Sovereignty(SOVRANITÀ)Vol. XI, p. 607 SOVRANITÀ. - Since the middle of the last century, the concept of s. has become the keystone of the modern conception of the State. Yet both its content and…
Sozomen(SOZOMENO)Vol. XI, p. 610 SOZOMENO. - Salamanes Hermias, according to Photius (Bibl., 30). Ecclesiastical historian, born of a Christian family in the village of Bethelia near Gaza and…
Space(SPAZIO)Vol. XI, p. 658 SPACE. – In the common sense, it is the place in which bodies and movements are imagined. It entails certain fundamental distinctions. Real space is space in…
Spada and Cappa, Chamberlain of(SPADA E CAPPA, CAMERIERE DI)Vol. XI, p. 612 SPADA E CAPPA, CAMERIERE di: v. FAMIGLIA PONTIFICIA.
Spada, GiuseppeVol. XI, p. 611 SPADA, GIUSEPPE. — Historian, b. in Rome on 21 July 1793, d. there on 3 November 1867. In 1811 he entered the Torlonia bank, of which he soon became attorney…
Spada, MarianoVol. XI, p. 611 SPADA, MARIANO. - Dominican theologian, b. at Acireale on 1 Jan. 1796, d. at Rome on 15 Nov. 1873. A religious at Taormina, he was regent of studies at the…
Spada, VirgilioVol. XI, p. 611 SPADA, VIRGILIO. - Oratorian, architect, b. at Brisighella (Faenza) on 17 July 1596, d. at Rome on 11 Dec. 1662. A close relative of the cardinals Bernardino…
Spadafora, Domenico, Blessed(SPADAFORA, DOMENICO, BEATO)Vol. XI, p. 612 SPADAFORA, DOMENICO, blessed. – Dominican preacher, born in Messina in 1450, died at Montecerignone on 21 December 1521. For 8 years he preached in Sicily. He…
Spagnoletto, Jusepe de Ribera, detto LoVol. XI, p. 653 SPAGNOLETTO, JUSEPE DE RIBERA, known as lo. — Painter, born in Jativa (Spain) on 12 January 1588, died at Posillipo (Naples) on 2 September 1652. As an…
Spagnuolo (Spagnoli), Battista (Baptista Mantuanus), Blessed(SPAGNUOLO (SPAGNOLI), BATTISTA (BAPTISTA MANTUANUS), BEATO)Vol. XI, p. 653 SPAGNUOLO (SPAGNOLI), BATTISTA (Baptista Mantuanus), blessed. - B. at Mantova on 17 Apr. 1448, d. there in 1516. After pursuing his studies at Padova and…
Spahn, PeterVol. XI, p. 653 SPAHN, PETER. - German politician, b. 22 May 1846 at Winkel in the Rheingau, d. 31 Aug. 1925 at Bad Wildungen. He entered the judiciary in 1874 as a judge at…
Spain(SPAGNA)Vol. XI, p. 612 SPAIN. - The Spanish State encompasses a little over eight-tenths of the territory and a little under eight-tenths of the population of the Iberian Peninsula.…
Spalato (Split), Diocese of(SPALATO (SPLIT), DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 653 SPALATO (SPLIT), DIOCESI of. — City and diocese of Croatia (Yugoslavia). The diocese has an area of 3,668 sq. km., with a population of 306,340, of whom…
Spalding, Martin JohnVol. XI, p. 655 SPALDING, MARTIN JOHN. — Apologist and archbishop, b. at Bardstown (Kentucky, United States) on 23 May 1810, d. at Baltimore on 7 Feb. 1872. Having entered St.…
Spallanzani, LazzaroVol. XI, p. 655 SPALLANZANI, LAZZARO. — Born on 12 September 1729 at Scandiano (Reggio Emilia), died on 12 February 1799 at Pavia. After studying grammar at Scandiano, he…
Spanish Institute of Saint Francis Xavier for Foreign Missions(ISTITUTO SPAGNOLO DI SAN FRANCESCO SAVERIO PER LE MISSIONI ESTERE)Vol. VII, p. 229 SPANISH INSTITUTE OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS. - In 1899 Fr Gerardo Villota founded in Burgos the « Colejo de Ultramar » with the purpose of…
Sparagana, LudovicoVol. XI, p. 656 SPARAGANA, LUDOVICO. - Papal officer, b. at Monte S. Giovanni (Frosinone) on 30 March 1813, d. at Roma on 21 Aug. 1885. A volunteer in the papal infantry on 25…
Spartans(SPARTANI)Vol. XI, p. 656 SPARTANI. – In the books of the Maccabees one reads with surprise that Jews and S. considered themselves “brothers.” In II Mach. 5:9 there is only a brief…
Spaur, Carlo VonVol. XI, p. 657 SPAUR, CARLO VON. — Bavarian diplomat, born on 4 January 1794, died on 26 October 1854 in Florence. Count of Winckel and Laudeck, he began his diplomatic…
Spaur, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 657 SPAUR, FRANCESCO. — Superior general of the Somaschi, of a noble family from Tridentum, formerly a secular priest; after entering the Somaschi Order, he…
Spaventa, BertrandoVol. XI, p. 657 SPAVENTA, BERTRANDO - RETRAT. BIBL.: T. Spaur, Relaz. del viaggio di Pio IX a Gaeta, Fi- renze 1851; A. Reumont, Therese Gräfin S., in Biograph. Denk- blätter,…
Spaventa, SilvioVol. XI, p. 658 SPAVENTA, SILVIO. – Patriot and jurist, born at Bomba (Chieti) on 10 May 1822, died in Rome on 21 June 1893, brother of the idealist philosopher Ber- trando,…
Special Administration of the Holy See(AMMINISTRAZIONE SPECIALE DELLA S)Vol. I, p. 666 SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE HOLY SEE. – This is an office, based in Vatican City, established by the Supreme Pontiff Pius XI by motu proprio of 7 June 1929,…
Speciano, CesareVol. XI, p. 661 SPECIANO, CESARE. - Bishop and nuncio, b. at Cremona in 1539, d. there on 20 Aug. 1607. First canon of the Milanese Metropolitan church with s. Carlo Borromeo,…
Species(SPECIE)Vol. XI, p. 661 SPECIES. – A biological entity whose physiological isolation enables it, on the one hand, to transmit to its descendants the complex of characters inherited…
Species Consecrated (Crime Against)(SPECIE CONSACRATE (DELITTO CONTRO LE))Vol. XI, p. 663 SPECIE CONSACRATE (DELITTO CONTRO LE). - The profanation of the Eucharist is a sacrilege, a real injury against God. Already in ancient times it constituted a…
Spectacle(SPETTACOLO)Vol. XI, p. 671 SPETTACOLO: v. CINEMATOGRAFO; DIVERTIMENTO; SPORT; TEATRO.
