Daniel, by divine revelation, declares the dream of Nabuchodonosor, and the interpretation of it. He is highly honoured by the king.
Nabuchodonosor dreameth, and forgeteth his dreame, 4. which the magicians not able to tel, 12. are adiudged to dye. 14. But Daniel (praying with his three felowes) by reuelation, 24. telleth, 36. and interpreteth the dreame. 46. the king adoreth him confessing his God to be the onlie true God, and aduanceth him & his felowes.
1In the second year of the reign of Nabuchodonosor, Nabuchodonosor had a dream, and his spirit was terrified, and his dream went out of his mind.L'anno secondo del suo regno, Nabuchodonosor ebbe un sogno, e ne fu atterrito il suo spirito, e fuggigli dalla memoria il suo sogno.IN the second yeare of the kingdom of Nabuchodonosor, Nabuchodonosor saw a dreame, and his spirit was terrified, and his dreame was fled from him.In anno secundo regni Nabuchodonosor, vidit Nabuchodonosor somnium, et conterritus est spiritus ejus, et somnium ejus fugit ab eo. 2Then the king commanded to call together the diviners and the wise men, and the magicians, and the Chaldeans: to declare to the king his dreams: so they came and stood before the king.E il re ordinò, che si convocassero gl'indovini, e i maghi, e i malefici, e i Caldei, affinchè sponessero al re i suoi sogni; i quali vennero, e si presentaron dinanzi al re.But the king commanded, that the south sayers should be called together, and the magicians, and the sorcerers, and the Chaldees: to declare vnto the king his dreames: who when they were come, stood before the king.Præcepit autem rex ut convocarentur arioli, et magi, et malefici, et Chaldæi, ut indicarent regi somnia sua. Qui cum venissent, steterunt coram rege. 3And the king said to them: I saw a dream: and being troubled in mind I know not what I saw.E il re disse loro: Ho veduto un sogno, e per la confusione della mente non so quel, ch'io abbia veduto.And the king sayd to them: I saw a dreame: & being confounded in minde I know not what I saw.Et dixit ad eos rex: Vidi somnium, et mente confusus ignoro quid viderim. 4And the Chaldeans answered the king in Syriac: O king, live for ever: tell to thy servants thy dream, and we will declare the interpretation thereof.E i Caldei risposero al re in Siriaco: Sempiterna sia la tua vita, o re: racconta il sogno a' tuoi servi, e noi te ne daremo la spiegazione.And the Chaldees answered the king in Syriach, King for euer liue: tel the dreame to thy seruants, and we wil declare the interpretation therof.Responderuntque Chaldæi regi syriace: Rex, in sempiternum vive ! dic somnium servis tuis, et interpretationem ejus indicabimus. 5And the king, answering, said to the Chaldeans: The thing is gone out of my mind: unless you tell me the dream, and the meaning thereof, you shall be put to death, and your houses shall be confiscated.E il re rispose, e disse a' Caldei: La cosa mi è sfuggita: e se voi non mi esporrete il sogno, e la sua interpretazione, voi perirete, e le vostre case saran confiscate.And the king answering sayd to the Chaldees. The word is departed from me: vnles you tel me the dreame, and the coniecture therof, you shal perish, and your houses shal be confiscate.Et respondens rex ait Chaldæis: Sermo recessit a me: nisi indicaveritis mihi somnium, et conjecturam ejus, peribitis vos, et domus vestræ publicabuntur.
6but if you tell the dream, and the meaning of it, you shall receive of me rewards, and gifts, and great honour: therefore, tell me the dream, and the interpretation thereof.Se poi mi ridirete il sogno, e il suo significato, avrete da me premi, e doni, e onori grandi: narratemi adunque il sogno, e la sua spiegazione.But if you tel the dreame, & the coniecture therof, you shal receiue of me rewards, & gifts, and much honour: the dreame therfore, and the interpretation therof tel you me.Si autem somnium, et conjecturam ejus narraveritis, præmia, et dona, et honorem multum accipietis a me. Somnium igitur, et interpretationem ejus indicate mihi. 7They answered again and said: Let the king tell his servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation of it.Risposer quegli un'altra volta: Dica il re a' suoi servi il sogno, e gliene diremo l'interpretazione.They answered the second time, & sayd: Let the king tel his seruants the dreame, & we wil declare the interpretation therof.Responderunt secundo, atque dixerunt: Rex somnium dicat servis suis, et interpretationem illius indicabimus. 8The king answered and said: I know for certain, that you seek to gain time, since you know that the thing is gone from me.Rispose il re, e disse: Io ben m'avveggo, che voi volete guadagnar tempo, mentre sapete, che la cosa m'è fuggita di mente.The king answered, & sayd: Surely I know that you redeme time, knowing that the word is departed from me.Respondit rex, et ait: Certe novi quod tempus redimitis, scientes quod recesserit a me sermo. 9If, therefore, you tell me not the dream, there is one sentence concerning you, that you have also framed a lying interpretation, and full of deceit, to speak before me till the time pass away. Tell me, therefore, the dream, that I may know that you also give a true interpretation thereof.Se voi adunque non mi direte quel, ch'io ho sognato, io non penserò altro di voi, se non che inventerete ancora una fallace interpretazione, e piena di inganno, e me la spaccerete, fino a tanto che il tempo passi. Ditemi adunque il mio sogno, affinchè, io conosca, che voi lo interpretate secondo la verità.If therfore you shew me not the dreame, there is one sentence of you, that you haue also framed a guilful interpretation, and ful of deceite, to speake vnto me til the time passe away. Tel me therfore the dreame, that I may know that you speake a true interpretation also therof.Si ergo somnium non indicaveritis mihi, una est de vobis sententia, quod interpretationem quoque fallacem, et deceptione plenam composueritis, ut loquamini mihi donec tempus pertranseat. Somnium itaque dicite mihi, ut sciam quod interpretationem quoque ejus veram loquamini.
10Then the Chaldeans answered before the king, and said: There is no man upon earth, that can accomplish thy word, O king; neither doth any king, though great and mighty, ask such a thing of any diviner, or wise man, or Chaldean.Risposer adunque i Caldei al re, e dissero: Non è uomo sopra la terra, che possa eseguire, o re, il tuo comando; e nissun re grande, e possente domanderebbe cosa sì fatta da alcun indovino, mago, o Caldeo;The Chaldees therfore answering before the king, sayd: There is no man vpon the earth, that can accomplish thy word, ô king, yea neither anie king great and mighty, demandeth such a word of anie southsayer, & magician, and Chaldee.Respondentes ergo Chaldæi coram rege, dixerunt: Non est homo super terram, qui sermonem tuum, rex, possit implere: sed neque regum quisquam magnus et potens verbum hujuscemodi sciscitatur ab omni ariolo, et mago, et Chaldæo. 11For the thing that thou askest, O king, is difficult: nor can any one be found that can shew it before the king, except the gods, whose conversation is not with men.Imperocché grave cosa è quella, che tu richiedi, o re: né alcuno si troverà, che ne possa dar lume al re, eccetto i dei, i quali non han commercio cogli uomini.For the word that thou askest, ô king, is weightie: neither shal there be found any, that can shew it in sight of the king, except the goddes, whose conuersation is not with men.Sermo enim, quem tu quæris, rex, gravis est: nec reperietur quisquam qui indicet illum in conspectu regis, exceptis diis, quorum non est cum hominibus conversatio. 12Upon hearing this, the king in fury, and in great wrath, commanded that all the wise men of Babylon should be put to death.Udito ciò il re, pien di furore, e d'ira grande, ordinò, che perissero tutti i sapienti di Babilonia.Which thing being heard, the king in furie, and in great wrath commanded that al the wisemen of Babylon should perish.Quo audito, rex, in furore et in ira magna, præcepit ut perirent omnes sapientes Babylonis. 13And the decree being gone forth, the wise men were slain: and Daniel and his companions were sought for, to be put to death.E promulgata questa sentenza, si uccidevano i sapienti: e si andava in cerca di Daniele, e de' compagni per farli morire.And the sentence being gone forth, wisemen were slaine: & Daniel and his felowes were sougth for, to perish.Et egressa sententia, sapientes interficiebantur: quærebanturque Daniel et socii ejus, ut perirent. 14Then Daniel inquired concerning the law and the sentence, of Arioch, the general of the king’s army, who was gone forth to kill the wise men of Babylon.Allora Daniele domandò ad Arioch capitano delle milizie del re, il quale era stato mandato ad uccidere sapienti di Babilonia, qual fosse questa legge, e questa sentenza.Then Daniel inquired concerning the law, and the sentence, of Arioch the prince of the kings warfar, who was gone forth to kil the wisemen of Babylon.Tunc Daniel requisivit de lege atque sententia ab Arioch principe militiæ regis, qui egressus fuerat ad interficiendos sapientes Babylonis.
