The vanity of dreams. The advantage of experience, and of the fear of God.
Trust not vaine dreames, southsayinges, nor lies. 9. Much good is got by experience: 14. and more by fearing God. 21. God reiecteth the oblation, of the wicked. 24. Defrauding the poore is like to manslaughter. 28. Destroy not that an other buildeth. 30. Repentance without amendment is nothing worth.
1The hopes of a man that is void of understanding are vain and deceitful: and dreams lift up fools.Le vane speranze, e le menzogne sono per lo stolto; e i sogni levano in alto gli imprudenti.VAINE hope, & lying is to a foolish man:Vana spes et mendacium viro insensato: / et somnia extollunt imprudentes. 2The man that giveth heed to lying visions, is like to him that catcheth at a shadow, and followeth after the wind.Come chi abbraccia l'ombra, e corre dietro al vento; così chi bada a false visioni:& dreames extol the vnwise. As he that apprehendeth a shadow, and pursueth the winde: so is he also that attendeth to lying visions.Quasi qui apprehendit umbram et persequitur ventum, / sic et qui attendit ad visa mendacia. 3The vision of dreams is the resemblance of one thing to another: as when a man’s likeness is before the face of a man.Le visioni de' sogni (sono) la somiglianza di una cosa; come l'immagine di un uomo dinanzi all'uomo.According to this is the vision of dreames: as a mans similitude before the face of a man.Hoc secundum hoc visio somniorum, / ante faciem hominis similitudo hominis. 4What can be made clean by the unclean? and what truth can come from that which is false?Una cosa immonda a qual altra darà mondezza? e da una cosa bugiarda, che può annunziarsi di vero?Of the vncleane what shal be made cleane? and of a lyer what truth shal be said?Ab immundo, quid mundabitur ? / et a mendace, quid verum dicetur ? 5Deceitful divinations and lying omens and the dreams of evildoers, are vanity:Gli indovinamenti erronei, e gli auguri bugiardi, e i sogni de' malvagi son vanità.Diuination of errour, and lying southsayinges, and the dreames of them that do euil, are vanitie.Divinatio erroris, et auguria mendacia, / et somnia malefacientium, vanitas est: 6And the heart fancieth as that of a woman in travail: except it be a vision sent forth from the most High, set not thy heart upon them.Il tuo spirito eziandio sarà come quel di una partoriente, soggetto a' fantasmi. Non prenderti cura di tali cose, eccetto, che fosse mandata dall'Altissimo la visione;And as a woman that traueleth thy hart suffereth phantasies: vnlesse it be a vision sent forth from the Highest, set not thy hart vpon them.et sicut parturientis, cor tuum phantasias patitur. / Nisi ab Altissimo fuerit emissa visitatio, / ne dederis in illis cor tuum: 7For dreams have deceived many, and they have failed that put their trust in them.Perocché molti furono indotti in errore dai sogni, e si perderono per aver in essi posta fidanza.For dreames haue made manie to erre, and they that hoped in them haue failed.multos enim errare fecerunt somnia, / et exciderunt sperantes in illis.
8The word of the law shall be fulfilled without a lie, and wisdom shall be made plain in the mouth of the faithful.La parola della legge sarà perfetta, senza queste menzogne: e la sapienza sarà facile, e piena nella bocca dell'uom fedele.The word of the law shal be fulfilled without lying, and wisedom in the mouth of the faithful shal be made plaine.Sine mendacio consummabitur verbum legis, / et sapientia in ore fidelis complanabitur. 9What doth he know, that hath not been tried? A man that hath much experience, shall think of many things: and he that hath learned many things, shall shew forth understanding.Chi non è stato tentato, che sa egli? l'uomo sperimentato in molte cose, sarà molto riflessivo, e colui, che ha imparato molto, discorrerà con prudenza.He that hath not bene proued, what knoweth he? A man expert in manie thinges, shal thinck manie thinges: and he that hath lerned manie thinges, shal declare vnderstanding.Qui non est tentatus quid scit ? / vir in multis expertus cogitabit multa: / et qui multa didicit enarrabit intellectum. 10He that hath no experience, knoweth little: and he that hath been experienced in many things, multiplieth prudence.Chi non ha sperienza, sa poche cose; ma colui, che è stato in molti luoghi, acquista molta sagacità.He that is not tryed, knoweth few thinges: and he that hath bene in manie things, multiplyeth wickednes.Qui non est expertus pauca recognoscit: / qui autem in multis factus est, multiplicat malitiam. 11He that hath not been tried, what manner of things doth he know? he that hath been surprised, shall abound with subtlety.Chi non è stato tentato, quanto sa egli? Colui, che è stato ingannato, si fa sempre più scaltro.He that hath not bene proued, what maner of thinges knoweth he? He that is deceiued, shal abound with wickednes.Qui tentatus non est qualia scit ? / qui implanatus est abundabit nequitia. 12I have seen many things by travelling, and many customs of things.Molte cose vid'io in pellegrinando, e costumanze più di quel, ch'io possa dire.I haue seene manie thinges in wandring to and fro, and very manie fashions of words.Multa vidi errando, / et plurimas verborum consuetudines. 13Sometimes I have been in danger of death for these things, and I have been delivered by the grace of God.Per tal cagione alcune volte mi trovai in pericoli, anche di morte, e per grazia di Dio fui liberato.Some times I haue bene in danger vnto death for these thinges, and I was deliuered by the grace of God.Aliquoties usque ad mortem periclitatus sum horum causa, / et liberatus sum gratia Dei.
14The spirit of those that fear God, is sought after, and by his regard shall be blessed.Lo spirito di quelli, che temono Dio, è custodito, e sarà benedetto dallo sguardo di lui;The spirit of them that feare God is sought, & at his sight shal be blessed.Spiritus timentium Deum quæritur, / et in respectu illius benedicetur. 15For their hope is on him that saveth them, and the eyes of God are upon them that love him.Perocché la loro speranza è riposta in colui, che li salva. E gli occhi di Dio son fissi sopra color, che lo amano;For their hope is on him that saueth them, and the eies of God vpon them that loue him.Spes enim illorum in salvantem illos, / et oculi Dei in diligentes se. 16He that feareth the Lord shall tremble at nothing, and shall not be afraid: for he is his hope.Non tremerà, e non avrà paura di cosa alcuna colui, che teme il Signore; perché questi è sua speranza.He that feareth our Lord shal tremble at nothing, and shal not dread: because he is his hope.Qui timet Dominum nihil trepidabit: / et non pavebit, quoniam ipse est spes ejus. 17The soul of him that feareth the Lord is blessed.Beata l'anima di colui, che teme il Signore.His soule is blessed that feareth our Lord.Timentis Dominum, beata est anima ejus. 18To whom doth he look, and who is his strength?A chi volge egli lo sguardo, e chi è sua fortezza?To whom doth he looke, and who is his strength?Ad quem respicit, et quis est fortitudo ejus ? 19The eyes of the Lord are upon them that fear him, he is their powerful protector, and strong stay, a defence from the heat, and a cover from the sun at noon,Gli occhi di Dio son fissi sopra color, che lo temono; egli il protettore possente, il presidio forte, il riparo contro gli ardori, ombreggiamento contro la sferza del mezzodì,The eies of our Lord are vpon them that feare him, a protectour of might, a stay of strength, a couer from the heate, and shadow for the noone time,Oculi Domini super timentes eum: / protector potentiæ, firmamentum virtutis, / tegimen ardoris, et umbraculum meridiani: 20A preservation from stumbling, and a help from falling: he raiseth up the soul, and enlighteneth the eyes, and giveth health, and life, and blessing.Ajuto per non inciampare, soccorso nelle cadute, egli, che innalza l'anima, e gli occhi illumina, da sanità, e vita, e benedizione.a sauing from offence, and helpe from falling, exalting the soule, and illuminating the eies, geuing health, and life, and blessing. The oblation of him that immolateth of an vniust thing is spotted,deprecatio offensionis, et adjutorium casus: / exaltans animam, et illuminans oculos, / dans sanitatem, et vitam, et benedictionem.
21The offering of him that sacrificeth of a thing wrongfully gotten, is stained, and the mockeries of the unjust are not acceptable.Immonda è l'obblazione di colui, che sacrifica cose di mal acquisto, e gli insulti degli uomini ingiusti non sono graditi.and the scorninges of the vniust are not acceptable.Immolantis ex iniquo oblatio est maculata, / et non sunt beneplacitæ subsannationes injustorum. 22The Lord is only for them that wait upon him in the way of truth and justice.Il Signore solo (è ogni cosa) per quelli, i quali nella via della verità, e della giustizia lo aspettano con pazienza.Our Lord is onlie theirs that expect him in the way of truth and iustice.Dominus solus sustinentibus se / in via veritatis et justitiæ. 23The most High approveth not the gifts of the wicked: neither hath he respect to the oblations of the unjust, nor will he be pacified for sins by the multitude of their sacrifices.L'Altissimo non accetta i doni degli iniqui, né volge l'occhio alle oblazioni degli iniqui, né per molti sagrifizj, che offeriscano, ei sarà propizio ai loro peccati.The Highest alloweth not the giftes of the wicked: neither hath he regard to the oblations of the vniust, neither wil he be made propitious for sinnes by the multitude of their sacrifices.Dona iniquorum non probat Altissimus, / nec respicit in oblationes iniquorum, / nec in multitudine sacrificiorum eorum propitiabitur peccatis. 24He that offereth sacrifice of the goods of the poor, is as one that sacrificeth the son in the presence of his father.Chi offerisce sagrifizio della roba del povero è come uno, che scanna un figliuolo sotto gli occhi del padre.He that offereth sacrifice of poore mens substance, is as he that sacrificeth the sonne in the presence of his father.Qui offert sacrificium ex substantia pauperum, / quasi qui victimat filium in conspectu patris sui. 25The bread of the needy, is the life of the poor: he that defraudeth them thereof, is a man of blood.Il pane del povero egli è la sua vita; e chi glielo toglie è un uom sanguinario.The bread of the needie, is the life of the poore: he that defraudeth it, is a man of bloud.Panis egentium vita pauperum est: / qui defraudat illum homo sanguinis est. 26He that taketh away the bread gotten by sweat, is like him that killeth his neighbour.Chi ad uno toglie il pane del sudore è come chi ammazza il suo prossimo.He that taketh away bread in swet, is as he that killeth his neighbour.Qui aufert in sudore panem, / quasi qui occidit proximum suum.
27He that sheddeth blood, and he that defraudeth the laborer of his hire, are brothers.Sono fratelli colui, che sparge il sangue, e colui, che defrauda il mercenario.He that sheddeth bloud, and that defraudeth the hired man, are bretheren.Qui effundit sanguinem, / et qui fraudem facit mercenario, fratres sunt. 28When one buildeth up, and another pulleth down: what profit have they but the labour?Se uno edifica, e un altro distrugge, che guadagneranno l'uno, e l'altro, se non la fatica?One building, and an other destroing: what profite haue they but the labour?Unus ædificans, et unus destruens: / quid prodest illis, nisi labor ? 29When one prayeth, and another curseth: whose voice will God hear?Se uno prega, e l'altro manda maledizioni, di chi esaudirà la voce Iddio?One praying, and an other cursing: whethers voice wil God heare?Unus orans, et unus maledicens: / cujus vocem exaudiet Deus ? 30He that washeth himself after touching the dead, if he toucheth him again, what doth his washing avail?Chi si lava per ragione di un morto, e lo tocca di bel nuovo, che giova a lui l'essersi lavato?He that is washed from the dead, and toucheth him againe, what doth his washing profit?Qui baptizatur a mortuo, et iterum tangit eum, / quid proficit lavatio illius ? 31So a man that fasteth for his sins, and doth the same again, what doth his humbling himself profit him? who will hear his prayer?Così l'uom, che digiuna pe' suoi peccati, e li commette di nuovo, qual profitto cava dalla sua mortificazione? Chi esaudirà l'orazione di lui?so a man that fasteth in his sinnes: and doing the same againe, what doth he profite in humbling himself? who wil heare his prayer?Sic homo qui jejunat in peccatis suis, / et iterum eadem faciens: / quid proficit humiliando se ? / orationem illius quis exaudiet ?
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Haydock
The. Greek, "on dreams. The," etc. (Haydock)
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Man. When he turns away from the mirror, it appears no more, James 1:23.
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Calmet
Unclean. This text has been abused, to prove that the sinner cannot confer grace in the sacraments. (Calmet)
St. Augustine
But Christ does this by his ministry. (St. Augustine, Psalm 10. n. 6.)
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Deceitful. Greek, "divinations, and auguries, and dreams, are vain."
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Travail. Such things cannot be explained. Twenty people will all give different interpretations.
St. Gregory
High, as those of Jacob, Joseph, etc., were. Yet it is difficult to make the discrimination. (St. Gregory, dial. 4:48.)
Odyssey xix
Homer admits of two sorts of dreams. (Odyssey xix.)
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Calmet
Them. The devil takes advantage of their weakness, and they have recourse to magic, etc. (Calmet)
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Cornelius a Lapide
Law, which forbids attention to dreams, Leviticus xix 26., and Isaias 8:20. (Cornelius a Lapide)
Worthington
No part of the law shall perish; and some will always explain it truly. (Worthington)
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Haydock
What. Greek, "A man who has travelled, knows much," etc. (Haydock)
St. Jerome
Thus Ulysses became so wise, (Homer) as well as the ancient philosophers, Pythagoras, etc. (St. Jerome, ad Paulin.)