Speculation(SPECULAZIONE)Vol. XI, p. 663 SPECULATION. – A financial operation in which the profit, generally far greater than normal in relation to the capital employed and the duration of the…
Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation")(SPECULUM HUMANAE SALVATIONIS (« SPECCHIO DELL'UMANA SALVEZZA »))Vol. XI, p. 664 SPECULUM HUMANAE SALVATIONIS («Mirror of Human Salvation»). - An exposition of the history of human Redemption in 45 chapters of rhymed verses, embellished…
Speculum PerfectionisVol. XI, p. 664 SPECULUM PERFECTIONIS. - A little work due to a Friar Minor of the Spiritual tendency, written at the beginning of the 14th century, regarded as one of the…
Spedalieri, NicolaVol. XI, p. 664 SPEDALIERI, NICOLA. — Apologist and publicist, b. at Bronte (Catania) on 6 December 1740, d. at Rome on 26 November 1795. He completed his early studies at the…
Spee Von Langenfeld, FriedrichVol. XI, p. 665 SPEE von LANGENFELD, FRIEDRICH. - Jesuit, poet, and ascetical spiritual writer, b. 25 Feb. 1591 at Kaiserwerth, d. at Treviri on 7 Aug. 1635. Having entered…
Spencer, HerbertVol. XI, p. 665 SPENCER, HERBERT. — English philosopher, born in Derby on 27 April 1820, died in Brighton on 8 December 1903. Belonging to a cultivated family, he received his…
Spener, PhilippVol. XI, p. 666 SPENER, PHILIPP: v. PIETISMO.
Spengler, OswaldVol. XI, p. 666 SPENGLER, OSWALD. - Philosopher, b. 29 May 1880 at Blankenburg, d. 8 May 1936 at Munich. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Munich and Berlin. He taught…
Spenser, EdmundVol. XI, p. 667 SPENSER, EDMUND. - English poet, born in London in 1552, died there on 16 Jan. 1599, after having spent much of his life in Ireland as a colonizer and…
Sperandio Di MantovaVol. XI, p. 667 SPERANDIO di MANTOVA. - Sculptor and engraver, son of the Roman goldsmith Bartolomeo di S. Savelli, born in Mantua in 1431, died there in 1504. Having moved…
SperanzaVol. XI, p. 667 HOPE. – The original meaning of the term Ἀπίς is desire; to hope is to tend toward an object that appears to us as a good. Hope, considered on the natural…
SpergiuroVol. XI, p. 669 SPERGIURO. – 1. Concept and morality. – In the specific sense, s. is only the sinful oath defective in truth in its object, that is, an oath concerning what is…
Speroni, UgoVol. XI, p. 669 SPERONI, UGO. - A civil lawyer and heretic from Piacenza of the 12th century. He studied Roman law in Bologna before 1145; he was a teacher and legal expert in…
Speyer (Spira), Diocese of(SPIRA (SPEYER), DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 681 SPIRA (SPEYER), DIOCESE of — Copper basin for holy water with reliefs (1st half of the 11th century) — Speyer. on the fourth centenary of his birth (special…
Speyer, Giovanni e Windelino da (Johann und Windelin von Speyer)(SPIRA, GIOVANNI E VINDELINO DA (JOHANN UND WINDELIN VON SPEYER))Vol. XI, p. 682 SPIRA, GIOVANNI and VINDELINO da (JOHANN und WINDELIN von SPEYER). - The names of two German printer brothers, who emigrated to Venice and worked there from…
Spezi, PioVol. XI, p. 671 SPEZI, PIO. — A Romanist and, in particular, a scholar of the history and study of the churches of Rome, born in Rome on 1 October 1861, died there on 2…
Spiegel, Ferdinand AugustVol. XI, p. 672 SPIEGEL, FERDINAND AUGUST. — Bishop, born on 25 December 1764 in Canstein Castle (Westphalia), died on 2 August 1835 in Cologne. The younger son of a baronial…
SpielbergVol. XI, p. 672 SPIELBERG. — Castle of the city of Bruna (Brünn, Brno) in Moravia (Czechoslovakia), famous in the history of the Risorgimento for having served as a prison for…
Spiera, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 675 SPIERA, FRANCESCO. – Italian Protestant who returned to Catholicism, born at Cittadella in 1502, died there in 1548. An advocate in his city, denounced to the…
Spillmann, JosephVol. XI, p. 675 SPILLMANN, JOSEPH. - Jesuit, historian, and popular storyteller, born in Zug (Switzerland) on April 22, 1842, died in Luxembourg on February 23, 1905. He…
Spina, Alfonso López de(SPINA, ALFONSO LOPEZ DE)Vol. XI, p. 675 SPINA, ALFONSO LOPEZ de. – Friar Minor, formerly a Jew, learned theologian, illustrious for piety and doctrine, effective preacher, rector of the Minorite…
Spina, BartolomeoVol. XI, p. 675 SPINA, BARTOLOMEO. - Dominican theologian, born in Pisa in 1475, died in Rome in 1546. A lecturer in philosophy and theology, he taught for more than twenty…
Spina, GiuseppeVol. XI, p. 676 SPINA, GIUSEPPE. — Cardinal, born on 12 March 1756 at Sarzana, died on 13 November 1828 at Rome. He studied law at Pisa and Rome, where he became a member of…
Spinelli, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 676 SPINELLI, FRANCESCO. - Priest, founder of the Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament, born in Milan on 14 April 1853, died at Rivolta d'Adda (diocese of Cremona) on…