15And he asked him that had received the orders of the king, why so cruel a sentence was gone forth from the face of the king. And when Arioch had told the matter to Daniel,E a lui, che tal commissione avea ricevuto dal re, domandò per qual motivo pronunziata avesse il re si crudele sentenza; ed avendo Arioch raccontato il fatto a Daniele,And he asked him, that had receiued the powre of the king, for what cause so cruel a sentence was gone forth from the face of the king. When Arioch therfore had shewed the matter to Daniel,Et interrogavit eum, qui a rege potestatem acceperat, quam ob causam tam crudelis sententia a facie regis esset egressa. Cum ergo rem indicasset Arioch Danieli, 16Daniel went in, and desired of the king, that he would give him time to resolve the question, and declare it to the king.Daniele andò a trovar il re, e lo pregò, che gli desse tempo per dare lo scioglimento.Daniel going in desired the king, that he would geue him a time to tel the solution to the king.Daniel ingressus rogavit regem ut tempus daret sibi ad solutionem indicandam regi. 17And he went into his house, and told the matter to Ananias, and Misael, and Azarias, his companions:E andossene a casa sua, e raccontò la cosa a' suoi compagni, Anania, Misael, ed Azaria;And he went into his house, and he told the matter vnto Ananias, & Misael, & Azarias his felowes:Et ingressus est domum suam, Ananiæque et Misaëli et Azariæ, sociis suis, indicavit negotium, 18To the end that they should ask mercy at the face of the God of heaven, concerning this secret, and that Daniel and his companions might not perish with the rest of the wise men of Babylon.Affinchè chiedesser misericordia dal Dio del cielo sopra d'un tale arcano, onde non perissero Daniele, e i suoi compagni cogli altri sapienti di Babilonia.that they should aske mercie at the face of the God of heauen vpon this sacrament, & Daniel and his felowes might not perish, with the rest of the wisemen of Babylon.ut quærerent misericordiam a facie Dei cæli super sacramento isto, et non perirent Daniel et socii ejus cum ceteris sapientibus Babylonis. 19Then was the mystery revealed to Daniel by a vision in the night: and Daniel blessed the God of heaven,Allora fu rivelato la notte a Daniele l'arcano in una visione: e Daniele benedisse il Dio del cielo,Then was the mysterie reueled to Daniel by a vision in the night: and Daniel blessed the God of heauen,Tunc Danieli mysterium per visionem nocte revelatum est: et benedixit Daniel Deum cæli, 20And speaking, he said: Blessed be the name of the Lord from eternity and for evermore: for wisdom and fortitude are his.E parlò, e disse: Sia benedetto dall'eternità, e fino a tutta l'eternità il nome del Signore, perchè di lui è la sapienza, e la fortezza.and speaking sayd: The name of our Lord be blessed from euerlasting & for euer more: because wisedom and strength are his.et locutus ait: Sit nomen Domini benedictum a sæculo et usque in sæculum: quia sapientia et fortitudo ejus sunt.
21And he changeth times and ages: taketh away kingdoms, and establisheth them: giveth wisdom to the wise, and knowledge to them that have understanding:Ed ei muta i tempi, e le etadi, trasporta, e fonda i reami, dà la sapienza a sapienti, e la scienza a que', che hanno intelligenza.And he changeth times, and ages: transporteth kingdoms & establisheth them: geueth wisedom to the wise, and knowlege to them that vnderstand discipline:Et ipse mutat tempora, et ætates: transfert regna, atque constituit: dat sapientiam sapientibus, et scientiam intelligentibus disciplinam. 22He revealeth deep and hidden things, and knoweth what is in darkness: and light is with him.Ei rivela le cose astruse, ed ascose, e conosce quel, che sta nelle tenebre: e la luce è con esso.he reueleth profound, & hidden thinges, and knoweth the thinges that are done in darkenes: and light is with him.Ipse revelat profunda et abscondita, et novit in tenebris constituta: et lux cum eo est. 23To thee, O God of our fathers, I give thanks, and I praise thee: because thou hast given me wisdom and strength: and now thou hast shewn me what we desired of thee, for thou hast made known to us the king’s discourse.A te, Dio de' padri nostri, io rendo grazie, e a te io do laude; perocché sapienza, e fortezza hai data a me, ed or hai dato a conoscere a me quel, che cercavamo da te, ed hai svelato a noi quello, che il re domanda.To thee ô God of our fathers I confesse, and I prayse thee: because thou hast geuen me wisedom, & strength: and now thou hast shewed me the thinges that we desired of thee, because the kings word thou hast opened to vs.Tibi, Deus patrum nostrorum, confiteor, teque laudo, quia sapientiam et fortitudinem dedisti mihi, et nunc ostendisti mihi quæ rogavimus te, quia sermonem regis aperuisti nobis. 24After this Daniel went in to Arioch, to whom the king had given orders to destroy the wise men of Babylon, and he spoke thus to him: Destroy not the wise men of Babylon: bring me in before the king, and I will tell the solution to the king.Andò poscia Daniele da Arioch, cui il re avea dato l'ordine di sterminare i sapienti di Babilonia, e gli parlò in tal guisa: Non isterminare i sapienti di Babilonia: introducimi al cospetto del re, e io esporrò a lui lo scioglimento.After these thinges Daniel being entered in to Arioch, whom the king had appoynted to destroy the wisemen of Babylon, spake thus vnto him: Destroy not the wisemen of Babylon: bring me in before the presence of the king, & I wil tel the solution to the king.Post hæc Daniel ingressus ad Arioch, quem constituerat rex ut perderet sapientes Babylonis, sic ei locutus est: Sapientes Babylonis ne perdas: introduc me in conspectu regis, et solutionem regi narrabo.
25Then Arioch in haste brought in Daniel to the king, and said to him: I have found a man of the children of the captivity of Juda, that will resolve the question to the king.Allora Arioch frettolosamente condusse Daniele al re, e gli disse: Ho trovato trai figliuoli di Giuda esuli, chi darà al re lo scioglimento.Then Arioch in hast brought in Daniel to the king, and said to him: I haue found a man of the children of the transmigration of Iuda, that can tel the solution to the king.Tunc Arioch festinus introduxit Danielem ad regem, et dixit ei: Inveni hominem de filiis transmigrationis Juda, qui solutionem regi annuntiet. 26The king answered, and said to Daniel, whose name was Baltassar: Thinkest thou indeed that thou canst tell me the dream that I saw, and the interpretation thereof?Rispose il re, e disse a Daniele, cui si dava il nome di Balthasar: Ti pensi tu veramente di poter dire a me il sogno, che io vidi, e quello, ch'ei voglia dire?The king answered, and said to Daniel, whose name was Baltassar: Thinkest thou in very dede thou canst tel me the dreame, that I saw, and the interpretation therof?Respondit rex, et dixit Danieli, cujus nomen erat Baltassar: Putasne vere potes mihi indicare somnium, quod vidi, et interpretationem ejus ? 27And Daniel made answer before the king, and said: The secret that the king desireth to know, none of the wise men, or the philosophers, or the diviners, or the soothsayers, can declare to the king.E Daniele rispose al re, e disse: L'arcano, di cui il re va in cerca, noi possono svelare al re i sapienti, i maghi, gl'indovini, e gli aruspici;And Daniel answering before the king, sayd: The mysterie, that the king demandeth, the wisemen, the Magicians, and the southsayers, and the inchanters can not declare vnto the king.Et respondens Daniel coram rege, ait: Mysterium, quod rex interrogat, sapientes, magi, arioli, et aruspices nequeunt indicare regi: 28But there is a God in heaven that revealeth mysteries, who hath shewn to thee, O king Nabuchodonosor, what is to come to pass in the latter times. Thy dream, and the visions of thy head upon thy bed, are these:Ma è in cielo un Dio, che svela i misteri, e questi ha annunziato a te, o re Nabuchodonosor, le cose, che avveranno negli ultimi tempi. Il tuo sogno, e le visioni, che avesti in capo nel letto, son tali:But there is a God in heauen that reueleth mysteries, who hath shewed vnto thee, king Nabuchodonosor, what thinges are to come in the later times. Thy dreame, and the visions of thy head in thy bed, are these.sed est Deus in cælo revelans mysteria, qui indicavit tibi, rex Nabuchodonosor, quæ ventura sunt in novissimis temporibus. Somnium tuum, et visiones capitis tui in cubili tuo hujuscemodi sunt.
