Greek merchants with its seat in Lviv, confirmed in 1596 by the Antiochene patriarch Joachim and in 1587 by the… -
Stauroteca
Lenten station of St. Cyriacus: the procession in the church of St. Mary in Via Lata, which replaces the ancient church of St. Cyriacus, destroyed - Rome. -
St. Bernard, Hospice of (SAN BERNARDO, OSPIZIO DEL)
SAN BERNARDO, OSPIZIO DEL: v. BERNARDO D'AOSTA, santo. -
Stefanardo da Vimercate
Dominican theologian and historian, b. at Vimercate (Milan), d. at Milan in 1297. Several times prior at Verona (from 1270 to 1286) and at Milan from 1290 to… -
Stefaneschi, Giacomo
Cardinal, b. in Rome ca. 1270 to Pietro S. and Perna Orsini, d. June 23, 1343. Boniface VIII made him cardinal deacon of St. George in Velabro on Dec. 17… -
Steffani, Agostino
Musician, b. at Castelfranco Veneto on 25 July 1654, d. at Frankfurt am Main on 12 Feb. 1728. At the age of 14 he was a chamber and court musician in Munich.… -
Steinamanger
STEINAMANGER: v. SABARIA. -
Stein, Edith (Sister Teresa Benedetta of the Cross) (STEIN, EDITH (SUOR TERESA BENEDETTA DELLA CROCE))
Born a Jew on 12 Oct. 1891 in Breslau, converted to Catholicism, d. - torn from the Carmel of Echt in Holland by the Nazi S.S. - in a gas chamber of the… -
Steiner, Agnese Chiara del Sacro Costato, Venerable (STEINER, AGNESE CHIARA DEL SACRO COSTATO, VENERABILE)
Born Teresa, foundress of the Poor Clares Born on 29 Aug. 1813 at Tesido (Taisten) in the diocese of Bressanone, died at Nocera Umbra on 24 Aug. 1862. After… -
Steiner, Rudolf
Philosopher, b. at Kraljevic (Croatia) on 27 Feb. 1861, d. at Dornach (Switzerland) on 30 March 1925, founder of "anthroposophy." A scholar of manifold… -
Stein, Joannes Wilhelmus Jacobus Antonius (STEIN, JOANNES WILHEMUS JACOBUS ANTONIUS)
Jesuit, astronomer, b. at Grave (Holland) on 27 Feb. 1871, d. at Rome on 27 Dec. 1951. Having entered the Society of Jesus in 1888, he studied mathematics… -
Stele (STELE)
The term was used by the Greeks for any marker, burial sign, boundary marker, and also for those columns or stone slabs exposed to the public on which laws… -
Stellini, Jacopo
Philosopher and educationist, b. 27 April 1699 at Cividale del Friuli, d. 17 March 1770 at Padua. In 1718 he entered the Somaschi fathers, taught rhetoric for… -
Stendhal
Pseudonym of Henry Beyle, French writer, b. at Grenoble on 23 Jan. 1783, d. at Paris on 23 March 1842. Of a good bourgeois family and related to the great… -
Stenography (STENOGRAFIA)
STENOGRAFIA: v. TACHIGRAFIA. -
Stensen, Niels
In Latin Nicolaus Stenonis, Stenonius, erroneously also Steno; anatomist, geologist, bishop, b. according to the Gregorian calendar on 11 Jan. and according to… -
Stentrup, Ferdinand
Jesuit, theologian and forerunner of freedom of teaching, b. at Münster on 8 July 1831, d. at Kalksburg on 15 Aug. 1898. A pupil of the German College in Rome… -
Stephanus, Robertus
STEPHANUS, ROBERTUS: v. ESTIENNE (STEPHANUS), family. -
Stephen Ad-Duwayh (STEFANO AD-DUWAIH)
Maronite patriarch, b. at Ihden (Lebanon) in 1630. He entered the Maronite College in Rome in 1641. He returned to Lebanon in 1654; in 1662 he was sent by the… -
Stephen Gobard (STEFANO GOBARDO)
Tritheist (Monophysite), in the 6th century he wrote a book in 52 chapters (with an appendix) on controversial theological problems, leaving the choice of the… -
Stephen Harding, Saint (STEFANO HARDING, SANTO)
His date of birth is unknown; he died on 28 March 1134. At the age of sixteen or eighteen, disgusted, he left the abbey of Sherborne, to which his parents, a… -
Stephen [II] (STEFANO [II])
A Roman presbyter elected upon the death of Zachary, between March 16 and 23, 752, but who died four days later, before the consecratio, which was then… -
Stephen II (III), Pope (STEFANO II (III), PAPA)
Of a Roman family. As soon as he was elected pope, between 16 and 25 March 752, he had to fight against the designs of the Lombard king Aistulf, who intended… -
Stephen III (IV), Pope (STEFANO III (IV), PAPA)
STEPHEN III (IV), POPE.- He ascended the papal throne on August 1 and was consecrated on August 7, 768; he died on January 24, 772. Since Constantine II had… -
Stephen I, King of Hungary (STEFANO I, RE D'UNGHERIA)
Son of Prince Géza, born around 969; baptized together with his father in 973 or 974, he succeeded him in 997. He was crowned with the crown received from Pope… -
Stephen I, Pope, Saint (STEFANO I, PAPA, SANTO)
He is commemorated in the Depositio Episcoporum on August 2 as buried in the cemetery of Callistus. On the same date and in the same place he is remembered by… -
Stephen IV (V), Pope (STEFANO IV (V), PAPA)
Of a Roman family, on June 22, 816, he gathered without difficulty the votes of the Roman clergy for election to the papal throne. He did not wait to receive… -
Stephen IX (X), Pope (STEFANO IX (X), PAPA)
Elected abbot of Montecassino (23 May 1057) and created cardinal priest of the title of St. Chrysogonus on 14 June, he gathered the votes of the electors on 2… -
Stephen (Mercuelio-Zabalza) da Adoain (STEFANO (MERCUELLO-ZABALZA) DA ADOAIN)
Born at Adoain (Navarre) on 11 Oct. 1808, died at Sanlucar de Barrameda on 7 Oct. 1880. Having entered the Capuchins at Cintruénigo on 28 Nov. 1828 and been… -
Stephen of Beaugé (de Balgiaco) (STEFANO DI BEAUGÉ (DE BALGIACO))
Bishop of Autun from 1112 to 1136, d. at Cluny in 1139, where, having left the diocese, he had retired. Peter the Venerable (v.), who assisted him at the… -
Stephen of Die, Saint (STEFANO DI DIE, SANTO)
Carthusian, b. ca. 1155 in Lyon from the noble family of the Chatillon-les-Dombes. He became a religious in the charterhouse of Portes (diocese of Belley)…