Spinelli, NiccolòVol. XI, p. 676 SPINELLI, NICCOLÒ. — Jurist, born perhaps at Giovinazzo between 1320 and 1325, died at Pavia (?) after 1396. He first taught at the University of Padua around…
Spinola y Maestre, Marcél(SPINOLA Y MAESTRE, MARCEL)Vol. XI, p. 678 SPINOLA y MAESTRE, MARCEL. - Cardinal, archbishop of Seville, b. at S. Fernando (diocese of Cadiz) on 14 Jan. 1835, d. at Seville on 22 Jan. 1906. Having…
Spinola, Family(SPINOLA, FAMIGLIA)Vol. XI, p. 677 SPINOLA, FAMIGLIA. — One of the four principal families of Genoa. In the city it held power in the name of the Obertenghi marquises, whom it gradually…
Spinoza, Baruch deVol. XI, p. 678 SPINOZA, BARUCH de. — Philosopher, born in Amsterdam on 24 November 1632 to a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, died at The Hague on 21 February 1677. He…
Spiridion, Saint(SPIRIDIONE, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 682 SPIRIDIONE, saint. — Bishop of Trimitunda (Cyprus), who lived in the 4th century. Before entering the ecclesiastical career, he was a shepherd of flocks and…
Spirit(SPIRITO)Vol. XI, p. 684 SPIRITO. — It corresponds to the Greek πνεῦμα and νοῦς, and to the Latin spiritus and mens. Etymologically it means “breath,” “breathing” (the expressions…
Spirit and Flesh(SPIRITO E CARNE)Vol. XI, p. 684 SPIRIT AND FLESH. – An antithesis of biblical anthropology between the perishable and the enduring in man, analogous to the antithesis between man and God…
Spiritism(SPIRITISMO)Vol. XI, p. 682 SPIRITISMO. — In the attempt to explain the phenomena investigated by metapsychics (v.), which had attracted considerable attention and a particularly strong…
Spiritual Childhood(INFANZIA SPIRITUALE)Vol. VI, p. 1117 INFANZIA SPIRITUALE. - A state of interior life in which, through ascetic effort, one possesses in relation to God and neighbor the virtues that children have…
Spiritual Combat(COMBATTIMENTO SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 47 SPIRITUAL COMBAT. – Ascetic repression of temptations and vicious inclinations, attainment of the moral ideal. The struggle for life and for improving and…
Spiritual Communion(COMUNIONE SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 103 SPIRITUAL COMMUNION. — I. Eucharistic practice consisting, as the Council of Trent says (sess. XIII, c. 8: Denz-U, n. 881), in voto Sacramenti: it is uniting…
Spiritual Dialogue(DIALOGO SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 898 DIALOGO SPIRITUALE. - A compositional technique of vocal music, in use from the Middle Ages to the sixteenth century and beyond. Toward the sixteenth century,…
Spiritual Direction(DIREZIONE SPIRITUALE)Vol. IV, p. 974 DIREZIONE SPIRITUALE. – Assistance habitually provided to an individual soul, usually in connection with sacramental Confession, in order “to lead it along the…
Spiritual Exercises(ESERCIZI SPIRITUALI)Vol. V, p. 360 SPIRITUAL EXERCISES. – An expression which, in a general sense, applies to the whole of those spiritual practices that tend toward personal sanctification,…
Spiritual Reading(LETTURA SPIRITUALE)Vol. VII, p. 738 SPIRITUAL READING. — By s. r. is meant the reading of those writings that contribute to the progress of the spiritual life, undertaken precisely with the…
Spiritual Retreat(RITIRO SPIRITUALE)Vol. X, p. 589 RITIRO SPIRITUALE: V. ESERCIZI SPIRITUALI.
Spiritualism(SPIRITUALISMO)Vol. XI, p. 693 SPIRITUALISMO. — An ambiguous philosophical term whose meaning is not easily definable, given the variety of its usages. Moreover, under this name it is…
Spirituals(SPIRITUALI)Vol. XI, p. 690 SPIRITUALI. – An extremist movement that arose within the Franciscan Order, organized and active from around 1274 until 1318. I. ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS. —…
Spiritus ParaclitusVol. XI, p. 697 « SPIRITUS PARACLITUS ». — Encyclical of Pope Benedetto XV, published on 15 September 1920 (AAS, 12 [1920], pp. 385–422 and Denz-U, nos. 2186–2188) to…
Spiš(SZEPES)Vol. XI, p. 1013 SZEPES : v. SCEPUSIO.
Splendor Paternae GloriaeVol. XI, p. 698 « SPLENDOR PATERNAE GLORIAE ». — Hymn of Lauds for Monday, composed by s. Ambrogio. The light of day dazzles the poet and transports him to the spiritual…
Spokane, Diocese of(SPOKANE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 698 SPOKANE, DIOCESI di. - City and diocese in the State of Washington (United States). The diocese of S. (Spokanensis) was erected by Pope Pius X on 17 Dec. 1913…
Spoleto, Archdiocese of(SPOLETO, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 698 SPOLETO, ARCIDIOCESI di. – The archdiocese of S. comprises a vast territory situated in the provinces of Perugia, Terni, and Rieti; it borders the dioceses of…
Sponsa Christi, Constitution(SPONSA CHRISTI, COSTIT)Vol. XI, p. 700 SPONSA CHRISTI, CONSTITUTION OF PIO XII: v. MONASTERO. The discipline currently in force for enclosed women’s monasteries.
Spontaneous Generation(GENERAZIONE SPONTANEA)Vol. V, p. 1184 GENERAZIONE SPONTANEA: v. VITA, origine della.