Calmet
The knowledge derived from books will not suffice. (Calmet)
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Experienced. Greek, "much abroad, shall abound with subtlety. (11.) I," etc.
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Grabe's edition
And. Greek, "And I know more than I announce." (Grabe's edition)
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For. Greek, "On account of these things I have been saved:" (Haydock) by my great experience, which gives weight to my instructions.
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Haydock
Is. Greek, "shall live. (15.) For....them. (16.) He," etc. (Haydock)
34:20
From falling, or when a person is fallen.
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Calmet
Mockeries. Some Greek copies have "gifts." Such unjust presents or sacrifices, God will abhor, Isaias 41:8., and Deuteronomy 24:15. (Calmet)
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Lord. Greek, (23.) "most....wicked, nor," etc.
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Haydock
Bread. Greek, "a livelihood, killeth his neighbour; and he sheddeth blood, who keepeth back the hire of the workman." (Haydock)
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Calmet
Labour? So, if your sacrifices be ill-gotten, they will not be received; and if you relapse, you will be as bad as ever. (Calmet)
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Calmet
St. Cyprian thought this text was peremptory against the baptism of heretics; and the Donatists were of the same opinion. They seem not to have read, if he touch him again, which entirely alters the meaning. St. Augustine admonishes them of this; though he explains it of the pagan rather than of the Jewish purifications, to which it refers, Numbers 19:11. See St. Augustine, contra Cres. 1:24., and 2:25., and contra Petil. 1:9., and St. Cyprian, ep. ad Quint. (Calmet)
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Worthington
Prayer. A relapse makes the former repentance useless, Matthew 18:33. (Worthington)
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Vaine dreames are not to be regarded: but some are good, & from God. Gen 37. 40. 41. Dan. 2. 4. Mat. 1.
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Vvhatsoeuer is written in holy Scripture is vndoubtedly true: and no •ote of the law shal perish.
God also prouideth that alwayes there be some which truly explicate his lavv.
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Concordance Psa. 32.
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Concordance Prou. 21. v. 27.
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Concordance Prou. 15. v. 8.
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Concordance Leuit. 19.
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He that destroyeth that an other buildeth bringeth tvvo mens labours to nothing.
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Recidiuation into sinne maketh the •o••er repentāce frustrate. Mat. 18. v. 33.
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Our Lord’s Sermon on the Mount 2.9
… Often, also, for manifest reasons, He judges him worthy of being so deprived, and allowed to be led into temptation. But it is one thing to be led into temptation, another to be tempted. For without temptation no one can be proved, whether to himself, as it is written, “He that hath not been tempted, what manner of things doth he know?”
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 9.23
Next there follows: “And lead us not into temptation,” on which there arises no unimportant question, for if we pray that we may not be suffered to be tempted, how then will our power of endurance be proved, according to this text: “Every one who is not tempted is not proved;”
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Early Popes (Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals) The Epistle of Pope Anterus 1
… For if we sin, we are Thine, knowing Thy power. And if we sin not, we know that we are counted Thine.” “The spirit of those that fear the Lord shall be required of him; and in His regard they shall be blessed.”
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St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.112
In the same: “The Highest approveth not the gifts of the unrighteous.”
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Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.21
But the Lord shews with what strong censure he disowns them, saying through a certain wise man, Whoso offereth a sacrifice of the substance of the poor doeth as one that killeth the son before the father’s eyes (
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 25
… These things I say, and shall not cease to say, not [as] preparing you to commit murder: nor as urging you to some crime short of that; but that you may not be confident, as if you were not to give account. “For” (it says) “he that taketh away a livelihood” (
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 An Exhortation to Theodore After His Fall 1
… And what does spoil repentance is being again entangled in the same evils. “For there is one” we read, “who builds, and one who pulls down, what have they gained more than toil? He who is dipped in water because of contact with a dead body, and then touches it again, what has he gained by his washing?”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Second Corinthians 14
… he becometh more easy of mind. But when the father rebukes, be thou too angry as well, whether as concerned for thy brother or as joining in thy father’s indignation; only be the earnestness thou showest great; and mourn, not that he was rebuked, but that he sinned. But if I build up and thou pull down, what profit have we had but labor? (
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Gospel of St. John 13
… As then a stone cannot yield oil, so neither can cruelty produce humanity; for alms when it has such a root as this is alms no longer. Therefore I exhort that we look not to this only, that we give to those that need, but also that we give not from other men’s plunder. “When one prayeth, and another curseth, whose voice will the Lord hear?” (
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 Register of the Epistles of St. Gregory the Great 9.106
… Hence again it is written, Honour the Lord from thy just labours ( Prov. iii. 9 ). Whoso, then, takes evilly that he may, as he supposes, give well, it is evident without doubt that he honours not the Lord. Hence also it is said through Solomon, Whoso offers a sacrifice of the substance of the poor is as though he slew a son in his father’s sight (
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St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 The Epistles of Cyprian 70.1
… or certainly, which is a matter of more importance, they strive to set before and prefer the sordid and profane washing of heretics to the true and only and legitimate baptism of the Catholic Church, not considering that it is written, “He who is baptized by one dead, what availeth his washing?”
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 The Seventh Council of Carthage under Cyprian. Concerning the Baptism of Heretics 1
Quietus of Baruch said: We who live by faith ought to obey with careful observance those things which before have been foretold for our instruction. For it is written in Solomon: “He that is baptized from the dead, (and again toucheth the dead, ) what availeth his washing?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 173.8
… “Qui baptizatur a mortuo quid ei prodest lavacrum ejus?”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Baptism, Against the Donatists 6.34
Chapter 34.— 65. Quietus of Burug said: "We who live by faith ought with believing observance to obey what has been before foretold for our instruction. For it is written in Solomon, ‘He that is washed by one dead, what availeth his washing?’
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist 3.50
… Do men gather grapes of thorns?" And again: "A good man, out of the good treasure of his heart, bringeth forth good things: and an evil man, out of the evil treasure, bringeth forth evil things." And again: "When a man is baptized by one that is dead, his washing profiteth him nothing."
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.30
… And they therefore are washed, but are in no wise clean, who cease not to bewail the things they have committed, but commit again things to be bewailed. Hence through a certain wise man it is said, He that is baptized from the touch of a dead body and toucheth it again, what availeth his washing (
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 Register of the Epistles of St. Gregory the Great 11.45
… ii. 22 ). For great is the efficacy of penitence against sin; but only if one persevere in this penitence. For it is written, He that shall persevere unto the end, the same shall be saved ( Matth. x. 22: xxiv. 13 ). Hence again it is written, He that is baptized from a dead body, and toucheth it again, what availeth his washing? (
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist 1.9
Chapter 9.— 10. Again, when he hears, "He that is washed by one dead, his washing profiteth him nought,"
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"The hopes of mortal men are like the dreams of those who are awake." Note: The Gentiles, and indeed some even among Christians, being ignorant of the natural cause of dreams, which Aristotle, physicians and natural philosophers teach, believed that dreams are sent by a higher mind, namely by their genius, or by God: for since the mind is dulled by sleep, they thought that it is then acted upon by God. Thus the Turks believe that the mad and foolish are acted upon by God through enthusiasm, and therefore they venerate them as divine and prophetic, and hold their words as oracles. They do this in honor of their Mahomet, who, when he suffered from epilepsy, pretended that he was acted upon by enthusiasm. Poets increased this error and superstition through their poetic fictions, especially in that they gave to each thing its own god with a corresponding name. Thus they made Sleep a god. Whence Orpheus composed a hymn to the god Sleep with aromatics, to whom he also attributed dark wings, singing thus: Sleep, god and king of all mortals who fall, and of all the animals which the earth nourishes. And Ovid: Sleep, rest of things, most peaceful sleep of the gods. And Seneca, in the chorus of Hercules Furious: And thou, O Sleep, tamer of evils, Rest of the soul, the better part of human life, Mingling truth with falsehood, certain of the future, and yet the worst author. Philostratus in the image of Amphiaraus thus depicts sleep: "His face, he says, appeared relaxed, having a white garment over a black one, as if indicating day and night. He appeared to hold a horn in his hand, when he sends true dreams." Ovid, however, in the Metamorphoses, describes him thus: In the middle is a bed, lofty in an ebony cave, Feathered, of one color, covered with a dark covering, On which the god himself lies with limbs relaxed in languor: Around this, scattered here and there, vain dreams lie, imitating various forms. Silius, however, in book X, sings thus of sleep sending drowsiness to each: And through the darkness on curved wings Carries medicated poppies in his horn. And shortly after: Then he shakes drowsy Feathers with bowed head, and with his eyes Sprinkles quiet, touching the Lethean temples with his wand. Homer: "For indeed a dream is from Zeus," that is, a dream is from Jupiter; indeed dreams were also called "sent by Zeus," that is sent from Jupiter: and "divine utterances," that is divine voices; and "messengers of Zeus," that is messengers of Jupiter, as Homer says. Among the Troezenians there was an ancient altar of Ardali, upon which they made offerings to the Muses and to the god Sleep, affirming that sleep is a god very much beloved by the Muses. Plato and the Philosophers increased this superstition, concerning whom below. Diogenes the Cynic, refuting these, indeed mocking and deriding them: "What you do while awake, you do not care about; but what you dream while sleeping, you anxiously investigate," that is to say, If someone while awake commits something shameful, he ought to fear God's wrath and a sad outcome; not if something appears to him while sleeping; for this is nothing more vain, nothing more foolish. Thus Laertius, book VI. And the Poet: Do not care about dreams; for the human mind desires what, While awake, it hopes for. And Claudian, book III: All the desires that are turned over in the sense of day, Friendly rest returns in the time of night. When the hunter, exhausted, lays his limbs on the bed, Yet his mind returns to the woods and his own lairs. Therefore Sirach here refutes this vanity and superstition of observing dreams in many ways.
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and liars appear: so also dreams arise from vapors and exhalations ascending from the stomach to the head, which stir up, mingle, and obscure the species impressed in the imagination, and from this cause marvelous and chimerical, and indeed false and deceptive appearances of things to appear. For an exhalation from the stomach flowing through and pervading the head causes great confusion and variety of species appearing in dreams. Fifth, just as children and the foolish are terrified by shadows, so also the dreaming are terrified by dreams; indeed even those awake, if they are unwise and imprudent. For one who dreams, since he has reason bound, is like a child and one demented. Sixth, just as a shadow and wind pass most swiftly and fly away like a bird, as the Syriac version renders it; so also a dream. For the hungry man, who dreams that he is eating and drinking sumptuously, upon waking immediately feels his belly growling with hunger: because that phantasmal eating flew away with the dream. The rustic or poor man, who dreams that he has granaries full of gold, or that he is a king, bishop, cardinal, upon waking sees himself poor and miserable, as before; because that dreamed and phantasmal kingdom, bishopric, cardinalate flew away with the dream.
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Whence the Zurich version translates: Something according to the image of another (Vatable, something according to another) is a spectrum of dreams, and as it were a phantom opposite to the face; the Complutensian version translates word for word thus from the Greek: This according to this is a vision of sleepless dreams, before the face a likeness of the face; the Syriac: Thus is a vision and a dream, in that over against the face is a likeness of the face, and from the prince of his people it shall bring forth victory. He compared a dream to a shadow and wind: now he compares it to a phantom and a simulacrum appearing in a mirror, or in water; because truly a dream is nothing other than an imaginary vision, or a phantom of the imagination, which namely the imagination forms and fashions for itself from species mixed, confused and disturbed by vapors rising at night from the stomach to the head. Wherefore wisely St. Gregory of Nazianzus in his Tetrastichs: Do not, he says, accommodate yourself too much to the jests of dreams; let not all things terrify you. Nor again let pleasant visions lift you up too much. The demon frequently prepares these snares for you. The same, in his Distichs: "A man devoted to sleep and idleness finds dreams; for sleep does not present things themselves, but empty simulacra of things to the eyes." And Cato: Do not heed dreams; for the human mind what it desires, and awake hopes for, through sleep it sees the same thing.
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preter. For even if sometimes they speak truly or conjecture truly, yet this is rare, and much more often they speak falsely and divine falsely. Wherefore also when they speak truly, they cannot be believed, but rather faith is withdrawn from liars; especially because the devil, who speaks through them, is wholly composed of malice and falsehood. Wherefore the truth which he sometimes utters, he does not utter for the love of truth, but so that through truth he may deceive, and lead to falsehood and error; for this reason he speaks truth, so that through this he may gain credence for his other false and lying utterances. If as neuter, the sense will be, as if to say: Just as an unclean thing cannot cleanse another by itself, but rather communicates its uncleanness to it and makes it unclean: so likewise from a false and lying thing, such as a dream is, truth cannot be hoped for. Even if in a dream certain things are true, yet because far more things are false; hence the whole dream is false, and should be called such, not true; for truth is whole, and admits nothing false: wherefore if in any proposition or thing true there be mixed any falsity, the whole thing and proposition is false, not true; for just as a good work is spoiled by one bad circumstance, and becomes wholly bad: so also truth, if even the least falsity be mixed with it, is corrupted, and ceases to be truth, and becomes falsehood. For good (equally as truth, which is convertible with good; for all good is true, and all truth is good) consists of an integral cause, but evil from individual defects, as St. Dionysius, St. Thomas, the Theologians and Philosophers say. Whence the Zurich version translates: What shall be cleansed from the unclean, and what true thing shall flow from the false? The Syriac: Who is a liar that he may be justified? That is, that he may be shown and held to be just, that is faithful and truthful: others translate more clearly: What shall be cleansed from the unclean, and from the liar (such as a dream is) what true thing exists? For the genitive ψεύδους can be derived from the nominative both ψεῦδος, that is a lie, and ψευδής, that is a liar. Moreover Antiochus the monk (who flourished under the Emperor Heraclius, in the year of Christ 630, and wrote 129 homilies, which exist in vol. II of the Library of the Holy Fathers) reads this passage thus, in homily 84: "Jesus son of Sirach says: Dreams exalt the imprudent: just as he who grasps (tries to grasp, or catches at) shadows with his fist, and he who pursues winds, so those who attend to dreams. For what truth shall proceed from a liar?" Note: This proposition: The unclean or an unclean thing cannot cleanse another, is true, if you understand it by itself. For by accident it can cleanse, if namely the unclean person applies and rubs an herb, or a thing similar having the power of cleansing, such as soap or lye, to the unclean thing. In a similar way Sacraments confected and applied by an unclean priest cleanse the recipient and penitent, because they work not from the work of the worker, but from the work worked. Wherefore whether they are ministered by a holy priest or by a wicked one, they have and retain the same power of cleansing. For the principal agent in them is the Holy Spirit and Christ, each of whom is most pure, and cannot be affected or contaminated by any malice of the priest minister. Thus St. Augustine responds to the Donatists objecting this passage and similar ones against baptism conferred by heretics as if it were impure and void, and therefore to be repeated anew.