29Thou, O king, didst begin to think in thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter: and he that revealeth mysteries shewed thee what shall come to pass.Tu, o re, cominciasti nel tuo letto a pensare quel, che dovesse essere pell'avvenire: e colui, che svela i misteri, ti fe' vedere quel, che è per avvenire.Thou ô king beganst to thinke in thy bed, what should be hereafter: and he that reueleth mysteries, shewed thee what thinges are to come.Tu, rex, cogitare cœpisti in strato tuo, quid esset futurum post hæc: et qui revelat mysteria, ostendit tibi quæ ventura sunt. 30To me also this secret is revealed, not by any wisdom that I have more than all men alive: but that the interpretation might be made manifest to the king, and thou mightest know the thoughts of thy mind.Ed a me pure è stato svelato questo arcano non per una sapienza, che è in me più, che in qualunque altro uomo vivente, ma affinchè avesse il re una evidente interpretazione, e affinchè tu riconoscessi i pensieri della tua mente.To me also not in the wisedom, that is in me more then in al men aliue, is this sacrament reueled: but that the interpretation might be made manifest to the king, and thou mightest know the cogitations of thy minde.Mihi quoque non in sapientia, quæ est in me plus quam in cunctis viventibus, sacramentum hoc revelatum est: sed ut interpretatio regi manifesta fieret, et cogitationes mentis tuæ scires. 31Thou, O king, sawest, and behold there was as it were a great statue: this statue, which was great and high, tall of stature, stood before thee, and the look thereof was terrible.Tu, o re, avesti una visione: tu vedevi come una grande statua: questa statua grande, e di statura sublime stava dirimpetto a te: e terribil era il suo sguardo:Thou ô king didst see, and behold as it were one great statua: that statua, great and high of stature stood ouer against thee, and the sight therof was terrible.Tu, rex, videbas, et ecce quasi statua una grandis: statua illa magna, et statura sublimis stabat contra te, et intuitus ejus erat terribilis. 32The head of this statue was of fine gold, but the breast and the arms of silver, and the belly and the thighs of brass.Il capo di questa statua era di finissimo oro: il petto poi, e le braccia d'argento; ma il ventre, e le cosce di bronzo,The head of this statua was of the best gold, but the breast and the armes of siluer, moreouer the bellie, and the thighes of brasse:Hujus statuæ caput ex auro optimo erat, pectus autem et brachia de argento, porro venter et femora ex ære,
33And the legs of iron, the feet part of iron and part of clay.E le gambe di ferro; de' piedi una data parte era di ferro, un'altra parte di creta.and the legges of yron, of the feete a certaine part was of yron, and a certaine of earth.tibiæ autem ferreæ: pedum quædam pars erat ferrea, quædam autem fictilis. 34Thus thou sawest, till a stone was cut out of a mountain without hands: and it struck the statue upon the feet thereof that were of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces.Questo vedevi tu, quando non per mano d'alcuno si stacco una pietra al monte, e percosse la statua ne' piedi, che avea di ferro, e di terra cotta, e li ruppe.Thou sawest so, til a stone was cut out of a mountaine without handes: and it stroke the statua on the yron, & earthen feete therof, & brake them in peeces.Videbas ita, donec abscissus est lapis de monte sine manibus: et percussit statuam in pedibus ejus ferreis et fictilibus, et comminuit eos. 35Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of a summer’s threshing floor, and they were carried away by the wind: and there was no place found for them: but the stone that struck the statue became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.Allora si spezzarono egualmente il ferro, la creta, il bronzo, l'argento, e l'oro, e si ridussero come i briccioli della paglia all'estate sull'aia, i quali il vento disperge: così non rimase nulla di essi; ma la pietra, che avea dato il colpo alla statua, diventò un monte grande, e riempiè tutta quanta la terra.Then were the yron, the clay, the brasse, the siluer, and gold broken together, and brought as it were into the dust of a summers floore, that are taken violently with the winde: and there was no place found for them: but the stone that stroke the statua, was made a great mountaine, and it filled al the earth.Tunc contrita sunt pariter ferrum, testa, æs, argentum, et aurum, et redacta quasi in favillam æstivæ areæ, quæ rapta sunt vento, nullusque locus inventus est eis: lapis autem, qui percusserat statuam, factus est mons magnus, et implevit universam terram. 36This is the dream: we will also tell the interpretation thereof before thee, O king.Tale è il sogno, e l'interpretazione di lui esporremo ancora dinanzi a te, o re.This is the dreame: the interpretation also therof we wil tel before thee, ô king.Hoc est somnium: interpretationem quoque ejus dicemus coram te, rex. 37Thou art a king of kings: and the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, and strength, and power, and glory:Tu se' il re de' regi, e il Dio del cielo ha dato a te regno, e fortezza, e impero, e gloria:Thou art the king of kings: and the God of heauen hath geuen thee kingdom, and strength, and empire, and glorie:Tu rex regum es: et Deus cæli regnum, et fortitudinem, et imperium, et gloriam dedit tibi:
38And all places wherein the children of men, and the beasts of the field do dwell: he hath also given the birds of the air into thy hand, and hath put all things under thy power: thou, therefore, art the head of gold.E al tuo potere ha soggettato i luoghi tutti, dove abitano i figliuoli degli uomini, e le bestie del campo, egli uccelli dell'aria ha dati in tuo potere, e sotto il tuo dominio ha poste tutte le cose: tu se' adunque il capo d'oro.and al thinges, wherin the children of men, and the beasts of the filde doe inhabite, the foules also of the heauen he hath geuen in thy hand, and vnder thy dominion he hath appoynted al thinges: thou therfore art the golden head.et omnia, in quibus habitant filii hominum, et bestiæ agri: volucres quoque cæli dedit in manu tua, et sub ditione tua universa constituit: tu es ergo caput aureum. 39And after thee shall rise up another kingdom, inferior to thee, of silver: and another third kingdom of brass, which shall rule over all the world.E un altro reame si alzerà dopo di te, da meno di te, che sarà d'argento, e un altro terzo reame di bronzo, che comanderà a tutta quanta la terra.And after thee shal ryse vp an other kingdom lesse then thou of siluer: and an other third kingdom of brasse, which shal rule ouer al the world.Et post te consurget regnum aliud minus te argenteum: et regnum tertium aliud æreum, quod imperabit universæ terræ. 40And the fourth kingdom shall be as iron. As iron breaketh into pieces, and subdueth all things, so shall that break, and destroy all these.E il quarto reame sarà come il ferro. Siccome il ferro spezza, e doma tutte le cose, così (questo reame) spezzerà, e stritolerà tutte queste cose.And the fourth kingdom shal be as it were yron. As yron breaketh into peeces, & tameth al thinges, so shal that breake, and destroy al these.Et regnum quartum erit velut ferrum: quomodo ferrum comminuit, et domat omnia, sic comminuet, et conteret omnia hæc. 41And whereas thou sawest the feet, and the toes, part of potter’s clay, and part of iron: the kingdom shall be divided, but yet it shall take its origin from the iron, according as thou sawest the iron mixed with the miry clay.Ma quanto a quello, che hai veduto, che una parte de' piedi, e delle dita era di creta, e una parte di ferro, il regno, che per altro avrà origine dal ferro, sarà diviso, conforme vedesti, mescolato il ferro colla creta:Moreouer because thou sawest part of the feete, and of the toes of the potters clay, and part of yron: the kindom shal be diuided, which notwithstanding shal rise of the ground of yron, according as thou sawest the yron mingled with the earth of clay.Porro quia vidisti pedum, et digitorum partem testæ figuli, et partem ferream, regnum divisum erit: quod tamen de plantario ferri orietur, secundum quod vidisti ferrum mistum testæ ex luto.