Spontini, Gaspare, Luigi, PacificoVol. XI, p. 702 SPONTINI, GASPARE, LUIGI, PACIFICO. — Musician, born on 14 November 1774 at Majolati (Jesi) and died there on 24 January 1851. In Rome he made his début as an…
Sporer, PatritiusVol. XI, p. 702 SPORER, PATRITIUS. - Franciscan moral theologian, born at Passavia about the first decade of the 17th century, died there on 29 May 1683. Having entered the…
SportVol. XI, p. 702 SPORT. – An English term that has entered into the current usage of the language; it derives from the older disport, which in turn derives from the Old French…
Sportelli, Cesare, Venerable(SPORTELLI, CESARE, VENERABILE)Vol. XI, p. 705 SPORTELLI, CESARE, venerable. - Redemptorist preacher, b. at Mola di Bari on 19 June 1701, d. at Pagani on 19 Apr. 1730. Having become a lawyer at the…
Spotorno, Giovanni BattistaVol. XI, p. 705 SPOTORNO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. — Barnabite, born at Albisola superiore on 27 October 1788, died at Genoa in 1844. A Barnabite from 1806, he taught mathematics,…
Spouses, Rights and Duties of(CONIUGI, DIRITTI E DOVERI DEI)Vol. IV, p. 221 CONIUGI, RIGHTS AND DUTIES of. - I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. - Among the principal effects of marriage (v.) is that which theologians and canonists customarily call…
Sprenger, JacobVol. XI, p. 705 SPRENGER, JACOB. - Dominican theologian, zealous promoter of the Rosary, b. about 1436 at Rheinfelden, d. 6 Dec. 1495 at Strasbourg. From the observant convent…
Springfield-Illinois, Diocese of(SPRINGFIELD-ILLINOIS, DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 706 SPRINGFIELD-ILLINOIS, DIOCESI di. - Diocese and city in the State of Illinois (U.S.A.). The present diocese of S. was created by Pius IX on 29 July 1853 at…
Spáčil, Teofilo(SPÁCIL, TEOFILO)Vol. XI, p. 611 SPÁCIL, TEOFILO. - Professor of comparative Byzantine-Slavic theology at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome (1918–37). Born on 25 April 1875 at…
Squarcione, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 706 SQUARCIONE, FRANCESCO. - Paduan painter, b. in 1397, d. in 1468. A tailor and embroiderer, he devoted himself to painting in 1429 and founded a school that…
Squillace, Diocese of(SQUILLACE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 706 SQUILLACE, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the province of Catanzaro. It has an area of more than 960 sq. km., with a population of 124,452 inhabitants,…
Srbik, Heinrich vonVol. XI, p. 707 SRBIK, HEINRICH von. — Austrian historian, born on 10 November 1878 in Vienna, died on 16 February 1951 at Ehrwald (Tyrol). A student of the Austrian…
St. Andrews and Edinburgh, Diocese of(SANT'ANDREA E EDIMBURGO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 1085 SANT'ANDREA and EDINBURGH, DIOCESE of. — In Scotland, it comprises the counties of Edinburgh, Berwick, Haddington, Lothians, Peebles, Roxburg, Selkirk, almost…
St. Bernard, Hospice of(SAN BERNARDO, OSPIZIO DEL)Vol. X, p. 1033 SAN BERNARD, HOSPICE OF: v. BERNARDO D'AOSTA, saint.
St. Florian(SANKT FLORIAN)Vol. X, p. 1054 SANKT FLORIAN. - Abbey of the Canons Regular of the Lateran of the Austrian Congregation near Linz (Upper Austria). The abbey is situated on the edge of a…
St. Gabriel of the Sorrowful Virgin of Marañón, Apostolic Vicariate of(SAN GABRIELE DELL'ADDOLORATA DI MARAÑON, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 1039 SAN GABRIELE DELL'ADDOLORATA VICARIATE APOSTOLIC of MARAÑON. — Situated in the northern regions of Peru. In 1912 the Passionists went there and accepted the…
St. Lambrecht(SANKT LAMBRECHT)Vol. X, p. 1055 SANKT LAMBRECHT. - Benedictine abbey in Upper Styria, in the diocese of Seckau. On the little church of S. Lamberto, Count Marquardo of Eppenstein planned the…
St. Paul im Lavanttal(SANKT PAUL IM LAVANTTAL)Vol. X, p. 1056 SANKT PAUL IM LAVANTTAL. – Benedictine abbey in the diocese of Gurk, in Carinthia. On a hill overlooking the broad valley of the Lavant, at the end of the 10th…
St. Peregrine Laziosi in Alto Acre and Alto Purus, Prelature of(SAN PELLEGRINO LAZIOSI NEGLI ALTO ACRE E ALTO PURUS, PRELATURA DI)Vol. X, p. 1068 SAN PELLEGRINO LAZIOSI NEGLI ALTO ACRE E ALTO PURUS, PRELATURE. — Suffragan of Belém do Pará, in the territory of Acre (Amazonia), Brazil. It has an area of…
St. Peter and Nonnberg(SANKT PETER E NONNBERG)Vol. X, p. 1056 SANKT PETER AND NONNBERG. — These are the two oldest Benedictine abbeys in the entire German territory, both founded by St. Ruperto around 690–95 at Iuvavum,…
St. Peter of Münster(SAN PIETRO DI MUENSTER)Vol. X, p. 1068 SAN PIETRO DI MUENSTER – Nullius abbey and city in the province of Saskatchewan, Canadà. The monastery of the Benedictines (American-Cassinese Congregation)…
St. Pölten(SANKT PÖLTEN)Vol. X, p. 1057 SANKT PÖLTEN: v. SANT'IPPOLITO.
St. Salvatore da Horta(SALVATORE DA HORTA, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 1017 SALVATORE DA HORTA, saint. — Professed lay brother of the Friars Minor. Born to poor parents at S. Colomba de Farnés in the diocese of Gerona (Spain) in…
Stabat MaterVol. XI, p. 707 STABAT MATER. – A sequence known in many versions, from missals and liturgical books (approximately thirty, between the mid-fourteenth and the end of the…
StabiaVol. XI, p. 708 STABIA: V. CASTELLAMMARE DI STABIA.