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Note: Vanity, in Hebrew שוא shav, signifies not only emptiness, that is inanity, but also deceit and falsehood: whence the vain is called a liar, deceitful and an impostor. Thus in Exodus XX, 7, and Deuteronomy V, 11: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain;" others translate: Thou shalt not assume the name of the Lord thy God unto a lie; for it properly forbids perjury. Thus in Ecclesiastes I, 2, it is said: "Vanity of vanities, and all things are vanity," that is all things, all the allurements of the world are vain, deceitful and false; because they do not provide the peace and satisfaction to the mind which they promise. Thus the impostor Sinon says in Virgil, Aeneid II: Nor if misfortune has shaped wretched Sinon, shall cruel fortune shape him vain and lying as well. And Cicero, in the Pro Quintio: "It is necessary that he who has attempted to despoil a friend, partner, kinsman of reputation and fortune, should confess himself to be vain and faithless and impious." Siracides therefore asserts that three things are vain, nay the very vanity itself, that is to be most vain, that is most deceitful and most false and especially seductive, as the Syrian translator renders it. First, is "divination of error," that is erroneous divination, which proceeds from error, namely from the devil, a magician, soothsayers, or from the fabrications of impostors, as when diviners divine and foretell future things from the inspection of fire, water, air, earth, corpses, etc. For there is another divination of truth, which namely proceeds from God, who is the first truth; which is not vain, but true and certain; such were the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and the other Prophets. Second are "auguries," when namely augurs divine future things from the flight, chirping, gestures of birds, such as victory in battle, empire, riches, fertility, etc.; these indeed are "lies," that is deceptions, and lead into error. Whence that saying: "One augur laughs at another augur seeing him;" for one laughs at the other, laughing at the foolishness of the people believing in them. On the vanity of auguries, see St. Augustine, sermon 241 On the Seasons. Third are "dreams of evildoers," that is of wicked and perverse men, who attend to their dreams against God's law and believe them, and therefore allow themselves to be led into vanity, that is into falsehood and fraud. For the dreams of those doing good, that is of the good and holy, are sometimes true, as when they are sent by God or an Angel for the signification of a true thing, such were the dreams of Joseph and others to be cited presently; the dreams of the impious therefore are vain. For "as the heart of a woman in travail, thy heart suffers phantasms," if namely thou attend to divinations, auguries and dreams and commit faith to them, as if to say: Just as the heart of a woman in travail, compelled by pain, suffers a thousand phantasms, and often delirium, by which it burdens, troubles and torments itself and others with various fears and loves; so likewise, if thou attend to dreams, thy heart will suffer a thousand imaginings and phantasms, by which it will tear and distract thy mind into a thousand affections, so that by the constant alternation of hope, distrust, fear, love and other affections it may be burdened, troubled and tormented, and that vainly, that is emptily and falsely. For just as the imaginings of a woman in travail are vain and false, so likewise vain and false are those things which thou think to see in a dream. For pregnant and laboring women, because they abound in flatulence, phlegm, indigestion, melancholy, and have weak heat, therefore suffer dizziness, nausea, colic, phantasms, delirium and fainting; especially when they are agitated by the sharp pains of labor. Tropologically, divination, augury and vain false dream is heresy, which therefore fashions a thousand phantasms, by which it torments itself and others. Thus Rabanus. Again, "dreams of evildoers" are empty thoughts, phantasms, desires, from which as from seeds the fruits of all evils are wont to proceed, so that there is no desire to pray or to work, but the mind pants to satisfy desires. Whence concerning them follows: "And as the heart of a woman in travail thy heart suffers phantasms," so that it may bring them forth with pain. Note: Physicists and physicians teach that from dreams the constitution of the body, the complexion and the predominant humour may be known; and therefore it is to be observed by the physician who cares for the sick what he dreams. Thus Galen, in book I of Hippocrates, Commentary III on Common Diseases, not far from the beginning: "When a certain one of us," he says, "visited the sick man in the morning as was customary, he said that he had not seen sleep the whole night, while he was thinking what would happen if the weary Atlas no longer carried and sustained the heaven; from whose words we understood that there was some principle of melancholy." And a little later: "If anyone through a dream sees fires, yellow bile troubles him: if rains abound, it declares a cold humour; thus indeed if snow, ice and hail, cold phlegm; if anyone thinks himself to be in a foul place, putrefaction of humours; if he has the crests of roosters or something red, blood is in excess; if he sees mist, or is in misty places, it indicates the state." See the same, the book On Prognosis from Dreams. The Stoics progressed further, teaching that all dreams portend something, so that from them it is permitted to divine about future events. Indeed even Plato, in dialogue 2 of the Republic, holds that the soul in sleep, as it were freed from the body put to rest, especially flourishes, and shows itself keen for grasping dreams: and those things which then appear to it in tranquility are tranquil and truthful. For he himself held that human souls, before they were immersed in bodies, received the knowledge of all things through the influx of ideas; but that this knowledge lies weakened by the contagion of the body and almost obliterated. Wherefore when sleep calls the soul away from the habit of the senses, and the mind is wholly to itself, he thought that the disciplines congenital in it then revive, and that it remembers things past, perceives things present, and foresees things future. They prove this by examples: for it is established from dreams that many true things have come to pass. Hear one and another, which Cicero recounts, in book II of On Divination. A certain man brought to a soothsayer that he had dreamed an egg hanging from a band of his bedroom bed. The interpreter answered that a treasure was buried under the bed. He searched, found some gold, and that surrounded by silver; he sent to the interpreter some of the silver that seemed fitting. Then he said: Nothing of the yolk? for indeed from the egg the gold seemed to have signified, just as the white of the egg signified silver. Another example: When Ptolemaeus, the familiar of Alexander, was struck by a poisoned weapon in battle, and was dying from that wound with the greatest pain, Alexander sitting by was overcome by sleep: then according to the quiet he is said to have seen a dragon which his mother Olympias was rearing, carrying a small root in its mouth, and at the same time saying in what place it was born (nor was the place far away); and that its power was such that it would easily heal Ptolemaeus. Then Alexander, awakening, recounted the dream to his friends, and sent those who would search for that small root: which being found, Ptolemaeus is said to have been healed, and many soldiers who had been wounded by the same kind of weapon. Since therefore these dreams and not a few others have fallen out thus, it certainly seems to be said that the rest do not have a similar outcome, this is not to be ascribed to the vanity of dreams, but to the ignorance of interpreters: or certainly the cause is that we ourselves either forget dreams, or consider them to be held for nothing. The same Cicero, in book I of On Divination, recounts this about Cyrus: "Why should I bring forth from the books of Dionysius the Persian what the magi interpreted to that prince Cyrus? for when the sun appeared to him sleeping at his feet, he writes that he sought it three times in vain with his hands; when rolling himself the sun slipped away and departed, the magi said to him, which kind of wise men and learned men was held in Persia, from the threefold seeking of the sun, that it was portended that Cyrus would reign thirty years. Which thus came to pass— "for he reached the age of seventy, having begun to reign when he was forty years old." And below: "When two certain Arcadians, who were familiar friends, were traveling together and had come to Megara, one turned aside to an inn, the other to a lodging house, and when they had dined and were resting, in the dead of night it seemed to him who was at the lodging house in a dream that the other was begging him to come to his aid, because the innkeeper was preparing death for him; he, first terrified by the dream, arose; then when he had collected himself and thought that vision ought to be regarded as nothing, he lay down again, then to him sleeping the same one appeared again begging that, since he had not come to his aid while he was alive, he would not suffer his death to go unavenged, that he had been killed and thrown by the innkeeper into a wagon, and cast upon dung; he begged that in the morning he would be at the gate before the wagon went out of the town, but moved by this dream, in the morning he was ready at the gate for the wagoner, asked him what was in the wagon, he fled terrified, the dead man was dug up, the innkeeper, the matter being revealed, paid the penalty; what more divine thing can be said of this dream?" Thus Cicero. But here is an error and superstition, which the Siracides refutes here, and Lactantius, in the book On the Workmanship of God, chapter XVIII; St. Thomas, II-II, Question XCV, and Medina, book VII of his Paraenesis, and copiously and acutely Cicero, book II On Divination, and Aristotle in the book On Divination through Dreams. Indeed, to pass over other things, experience itself demonstrates this, by which it is established that not even the thousandth part of dreams turns out to be true. And if one or another dream turns out to be true, this happens either by chance or by the action of a good or evil angel; which happened in the dreams recited a little before from Cicero is manifest. It is added that the same dream receives a different, indeed contrary, interpretation from diviners and conjurers. For, as Cicero relates in the book already cited: "A runner, intending to set out for Olympia, seemed in a dream to be carried in a four-horse chariot; in the morning he goes to a conjurer. But he says: You will win, for that signifies swiftness and the strength of horses. Then the same man goes to Antiphon. But he says: You, however, must lose; do you not understand that four have run before you? behold another runner. And the book of Chrysippus is full of such dreams and similar ones, full is that of Antipater. But I return to the runner. He brought to an interpreter that he seemed in a dream to have become an eagle. But he says: You have won; for no bird flies more vehemently than that one. To this same Antipho: You truly, he says, do you not see that you have been defeated? for that bird, pursuing others and harassing them, is always itself last." I confess, however, that from dreams the affections, both of the body and of the mind, can be known; for we dream at night those things which we think about and do during the day, namely those things which we love and desire. Whence Zeno used to say that from his own dreams each one could discover how much he had made progress in philosophy, if in them he desired or did nothing wicked in reality. For then the mind, constituted in deep tranquility, reveals true affections: and from this it comes about that those things which when awake they do not dare to speak or do, occur at night in dreams. Thus Laertius, book IX, chapter V. And Plutarch held it to be a sign of perfect virtue if one dreams of it. See those things which I noted on Deuteronomy, chapter VI, verse 7. Such was in the dreams of all St. Gregory of Nazianzus concerning the temple of St. Anastasia, in which he himself used to preach before his exile: which he himself relates in a poem on this matter, which is extant in volume II, page 1309. Finally, the fiction of Homer is celebrated, that those dreams are true which fly beneath the gate of horn; but false those which pass through the gate of ivory: by which he wished to signify that visions which recur in dreams during the day are true: but those heard are often false. For the horn gate denotes sight and the eyes, on account of the similarity of color and the corneal tunic, which is in the eye: but the ivory gate denotes the mouth, on account of the whiteness of the teeth. In a similar way Thales, asked "how far truth was distant from falsehood," replied: "As far as the eyes are distant from the ears," signifying that those things alone are true and certain which we behold with our eyes: but to the fables of men which we hear, we ought not safely to believe, because they are often false and mendacious.
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Yet any visitation of God can be understood here, whether it be made for consoling and helping, or for terrifying and punishing. He prudently admonishes that dreams are ordinarily to be despised and regarded as mere dreams: he makes exception, however, of one case, namely if they be sent by God and His angel, either for the foresignification of the future, or for admonition and correction. Such was the dream of Jacob, Gen. XXVIII; of Joseph, cap. XXXVII; of Pharaoh, cap. XLI; of Solomon, III Kings III, 5, and in the New Testament of St. Joseph, the spouse of the Blessed Virgin, Matt. I and II. Furthermore, by what signs true dreams, sent by God, are to be distinguished from false and vain ones, St. Gregory teaches wisely, lib. IV Dial. cap. XLVIII and XLIX, and from him Rabanus here: "In this, Peter," says St. Gregory, "it is to be known that in six ways the images of dreams touch the mind. For sometimes dreams are generated by fullness or emptiness of the belly, sometimes by illusion, sometimes by thought together with illusion, sometimes by revelation, and sometimes by thought together with revelation. But the two which we mentioned first we all know by experience; the four which follow we find in the pages of Holy Scripture. For if dreams were not for the most part made by the hidden enemy through illusion, in no way would a wise man indicate this, saying: For many have been deceived by dreams, and they have failed that put their trust in them. And again: You shall not divine, nor observe dreams; by which words indeed is shown of what abomination those things are which are joined with divinations. Again, unless sometimes they proceeded from thought together with illusion, in no way would a wise man have said: Many cares follow dreams. And unless sometimes dreams arose from the mystery of revelation, neither would Joseph see himself preferred to his brethren by a dream, nor would the angel admonish the spouse of Mary by a dream to flee with the child into Egypt. Again, unless sometimes they proceeded from thought together with revelation, in no way would the prophet Daniel, discoursing on the vision of Nabuchodonosor, have begun from the root of thought, saying: Thou, O king, didst begin to think in thy bed what should come to pass hereafter, and he that revealeth mysteries shewed thee what shall come to pass. And a little after: Thou sawest, and behold there was as it were a statue, a great statue, and high of stature stood before thee. Daniel therefore, while he reverently insinuates both that the dream is to be fulfilled and from what thought it arose, plainly shows that this is for the most part generated from thought together with revelation. But assuredly, since dreams alternate with so many qualities of things, so much the more difficult ought they to be believed, as the more easily the impulse from which they come does not become clear. But holy men distinguish between illusions and revelations, the very voices and images of visions themselves by a certain inward taste, so that they may know either what they perceive from a good spirit, or what they suffer from a deceiver. For if the mind be not cautious regarding these things, through the deceiving spirit it immerses itself in many vanities, which sometimes is wont to predict many true things, so that at last it may be able to ensnare the soul by some one falsehood." He then adds an example: "As it recently happened to a certain one of us, who, while he paid close attention to dreams, was promised by a dream long spaces of this life. And when he had gathered together much money for the stipends of a longer life, he died so suddenly that he left all untouched."