42And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay: the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.E (come) i diti de' pie di parte di ferro, e parte di creta: a' una parte il regno sarà saldo, e d'altra parte sarà fragile.And the toes in part of yron, and in part of earth: in part the kingdom shal be whole, and in part broken.Et digitos pedum ex parte ferreos, et ex parte fictiles: ex parte regnum erit solidum, et ex parte contritum. 43And whereas thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay, they shall be mingled indeed together with the seed of man, but they shall not stick fast one to another, as iron cannot be mixed with clay.E come hai veduto il ferro mescolato col fango della creta, si uniranno per via di parentele, ma non faran corpo tra loro, come il ferro non può far corpo colla creta.And that thou sawest the yron mingled with the earsh of clay, they shal be mingled in dede together with mans seede, but they shal not sticke fast one to an other, as yron can not be mingled with earth.Quod autem vidisti ferrum mistum testæ ex luto, commiscebuntur quidem humano semine, sed non adhærebunt sibi, sicut ferrum misceri non potest testæ. 44But in the days of those kingdoms, the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed, and his kingdom shall not be delivered up to another people: and it shall break in pieces, and shall consume all these kingdoms: and itself shall stand for ever.Ma nel tempo di que' reami farà sorgere il Dio del cielo un regno, che non sarà disciolto in eterno: e il regno di lui non passerà ad altra nazione; ma farà in pezzi, e consumerà tutti questi regni, ed esso sarà immobile in eterno,But in the dayes of those kingdoms the God of heauen wil rayse vp a kingdom, that shal not be dissipated for euer, and his kingdom shal not be deliuered to an other people: and it shal breake in peeces, and shal consume al these kingdoms: and itself shal stand for euer.In diebus autem regnorum illorum suscitabit Deus cæli regnum, quod in æternum non dissipabitur, et regnum ejus alteri populo non tradetur: comminuet autem, et consumet universa regna hæc, et ipsum stabit in æternum. 45According as thou sawest, that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and broke in pieces the clay and the iron, and the brass, and the silver, and the gold, the great God hath shewn the king what shall come to pass hereafter, and the dream is true, and the interpretation thereof is faithful.Conforme tu vedesti, che la pietra, la quale staccata dal monte senz'opera d'uomo, spezzò la creta, e il ferro, e il bronzo, e l'argento, e l'oro; il grande Iddio ha fatto conoscere al re le cose, che poscia avverranno; e il sogno è vero, e l'interpretazione di esso è fedele.According as thou sawest, that the stone was cut out of the mountaine without handes, and brake the earth in peeces, and the yron, and the brasse, and the siluer, and the gold, the great God hath shwed the king what thinges are to come hereafter. & the dreame is true, & the interpretation therof faithful.Secundum quod vidisti, quod de monte abscissus est lapis sine manibus, et comminuit testam, et ferrum, et æs, et argentum, et aurum, Deus magnus ostendit regi quæ ventura sunt postea: et verum est somnium, et fidelis interpretatio ejus.
46Then king Nabuchodonosor fell on his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer in sacrifice to him victims and incense.Allora Nabuchodonosor si prostrò boccone per terra, e adorò Daniele, e ordinò, che si offerisser a lui vittime, e incenso.Then king Nobuchodonosor fel on his face, & adored Daniel, & commanded to sacrifice to him hostes & incense.Tunc rex Nabuchodonosor cecidit in faciem suam, et Danielem adoravit, et hostias, et incensum præcepit ut sacrificarent ei. 47And the king spoke to Daniel, and said: Verily, your God is the God of gods, and Lord of kings, and a revealer of hidden things: seeing thou couldst discover this secret.E il re parlò a Daniele, e disse: Veramente il vostro Dio è il Dio degli dei, e il Signore dei re, ed è rivelator dei misterj, dappoiché tu hai potuto svelar quest'arcano.The king therfore speaking said to Daniel: In very dede your God is the God of goddes, and Lord of kinges, and he that reueleth mysteries: because thou couldst open this sacrament.Loquens ergo rex, ait Danieli: Vere Deus vester Deus deorum est, et Dominus regum, et revelans mysteria: quoniam tu potuisti aperire hoc sacramentum. 48Then the king advanced Daniel to a high station, and gave him many and great gifts: and he made him governor over all the provinces of Babylon: and chief of the magistrates over all the wise men of Babylon.Allora il re innalzò a sommi onori Daniele, e gli diede molti, e grandi donativi, e lo costituì principe di tutte le Provincie di Babilonia, e capo de' magistrati, e sopra tutti i sapienti di Babilonia.Then the king aduanced Daniel on high, & he gaue him manie gifts, and great: and he made him prince ouer al the prouinces of Babylon: and chiefe of the magistrates, ouer al the wisemen of Babylon.Tunc rex Danielem in sublime extulit, et munera multa et magna dedit ei: et constituit eum principem super omnes provincias Babylonis, et præfectum magistratuum super cunctos sapientes Babylonis. 49And Daniel requested of the king, and he appointed Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago, over the works of the province of Babylon: but Daniel himself was in the king’s palace.E Daniele impetrò dal re di deputare per gli affari della provincia di Babilonia, Sidrach, Misach, e Abdenago: Daniele poi stava alla porta del re.And Daniel requested of the king, and he appointed ouer the workes of the prouince of Babylon, Sidrach, Misach, and Abdenago: but Daniel himself was in the doores of the king.Daniel autem postulavit a rege, et constituit super opera provinciæ Babylonis Sidrach, Misach, et Abdenago: ipse autem Daniel erat in foribus regis.
2:1
Year of the World 3401, Year before Christ 603.
Challoner
Year, from the death of his father, Nabopolassar; for he had reigned before as partner with his father, in the empire. (Challoner)
Calmet
In that quality he conquered Syria, (in the year of the world 3397) took Daniel, etc. in the year 3399. He succeeded his father. (Usher) (Calmet)
Worthington
After he had enlarged his empire by the conquest of Egypt, etc. he had this dream. (A. R. 25.[in the 25th year of his reign?]) (Worthington)
Haydock
Mind. Septuagint, "his sleep departed from him." (Haydock)
Calmet
He was restless, recollecting enough to fill him with trouble. When the dream was repeated over, he knew that it was the same. (Calmet)
2:2
Challoner
The Chaldeans. That is, the astrologers, that pretended to divine by stars. (Challoner)
Diod. Sic. i
They dwelt on the banks of the Euphrates, and were highly esteemed. (Diod. Sic. i.)
Civ. Div. i
They were the most ancient philosophers. (Civ. Div. i.)
2:3
I know. Hebrew also, "to know or understand what," etc.
2:4
Syriac. It was originally the same as the Chaldean. Daniel understood this language, as well as Hebrew and writes in it what concerned the Chaldeans, to Daniel 8. This shews his accuracy, as he makes his speakers use their own tongue. Spinosa ignorantly asserts, that all the seven first chapters are in Chaldean and taken from the records of that nation by Judas Maccabeus. How then did Matthathias become acquainted with the contents?
2:5
Haydock
Put. Chaldean, "torn to pieces, and your house become infamous places;" (Calmet) Protestant, "a dunghill" (Haydock)
Calmet
Such cruel punishments were not uncommon. (1 Esdras 6:11.) (Calmet)
Brisson ii
Bessus was torn in pieces by the relations of Darius; (Diod. xvii.) and the Persians generally cut off some member of criminals. (Brisson ii.)
2:8
Haydock
Gain. Literally, "redeem" (Haydock)
Calmet
St. Paul uses a similar expression, exhorting us to save our souls even at the expense of our temporal interest. (Calmet)
Haydock
The diviners wished to give the king's fury time to abate, (Haydock) and to save their lives; (Calmet) or delay punishment, at least, as much as possible. (Haydock)
2:9
Worthington
Thereof. It is indeed more easy to discover what dream a person has had, than to explain it; since the devil might disclose the former, but he can only guess at what will happen, and herein his agents are often deceived. (See Genesis xl.) (Worthington)
Haydock
It is not even certain that the devil can know the dreams which we have not divulged, as it is the privilege of God to discern the secrets of the heart. (Haydock)
2:11
Stanley
Men. They acknowledged greater and less gods. (Stanley, p. 13. ch. I.)
St. Jerome
They pretend not to have any communication with the superior ones, (Calmet) and by their answer unguardedly bear testimony to the excellence of the God whom Daniel served. (St. Jerome)
2:13
Haydock
Slain. Literally, "were slaughtering;" interficiebantur. (Haydock)
Geier
Many think that some had already suffered. (Geier.; Menochius)
St. Jerome
They had been perhaps jealous of Daniel, and had not informed him of the matter. (St. Jerome)
2:14
2:15
Calmet
Cruel. Chaldean also, "precipitate." (Calmet)
2:16
Haydock
Declare the dream. (Haydock)
Calmet
The Chaldeans had promised only to explain it, and the king knew the superior merit of Daniel. (Chap. 1:19.) (Calmet)
2:18
Haydock
Secret. Literally, "sacrament." Greek, "mystery," which seems to be derived from (Calmet) mosthor, "a secret." (Haydock)
2:19
Villet
Night, while he was probably asleep, (Calmet) or praying with his companions. (Villet.)