Stablum, EmanueleVol. XI, p. 708 STABLUM, EMANUELE. - Physician, born in Terzolas (Trento) on 10 June 1895, died in Rome on 16 March STABLUM, EMANUELE - Portrait. He entered the Conceptionists…
Stadion, ChristophVol. XI, p. 709 STADION, CHRISTOPH. — Bishop, born in March 1478 at Schelklingen, of a noble family from Sweden; died at Nuremberg on 15 April 1543. He studied at Tübingen…
Stahl, Friederich JuliusVol. XI, p. 710 STAHL, FRIEDERICH JULIUS. - Jurist and politician, a Jew converted to Lutheranism, b. in Monaco di Baviera on 16 Jan. 1802, d. in Bad-Brückenau on 10 Aug.…
Stained Glass(VETRATA)Vol. XII, p. 856 VETRATA. — Precursors of that kind of transparent mosaic which is the stained-glass window were the closures of basilican windows in the 4th and 5th centuries,…
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovič (Džugašvili)(STALIN, IOSIF VISSARIONOVIĆ (DŽUGAŠVILI))Vol. XI, p. 711 STALIN, IOSIF VISSARIONOVIĆ (Džugašvili). — Russian statesman, born at Gori, a small village in the Caucasus, to a Georgian shoemaker, on 21 December 1879.…
StampaVol. XI, p. 712 STAMPA. — From the moral and juridical standpoint, which is of particular concern here, and in its broadest meaning, the term denotes everything published, in…
Stampa, GasparaVol. XI, p. 714 STAMPA, GASPARA. – Poetess, b. in Padua in 1523, d. in Venice on 23 April 1554. The daughter of a Paduan jeweller, upon his death she moved with her mother to…
StamsVol. XI, p. 716 STAMS. — Cistercian abbey in the Inn Valley, in Tyrol, apostolic administration of Innsbruck, formerly diocese of Bressanone. The monastery of S. was founded…
Stancaro, FrancescoVol. XI, p. 716 STANCARO, FRANCESCO. — Italian heretic of the antitrinitarian movement, b. at Mantua in 1501, d. at Stobnice in Poland on 11 November 1574. Restless and…
Standard (Signum, Vexillum; vessillo, gonfalone)(STENDARDO (SIGNUM, VEXILLUM; VESSILLO, GONFALONE))Vol. XI, p. 797 STENDARDO (signum, vexillum; banner, gonfalon). - In ecclesiastical usage, mentioned in the Rituale romano (tit. X, cap. 1, n. 5), they are banners in which…
Standonck, Johannes VanVol. XI, p. 716 STANDONCK, JOHANNES van. - Preacher and ascetic reformer, b. at Malines in 1453, d. 2 Feb. 1504. Very poor, he pursued his first studies at Malines, then at…
Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski, King of Poland(STANISLAO II AUGUSTO PONIATOWSKI, RE DI POLONIA)Vol. XI, p. 721 STANISLAO II Augusto Poniatowski, king of POLAND. — Born on 17 January 1732 at Wolczyn, died on 12 February 1798 at Petersburg. He travelled throughout Europe…
Stanislaus Kostka, Saint(STANISLAO KOSTKA, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 721 STANISLAO KOSTKA, saint. — Jesuit, born in his ancestral castle at Rostkow (Prasnysz, Poland) on 28 October 1550, died in Rome on 15 August 1568. Belonging to…
Stanislaus, Saint, Martyr(STANISLAO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. XI, p. 716 STANISLAO, saint, martyr. — Bishop and patron of Poland, born in that nation between 1030 and 1035, died at Cracow in April 1079. Tradition holds that he…
Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of Poland(STANISLAO I LESZCZYNSKI, RE DI POLONIA)Vol. XI, p. 721 STANISLAO I Leszczynski, king of POLAND. — Born on 20 October 1677 in Leopoli, died on 23 February 1766 in Lunéville. With the direct support of Charles XII of…
Stanisław Poli, Diocese of the Ruthenians (Ukrainian: Stanislaviv)(STANISLAO POLI, DIOCESI DEI RUTENI (UCRAINO: STANISLAVIV))Vol. XI, p. 722 STANISLAO POLI, DIOCESE OF THE RUTENI (Ukrainian: STANISLAVIV). — It was formerly in Poland (Galicia), now in Ukraine (USSR), suffragan of Leopoli. S. was…
Stanleyville, Apostolic Vicariate of(STANLEYVILLE, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. XI, p. 722 STANLEYVILLE, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — It is situated in the north-eastern part of the Belgian Congo. It was established as an apostolic prefecture on 3…
Staphylus (Stapellage), FriedrichVol. XI, p. 722 STAPHYLUS (STAPELLAGE), FRIEDRICH. — Lutheran theologian, later converted to Catholicism, b. 27 Aug. 1512 at Osnabrück, d. 5 March 1564 at Innsbruck. After…
Stapleton, ThomasVol. XI, p. 723 STAPLETON, THOMAS. - Catholic controversialist, born at Hensfield (Sussex) in July 1535, died at Louvain on 12 Oct. 1598. A bachelor at Oxford (Dec. 1556), he…
Starace, CostanzaVol. XI, p. 723 STARACE, COSTANZA. - In religion Sister Maria Maddalena della Passione, foundress of the Suore Compassioniste serve di Maria, b. at Castellammare di Stabia on…
Starck, Johann August VonVol. XI, p. 723 STARCK, JOHANN AUGUST von. — Crypto-Catholic theologian, born on 28 October 1741 at Schwerin, died on 3 March 1816 at Darmstadt. He studied theology and…
Starets (plural: Startsy)(STARETS (PLUR. STARTSY))Vol. XI, p. 724 STARETS (plur. STARTSY). - That is, “elder,” a very ancient monastic institution in Russia. The s. (whether priest or not) is the monk who, possessed by the…
Starnina, GherardoVol. XI, p. 724 STARNINA, GHERARDO. - Gherardo di Jacopo di S., painter. Registered among the painters of Florence from 1387, between 1398 and 1401 he went to Spain, where he…
Starčević, AnteVol. XI, p. 723 STARČEVIĆ, ANTE. — Croatian politician, born on 23 May 1823 at Žitnik (Lika), died at Zagreb on 28 February 1896. From 1845 to 1848 he studied theology at…
State(STATO)Vol. XI, p. 760 STATO. - The term has not always been used in the sense now usually attributed to it. For a long time it served to indicate the personal condition of…
State of Grace(STATO DI GRAZIA)Vol. XI, p. 765 STATE OF GRACE. — I. DOCTRINE. — S. di G. signifies the permanent and supernatural condition or mode of being of the soul, cleansed of every mortal sin and…
State Of Innocence(INNOCENZA, STATO DI)Vol. VII, p. 29 INNOCENZA, STATO di: v. DONI PRETERNATURALI.