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AND WISDOM IN THE MOUTH OF THE FAITHFUL (that is, of a truthful man, who is devoted to the law, Holy Scripture and divine wisdom) SHALL BE MADE PLAIN, — that is, it shall be plain, easy and expeditious, so that there shall not be need to go to diviners, whose answers are obscure, intricate and seductive; as when the oracle answered Croesus inquiring about victory: "Croesus crossing the Halys shall destroy many kingdoms." Shall destroy is indeed ambiguous: for it can be taken actively for shall lay waste and overthrow; and neutrally for shall lose, and shall fall from and be despoiled of. Thus Lyra: "It shall be made plain," he says, "that is, it shall be plainly taught; for he knows how to open and explain the hidden Scripture, because he is exercised in such things." Again "it shall be made plain," that is, it shall be found to be plain and expeditious, and containing no winding paths of error, or troubles of conscience or scruples, says Jansenius; thirdly, "it shall be made plain," that is, it shall be known to be everywhere plain and perfect, and that in it is situated man's perfection; for this has nothing unequal, rough or twisted, and appears to be mere plainness of wisdom and virtue. Whence the Greek texts have, it shall be perfected, or it shall be made perfect. Wherefore Rabanus reads, it shall be made firm, that is, it shall be perfected, so that it may be seen that in it is planted and deeply rooted. But St. Augustine in the Mirror reads, it shall be contemplated. Moreover the Greek texts briefly and clearly thus have: Apart from falsehood the law is consummated, καὶ σοφία στόματι πιστῷ τελείωσις, that is, and wisdom in the mouth of the faithful is perfection, or wisdom in the faithful mouth is perfected; that is, wisdom, which is brought forth by a truthful mouth, is itself that which can perfectly instruct man concerning doubtful matters and all things, so that apart from it there is no need to observe dreams, auguries and divinations. The Zurich Bible: The law also shall be consummated without falsehood, and in the truthful mouth perfect wisdom; but the Syriac: In the place in which there are no sins, God feeds; because the wisdom of the wicked is believed in the night, that is to say, Where the diviners, augurs and dream-interpreters are not consulted, but the law of God itself; there God himself feeds, teaches and instructs those consulting him with true oracles; there truth is plain, full and clear: but diviners, augurs and dream-interpreters are occupied in the night of darkness and errors, and therefore at night they consult dreams and the demons themselves, by whom being led into the fog of lies and frauds they are miserably deceived and deluded, and those consulting deceive and delude themselves. He alludes to Isaiah cap. VIII, vers. 19: "When they shall say to you: Seek out them that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, that chirp in their incantations: Should not a people seek after their God? Should they seek after the dead in behalf of the living? To the law rather and to the testimony. If they speak not according to this word, there shall be no morning light for them." See the things said there. The sum of all is, that is to say, Instead of diviners and dream-interpreters consult the law of God, and its doctors and interpreters. For these shall truly teach you all things conducive to salvation, which the diviners and dream-interpreters falsely and mendaciously promise to set forth. Whence in what follows he teaches which doctors are to be consulted and followed: therefore he compares and prefers the law and the doctors of the law to diviners and dream-interpreters, because those teach truth, these falsehood and lies; and because their doctrine and answers are plain, open and clear; those obscure, ambiguous, intricate. For demons once consulted by diviners concerning the outcome of future contingent events, since they were ignorant of it, answered so ambiguously that however matters fell out, they seemed to have spoken truly, and to have foretold what was going to happen. Thus to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, consulting the oracle and diviners whether he would overcome the Romans in war, they answered him: "I say to thee, Aeacides, the Romans thou canst overcome;" which is ambiguous, and equally signifies that the Romans shall overcome Pyrrhus as that Pyrrhus shall overcome the Romans, as St. Augustine notes, lib. III De Civit. Dei, cap. XVII. Eusebius recounts more examples of ambiguous oracles, lib. V De Praepar. Evang. cap. X, and lib. VI, cap. IV, where from Porphyry he teaches that Apollo of Delphi in his oracles confessed that he sometimes lied.
THE SECOND PART OF THE CHAPTER, WHICH TEACHES THAT WISDOM IS ACQUIRED THROUGH PILGRIMAGE AND MUCH EXPERIENCE. (He opposes to the vanity of dreams and divinations the truth of experience, so that he may teach that wisdom is not to be sought from divine things by going to and hearing learned men, but rather from that; especially because experience itself shows that the observation of dreams and divination are things plainly vain, false and deceptive.) 9. HE THAT IS NOT TRIED, WHAT KNOWETH HE? — These words are already lacking in the Greek; yet it is clear that they once existed from Our author here, and from St. Ambrose (or rather Victor, Bishop of Cartenna, as is evident from the end of the book, and from Gennadius and Trithemius, On Ecclesiastical Writers), in the book On Penance, chapter XXVI, where he reads and explains them thus: "Often," he says, "secure happiness is subject to offences; but he becomes more cautious to avoid past things, whom fear corrects, because he will always be more solicitous who takes care lest he fall again in the same place where he has already fallen. Thus dangers experienced make a helmsman solicitous, and he sometimes fears to enter into harbors that have been struck, who has once incurred shipwreck from carelessness. Finally, Divine Scripture says: He that is not tried, what knoweth he? so as to show that through the cause of temptation the tempted one always becomes more cautious, and through fear is more corrected, he who was previously incautious, by the knowledge of temptation." Sirach had said in the preceding verse: "Wisdom in the mouth of the faithful shall be smooth;" now he explains who that faithful one is, and says he is one who has been tried, and remained constant and faithful to God and God's law in temptation. "Tried" in this place is called he who, tossed about by many tribulations and misfortunes, has experienced much, and has learned much by experiencing: as Abraham was tried, when he was commanded by God to go forth from his country and to journey into the land of Canaan, in which pilgrimage he suffered many adversities and learned much by experiencing, and became wise and perfect. For Sirach treats especially of the experience and wisdom which is acquired by journeying, which he asserts he himself acquired by journeying into Egypt and other places. He himself therefore calls him wise, worthy of our belief, who has been instructed by God through temptations, and has become prudent and learned through the experience of many things, so that he may be able to teach, console, heal, advise and direct others. Morally, learn from this that temptation not only prepares merit for us on earth and reward in heaven; but also brings great light to the intellect, by which the wise man, indeed the master and teacher of wisdom, that is of prudence and virtue, becomes. For just as those who have often been present at battles know best their dangers as well as their remedies, and therefore these are the best commanders of war: so also those who have often struggled with the demon and overcome his temptations, know best, and teach others the manner of fighting with him and overcoming his temptations, as St. Anthony, St. Hilarion, Macarius, Arsenius and other anchorites taught by word and example. A MAN THAT IS EXPERIENCED THINKETH OF MANY THINGS; AND HE THAT IS WELL INSTRUCTED DECLARETH UNDERSTANDING. 10. HE THAT IS NOT EXPERIENCED SHALL KNOW BUT LITTLE: AND HE THAT IS EXPERIENCED SHALL MULTIPLY MALICE. — For "experienced in many things" the Complutensian edition reads πεπλανημένος, that is, he who has wandered much by journeying; again, he who has often been deceived in many things. The Roman edition, however, reads πεπαιδευμένος, that is, instructed, taught, he who has learned much by learning, journeying and experiencing: whether you read one or the other, the sense comes to the same thing. Again, for "he that hath learned much," the Greek is πολύπειρος, that is, he who has experienced much. These three things therefore signify the same, or nearly the same, namely him who by journeying has seen and heard much, and has learned much through experience. To this he opposes him "who is not experienced," that is, he who has seen, heard and experienced much, he will think prudently of many things, will advise and suggest: the same, since he has learned much by experiencing, "will declare understanding," that is the knowledge of many things, intelligence and prudence; and, as the Zurich edition translates it, will discourse wisely; but truly "he that is not experienced" knows few things, and can narrate few things; namely "experience is the teacher of things;" and (as the Wise Man says): "Nothing is wiser than experience; experience itself instructs us, experience itself gives understanding," says St. Bernard, sermon 11 on the psalm, He that dwelleth. And St. Gregory of Nazianzus in the Iambics: Old indeed am I, yet not ignorant of many Evils of life: for wrinkles beget the use of things; Whence prudence often is born. The same, oration 12: "Experience," he says, "is the teacher of fools." What follows: "But he that is made in many things, multiplieth malice," is obscure. Some, as Lyra, Hugo, Dionysius and Palacius, read fatuus (foolish) instead of factus (made); which the Greek πεπλανημένος, that is deceived, seduced, favours, as if to say: He who is foolish in many things and is a fool, he errs in many things and sins. But the Roman [Vulgate], Rabanus and others generally read factus, not fatuus. Which, first, some according to Lyra thus expound, as if to say: "In many things made, they say, is he who runs through many things to be known, just as a cock walks over grains and does not fix his intellect sufficiently in examining any one thing; he multiplies malice: for in nothing does he have sufficient knowledge, and consequently he has useless and false doctrine." And St. Dionysius the Carthusian: "In many things made, he says, that is distracted through diverse things, and his heart divided among many things, when one thing is necessary." Secondly, others: "In many things made," they say, is called he who wishes to experience many things, and those vain, curious, voluptuous, and who thrusts himself into and mingles with many things: for he thus sins in many things. So Rabanus: "What, he says, does he wish to insinuate in that he says: He that is made in many things hath multiplied his malice, unless that he who is changeable in mind, and divided by many cares and solicitudes of the world, is unstable in action and subject to many vices, often becomes liable to crimes? Or otherwise, he who losing the unity of faith, deceived follows the manifold sects of heretics, entangled in the impieties of many crimes, wickedly serves, and shows the great wickedness of a malicious mind." Thirdly, "in many things made," that is led into many things: for he who is deceived and seduced does not so much make as is made; namely, he is made unwise, erring, gluttonous, lustful, etc., as if here three grades and orders of men are assigned. The first is of those who by experiencing many things have learned many things; the second, of those who by experiencing few things have learned few things; the third, of those who have experienced many things, but in them are deceived and seduced, and therefore multiply the malice which they have learned, and in which they are seduced and corrupted. For these properly the Greek πεπλανημένος signifies, which our [translator] rendered word for word in the following [verse], "implanatus." Whence Jansenius thus expounds: He who in many matters is deceived by error and is foolish, it is necessary that through his errors he commit much malice, and sin more often. It is therefore insinuated that wisdom is to be acquired by all study and labour, by which we may be free both from ignorance and from malice. For many are corrupted by wandering, and learn and imbibe the frauds, wickedness, and shameful deeds of individual nations, which they then exercise throughout their whole life: indeed they even teach others, as is evident in those who, while wandering among heretics, are infected with heresy, magic, luxury, drunkenness. Fourthly, very probably our Emmanuel Sa: "In many things made," he says, that is versed in many regions and things, wandered through many, experienced many, he "multiplies malice," that is the knowledge of malice or cunning, as if to say: He acquires for himself great shrewdness, so that he may not easily be deceived by evils and led into fraud. For in Greek ὁ δὲ πεπλανημένος πληθύνει πανουργίαν; where τὸ πεπλανημένος can signify both the deceived, and him who has wandered through many regions and experienced many things. The very sequence of the discourse demands this second meaning more. Whence the Romans translate: But he that hath wandered multiplies cunning. For the Greek πανουργίαν signifies shrewdness and cunning both good, which is part of prudence, and bad, which is wickedness, fraud and malice. Others translate: But he that hath wandered much is in cunning. The antithesis of this hemistich with the former favours this exposition; for it opposes him "who is made in many things" to him "who is not experienced:" therefore "in many things made" is the same as "experienced in many things." For just as experience is the cause of knowledge and prudence, so inexperience is the cause of ignorance and imprudence. "Experienced" therefore "multiplies malice," that is cunning, by which he knows and guards against all malices and frauds, or astutely evades them. Thus malice and wickedness are sometimes taken for cunning and versatility: and malicious is called versed, cunning, astute, in repute, as may be seen in Cicero, book III of De Oratore. Especially because the Hebrews often take names and verbs in act, not real, but mental; as when Jeremiah hears from God, chapter 1, 10: "I have set thee this day over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root up, and to pull down, and to waste, and to destroy, and to build, and to plant," that is to foreknow, foretell and prophesy that these nations are to be destroyed by me, those however to be built and planted. See the remarks there. By a similar trope and figure "malice" here you take for the knowledge of malice, or cunning.