2:20
His. He grants them to whom he pleases, and disposes of kingdoms (Calmet) without control. (ver. 21.)
2:27
Soothsayers. Chaldean Gazerin, (Haydock) who inspect entrails, (Ezechiel 21:21. St. Jerome) or tell fortunes by sticks. (Chap. 3:3.)
2:28
Calmet
Times. In the Old Testament, this commonly signifies when Christ shall appear; but in the New, it refers to the end of the world. (Calmet)
2:29
Worthington
Begin. By thus telling what thoughts the king had entertained before his dream, he would be heard with greater confidence. (Worthington)
2:31
Calmet
Terrible, or unusual. (Calmet)
Worthington
The statue denoted the four great empires of the Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks and Romans. The metals did not mean that the empire of gold was greater than the rest, as that signified by the iron was far more powerful; but only that the empire of the Chaldeans was then the greatest, and that the Persians would acquire still more power and be surpassed by the Greeks, as they were by the Romans, till the kingdom of Christ should be spread over all the earth. (Worthington)
2:37
Calmet
Of kings. This title was used by the Persians. Nabuchodonosor was at that time the most potent monarch on earth. He conquered many nations, and greatly embellished the city of Babylon, surrounding it with three walls in fifteen days, and building hanging gardens, which were the wonder of the world. See Eusebius, praep. 9:41. and 10:42. etc. (Calmet)
2:39
Challoner
Another kingdom; viz. that of the Medes and Persians. (Challoner)
Calmet
Inferior; later, of less duration and extent. (Calmet)
Challoner
Third, etc. That of Alexander the Great. (Challoner)
Calmet
World. Alexander received ambassadors at Babylon, from the most distant nations, testifying their submission. He conquered beyond the river Indus, etc. (Diod. A. 1. Olym. 14.[year 1 of the 14th Olympiad.?]) (Calmet)
2:40
Challoner
The fourth kingdom, etc. Some understand this of the successors of Alexander, the kings of Syria and Egypt: others, of the Roman empire and its civil wars. (Challoner)
Calmet
The former supposition seems best, though the latter is almost universally received, and will be explained hereafter. (Calmet)
Grotius
The Roman empire did not immediately rise out of Alexander's, and had no relation to the Jews, etc. (Grotius, L'Empereus.)
Calmet
But it surely swallowed up all that he had left to his generals, and proved the greatest scourge to the Jewish nation; which has been ever since scattered, while the kingdom of Christ gains ground, and will flourish till that of Rome shall be no more. Antichrist will then appear to cast a cloud over, but not destroy it for three years and a half. It is the opinion of many Fathers, etc. that the Roman empire will subsist till that event take place; (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3, 7.) and thus it may be said, that the fourth empire shall not be given to another people. For antichrist will not strive to exalt a particular nation, but to rule over all. Yet his dominion will be short, and will end in the general dissolution of nature; so that the Roman empire may be deemed to last for a long time, or even for ever. (ver. 44.) Those who adopt the former system, allow (Haydock) that the stone designates both the Roman empire and that of Christ; so that some parts of the prediction may refer to one and some to the other. The origin and progress of the Roman empire, might be a figure of the spiritual power of the Church. It is certain that the successors of Alexander owed their dominion to their valour, and established it by the slaughter of many great generals. The kings who followed Seleucus and Ptolemy were remarkable for a mixture of good and bad qualities. Their efforts to preserve their power by intermarriages, proved abortive. The prophet seems also to have had them in view, Daniel 7:7., and 8:22. (Calmet)
2:41
Menochius
Clay. The iron was in a rude state, mixed with earth. The Roman power was at last partly exercised by consuls and partly by emperors. (Menochius)
2:43
2:44
Challoner
Kingdom of Christ, in the Catholic Church, which cannot be destroyed. (Challoner)
Worthington
This alone cannot be destroyed. (Worthington)
Calmet
All other empires change. The Catholic Church has stood for seventeen centuries in the midst of persecutions, which gives us an assurance that she will continue for ever. (Calmet)
"Then," says Munster, "was the kingdom of Christ set up, not by arms,...but by the divine power." This interpretation arises from the improper version, without hands; whereas the sequel shews that the empire here spoken of, is attended with the like violence as the four others, which it destroys. The Roman empire was in no degree connected with others by marriage. In the following verse, Munster improperly turns to the second coming of our Saviour. Grotius here asserts that the stone alludes to the Roman armies, prefiguring the Son of man, whose gospel is indicated by the progress of the Roman empire, as both sprung from small beginnings. But who informed him that there were such figures in that empire as in the Old Testament? All empires begin in that manner, and types should have some greater resemblance with the reality. The Church meddles not with the temporal powers. It is therefore plain that the prophet speaks of empires which shall succeed each other. (Houbigant. perf. Prop. 340.)
Haydock
Kingdoms. That of Rome comprised all the former. The persecuting emperors are forced to yield, and the colossal power of infidelity and vice falls before the gospel. Christ's dominion is spiritual, exercised against wickedness; (Calmet) is heavenly and eternal. (Haydock)
Menochius
The blood of martyrs was more efficacious in the establishing of Christianity, than fire and sword had been in forming other empires. (Menochius)
2:45
Haydock
Hands. Protestant marg.: "mountain, which was not in hand." (Haydock)
St. Justin
Christ was born of a virgin; and his kingdom was not established by ambition, like others. Yet it presently became a mountain, and filled the earth. (St. Justin, dial.; St. Augustine, tr. 9. in Jo.)
Calmet
God himself sets up this kingdom. (Calmet)
2:46
Worthington
Daniel, taking him for a little god, under the great one, ver. 17. (Worthington)
Menochius
Victims. Chaldean mincha, (Haydock) of flour, etc. But the prophet had already declared his sentiments on this head, (ver. 28.) and abhorred such honours, like St. Paul, (Acts 14:10.; Calmet) though this is not here recorded. (Menochius)
2:47
Calmet
Of gods, above all those of the country for explaining hidden things: yet he did not acknowledge him to be the only true God. (Calmet)
Worthington
He afterwards erected an idol to represent his own greatness. (Worthington)
2:48
Provinces, or that of Babylonia, which was the first.
Wise men. This would not engage him in any idolatrous practices.
2:49
Xenophon
Works of agriculture, (Calmet) which the ancient kings of Persia encouraged with great attention, appointing officers to reward or punish according as their land was cultivated. (Xenophon, Cyr. 8. et oecon.)
Grotius
St. Jerome thinks they were appointed judges, (Calmet) or assistants of Daniel. (Grotius)
Palace. Literally, "gates," (Haydock) as receiver of the taxes, particularly at Susa. (Chap. 8:2.) (Marsham Egypt. saec. 18.)
2:1
The second year.... Viz., from the death of his father Nabopolassar; for he had reigned before as partner with his father in the empire.
2:2
The Chaldeeans.... That is, the astrologers, that pretended to divine by stars.
2:39
Another kingdom.... Viz., that of the Medes and Persians. Ibid. Third kingdom.... Viz., that of Alexander the Great.
2:40
2:44
A kingdom.... Viz., the kingdom of Christ in the Catholic Church which cannot be destroyed.
2:1
Nabuchodonosor had this dreame the second yeare after his great conquest of the Moabites, Ammonites, Syrians, & Aegyptians, making his kingdom a great Monarchie. so it vvas in the 25 yeare of his reigne: vvhen Daniel vvas about the age of 35. yeares.
2:2
prosessors of Astrologie.
2:9
It is in dede more easie to tel by the diuels helpe, what one hath dreamed; because dreames being past might either procede from the diuel, or by some external signes be knovvne vnto him: but to declare the signification which is to come, and vncertaine, i• aboue the diuels or mans povvre: who can only coniecture what is probable, & doe often erre therin. See the Annotations. Gen. 40.
2:29
By shevving the kings former cogitation before his dreame, he gaue great assurance of the true spirite of prophecie, that the king might securely beleue the interpretation of the dreame.
2:31
The foure kingdoms of the Chaldees Persians, Grecians, and Romanes signified by the foure partes of this statua, consisting of diuers metals or mater did succede in order of time:
2:32
not ech one meaner, or baser then the former, as gold is best & yron & earth the vvorst, for the last rather excelled the former; but vvhen this vision appeared the kingdom of the Chaldees vvas the greatest, and most excellent & that being destroyed the Medes & Persians became greater then it had bene: againe the Grecians vnder Alexander became farre greater then anie before, and finally the Romane greatest of al, til Christs kingdome, his Church vvas spred ouer the vvhole world.
2:44
The Church of Christ is the only kingdom that can not be destroyed.