State of Innocence(STATO DI INNOCENZA)Vol. XI, p. 765 STATO DI INNOCENZA: v. DONI SOPRANNATURALI E GIUSTIZIA ORIGINALE.
State of Necessity(STATO DI NECESSITÀ)Vol. XI, p. 765 STATO DI NECESSITÀ: v. NECESSITÀ, STATO di.
State of Perfection(STATO DI PERFEZIONE)Vol. XI, p. 765 STATO DI PERFEZIONE: v. PERFEZIONE CRISTIANA.
State, Duties of the Individual(STATO, OBBLIGHI DEL PROPRIO)Vol. XI, p. 763 STATE, DUTIES OF ONE'S OWN. - By state here are meant not only the unchangeable conditions of life by which we are bound toward others (state deriving from…
StaticaVol. XI, p. 724 STATICA : V. MECCANICA, II. GEOMETRIA DELLE FORZE.
Statistics(STATISTICA)Vol. XI, p. 725 STATISTICS. — This term derives, in all probability, from the Latin status, meaning state, position, condition, or manner of being. It was first used in Italy,…
Statization(STATIZZAZIONE)Vol. XI, p. 760 STATIZZAZIONE : v. SOCIALIZZAZIONE.
Statutes and Constitutions(STATUTI E COSTITUZIONI)Vol. XI, p. 774 STATUTES AND CONSTITUTIONS. — The two terms are generally not regarded as equivalent, although the particular distinguishing features of each, especially when…
Staudenmaier, Franz AntonVol. XI, p. 776 STAUDENMAIER, FRANZ ANTON. – Theologian, born 11 September 1800 at Dorzdorf (Württemberg), died 19 January 1856 at Freiburg in Br. After obtaining his…
Staupitz, Johann VonVol. XI, p. 777 STAUPITZ, JOHANN von. — German theologian and mystic of the sixteenth century, professor of theology at Wittenberg and vicar general of the Augustinians in…
Stauropegion(STAUROPEGIO)Vol. XI, p. 777 STAUROPEGIO. — In Byzantine canon law, this denotes a privilege granted by the patriarch whereby a place or foundation is withdrawn from the ordinary authority…
Stauropegion of Lviv(STAUROPIGHIA DI LEOPOLI)Vol. XI, p. 777 STAUROPIGHIA of Leopoli. - A confraternity of Galician, Moldavian, and Greek merchants based in Leopoli, confirmed in 1596 by the Patriarch of Antioch,…
StaurotecaVol. XI, p. 777 STAUROTECA: v. ENCOPIO. (fot. Giordani) LENTEN STATION — The Lenten station of St Ciriacus: the procession in the church of S. Maria in Via Lata, which…
Staël, Anne-Louise-Germaine deVol. XI, p. 709 STAËL, ANNE-LOUISE-GERMAINE de. — Of a Calvinist family of Genevan origin, daughter of the celebrated minister of Louis XVI, J. Necker, born in Paris on 22…
Stefanardo da VimercateVol. XI, p. 785 STEFANARDO da VIMERCATE. – Dominican theologian and historian, born in Vimercate (Milan), died in Milan in 1297. Several times prior in Verona (from 1270 to…
Stefaneschi, GiacomoVol. XI, p. 785 STEFANESCHI, GIACOMO. — Cardinal, born in Rome around 1270 to Pietro S. and Perna Orsini, died on 23 June 1343. Boniface VIII made him cardinal deacon of S.…
Steffani, AgostinoVol. XI, p. 795 STEFFANI, AGOSTINO. - Musician, b. at Castelfranco Veneto on 25 July 1654, d. at Frankfurt am Main on 12 Feb. 1728. At the age of fourteen he was chamber and…
Stein, Edith (Sister Teresa Benedetta of the Cross)(STEIN, EDITH (SUOR TERESA BENEDETTA DELLA CROCE))Vol. XI, p. 795 STEIN, EDITH (Sister TERESA BENEDETTA of the Cross). - Born a Jewess on Oct. 12, 1891, in Breslau, converted to Catholicism, d. - snatched from the Carmelite…
Stein, Joannes Wilhelmus Jacobus Antonius(STEIN, JOANNES WILHEMUS JACOBUS ANTONIUS)Vol. XI, p. 796 STEIN, JOANNES WILHELMUS JACOBUS ANTONIUS. – Jesuit, astronomer, born at Grave (Netherlands) on 27 February 1871, died in Rome on 27 December 1951. He entered…
SteinamangerVol. XI, p. 796 STEINAMANGER: v. SABARIA.