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The sense therefore is, as if to say: He who has not been tempted, in Greek ἐπειράσθη, that is, experienced many things (for to tempt is to experience or to gain experience), what does he know? as if to say: He knows little and modest things; but he who has been tempted in many things and, wandering about, has experienced much, has often been "implanted," that is, deceived, he certainly will abound in wickedness, in Greek πανουργίᾳ, that is, in cunning and craftiness, so that he may know how to perceive the wickedness of others and avoid it, or craftily elude it. Thus Emmanuel Sa. Whence the Complutensian edition translates: He who has not been experienced, knows little; but he who has been deceived; the Roman: He who has wandered, multiplies cunning; the Zurich: He who has not been tempted, knows little; but he who has been deceived, has made an increase of craftiness; others: He who has not been tempted, knows little; but he who has erred, is much in craftiness. Finally the Syriac renders these three verses thus clearly: A wise man investigates much, and he who prospers explores all things. He who has not been experienced, knows little; and he who has been experienced, has multiplied wisdom. Thus Plato journeyed into Egypt, and there learned wisdom transmitted by the Hebrews to the Egyptians: the same man, by journeying, underwent many dangers, and experienced many hardships, frauds and misfortunes. The same did Solon, Pythagoras and other philosophers, and especially Apollonius of Tyana, as St. Jerome testifies, in his epistle to Paulinus. Indeed St. Jerome himself traversed Greece, Gaul, Asia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt in pursuit of wisdom and virtue, namely so that he might see the holy Anchorites and Religious, and from them learn the Religious life: in which journey he himself testifies that he underwent many perils, labors and misfortunes. To this pertains that saying of Democritus in Stobaeus, discourse 38, who, when asked "what benefit journeying would bring," answered: "It teaches frugality of life." For indeed a crust of bread and a bed of herbs are the sweetest remedies for hunger and labor to the traveler.
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ratus sum adds "by the grace of God," as if to say: I, wandering through and traversing various regions, have often fallen into dangers of robbers, shipwreck, enemies, and other things which threatened me with death: but by the grace of God, me, as one devoted to his wisdom, and loving and revering God, he snatched from all and protected; on which occasion he passes to a commendation of the faithfulness of God, who protects and guards his worshippers everywhere.
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13: "Requiring their blood, he remembered it;" and Ezekiel III, 18: "His blood will I require at thy hand." Note first: In the preceding verse Sirach said that he was often freed by God from death; now he extends this to all who fear God, and asserts that the whole spirit of those fearing God shall be required of him, so that it may be freed, and that spirit, looking toward God, shall in turn be looked upon by him, and shall be affected with every benefit. For, just as those fearing God cast their eyes upon him, so that they may be saved by him: so in turn God casts his eyes upon them, so that he may free and save them. Note secondly, the eyes of those fearing God are to be blessed in his sight, according to that Psalm CXX: "I have lifted up my eyes to the mountains, whence help shall come to me: my help is from the Lord;"; and that Psalm CXXII, 2: "Behold as the eyes of servants are on the hands of their masters, and as the eyes of a handmaid on the hands of her mistress; so are our eyes unto the Lord our God." Therefore most fittingly pious men take care to cast their eyes continually upon God, according to that Psalm XV, 8: "I set the Lord always in my sight." Note thirdly: If thou fixest thy eyes upon God, he will also fix his upon thee, O most blessed repayer of grace! Therefore if thou fallest into any calamity, understand that thou fallest before the eyes of God; and therefore, if it be expedient for thee, thou shalt be torn from it. Thus Palacius. See St. Bernard on the psalm Who dwelleth, sermon 15 and others. To this pertains the prayer of St. Francis for obtaining divine love: "I beseech thee, O Lord, let the burning and honeyed force of thy love absorb my mind from all things that are under heaven, so that I may die of love for thy love, thou who didst deign to die of love for my love: through thyself, O Son of God, who with the Father, etc. Amen." Anagogically, God requires the spirit of the patient and of martyrs, so that he may bless and glorify them, while the body is afflicted, worn down, killed. Whence Christ: "Fear not, he says, them that kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul," Matthew X, 28; and St. John, Apocalypse XIV, 13: "Blessed are the dead, who die in the Lord. Now, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors; for their works follow them." For "precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of his saints," Psalm CXV, 15. "The hope of reward is the consolation of labor," says St. Jerome. For, as Socrates used to say: "Just as a man without a woman is not sufficient, so neither is hope without labor."
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Aristotle, in his book On the Parts of Animals, writes that certain animals are very timid and are more difficult to tame and to be brought to gentleness; for we often see that from among animals lions and tigers become mild; but hares do not thus: from birds also we observe eagles, hawks, and certain other bold birds of this kind to be tame in many places; but turtledoves, sparrows, and certain other more timid little birds are not made gentle by any coaxing. Now the reason is at hand, because those which are more timid do not entirely trust themselves to the one taming them, and fear itself is the cause; whereas on the contrary to those bolder ones their very boldness inspires confidence. If therefore these things are thus, in what manner finally can it come to pass that the fear of God brings the fierce minds of men to gentleness? The nature of the fear of God itself offers us the reason for this matter, by which the mind of men is not dismayed and cast down, but rather is raised up and sharpened; for he who fears God from his heart straightway ceases to fear all other things, according to that passage in Proverbs, chapter XIV, 26: "In the fear of the Lord is confidence of strength, and his children shall have hope." Read Augustine, sermon 214 On the Seasons, where after he has weighed those words: "The fear of the Lord is confidence of strength;" thus at length he concludes: "Let him learn to fear, who does not wish to fear; let him learn to be anxious for a time, who always wishes to be secure: for, as in good health hunger, not disgust, is driven away by food; so in a good mind fear is not to be driven away by vanity, but by charity: therefore examine your conscience, and fear God, whoever you are that no longer wish to fear." Memorable is the example of St. John, who was surnamed the Silent One from perpetual silence. For when Alamundarus with his Saracens invaded Palestine, while others were fleeing, he alone remained in the monastery, saying: "If God does not care for me, why do I live?" And indeed hope and God did not deceive him; for he immediately sent a lion, which guarded John day and night, and as it accompanied him everywhere and protected him against the Saracens, as Cyril, an eyewitness, relates in his Life. Wherefore truly St. Damascene from Didymus, in the Parallels, book I, chapter IV: "It cannot come to pass," he says, "that he who is endowed with the fear of God should be fearful; since that which is foretold in the monuments of Scripture is: Besides him fear no one else." Most excellently St. Ambrose, book II, epistle 7 to Simplicianus: "Where," he says, "there is wisdom, there is strength of soul, there is constancy and fortitude; the wise man remains perfect in Christ, founded in charity, rooted in faith. The wise man therefore knows not the failure of things, and knows not a wavering mind, but shall shine as the sun of justice, who shines in the kingdom of his Father." And book II on Abraham, chapter X: "It cannot be," he says, "that a good man also should not be perfect, who has acquired this; which has also every virtue, and is the image of goodness." To this pertains that saying of Sextus the Philosopher, sentences 277 and 304: "The souls of the wise are insatiable in the love of God. The wise man is a partaker of God. There is nothing such after God as the wise man."
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enriches and blesses; thus Rabanus. But Jansenius takes these as it were like the sun, indeed far more radiant than the sun, as if spoken with admiration, meaning: O consider if the eyes of some king were so great, so bright as the sun is: how much would he not see, what would he not illuminate? But how great is he upon whom he relies, and whom he has for his strength, saying: "I will love thee, O Lord, my strength!" This sense is more forceful, but the prior one is simpler. Most excellently St. Gregory Nazianzen in his Distichs: "Others," he says, "value gold, others sumptuously prepared tables, that is, the mockeries of life, others silken fabrics, others fruitful lands, others indeed flocks of beasts in price; but I esteem Christ as the greatest of riches: would that I might someday behold him with a naked mind purely! But let the world have the rest." St. Augustine, in book I of On the Harmony of the Gospels, chapter XVII, asks why the Romans, worshipping the gods of all nations, did not worship the God of the Hebrews, when they had subjugated the Hebrews as well as other nations. "For," he says, "they had worshipped the gods of other nations which the Roman empire subjugated, especially since their opinion was that all gods ought to be worshipped by the wise;" and he responds saying: "Nothing remains for me to say except that he alone wished to be worshipped," meaning: Because the God of the Hebrews, as the true and only God, demanded the whole heart, the whole affection, and did not permit it to be divided among others: therefore they foolishly preferred to lack him rather than all the rest. Therefore our God wishes to be regarded in himself alone, wishes to be loved and worshipped alone, because he alone is worthy of divine, that is, of all love and honor. And he who does this will feel that he himself alone is strength, glory and all our good. I said, he says: Perhaps darkness will trample me, and night is my illumination in my delights. Because darkness will not be darkened from thee, and night shall be illuminated like day: as his darkness, so also his light." Moreover, as the eyes of God are most bright, so also are they most just on both sides, so that he may also punish each one who does not fear him according to his deserts. Whence Bede, in Proverbs: "Before the face of God," he says, "nothing wicked remains unpunished." Indeed also Seneca, in Proverbs: "You will think," he says, "that there is no place without a witness." Wherefore St. Bernard rightly sighs, sermon 15 on the psalm Who dwelleth: "O! if it were granted to me," he says, "to be certain that there is nothing in all of us that offends that eye which alone perfectly knows what is in man, seeing in him even what he himself does not see in himself."
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Moreover these ten epithets can be divided and combined into five pairs. The first pair is "protector of power," that is, powerful, as if to say God by His power, by which He is almighty, as with an impenetrable shield, protects those who fear Him. The same is "firmament of strength," that is, of robustness, that is, robust, so that it is permitted to lean upon it securely, and so that through it we may dare to undertake all strong things and complete them in deed. The Greek texts have more beautifully and significantly: ὑπερασπισμός δυναςείας, καὶ στήριγμα ἐσχύος; which the Zurich Bible translates: The Lord is a mighty protection and a strong firmament; others: The Lord is the most powerful protection, and the most strong support; the Syriac: The Lord is great confidence, and protecting from THE EYES OF THE LORD UPON THOSE WHO FEAR HIM. — Zurich Bible: The Lord regards those who love Him, as if to say the eyes of God are constantly watching and intent upon those who fear Him, so that He may direct them, protect them, free them and enrich them with all gifts. Note: The eyes of the Lord are most bright, most benign and most powerful: wherefore they perceive all the necessities of those who fear Him, and have mercy upon them, and are able and willing to help them. Hence God is wholly eye: "God," says Pliny, book II, chapter VII, "is wholly sense, wholly sight." Whence Θεὸς, that is God, is said ἀπὸ τοῦ θεᾶσθαι, that is from seeing, says Damascenus, book I On the Faith, chapter XII, because God perceives all things, even the most secret and intimate things of the heart. For He Himself, as St. Augustine says, is wholly light, indeed He Himself is the first uncreated and immense light illuminating all things. Tiberius Caesar, as Pliny testifies, book XI, chapter XXXVIII, and Suetonius in Tiberius, chapter LXVI, had eyes so splendid that at night in darkness without light, from the splendor of his eyes alone he could see and read letters. Thus also Caius Marius sent forth rays from his eyes, by which he who was determined to kill him was struck and repelled, as Plutarch testifies in Mario. God has eyes far more bright and resplendent, which look upon all things, which survey all things, indeed which illuminate and illustrate all things; for they are Enemy. Properly ὑπερασπίζω is defense and protection, which is done by means of a shield; for ἀσπίς is a small round shield, a buckler, a shield properly round which the Lacedaemonians used; just as ἀσπίς, which the Thracians used; hence ἀσπίζω is I protect with a shield; ἀσπιστής is a warrior armed with a shield; ὑπερασπίζω is I defend and protect strenuously; ὑπεράσπιστής is a strenuous defender, who protects someone with his shield. Just as therefore Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, David, Judas Maccabaeus, etc., were defenders of Israel or the Jews: so God is the most keen defender and protector of all who fear Him. He alludes to that word of God to Abraham, Genesis XV, 1: "Fear not Abraham, I am thy protector;" in Hebrew anochi magen lach, that is I am thy shield; the Septuagint, I am thy defender. See the things said there, and to that Psalm XC, 5: "His truth shall compass thee with a shield;" and Psalm V, 13: "O Lord, Thou hast crowned us with the shield of Thy good will." This is great consolation to the pious, that God surrounds them and protects them like a shield, namely receiving and breaking all the darts which are cast at the pious by the demon, the flesh and the world, so that they must first touch God before they can reach the pious; but from God they are repelled or broken, so that they reach the pious either not at all or only broken, shattered, weak and feeble. Moreover God the protector provides His own with threefold protection: the first, of men; the second, of angels; the third, of Himself. Hear St. Bernard, sermon 15 on the psalm Who dwells: "Because he has hoped in me, I will deliver him. Not in watchmen, not in man, not in angel, but in me, he says, has he hoped; nothing good except from me, so that you do not expect it through them. For every good gift, and every perfect gift is from above, descending from the Father of lights, James I. From me the watchings of men and as it were a shelter against the heat of midday temptation and tribulation of any kind. For tribulations torment and burn a man like heat and burning. He alludes to that passage in Isaiah IV, 