2:46
He thought Daniel to be a litle god; subiect to the great God. v. 47.
2:47
Notwithstanding this confession, shortly after he erected an idol to represent his ovvne greatnes, and to be adored therin.
mysterie.
2:1
Tertullian † AD 220 A Treatise on the Soul 47
… the actual grace of God, as being honest, holy, prophetic, inspired, instructive, inviting to virtue, the bountiful nature of which causes them to overflow even to the profane, since God, with grand impartiality, “sends His showers and sunshine on the just and on the unjust.” It was, indeed by an inspiration from God that Nebuchadnezzar dreamt his dreams;
2:3
St Hippolytus † AD 235 On Daniel 3
… but it was a heavenly dream, fulfilled in its proper times, according to the counsel and foreknowledge of God. And for this reason it was kept secret from men who think of earthly things, that to those who seek after heavenly things heavenly mysteries might be revealed. And, indeed, there was a similar case in Egypt in the time of Pharaoh and Joseph.
2:4
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Philippians 5
… What is flattery, and meanness, and adulation? Ziba flattered David out of season, and falsely slandered his master. ( 2 Sam. xvi. 1–3 .) Much more did Ahitophel flatter Absalom. ( 2 Sam. xvii. 1–4 .) But David was not so, but he was humble. For the deceitful are flatterers, as when they say, “O king, live for ever.” (
2:8
Tertullian † AD 220 On Modesty 14
… (lust) on which he would sit in judgment though absent, for fear the culprit should “gain the time;”
2:13
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Second Corinthians 5
… See how many things the three children suffered, though they had done no harm. They lost country, liberty, were taken captive and made slaves; and when carried away into a foreign and barbarous land, were even on the point of being slain on account of the dream, without cause or object . (
2:15
St John of Damascus † AD 749 An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith 3.14
… as when the divine apostle says, Now concerning virgins I have no commandment of the Lord; yet I give my judgment : sometimes it means counsel, as when the prophet David says, They have taken crafty counsel against Thy people : sometimes it means a decree, as when we read in Daniel, Concerning whom (or, what ) went this shameless decree forth
2:17
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 4
… See, for example, how even when they were in a furnace, they made their supplication for all the people. But we not even when at large bear our brethren in mind. And again, when they were inquiring about the dreams,
2:18
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Second Corinthians 5
… ( Dan. ii. 13 .) What then? When they had entered in with Daniel, what prayed they? What said they? Dash down Nabuchodonosor, pull down his diadem, hurl him from the throne? Nothing of this sort; but they desired “mercies of God.” (
2:19
Tertullian † AD 220 The Five Books Against Marcion 5.11
… God has become a common name (since in the world there are said and believed to be “gods many” ), yet “the blessed God,” (who is “the Father) of our Lord Jesus Christ,” will be understood to be no other God than the Creator, who both blessed all things (that He had made), as you find in Genesis, and is Himself “blessed by all things,” as Daniel tells us.
2:21
Origen † AD 254 Origen Against Celsus 8.68
… and then there would no longer remain among men any of the glory of your religion or of the true wisdom.” If, then, “there shall be one lord, one king,” he must be, not the man “whom the son of crafty Saturn appointed,” but the man to whom He gave the power, who “removeth kings and setteth up kings,”
Eusebius of Caesarea † AD 339 The Church History of Eusebius 10.4.8
… ‘great is he who doeth great things and things past finding out, glorious and marvelous things which cannot be numbered’; great is he ‘who changeth times and seasons, who exalteth and debaseth kings’;
2:22
St John of Damascus † AD 749 An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith 1.14
… Moreover, there is the property of knowing all things with a simple knowledge and of seeing all things, simply with His divine, all-surveying, immaterial eye, both the things of the present, and the things of the past, and the things of the future, before they come into being
2:24
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 5
And Samuel again was not able to save Saul from the wrath from above, yet he oftentimes preserved the Israelites. And Jeremiah prevailed not for the Jews, but some one else he did haply cover from evil by his prophecy. And Daniel saved the barbarians from slaughter,
2:26
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 16.31
… for that he had the Holy Spirit was true, but he was not the master of the magicians , for he was no magician, but was wise through the Holy Ghost. And before this also, he interpreted to him the vision of the Image, which he who had seen it himself knew not; for he says, Tell me the vision, which I who saw it know not
2:30
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 9
… and that it was their part to join with the beholders in admiration, rather than to receive it from them. Do you see how clear of all ambition he is, and how he repels the honor paid to him? In the same manner also did the ancient fathers; for instance, Daniel said, “Not for any wisdom that is in me.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles 30
… just as Peter also said, “Why gaze ye on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made him to walk” ( ch. iii. 12 )? so these also say the same. And Joseph also said of the dreams, “Is not their interpretation of God?” ( Gen. lx. 8 .) And Daniel in like manner, “And to me also, not through the wisdom that is in me was it revealed.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Philippians 5
… but to be wholly destroyed (for their being destroyed was a clear proof that they had deceived before), this Daniel coming forward, and preparing to solve the king’s question, does not take the honor to himself, but first ascribes the whole to God, and says, “But as for me, O king, it is not revealed to me for any wisdom that I have beyond all men.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Philemon 2
… Because, say they, “Thou hast delivered us to a hateful and a wicked king.” Again, Daniel, being a second time cast into the pit, said, “For God hath remembered me.” Wherefore should He not remember thee, O Daniel, when thou didst glorify Him before the king, saying, “Not for any wisdom that I have”? (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 26
… For if he had appropriated to himself the honor belonging to God, He would not have suffered him to live, much less to be in honor. Secondly, because even with great openness he said, “And as to me, O King, this secret hath not been revealed to me through any wisdom that is in me.” (
2:31
St Hippolytus † AD 235 Treatise on Christ and Antichrist 19
… Then were the clay, the iron, the brass, the silver, (and) the gold broken, and became like the chaff from the summer threshing-floor; and the strength (fulness) of the wind carried them away, and there was no place found for them. And the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.”
St Hippolytus † AD 235 A discourse by the most blessed Hippolytus, bishop and martyr, on the end of the world, and on Antichrist, and on the second coming of our lord Jesus Christ 12
… and it smote the image upon its feet, which were part of iron and part of clay, and brake them to pieces. Then was the clay, and the iron, and the brass, and the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshing-floor; and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.”
St Cyprian of Carthage † AD 258 Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 2.18
… And the iron, and the clay, and the brass, and the silver, and the gold, was made altogether; and they became small as chaff, or dust in the threshing-floor in summer; and the wind blew them away, so that nothing remained of them. And the stone which struck the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.”
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.11
11. For in the vision of Nebuchadnezzar, when he saw it, which Daniel made known and showed to Nebuchadnezzar, when he saw the image which stood over against him, the head of the image was of gold, and its breast and arms of silver, and its belly and thighs of brass, and its legs and feet of iron and potter’s clay .
Pseudo-Clement The Clementine Homilies 17.17
… Pharaoh, also an impious man, saw a dream in regard to the fulness and thinness of the ears of corn, to whom Joseph said, when he gave the interpretation, that the dream had come from God. Nebuchadnezzar, who worshipped images, and ordered those who worshipped God to be cast into fire, saw a dream
2:33
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 5.26
… and as he does himself say: “The feet were indeed the one part iron, the other part clay, until the stone was cut out without hands, and struck the image upon the iron and clay feet, and dashed them into pieces, even to the end.”
2:34
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 3.21.7
… Wherefore also Isaiah says: “Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I deposit in the foundations of Zion a stone, precious, elect, the chief, the corner-one, to be had in honour.” So, then, we understand that His advent in human nature was not by the will of a man, but by the will of God.
Tertullian † AD 220 An Answer to the Jews 3
… and there shall come over it all nations; and many shall walk, and say, Come, ascend we unto the mount of the Lord, and unto the house of the God of Jacob ,” —not of Esau , the former son, but of Jacob , the second; that is, of our “people,” whose “mount” is Christ, “præcised without concisors’ hands, filling every land,” shown in the book of Daniel.
Tertullian † AD 220 An Answer to the Jews 14
… when He shall be made no longer “a stone of offence nor a rock of scandal,” but “the highest corner-stone,” after reprobation (on earth) taken up (into heaven) and raised sublime for the purpose of consummation, and that “rock”—so we must admit—which is read of in Daniel as forecut from a mount, which shall crush and crumble the image of secular kingdoms.
Tertullian † AD 220 The Five Books Against Marcion 3.7
… His majesty do His second advent, when He shall no longer remain “a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence,” but after His rejection become “the chief corner-stone,” accepted and elevated to the top place of the temple, even His church, being that very stone in Daniel, cut out of the mountain, which was to smite and crush the image of the secular kingdom.