Steiner, Agnese Chiara del Sacro Costato, Venerable(STEINER, AGNESE CHIARA DEL SACRO COSTATO, VENERABILE)Vol. XI, p. 796 STEINER, AGNESE CHIARA DEL SACRO COSTATO, Venerable — In the world Teresa, foundress of the Poor Clares Born on 29 Aug. 1813 at Tesido (Taisten) in the diocese…
Steiner, RudolfVol. XI, p. 797 STEINER, RUDOLF. — Philosopher, born in Kraljevic (Croatia) on 27 February 1861, died in Dornach (Switzerland) on 30 March 1925, founder of “anthroposophy.” A…
Stele (Stela, Στήλη, Στήλις, Ἰδός, dim. Στήλιβιος, rad. Sta, cf. ἵστημι = erigo)(STELE (= STELA, ΣΤΉΛΗ, ΣΤΉΛΙΣ, ἸΔΟΣ, DIM. ΣΤΉΛΙΒΙΟΣ, RAD. STA, CF. ἸΣΤΉΜΙ = ERIGO))Vol. XI, p. 797 STELE (= stela, στήλη, στήλις, ἰδος, dim. στήλιβιος, rad. sta, cf. ἰστήμι = erigo). — The term was used by the Greeks for every boundary stone, burial marker,…
Stellini, JacopoVol. XI, p. 797 STELLINI, JACOPO. - Philosopher and educator, b. 27 April 1699 at Cividale del Friuli, d. 17 March 1770 at Padova. In 1718 he joined the Somaschi Fathers; for…
StendhalVol. XI, p. 798 STENDHAL. – Pseudonym of Henry Beyle, French writer, b. in Grenoble on 23 January 1783, d. in Paris on 23 March 1842. Of good bourgeois family and related to…
Stenography(STENOGRAFIA)Vol. XI, p. 799 STENOGRAFIA: v. TACHIGRAFIA.
Stensen, NielsVol. XI, p. 799 STENSEN, NIELS. — In Latin Nicolaus Stenonis, Stenonius, and erroneously also Steno; anatomist, geologist, and bishop, born, according to the Gregorian…
Stentrup, FerdinandVol. XI, p. 799 STENTRUP, FERDINAND. — Jesuit, theologian, and forerunner of freedom in education, b. in Münster on 8 July 1831, d. at Kalksburg on 15 August 1898. A student…
Stephanus, RobertusVol. XI, p. 800 ROBERTUS STEPHANUS: see ESTIENNE (STEPHANUS), family.
Stephen (Mercuelio-Zabalza) da Adoain(STEFANO (MERCUELLO-ZABALZA) DA ADOAIN)Vol. XI, p. 788 STEFANO (MERCUELLO-ZABALZA) da ADOAIN. - Born at Adoain (Navarra) on 11 Oct. 1808; died at Sanlucar de Barrameda on 7 Oct. 1880. Having entered the Capuchins…
Stephen [II](STEFANO [II])Vol. XI, p. 790 STEFANO [II]. — Roman presbyter elected upon the death of Zaccaria, between 16 and 23 March 752, but deceased four days later, before the consecratio then…
Stephen Ad-Duwayh(STEFANO AD-DUWAIH)Vol. XI, p. 788 STEFANO AD-DUWAIH. – Maronite Patriarch, born at Ihden (Lebanon) in 1630. He entered the Maronite College of Rome in 1641. He returned to Lebanon in 1654; in…
Stephen Gobard(STEFANO GOBARDO)Vol. XI, p. 790 STEFANO GOBARDO. – A tritheist (Monophysite), in the sixth century he wrote a book in 52 chapters (with an appendix) on controversial theological problems,…
Stephen Harding, Sasso(STEFANO HARDING, SATTO)Vol. XI, p. 795 STEFANO HARDING, saint. — The date of his birth is unknown; he died on 28 March 1134. At about sixteen or eighteen years of age, disgusted, he left Sherborne…
Stephen I, King of Hungary(STEFANO I, RE D'UNGHERIA)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO I, king of HUNGARY, saint. — Son of Prince Géza, b. about 969; baptized together with his father in 973 or 974, he succeeded him in 997. He was crowned…
Stephen I, King of Hungary, Saint(STEFANO I, RE D'UNGHERIA, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO I, king of UNGHERIA, saint — Prologue of the Vita s. Stephani regis, twelfth-century codex — Budapest, Biblioteca, cod. Ernst, f. IV. he played a most…
Stephen I, Pope, Saint(STEFANO I, PAPA, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 790 STEFANO I, PAPA, saint. — He is commemorated in the Depositio Episcoporum on 2 August as buried in the cemetery of Callistus. On the same date and at the same…
Stephen II (III), Pope(STEFANO II (III), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 790 STEFANO II (III), POPE. — Of Roman family. As soon as he was elected pope, between 16 and 25 March 752, he had to contend with the designs of the Lombard king…
Stephen III (IV), Pope(STEFANO III (IV), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 791 STEFANO III (IV), POPE.—He ascended the papal throne on 1 and was consecrated on 7 August 768; he died on 24 January 772. Since Costantino II had obtained the…
Stephen IV (V), Pope(STEFANO IV (V), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 791 STEFANO IV (V), POPE. - Of a Roman family, he readily obtained, on 22 June 816, the votes of the Roman clergy for election to the papal throne. He did not wait…
Stephen IX (X), Pope(STEFANO IX (X), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO IX (X), POPE. - Elected abbot of Montecassino (23 May 1057) and created cardinal priest of the title of S. Crisogono on 14 June, he received the votes…
Stephen of Beaugé (de Balgiaco)(STEFANO DI BEAUGÉ (DE BALGIACO))Vol. XI, p. 789 STEFANO di BEAUGÉ (de BALGIACO). - Bishop of Autun from 1112 to 1136, died at Cluny in 1139, where, having resigned the diocese, he had withdrawn. Pietro il…
Stephen of Die, Saint(STEFANO DI DIE, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 789 STEPHEN of DIE, saint. - Carthusian, born c. 1155 in Lyon into the noble family of Chatillon-les-Dombes. He became a religious in the Charterhouse of Portes…
Stephen of Florence(STEFANO FIORENTINO)Vol. XI, p. 789 STEFANO FIORENTINO. - Painter of the fourteenth century, father of the Tommaso known as Giottino, whose personality has recently been the subject of attempts…