6: "And there shall be a tabernacle for a shadow in the daytime from the heat, and for a refuge and covert from the whirlwind and from the rain," as if to say: God, like the pillar of cloud overshadowing the tabernacle, went before the camps of the Hebrews, and protected them as it were with an umbrella from the heat, Exodus XIII, 21, and Num. IX. In like manner He will lead His own into the promised land, namely into heaven, and will protect them from the heat of temptations and adversities. He also alludes to Psalm XC, 5: "Thou shalt not be afraid of the terror of the night, of the arrow that flieth in the day, etc., of the assault and the demon of midday." The Chaldean: From the multitude of demons who rage at midday. In Hebrew it is קטב keteb, which some, according to St. Jerome, say is a certain demon who rages at midday, just as קבר deber, which does so at night. Thus R. Solomon and others. St. Jerome translates it, from the bite of him that assails at midday. The sense is, as if to say: God, if you fear Him, will protect you, so that you may not fear from the demon and his followers' tyranny at midday, that is, openly and in broad daylight raging and attacking you, as if to say: You will be safe from evil which either by day or by night, either openly or secretly, whether you know it or are ignorant of it, says St. Augustine, a demon or a man could devise against you, whether privately or publicly through inundations, fires, tempests, devastation of fields, persecutions, wars, destructions, etc. The third pair is: "Deprecation of offense, and help against falling;" in Greek, φυλακή ἀπὸ προσκόμματος, καὶ βοήθεια ἀπὸ πτώσεως, that is, custody from offense, and help from falling. Therefore God is said to be "deprecation of offense," namely passive or objective, that is, from which we beseech custody (as the Greek texts have it), to drive away, as when Cicero says in the 4th oration against Verres: "Now what shall Hortensius do? Shall he drive away the charges of avarice with praises of frugality?" that is, repel them, and so pray that no one should be thought avaricious, but rather frugal. And in the oration for Plancius: Nor shall I profess myself alone as your protector, that is, savior, of your fortunes, but as your companion and partner. And Pliny, book XXVIII, chapter II: "Even the walls of buildings are inscribed with deprecations," that is, with certain words which have the power of turning fires away from houses. Thus also God is "deprecation," that is, a deprecator, that is, a savior, a repeller and a warden off "of offense." And this sense agrees better with the Greek. Therefore God is "deprecation," that is, a removal or taking away "of offense," namely custody from offense, as the Greek texts have it, as if to say: God is custody, that is, a guardian, who guards His own from offense, and removes and takes it far from them. Therefore Rabanus and Lyra explain it less correctly thus: "God is deprecation of offense," that is, "hearing deprecation for offense." Let this sense serve the others already given, and cohere with them. lest we anywhere stumble and fall, the same is help, lest we fall; or, if we have fallen, that we may immediately rise again. It is a Hebraism: for the Hebrews often take active forms for passive, abstract for concrete, power for object. Thus throughout the Psalms the Psalmist says to God: "Thou art my hope," that is, the object of my hope, or the thing hoped for by me: "Thou art my glory," that is, the object of my glory, thou art that in which and of which I glory: "Thou art my patience," that is, He on account of whom I suffer. Thus here God is said to be "deprecation of offense," that is, He whom we beseech, that He may not permit us to stumble and fall; for to deprecate and to pray are contraries: for we pray for good, that it may be given; we deprecate evil, that it may be turned away from us. Hence Ovid, book I of Pontus, elegy 2: Often I pray for death, death also I deprecate the same; as if to say: Now I pray for death, that it may take me; now I deprecate it, that it may not take me; as if to say: Now I would wish to die, now I would not. Thus to deprecate danger is to turn it away, and to pray that it may not happen. Hence to deprecate by metonymy is to remove and take away useful, certainly concerning manifest works: to them indeed I have appointed men as guardians. From me come the watches of observing angels, spiritually soliciting secret movements, repelling wicked prompters. But truly the innermost custody of the most secret intention must be done not only from me, but also through me, which indeed the human cannot do, but neither can even the angelic eye penetrate." For God alone enters into the heart, and knows its most intimate thoughts and intentions, guards and directs them, according to that in Hebrews IV, 12: "For the word of God is living and effectual, and more piercing than any two-edged sword; and reaching unto the division of the soul and the spirit, of the joints also and the marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart." According to the pair of epithets of God: "A covering from the heat, and a shadow from the noonday sun;" in Greek, σκέπη ἀπὸ καύσωνος καὶ σκηνὴ ἀπὸ μεσημβρίας, that is, a covering from heat, and a covering from midday; the Zurich version: A covering from the heat, a shadow from the noonday sun; others: A covering against the heat, and a covering against the midday sun; the Syriac: Delivering from the enemy and snatching from the plague, as if to say, God is to those who fear him like a covering against heat— regards, the end; which as to election, salvation; which as to himself, he knows. What is God? an omnipotent will, a most benevolent power, an eternal light, an unchangeable reason, the highest blessedness; creating mind to participate in himself, giving life to feel, affecting to desire, expanding to receive, filling to happiness, surrounding to security. What is God? no less the punishment of the perverse than the glory of the humble. For it is a certain rational direction of equity, unconvertible and undeviating, inasmuch as it reaches everywhere; against which all perversity, when struck, must necessarily be disturbed. Why should not everything swollen or distorted rush against this and be shattered?" Symbolically and prophetically Palacius judges that through these epithets, as it were hieroglyphics, the passion and cross are denoted, and nine gifts and fruits of the crucified Christ: Moreover, he says, under those divine epithets which Ecclesiasticus attributes to God, lie eminent and most excellent praises of Christ. When you hear that God is a "protector" or shield, you understand Christ to be wounded for us; for a shield receives the wounds which he who is protected by the shield would have received in battle. For which reason also he is called a wall and a bulwark. Secondly, when you hear that God is a "firmament" (namely, upon which the house rests), you understand Christ to be greatly humbled, so that he might be the foundation of the Church, upon which it might rest, lest the rivers and winds rushing upon it could drive it into ruin. Thirdly, while you hear that God is "a covering from the heat," you understand Christ to have been a shepherd, who, so that the sun might not harm the sheep, exposed himself to the sun's heat better than Jacob, who thus commends his pastoral office: "Day and night I was burnt with heat and frost," Genesis XXXI, 40. Fourthly, when you hear that God is "a shadow from the noonday heat," you understand Christ to have been crucified at the sixth hour, that is, at midday; and then he received into himself the heat of the burning sun, that is, of divine justice, according to that: "Thy wrath hath passed over me," namely, the rigor of God's justice (which was about to burn us) Christ received into himself, and therefore he turned the sun into shade for us. Fifthly, when you hear that God is "a deprecation of offense," understand Christ, both on the cross and in heaven, deprecating the Father, lest he deal severely with us for our offenses. Then also deprecating us, lest we offend him. Sixthly, when you hear that God is "a help in falling," understand this: when we fall down into death and hell, Christ descended into death and hell to snatch us thence, so that he might stretch out his hand to us fallen. Seventhly, in that he says, "exalting the soul," understand thus: Christ will exalt us with him into heaven; so that, as he descended into the lower parts of the earth to raise us up, so he ascended into the highest parts of heaven to join us to himself. Eighthly, when he says, "illuminating the soul," he teaches that it will come to pass that in heaven in his light we shall see light, that is, in the light of glory we shall be glorious. Ninthly, when he says, "giving health and life and blessing," he notes what the eternity of glory will be like, which Christ is about to give to the elect, namely, salvation, life and all good things. For there "they shall be inebriated with the plenty of" God's "house," and "they shall drink of the torrent of" his "pleasure": "for with thee (he says) is the fountain of life," Psalm XXXV, verses 9 and 10.
THE FOURTH PART OF THE CHAPTER, TEACHING THAT GOD DOES NOT APPROVE, BUT REJECTS, THE OBLATIONS OF ROBBERS AND THE IMPIOUS. He has hitherto taught that God protects and blesses those who fear him; now he teaches who those are, and in what the fear, that is, the worship and reverence of God, consists. First therefore he asserts that it does not consist in oblations made to God from robbery and impiety. He says therefore:
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Our author reads μεμωμημένη from μῶμος, that is, blemish; now they read μεμιμημένη. What the Complutensian edition translates is ridiculous; the Roman edition, derided, as if to say God laughs at and derides the oblations made from iniquity. Again, for derisions, Our author with the Romans reads μωκήματα, that is, jeers, mockeries; others read μωμήματα, that is, blemishes; the Complutensian edition reads δωρήματα, that is, gifts. Hence the Zurich edition translates: A sacrifice from unjustly obtained goods is a mockery of the one sacrificing, nor do the gifts of the unjust merit grace, both because the one offering is unjust, and because the thing offered is unjust. For he offers from another's property, when God ought to be honored from one's own, as Lyra says, according to that in Proverbs III, 9: "Honour the Lord with thy substance." Whence St. Ambrose, book VIII on chapter XIX of Luke: "Zacchaeus the rich man," he says, "is chosen by Christ, but by distributing half his goods to the poor, and also repaying fourfold what he had taken by fraud; for the other is not enough, nor does liberality have grace if injury persists; because not spoils, but gifts are sought." Moreover, τὸ from iniquity signifies not only oblations from rapine or similar injustice, but also from any iniquity to displease God, for instance if they are made from violation of some divine precept, whether of the Decalogue. Hence the oblation of Jephte, Judges XI, 31, by which he vowed that if he returned victorious from war, he would immolate to God the first one meeting him from his house, even if it were his daughter, and returning victorious he indeed immolated her to God, displeased Him; because this was rather homicide than sacrifice, indeed parricide forbidden by the fifth precept of the Decalogue: "Thou shalt not kill." Thus the oblation which the Pharisees taught their sons to make, that they neglect needy parents and say to them, Corban, that is, I have dedicated this gift to God; therefore it is not lawful for me to give it to you, O father, Christ rejects, Matthew XV, 6. Thus the oblation of Saul from the flocks of Amalec, which God had commanded to be killed, as an oblation of disobedience, God rejected, and so deprived Saul of the kingdom, I Kings XV, 22 and following. Whence the Wise man, Ecclesiastes cap. IV, 17: "Much better," he says, "is obedience than the victims of fools, who know not what evil they do." Thus a vow by which one vows a victim or oblation, for example to consecrate a son to God if he obtains a concubine and begets him from her, is base and displeases God, both on account of the affection toward the work of fornication, and on account of irreverence or contumely which is inflicted upon God by such a vow. And it is a tacit blasphemy, because while you seriously promise to God what you know to be evil, you insinuate that it pleases God, and that by it He is worshipped and honored. A similar irreverence will be if you fulfill it with the same mind, as Father Lessius teaches, book II On Justice, cap. XL, On Vows, doubt 7, num. 36 and following. You will say: Christ, Luke XVI, 9, seems to advise the contrary, indeed to command; for he says: "Make unto you friends of the mammon of iniquity: that when you shall fail, they may receive you into everlasting dwellings." I answer that "mammon," that is, riches, is called "of iniquity," both because they are the instruments of many crimes; and "of iniquity," because unjust, that is, unfaithful, deceitful, fleeting, not faithful and stable, such as are spiritual and heavenly riches, which Christ therefore opposes to them in the same chapter, verse 11; and finally because the unjust think these alone are riches, because they know not divine ones. Thus St. Augustine, tract. 35 On the Words of the Lord. For otherwise it is not lawful to make alms from usuries and rapines, as St. Augustine teaches in the same place, and it is found 14, question V, Canon II and IX, where the same is proved from this place of Ecclesiasticus.
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Secondly, others supply, "is required," that is to say, God alone is required by the pious who truly and justly hope in Him. Thus Lyra. Those, he says, who stand "in the way of truth and justice" have God alone as their true God, and He accepts their gifts: robbers and the avaricious have gold and money as their god, the glutton has delicacies, the luxurious man has the pleasure of touch; and therefore their sacrifices are not acceptable to God. Thirdly, Palacius supplies, "is to be adored:" God, he says, is to be adored alone, not together with the idol Dagon, I Kings V, that is, not together with the idol of iniquity; and He is to be adored "in the way of truth and justice," not in the way of theft and robbery. Furthermore, the pious are said to sustain the Lord, according to that saying of Paul, I Corinthians VI, 20: "Glorify and bear God in your body;" and that of David, Psalm XXVI, 14: "Act manfully, and sustain the Lord;" so that it would be wonderful for a giant to be borne by a dwarf: yet Simeon was governed by Him whom he bore, Luke II. Thus Palacius. Fourthly and genuinely, that is to say, the Lord alone is Lord, and He shows Himself as Lord to those who sustain Him "in the way of truth and justice;" that is, in the way of true justice, so that it is a hendiadys; or "in the way of truth" of life, which is practical, and is nothing other than justice and holiness. Thus Jansenius. The Lord alone, he says, is to those who sustain Him, that is, He alone acknowledges Himself as Lord, and is present only to those who patiently await Him, living in the way of truth and justice: so that they neither impose upon anyone by the falsity of words, nor by injustice of works oppress anyone. Morally note: That God, although He is God and Father of all, especially of the just, is nevertheless such "to those who sustain Him," that is, to those who are constant and strong. The Lord glories, namely, in being the Lord of strong men, who persevere in the way of truth and justice, and resist the impediments of vice that draw them from good. For just as a man rejoices if he has faithful servants; and a king is glad if he has strong and robust soldiers, who never desert him in battle, nor turn their backs to the enemy: so the Lord greatly exults in the constancy and firmness of His servants and soldiers.