St Hippolytus † AD 235 Treatise on Christ and Antichrist 26
… of things in heaven, because He was born, the Word of God, before all (ages); and of things on earth, because He became man in the midst of men, to re-create our Adam through Himself; and of things under the earth, because He was also reckoned among the dead, preaching the Gospel to the souls of the saints, (and) by death overcoming death.
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 1.6
… And he said again there:— Every one that believeth on it shall not fear . And whosoever falleth on that stone shall be broken, and every one on whom it shall fall, it will crush . For the people of the house of Israel fell upon Him, and He became their destruction for ever. And again it shall fall on the image and crush it .
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 1.8
8. And again Daniel also spoke concerning this stone which is Christ. For he said:— The stone was cut out from the mountain, not by hands, and it smote the image, and the whole earth was filled with it .
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.14
… This is the Kingdom of King Messiah, which is that which shall cause the fourth kingdom to pass away. And above he said:— Thou sawest a stone which was cut out, but not by hands; and it smote the image upon its feet of iron and potter’s clay and broke them to pieces .
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 61.4
… For your whole mind slumbers and you actually snore, so profound is the sleep—or rather the lethargy—in which you are plunged. In fact amongst the other blasphemies which with sacrilegious lips you have uttered you have dared to say that the mountain in Daniel
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 164
… a future event, that flood was a type both of baptism to believers and of destruction to unbelievers, as in that figure in which, not by a transaction but by words, two things are predicted concerning Christ, when He is represented in Scripture as a stone which was destined to be both to unbelievers a stone of stumbling, and to believers a foundation-stone.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 13.13
… but the true city is on a mountain, and the mountain is that which, as we read in the prophet Daniel, grew from a little stone till it filled the whole earth.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 4
… For He was as yet a small stone, already indeed cut out of the mountain without hands; as saith Daniel the prophet, that he saw a stone cut out of the mountain without hands. But what follows? “And that stone,” saith he “grew and became a great mountain and filled the whole face of the earth.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 9.15
15. Moreover, in the fifth age, in the fifth water-pot as it were, Daniel saw a stone that had been cut from a mountain without hands, and had broken all the kingdoms of the earth; and he saw the stone grow and become a great mountain, so as to fill the whole face of the earth.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 1.13
… For that ye may know that they are blind, they have stumbled at a Mountain. I say the same things often, that they may not slip out of your memory. The Stone which was “cut out of the Mountain without hands,” is it not Christ, who came of the kingdom of the Jews, without the work of man?
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 3.4
… But even this is called a cry by reason of the strength of its intention. “And He heard me out of His holy mountain.” We have the Lord Himself called a mountain by the Prophet, as it is written, “The stone that was cut out without hands grew to the size of a mountain.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 45.30
… “I cried,” says he, “unto the Lord with my voice: and He heard me out of His holy hill.” Out of what “hill”? Out of that of which it is said, “A city set upon a hill cannot be hid.” Of what “hill”? Out of that hill which Daniel saw “grow out of a small stone, and break all the kingdoms of the earth; and cover all the face of the earth.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 99.11
… This is the vision of Daniel which I am relating. This stone which was cut from the hill without hands increased, and “became,” he saith, “a great mountain, and filled the whole face of the earth.”
2:35
Tertullian † AD 220 On Repentance 4
… This will draw you forth when sunk in the waves of sins, and will bear you forward into the port of the divine clemency. Seize the opportunity of unexpected felicity: that you, who sometime were in God’s sight nothing but “a drop of a bucket,” and “dust of the threshing-floor,”
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.14
… Now he did not say that it smote upon the head of the image, nor on its breast and arms, nor yet on its belly and thighs, but on its feet; because that, of the whole image, that stone when it comes will find the feet alone. And in the next verse he said:— The iron and the brass and the silver and the gold were broken to pieces together .
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 19.8
… Take heed therefore to thyself, and turn not again to what is behind , having put thine hand to the plough, and then turning back to the salt savour of this life’s doings; but escape to the mountain, to Jesus Christ, that stone hewn without hands
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist 2.38
… and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in Judea, and in Samaria, and even in the whole earth." Here you have the origin of the name "Catholic." But you are so bent upon running with your eyes shut against the mountain which grew out of a small stone, according to the prophecy of Daniel, and filled the whole earth,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist 2.71
… open your eyes to see the mountain itself, and let Daniel show it to you, growing out of a small stone, and filling the whole earth.
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John 3.6
… The coming of this Christ was hoped for by the people of the Jews: and because He came in lowliness, He was not acknowledged; because the stone was small, they stumbled at it and were broken. But “the stone grew, and became a great mountain;”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 43.4
… He will send out His “Light,” and His “Truth;” for that they have already “brought us and led us to His holy hill, and into His Tabernacles.” We possess the “earnest;” we hope for the prize. “His holy Hill” is His holy Church. It is that mountain which, according to Daniel’s vision,
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 46.11
… They are to be wondered at, who even now so great a mountain will not acknowledge. The Jews at a small stone by not seeing stumbled; the heretics stumble at a mountain. For now that stone hath grown, now say we unto them, Lo, now is fulfilled the prophecy of Daniel, “The stone that was small became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 48.2
… But if that stone, when the Jews stumbled thereat, had remained there, thou hadst not had whither to ascend. But what was done? What saith the prophecy of Daniel? What but that the stone grew, and became a great mountain? How great? So that it filled the whole face of the earth.
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 Register of the Epistles of St. Gregory the Great 5.43
… And thanks be to that leaven which, in three measures of meal, has leavened in unity the mass of the whole human race ( Matth. xiii. 33 ); and to the little stone, which, cut out of the mountain without hands, has occupied the whole face of the earth (
2:37
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 17.6
6. For by the mouth of His prophet God called the heathen King Nebuchadnezzar, King of Kings. For Jeremiah said:— Every people and kingdom that shall not put his neck into the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Kings, My servant, with famine and with sword and with pestilence will I visit that people .
2:38
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.11
… And Daniel said to Nebuchadnezzar:— Thou art the head of gold .
2:39
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.12
… This signified concerning a kingdom which was inferior to it; namely, Darius the Mede. For (God) put the kingdom into the balance. For the kingdom of the house of Nimrod was weighed and was found wanting. And since it was wanting, Darius received it. Because of this he said that his kingdom was inferior.
2:40
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.13
13. And the legs and feet of the image were of iron. This is the kingdom of the children of Shem, who are the children of Esau, which is strong as iron. And he said:— As iron breaks and subdueth everything, so also the fourth kingdom shall break and bruise everything .
2:41
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 5.26
… “And as thou sawest the feet and the toes, partly indeed of clay, and partly of iron, the kingdom shall be divided, and there shall be in it a root of iron, as thou sawest iron mixed with baked clay. And the toes were indeed the one part iron, but the other part clay.”
2:42
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 5.26
… others, again, shall be sluggish and useless, and shall not agree; as also Daniel says: “Some part of the kingdom shall be strong, and part shall be broken from it. As thou sawest the iron mixed with the baked clay, there shall be minglings among the human race, but no cohesion one with the other, just as iron cannot be welded on to pottery ware.”
2:43
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.13
… And he explained with reference to the feet and toes, that part of them was of iron and part of them of potter’s clay. For he said:— Thus they shall be mingled with the seed of man, and they shall not cleave one to another, as iron cannot be mixed with clay .
2:44
St Ignatius of Antioch † AD 108 Epistle to the Magnesians: Shorter and Longer Versions 6
… He, being begotten by the Father before the beginning of time, was God the Word, the only-begotten Son, and remains the same for ever; for “of His kingdom there shall be no end,”
St Irenaeus of Lyons † AD 202 Against Heresies 5.26
… As thou sawest that the stone was cut without hands from the mountain, and brake in pieces the baked clay, the iron, the brass, the silver, and the gold, God has pointed out to the king what shall come to pass after these things; and the dream is true, and the interpretation trustworthy.”
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.14
14. And he showed that in the days of those kings, who shall arise in the kingdom, the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall not be destroyed and shall not pass away for ever .