Stephen of Thiers, Saint(STEFANO DI THIERS, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO di THIERS, saint. — Born in 1048, died at Muret, near Limoges, on 8 February 1124; canonized by Clement III on 21 March 1189. At the age of twelve, he…
Stephen of Tournay(STEFANO DI TOURNAL)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO di TOURNAL. - Bishop and jurist, b. at Orléans in 1128, d. at Tournal in 1203. After his first studies in his native city, he went to the University of…
Stephen the Melodist(STEFANO IL MELODE)Vol. XI, p. 790 STEFANO il MELODE. - He lived from the beginning of the fourth decade to approximately the end of the eleventh century. A native of southern Italy, perhaps…
Stephen the Younger, Saint, Martyr(STEFANO IL GIOVANE, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. XI, p. 789 STEFANO il GIOVANE, saint and martyr. — Born in Constantinople in 714–15; died there on 28 Nov. 764. His wealthy parents, compelled to flee during the…
Stephen V (VI), Pope(STEFANO V (VI), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 791 STEFANO V (VI), POPE. — Of Roman family, cardinal priest of the title of SS. Quattro Coronati. His election, which took place in September 885, displeased the…
Stephen VI (VII), Pope(STEFANO VI (VII), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 791 STEPHEN VI (VII), POPE. — A Roman, bishop of Anagni. Elected pope in May 896 contrary to the rules of ecclesiastical discipline then in force, (from Farja…
Stephen VII (VIII), Pope(STEFANO VII (VIII), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO VII (VIII), POPE. — Roman. Of this pope, who owed the tiara (Dec. 928) to Marozia, wife of Guido di Spoleto and all-powerful in Rome, no act is known.…
Stephen VIII (IX), Pope(STEFANO VIII (IX), PAPA)Vol. XI, p. 792 STEFANO VIII (IX), POPE. — A Roman, elected on 14 July 939, during his brief pontificate he performed no act worthy of note; he died in October 942. Alberico,…
Stephen, Saint(STEFANO, SANTO)Vol. XI, p. 785 STEFANO, saint. - I. LIFE. - Protomartyr (Gr. Στέφανος “crown”), one of the first seven deacons chosen by the apostolic community of Jerusalem at the decision…
Stepson, Stepdaughter(FIGLIASTRO, FIGLIASTRA)Vol. V, p. 755 FIGLIASTRO, FIGLIASTRA: V. AFFINITÀ.
Sterbini, PietroVol. XI, p. 800 STERBINI, PIETRO. — Political figure, born at Sgurgola on 25 January 1793, died at Naples on 30 September 1863. A physician and man of letters, and an active…
Sterckx, EngelbertVol. XI, p. 800 STERCKX, ENGELBERT. - Cardinal, archbishop of Malines, b. 2 Nov. 1792 at Ophem, d. 4 Dec. 1867 at Malines. Ordained priest in 1815, he taught philosophy and…
Sterility(STERILITÀ)Vol. XI, p. 800 STERILITY. — The term, related to that of impotence, is used in medico-legal language to indicate a particular defect in the efficacy of the procreative…
Sterilization(STERILIZZAZIONE)Vol. XI, p. 803 STERILIZATION. — This is a surgical procedure on the reproductive system, whether male or female, intended to prevent the formation or the natural utilization…
Sterne, LaurenceVol. XI, p. 804 STERNE, LAURENCE. — Novelist, born at Clonmel (Ireland) to an English father and an Irish mother on 24 November 1713, died in London on 18 March 1768. He was a…
Steubenville, Diocese of(STEUBENVILLE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. XI, p. 804 STEUBENVILLE, DIOCESE of. - Diocese and city in the State of Ohio, U. S. A. The diocese covers an area of 5,913 sq. miles, with a total population (1950…
Steuco, AgostinoVol. XI, p. 804 STEUCO, AGOSTINO. — Prelate and scholar, born in Gubbio (hence the appellation Eugubinus), perhaps in 1497, died in Venice in March 1548. His name was Guido…
Stevenson, Henry, Senior (Stevenson W. F. Maddock)Vol. XI, p. 805 STEVENSON, HENRY, senior (STEVENSON W. F. MADDOCK). – Philologist and writer of the Vatican Library, b. at Camberwell (London) on 28 July 1818, d. in Rome on…
Stevenson, JosephVol. XI, p. 805 STEVENSON, JOSEPH. - Jesuit, historian and archivist, b. at Berwick-on-Tweed (Scotland) on 27 Nov. 1806, d. in London on 18 Feb. 1895. An Anglican pastor from…
Stevenson, Robert LouisVol. XI, p. 805 STEVENSON, ROBERT LOUIS. – Scottish narrator, b. in Edinburgh on 13 November 1850, d. in Samoa on 3 December 1894. He is one of those rare writers in whom…
Steward, DugaldVol. XI, p. 806 STEWARD, DUGALD. - English philosopher, b. 22 Nov. 1752 in Edinburgh, d. there 11 June 1828. He taught at the Universities of his native city and of Glasgow.…
Stichometry(STICOMETRIA)Vol. XI, p. 806 STICHOMETRY. — From στίχος (line), it is the conventional system used by the Greeks and Latins for calculating the length of written texts, counting the verses…
Stigmata(STIMMATE (STIGMATE))Vol. XI, p. 809 STIGMATA (STIGMATES). — From the Greek στίγμα, meaning “mark, sign”; in Christian hagiography and mysticism, they are signs of the wounds of Jesus impressed…
Stil NuovoVol. XI, p. 807 STIL NUOVO. — Also dolce stil nuovo, an expression that Dante, Purg., XXIV, 57, places in the mouth of Bonagiunta Orbicciani to indicate a new poetic manner…
Stilicho, Flavius(STILICONE, FLAVIO)Vol. XI, p. 806 STILICONE, FLAVIO. — Son of a Vandal who had served with great distinction under the emperor Valens, he had entered the military and had not failed to…
StiloVol. XI, p. 809 STILO: V. STRUMENTI SCRITTORI.