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By gifts understand victims, oblations, alms, vows and whatever else we give and offer to God, or in honor of God. He alludes to Prov. XV, 8: "The victims of the wicked are abominable to the Lord: the vows of the just are acceptable." The Greek texts, as is their custom, are concise thus: The Most High is not pleased with the oblations of the wicked, nor is He appeased by a multitude of sacrifices for sin. So also the Syriac. Understand these things concerning sacrifices which have the power of obtaining only from the work of the one working, that is, from the virtue and merit of the one sacrificing, such as were the sacrifices of the old law: for in the new law the Eucharistic sacrifice has its power from the work worked, even if the priest working and sacrificing is wicked. For in it the primary priest and offerer is Christ, who is the Holy of Holies, as the Council of Trent teaches. A witness to the truth of this statement is Cain, whose gifts, as he was wicked and avaricious, "God did not regard," but Abel's pious alone does He acknowledge as His worshippers and genuine servants, and in turn He is their Lord. What these offer, that alone is pleasing to Him, indeed the very truth and justice which they keep is to Him the most pleasing sacrifice. This verse is now lacking in the Greek and Syriac. and liberal, Gen. IV; and the Jews; to whom Isaiah says, cap. I, 11: "To what purpose is the multitude of your victims to me, saith the Lord? I am full; I desire not holocausts of rams, and fat of fatlings, etc., I would not have it: incense is an abomination to me." He adds the reason, vers. 15: "For your hands are full of blood." A more recent and more apt example is found in the Life of St. Columban, who freely and boldly rebuked Theodoric, the wicked king of the Gauls. For when the king learned of his coming, he had a dinner prepared with royal care, and all other necessities for his hospitality brought by a long line of servants; which when Columban saw, he turned away with face and voice, uttering that verse from Scripture: "The Most High rejects the gifts of the wicked," and it was unworthy that the mouths of God's servants be polluted by his food, he who was waging such an unjust war with them. Scarcely had he finished speaking when all the vessels in which those foods were contained were broken, the wine and strong drink poured out upon the ground, the rest scattered here and there. At which the servants were astonished, and the king himself terrified, ran up and promised to be in his power in all things; yet he soon returned to his vomit, and Columban again attacked him with more severe rebukes and threats. The same thing St. Anthony of Padua said and did to Ezzelino the tyrant offering gifts, as his Life relates. Furthermore, when he says: "The Most High does not approve the gifts of the wicked;" do not from this infer that all works of the unfaithful (much less of faithful sinners) are sins, and therefore hateful to God, as some once thought, and St. Augustine seems sometimes to indicate. For this is now a manifest error: for the unfaithful and wicked, even persisting in impiety, do some works of moral virtues, and therefore morally good, as when they give alms to the poor, when they offer victims to God, when they honor their parents, etc.; which because they are honest and virtuous, are certainly pleasing and approved by God. God is said not to approve them, because He does not approve those giving and offering, so as to wish on account of them to be reconciled with them, and to give them grace and glory. Finally, by the wicked understand any persons, but especially robbers, who from the robberies of the poor offer gifts to God or to their neighbors: for the discourse has gone before concerning these and follows. And this is the sum of the iniquity of the wicked.
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the poor man is left behind, thou shalt be a helper to the orphan." And as Lyra says: Although God is the father of all by creation, yet in a special manner He is the father of the poor by the promise of inheritance, saying Matt. V, 3: "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." Whence the Greek texts, omitting τὸ as it were, more forcefully and significantly thus have it: θύων, that is, he slays; or more properly, "he sacrifices" and offers "the son in the sight of his father, he who brings a sacrifice from the money of the poor," that is to say, He who offers a sacrifice from the goods of the poor, is not only like one slaying a son, but in reality truly and properly slays and sacrifices the son in the sight of the father; because in taking away their goods he takes away likewise their life, which was to be sustained by those goods: those, I say, whom God, abandoned by others, takes to Himself in a special manner as sons and adopts them. Wherefore in this one crime five monstrous crimes are contained: The first is robbery: in that he takes away goods from another, and from a poor man. The second is murder: in that, by taking away goods from the poor man, he takes away his life as well. The third is parricide: in that he kills the son in the sight of the father, so that it appears he kills the father with the son, both of whom are brothers to him, as being sons of the same God the father: for the father lives and remains in the son, whom dying he leaves behind as his heir and as another self; wherefore if the son dies, the father considers himself to die with him: and therefore he who plots death against the son, seeks the throat of the father, and as it were kills the father, inasmuch as he lives in the son, and indeed more than in himself; for where love is, there also is soul and life. The fourth is deicide: in that he destroys the Son of God in the very sight of God; for he who touches and violates the Son of God, touches and violates God Himself, as His father. The fifth is sacrilege: in that he not only kills the Son of God most beloved by God, but also sacrifices Him, that is, offers Him as a holocaust to God the Father. What could be said or thought more sorrowful, more monstrous, or more horrible than this? For, as St. Gregory says, lib. VII, epist. III: "We understand what great sorrow of the father it is, if in his sight the son is sacrificed. And hence we can easily know how great sorrow is stirred up with God, when a sacrifice made from robbery is offered to Him." And St. Chrysostom, hom. 33 to the People: That almsgiving is the art most profitable of all, so that he might incite his people to it and turn them away from robbery: "Hear," he says, "Scripture saying: As he who kills the son before the father, so he who offers a sacrifice from the money of the poor. Let us therefore have this threat written in our mind, written on the walls, written in our hands, written in our conscience, written everywhere: so that this fear living in our hearts may restrain our hands from daily slaughter; for robbery is worse than slaughter, gradually devouring the poor man." St. Isidore, lib. III Sentent. cap. LX: "Concerning robberies," he says, "to make alms is not an office of mercy, but a gain of crime. Whence also Solomon: He who offers," he says, "a sacrifice from the robbery of the poor, as if one were to sacrifice the son in the sight of his father. For he who takes unjustly, never distributes justly: nor does he well give to another what he wickedly extorts from another." More fully St. Gregory (and from him Rabanus here), III part. Pastor. admon. 22; for having cited Isaiah, cap. LXI, 8: "I the Lord love judgment, and hate robbery in a holocaust," he adds: "But how greatly He refuses them by a certain punishment, the Lord demonstrates through a wise man, saying: He who offers a sacrifice from the substance of the poor, as one who sacrifices the son in the sight of his father. For what can be more intolerable than the death of a son before the eyes of the father? Therefore how greatly this sacrifice is looked upon with wrath is shown: in that it is compared to the sorrow of a bereaved father. And yet for the most part they weigh how much they give; but how much they rob, they pretend not to consider: as if they count the reward, and refuse to weigh the faults. Let them therefore hear what is written: He who gathered wages, sent them into a bag with a hole. In a bag with a hole indeed it is seen, when money is sent; but when it is lost, it is not seen. He therefore who looks upon how much they give, but does not weigh how much they rob, puts wages into a bag with a hole: because truly they gather these looking to the hope of their confidence, but lose them not looking." Our Salazar explains this more deeply and profoundly in Ecclesiasticus XXXIV, 24, at the end; as if to say, "He that offereth sacrifice of the substance of the poor, is as one that sacrificeth the son in the sight of the father," that is, he does the same as if he were to sacrifice Christ in the sight of God the Father. For since Christ through faith, grace, love, the Eucharist, and special care is and lives in the poor, the faithful and Christians; hence he who deprives them of the necessities of life through robbery, appears to deprive Christ himself, who lives in them, of life, and thus commits what is as it were a deicide in the sight of God the Father. Again, the death of a son is displeasing and sorrowful to a father, because namely he is deprived of his legitimate heir of his goods. Consider therefore that the poor are called by a special right to the inheritance of Christ, James II, 5: "Hath not God chosen the poor in this world, rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom?" For although such poor, being taken away prematurely through deprivation of goods, are not deprived of the hereditary lot of the kingdom and eternal life; yet they are said to lose that greater lot, which, if they had lived longer, they would have attained through assiduous merits by the voluntary endurance of poverty: and thus, as far as that greater lot is concerned, God himself can in a certain way be said to be deprived of his legitimate heir when the poor man is taken away by injury. The Syrian indicates this sense, whose words from verse 27 I shall cite. The poor man therefore represents the person of Christ, so that whatever good or evil is done to the poor, Christ himself esteems it as done to himself. Concerning which matter a wonderful example exists in Leontius in the Life of St. John the Almsgiver, about Peter the Publican, who from being avaricious became generous through an angelic vision, and distributed all his possessions to the poor, indeed stripping himself of his precious garment, he gave it to a poor shipwrecked man. This man sold it: seeing it sold, Peter grieved; but Christ appearing to him, showed himself clothed in it, and said: "Why do you weep, Peter? Behold, I am clothed in it, from the time you gave it to me, and I give thanks to your good will; for I was afflicted with cold, and you covered me." Returning therefore to himself, Peter began to bless the needy, and to say: "The Lord lives, if my poor are Christ, I shall not die, and I shall become as one of them." Wherefore he commanded his secretary that he sell him, and give the price to the poor. Being sold therefore for thirty coins, he served his master like a slave, and receiving reproaches and stripes from his fellow servants, he patiently endured all things, so that he was held and called mad. Finally recognized by acquaintances traveling there, and turning aside to the master's house, in order to flee vainglory, he fled from the master's house, and in his flight restored the use of both tongue and ears to the janitor of the house, who was deaf and dumb. Leontius adds that in like manner he sold Serapion of Sidon, just as St. Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, sold himself for the son of the widow Wandalis out of love for the poor, so that he, being poor, might follow Christ poor, who though he was rich, became poor for us. Wherefore St. Augustine and St. Gregory celebrate that deed of his with wonderful praises. Finally, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, in his Verses, thus sings: You clothe and nourish Christ poor by nourishing the poor: Having left all things, compare Christ alone to yourself.
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does not give, according to that of St. Ambrose: "Feed the dying of hunger: if you have not fed him, you have killed him." Whence the Syrian translates: Bread of reproach, the life of the poor; and he who denies it to them, sheds innocent blood.
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The Greek, as is customary, conflates two sentences already mentioned into this one: He that taketh away sustenance, killeth his neighbour; and he that defraudeth the labourer of his hire, sheddeth blood. The Zurich Bible: Whosoever depriveth any one of food, killeth him; and he that withholdeth the wages of the labourer, sheddeth innocent blood. Hence the defrauding of the wages of workmen is called a sin crying to heaven by St. James, cap. V, verse 4. See the remarks there. Furthermore the Syrian translates remarkably: He that killeth his neighbour, inheriteth his riches; and he that sheddeth innocent blood, depriveth God of his son and heir. For such is the innocent man, nay, "man is the inheritance and peculium of God," saith the Wise Man. The Syrian continues: He that defraudeth the labourer of his hire, defraudeth his creator, and he himself hath received evil recompense. See the remarks on verse 24, at the end.
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First, Hugo and Dionysius refer these words to what was said in verses 21 and 24, namely to him who offers in iniquity and from the substance of the poor, as if to say: Although such a one builds by the work of offering, nevertheless because he destroys by offering in iniquity and from the plunder of the poor, hence he gains nothing except labour: and although the priests, to whom he offers, bless him; yet the poor, from whom he has plundered these things, curse him, says Dionysius. But it is objected that such a one builds nothing good; for although the work of offering in general, and considered abstractly, is good; yet when viewed in the individual, inasmuch as it is done here and now from the plunder of the poor, it is absolutely and intrinsically evil. Such a one therefore builds nothing, but perverts and destroys his entire work. Secondly, Palacius more aptly refers these words to the following verse, so that to build and to destroy is the same as to be baptized by a dead man, and again to touch him, that is to repent of sin, and soon to return to the vomit of sin: so that these three proverbs, namely the first, of one building and destroying; the second, of one blessing; the third, of one baptized and returning to filth, signify the same thing, namely that the repentance of sin profits nothing, if after it the penitent sins again. Thirdly, others refer these words to the evil of discord in a city, republic, monastery and any congregation, as if to say: When in any assembly there is discord, and what one builds, another destroys; then all labours on both sides are without fruit, vain and empty, and there is no utility to any, except that on both sides labour is expended in vain. This sense of the proverb is fitting, but to this place it is incongruous and impertinent; for here the matter is not about concord, but about the offering of the impious. Fourth and genuinely, Rabanus, Lyra, Jansenius and others refer these words to verse 23, namely to the gifts of the wicked, as if to say: The wicked acquire nothing from the offerings which they offer to God, who disapproves of them, except vain labour. It is a prolepsis or anticipation; for they anticipate an objection which someone might make here, saying: The gifts of the wicked are good in themselves, nor do they proceed from iniquity, so that they can be vitiated by it: therefore they are honourable, and pleasing to God. He answers that they are good in themselves, and pleasing to God, but vain and useless to those who give them; because what they build with one hand, they destroy with the other. You will say: The wicked man offering his gifts is one and the same person; but here two persons are assigned, namely, one building, the other destroying. Whence in the plural he adds: "What profit is it to them (not to him) except labour?" Therefore this parable cannot be understood of that one. I answer, the wicked man offering gifts to God is one person formally, but two virtually, or politically and interpretatively. For such a one, inasmuch as he offers gifts to God, is a person building a good work by his piety and religion, equally as his neighbour. The same one, however, inasmuch as he perpetrates many wicked deeds, interpretatively is another person; namely, by his vices and wicked habits destroying the merit and impetration of his good offering. For it was a grave error of many, even of priests, Scribes and Pharisees, placing all sanctity in external sacrifices, ceremonies, purifications prescribed by God in the law. Whence they thought it lawful for them to plunder, to fornicate, to slander and to perpetrate all crimes, provided they retained the external worship of the true God: for all crimes are expiated so that he obtains or acquires nothing from God. For in proverbs the likeness of the thing signified cannot be precisely adequate in all respects; otherwise it would not be a likeness, but the thing itself. The sense therefore is, as if to say: He who now lives impiously, now offers gifts to God, is like two men, of whom one builds, the other destroys what has been built: nay, he is like one and the same person who foolishly first builds, then destroys what has been built, as Penelope wove the web by day and unravelled it by night, lest, if she should finish it, she would be compelled by her promise to marry one of her suitors. Understand (as I have said): if he who offers or gives alms, or does any other good work, wishes to persevere in sins, not in act (for if in act, the offering would be vicious and the good work would be vitiated: for it would be vitiated by this evil circumstance, namely by the will to persevere in sins), but in habit. For if he wishes to repent even with a languid and inefficacious will, that is if he desires to repent and to amend his life, and therefore offers a gift or does a good work, in order to obtain from God the grace of repentance and amendment of life, the gift and work will be good and strong, and will be able to obtain God's grace. Wherefore Daniel, chapter IV, verse 24, advised Nabuchodonosor, an infidel and tyrant king, saying: "Redeem thy sins with alms, and thy iniquities with the mercies of the poor." See what is said there. victims for sin. Such are even now many among Christians, who abusing that saying of Christ: "What remains, give as alms: and behold all things are clean to you," Luke XI, 41, plunder the poor, oppress orphans, practice usury, perjure themselves, defraud, and perpetrate grave crimes: for all of which they think themselves to satisfy God through alms, which they give to the poor and to Religious for this end, that they themselves may pray for them, and placate God for their sins. Some priests live impurely; yet they think themselves to satisfy their office excellently, if they preach eloquently and celebrate Masses. Against whom St. Prosper says: "To speak well and live badly, is nothing other than to condemn oneself by one's own voice." Others introduce particular devotions for themselves, for example they fast on Saturday, recite the rosary, read the Office in honor of the Blessed Virgin, and meanwhile persist in grave crimes, persuaded that no one can perish and be damned who honors the Blessed Virgin, because she is the mother of mercy. All of which the devil astutely suggests to them, so that through these errors and illusions he may draw them into hell. Ben Sira refutes all this here, as if to say: You err, O wretched and blind ones, because the Almighty does not approve the gifts of the wicked persisting in wickedness. For although gifts and oblations are in themselves good and holy, as being acts of virtue, religion, almsgiving, abstinence, etc., and therefore pleasing and acceptable to God; nevertheless he who gives and offers them is not on that account pleasing and acceptable to God, if he be impious and persist in a wicked life, according to what he said in verse 23: "Neither shall he be appeased for sins by the multitude of their sacrifices." He gives the reason in this verse: because what he himself, as pious, builds up by giving and offering, that is, does rightly and well, and gives an example of virtue to others; this same thing, as impious, and as it were another, different from himself as pious, he destroys by his continual crimes. Wherefore by his gifts and oblations he removes all power of reconciling and obtaining, and weakens and stifles them, so that nothing remains to him except the labor of good work and the wasted expense of gifts: just as when one builds a house, another the next day destroys what was built; neither gains anything except continuous labor of building and destroying. Again, what he himself, as pious, through himself, or through the poor and Religious, whose prayers he has purchased through alms, prays and begs may be done, this same thing he himself, as impious, curses and in reality prays may not be done, while he irritates God by his crimes and provokes Him to vengeance, and thus really and interpretatively by living wickedly protests that he hates and curses all virtue, grace and blessing. Moreover, while the poor man or Religious prays for him, and blesses him and wishes him well; others whom he has plundered, to whom he has done many injuries, curse him, and all utter dire imprecations against him. Whose voice, or which voices, will the Lord hear? Surely He will hear both those cursing and those blessing: therefore the voice of those cursing will cancel and weaken the voice of those blessing,
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St. Gregory, book IX, epistle 39, on Psalm IV of Penance, at that passage: "A sacrifice to God is a contrite spirit," and those who followed him, Rabanus and Hugo, understand these things concerning the sacrament of Baptism and Penance, that is to say: He who is washed "from the dead," that is from sin, and again commits that same thing, what does his washing profit him? "After the washing," says Rabanus, "he ceases to be clean, whoever after tears does not preserve the innocence of life. And they are washed, and are in no way clean, those who do not cease to weep for their sins committed, but again commit things to be wept for. To whom Isaiah says in chapter I, 16: Be washed, be clean, take away the evil of your thoughts from before my eyes." And Hugo: "He who is baptized from the dead," he says, "that is, he who is cleansed from sin by the water of contrition, if he again touches it, it profits him nothing, because the following guilt destroys penance." But this sense is mystical: for in the literal sense, baptism in the time of Sirach was not a Sacrament, but was instituted long afterwards by Christ: wherefore Baptism here is to be understood as legal, namely the washing prescribed by law in Numbers XIX, by which those who touched a dead body, and therefore according to the law were unclean, and could not enter the temple, had to cleanse and purify themselves by the washing of lustral water, made from the ashes of a red heifer, that is to say: He who, by washing his body with this lustral water, expiated the legal uncleanness which he contracted from contact with the dead, namely a corpse, if he again touches a corpse, what does his former washing profit him? that is to say: Nothing; for again by contact with the dead he became unclean, as he was before, and therefore he needs a new baptism and a new washing: thus likewise "a man who fasts in his sins," that is on account of his sins (for the Hebrew ב, that is in, of price, signifies on account of), namely he deems to be void and to be repeated. This was the error of St. Cyprian, whose guilt was cut down by the sickle of passion and martyrdom, says St. Augustine. But his followers, because they persisted in him pertinaciously after he was condemned by the Church, hence became heretics, and were named Donatists: who likewise objected these words of Ecclesiastes to Catholics; to whom St. Augustine responds, book II Against Crescentius, chapter XXV: "When a Catholic hears: He who is baptized from the dead, his washing does not profit him; he will answer: Christ lives, and now dies no more, and death shall no more have dominion over him; of whom it is said in John V: He shall baptize you in the Holy Ghost; but they are baptized from the dead, who are baptized in the temples of idols (in the name of the dead, that is of gods and idols). For neither do they themselves receive from their priests the sanctification which they think they receive, but from their gods. Who, since they were men, and have so died that they neither live upon the earth nor in the rest of the Saints, truly they are baptized from the dead." But, as I said, here we are not speaking of Christian baptism, as it had not yet been instituted at that time, but of Jewish washing. And they add "and again touches him" which demands another sense, which I gave at the beginning. For those words are constantly added by the Greek and Latin codices; whence also St. Augustine there, chapter XXVII, hinting at the same thing, or doubting: "Examine," he says, "the ancient codices carefully, and especially the Greek ones, lest perhaps those very words are written otherwise from the preceding and following context of the discourse and intimate another sense." Morally, St. Eligius, who flourished in the year of Christ 640, homily 8: "He who," he says, "gave his substance to God, and offers his soul to the enemy (the devil), is fulfilled in him what is written: He who is baptized from the dead, and again touches the dead, what does his washing profit?" Thus also St. Gregory on Psalm IV of Penance at that passage: A heart contrite and humbled, O God, thou wilt not despise: "He," he says, "is washed from the dead, who by penance is cleansed from sin. If the same sins which he had punished should befall him by repeating them, the washing of satisfaction applied seems to have availed nothing, whom the repeated baseness of the crime has stained more dishonorably." The same, in the third part of the Pastoral, admonition 31: "He is baptized," he says, "from the dead, who is cleansed by tears from sin; but after baptism he touches the dead, who repeats the guilt after tears." Which words are cited concerning Penance, distinction III, chapter They are baptized; for, as the same St. Gregory says, book IX, epistle 39: "Dead is every perverse work, which draws toward death, which does not live by the life of justice." Finally, although this opinion properly speaks of grave and mortal sin: for this is signified by the dead corpse; yet it can be adapted analogically to venial sins and vices, especially voluntary ones, concerning which many repent and confess, but immediately relapse into the same: whence in his these defects remain, and the dead lie there, insensible to all the warnings of confessors, rectors, and preachers. For these men make no progress in virtue, nor are they illuminated by God, or receive any outstanding gift or grace: because they place an obstacle through these defects, which if they generously remove and uproot, they will surely receive great gifts of divine lights and charisms. From this learn that relapse into sin is itself graver and more dangerous than the sin itself, both on account of the graver offense and ingratitude which relapse after received pardon brings; and because relapse renews and increases the former fall, whence the fall is wont to be greater and deeper; and because God abhors the one who relapses, abandons and despises him, indeed sharply chastises him. Whence Christ to the infirm man healed by him: "Behold, he says, thou art made whole: now sin no more, lest some worse thing happen to thee," John V, 14: "By which words, says Cyril, he signified that by the repetition of sin man falls into many worse things. What profit is it, I beseech you, to wash clothes diligently, and to soil them again when washed in mud? What to wash hands, and to contaminate them again when washed with filth? As a sow washed, says the Wise Man, in the wallowing place of mud; so a fool who repeats his folly." For the same reason Christ, absolving the adulteress, admonished her, saying: "Go, and now sin no more," John VIII, 11. Where St. Cyril, or rather Judocus Clictoveus, doctor of Paris: for he supplied these four middle books of St. Cyril on John, which were lost (I have nevertheless seen them written in Greek at Rome, and rendering the style of St. Cyril, and there is one of ours who transfers them into Latin so as to publish them): "For in vain, he says, is medicine taken, if after restored health, through the incontinence of life, he who recovered falls back into his former disease. Nay rather relapse into sickness is wont to be more dangerous and nearer to death than the former weakness; and those whom the first adverse health did not destroy, often the sickness repeated after restored soundness has taken from life. Not otherwise is the medicine of penance taken in vain, if after it is completed one returns to the filth of past life. For this second fever of the soul is exceedingly dangerous." And St. Chrysostom, sermon On the Fall of the First Man: "Do not, he says, sin after pardon, do not be wounded after cure, do not be soiled after grace." And immediately rendering the case of each: "Consider, he says, that guilt is graver after pardon: a renewed wound hurts worse after cure: it is more troublesome for a man to be soiled after grace." And again weighing the perversity of these changes: "Pardon, he says, is ungrateful, he who sins after pardon; he is unworthy of health, who wounds himself after he has been cured: nor does he deserve to be cleansed, who soils himself after grace." And finally demonstrating the gravity of this relapse: "It is grave, he says, for an instructed man to offend, graver for an absolved man to sin. It is worse for a slave, who offends his patron after given freedom." And St. Bernard, sermon 34 in the Canticles: "You should fear indeed, he says, for received grace, more for lost grace, far more for recovered grace." And rendering the excellent causes of the first and second fear, concerning the third he adds: "Now if grace propitiated returns, much more then must one fear, lest perhaps relapse befall; according to that: Now sin no more, lest some worse thing happen to thee. Do you hear, that to relapse is worse than to fall? Therefore as the period grows stronger, let fear also grow stronger." Finally grave is the censure of St. Peter, epistle II, chapter II, 21: "It were better, he says, for them not to have known the way of justice, than after the knowledge to turn back from that which was delivered to them, the holy commandment." Where I have said more concerning the danger of relapse. tent, so that he may obtain pardon for them and make satisfaction for them; if he repeats it and again perpetrates it, the prior humiliation profits him nothing, that is, fasting, as the Syrian version translates it (for fasting weakens the body, and consequently humbles the soul. Whence that frequent passage in the Scriptures: "Humble your souls in fasting"), nor will God hear his prayer, because he has returned to sin, like a dog to his vomit and a sow to the mire: whence he is filthy, indeed filthier than he was before. See the sayings in II Peter II, 22. Thus the Syrian and Zurich versions: If anyone, it says, washed from a corpse, again touches the same thing, what does the washing profit him? Similarly, when someone mortifies himself on account of his sins, and then nourishes and perpetrates them again (others read, and again the commission of them), who will hear his prayers? or what profit did his mortification bring him? For, as Ezekiel says, cap. XVIII, 24: "If the just man turn away from his justice, and commit iniquity, etc., all the justices which he hath done shall not be remembered, etc., in his sin which he hath sinned, in them he shall die." Therefore to the penitent, if he relapses into sins, the prior penance profits nothing toward grace and salvation: it profits, however, insofar as through it the prior sins were blotted out, so that he should not be punished for them in hell. Again, if he rises from the later sins, the prior penance, grace, virtues and merits revive, as the Theologians teach, so that on account of them he shall receive more abundant grace and glory. Note: The words "and again touches him" were formerly wanting in some codices, as in St. Pacian, epist. 2 to Sempronius: "He who," he says, "is baptized by a dead man, profits nothing, certainly he who is washed in a heretical font; thus he who is anointed with the oil of a sinner, that is, who is satisfied with an unclean spirit." Thus also St. Cyprian read it, and from this proves that baptism conferred by heretics is invalid, and therefore those baptized by heretics ought to be rebaptized. For thus he says in the epistle to Quintus: "He who is baptized by a dead man, what does his washing profit? But it is manifest that we, who are not in the Church of Christ, are reckoned among the dead, nor can one be made alive by him who himself does not live, when there is one Church, which having obtained the grace of eternal life, both lives eternally and gives life to the people of God." Thus also this passage is explained in the Council of Carthage, which St. Cyprian presided over (whence it also exists among the works of St. Cyprian), which by a dead man likewise understands a heretic, and therefore baptism conferred by him-
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
34:5
gures of the virginity of M. The texts on Wisdom (Prov. 8, 22-31; Eccli. 34, 5-31) and psalm 44 (Hebr. 45) notably nourish the liturgy, not to mention the Marian suggestions and applications offered by the noble figures of women such as Sarah, Deborah, Judith, Esther. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.