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 12.18
… and that a stone cut out of a mountain without hands, that is, not set up by human contrivance, should overpower the whole world: and he speaks most clearly thus; And in the days of those kingdoms the God of heaven shall set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed, and His kingdom shall not be left to another people
2:45
St Cyril of Jerusalem † AD 386 The Catechetical Lectures of S. Cyril 15.28
28. The like doctrine thou has also in the interpretation of the Stone, which was cut out of a mountain without hands , which is Christ according to the flesh
St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 On the Baptism of Christ 1
… But Jacob alone rolls away the stone, and waters the flocks of his spouse . The thing is, I think, a dark saying, a shadow of what should come. For what is the stone that is laid but Christ Himself? for of Him Isaiah says, “And I will lay in the foundations of Sion a costly stone, precious, elect :” and Daniel likewise, “A stone was cut out without hands
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 22.19
… drawing no germ of life from without but fruitful in singleness like God Himself. The flower of the rod is Christ, who says of Himself: “I am the rose of Sharon and the lily of the valleys.” In another place He is foretold to be “a stone cut out of the mountain without hands,”
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 53.8
… Daniel, the fourth and last of the four prophets, having knowledge of the times and being interested in the whole world, in clear language proclaims the stone cut out of the mountain without hands that overthrows all kingdoms.
2:46
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Philippians 5
… ii. 30 .) And “the king worshiped him, and commanded that they should offer an oblation.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 26
… For some [of them] indeed were sitting as captives, but others did not even feel their captivity, as Daniel, as the three children (cf. Ps. cxxxvii. 1 ); who even while they were in captivity became in that very country more glorious even than the king who had carried them captive. And he who had taken them captive does obeisance to
2:47
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on First Corinthians 36
… whereas here there will be no such thing, but he will both wonder and worship, first making a confession by his deeds, and then by his words also. Thus also Nebuchadnezzar worshipped God, saying, “Of a truth, your God, He is the God that revealeth secrets, seeing thou couldest reveal this secret.” (
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Ephesians 8
… but the teaching is plainer in his case than any language whatever; for he straightway becomes a preacher, he needs not to be instructed like the jailor. He proclaims God, and makes confession of His power. “Of a truth your God is the God of Gods and the Lord of Kings, because He hath sent His Angel, and hath delivered you.” (
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Catechising of the Uninstructed 21
… That captivity, then, of the city of Jerusalem, and the people thus carried into Babylonia in bondage, were ordained so to proceed by the Lord, by the voice of Jeremiah, a prophet of that time. And there appeared kings
2:48
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Expositions on the Book of Psalms 62.4
… Again we find citizens of Jerusalem to have ordered certain matters belonging to Babylon. For those three children, Nabuchodonosor, overcome by a miracle, made the ministers of his kingdom, and set them over his Satraps; and so there were ordering the matters of Babylon citizens of Jerusalem.
2:49
Aphrahat † AD 346 Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 21.18
… For Daniel’s sake the wrath of the King was appeased from the Chaldeans, so that they were not slain; and for Jesus’ sake the wrath of His Father was appeased from all nations, so that they were not slain and died not because of their sins. Daniel besought of the king, and he gave his brethren authority over the affairs of the province of Babylon ;
2:1
1. In the second year. — You will say, cap. I, vers. 1, 4 and 5, it is said that in the third year of Joakim, who was the first under Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel was a boy, and from that time for three years, namely until the 4th year of Nebuchadnezzar, he was instructed in the letters of the Chaldeans; how therefore is it said here that Daniel prophesied in the 2nd year of Nebuchadnezzar and explained his dream to him? I answer that this 2nd year of Nebuchadnezzar is not the 2nd year of his reign, but of his monarchy, which of his reign was the 37th; but the captivity of Jehoiachin was the 29th. Daniel moreover was in the 57th year of his age. For Daniel in the 1st year of Nebuchadnezzar, when he was led into Babylon, was 20 years old, as I said in the Preface. This dream of the king therefore, as also that of cap. IV, Daniel interpreted in the 57th year of his age, which was before Christ the year 573. Note: This is the chronology of the deeds of Nebuchadnezzar: Nebuchadnezzar in the first year of his reign came to Jerusalem, and from there he led captive and bound Joakim, with Daniel and others, to Babylon: but soon he sent Joakim back to his kingdom, as he promised tribute and subjection. In the 8th year of his reign, he captured and killed the king Joakim who rebelled, and substituted his son Jehoiachin in his place, whom after three months he removed, fearing lest Jehoiachin should imitate his father Joakim and avenge his death, and in his stead he made Zedekiah king. In the 13th year of his reign, he overthrew Jerusalem, burned the temple and led away all the Jews. In the 23rd year, he laid waste Coele-Syria, the Ammonites and Moabites. Thus Josephus. In the same year, he began to besiege Tyre, and besieged it for 13 years, which being completed, he took it in the 35th year of his reign, as I showed in Ezech. XXIX, 17. In the same 35th year, he conquered Egypt, and became a monarch. In the 37th year of his reign, which was the second of his monarchy, he saw the dream of this chapter, and the dream of the tree cut down cap. IV, portending his ejection from the kingdom and his transformation into a beast. In the 38th year of his reign, he was ejected from the kingdom and changed into a beast, and for seven years he lived as a beast among beasts. In the 45th year, he was restored to himself and to his kingdom, and shortly after he died. As to the name, note: The long and terrifying name Nebuchadnezzar, as also many other names of the Chaldeans, is composed of three parts, namely Nebo, who was a god of the Chaldeans, Chad and Netzar. Thus Nabopolassar is composed of Nebo, Phul and Assar. Again, now he is called Nebuchadnezzar, now Nebuchadrezzar, now Nabuchodoletsar: because the Chaldeans often interchange among themselves the letters which are called liquids, so that for Letsar, they say Retsar and Netsar. Thus they sometimes call Nabonitum Labonitum. Thus for Belial the Greeks say Beliar. Thus Scaliger, lib. De Emend. temp. NEBUCHADNEZZAR SAW A DREAM. — That this dream was divine and sent by God to represent future things to the king, was evident both from the divine instinct which suggested this to the king and urged him to seek the interpretation of this dream, and from the assertion of Daniel explaining this dream. Fitly are the empires of the world represented to the king through a dream here: for what are kingdoms and all things and hopes of mortals, except dreams of the waking? says Philo from Plato. Hence also Theodoret notes that this statue was not shown to the king in itself, but through an image (whence the Septuagint for statue render image) and phantom, so that God might teach the proud king how great is the vanity of human pride, and how changeable are human things, and that kingdom succeeds kingdom, while God's kingdom is constant and eternal. An image, says Theodoret, is the figure of a thing, not the thing itself: therefore the monarchies were shown to Nebuchadnezzar in dreams: because they are nothing more than playful phantasms, having nothing of reality, except fictitious pomp: whence also this image has a gigantic appearance, and is altogether chimeric. Wherefore Philo, lib. Quod Deus sit immutabilis, calls man "a plaything of dreams:" such are also kingdoms, nay more so. For, as St. Basil says, "he has fallen from truth to figure: but here the monarchies under this image of man fall and collapse from man and his vanity: they are therefore more vain than man himself; for they are like a man not real, but phantastic, and represented in a dream as a giant, and from various figures of things as it were from patches, conflated and sewn together," as Tertullian says. Finally, just as the metals seen in this statue of a man are formed in the bowels of the earth by God through the power of the sun: so all earthly kingdoms are, but formed, disposed and ordered by God, as the Apostle says, Rom. XIII, 1. God therefore as it were a charioteer bridles and governs kings and kingdoms. Mystically on this dream of the king wrote a pious and learned treatise On the Instruction of the Inner Man, Richard of St. Victor.
2:2
2. THAT SOOTHSAYERS, AND MAGICIANS, AND SORCERERS, AND CHALDEANS MIGHT BE CALLED TOGETHER. — Arias Montanus and others distinguish these variously. But St. Jerome says: "Soothsayers, he says, are those who accomplish a thing by words," or from characters (for this is what the Hebrew חרטמים chartummim signifies, from the root חרת charat; whence the Greek χαράττω and χαρακτήρ) divine, and, as the Septuagint translates, they are ἐπαοιδοί, that is, enchanters. "Magicians are those who philosophize," for the root הגה haga signifies to meditate and to speculate. "Sorcerers are those who use blood and victims, and often touch the bodies of the dead." Sorcerers therefore divine the future from entrails and corpses, and invoke the shades and souls of the dead. Again, sorcerers are called in Hebrew מכשפים mecassephim, that is, jugglers who by their incantations and tricks blind the eyes of men, so that to them it appears that one thing is changed into another, such as were the magicians of Pharaoh in Exodus. Thus R. Abraham, Maldonatus and others. "The Chaldeans were astrologers and genethliacists, whom the common people call mathematicians, who from the inspection of the stars and the day of birth predicted the future to a man." You will ask: Why was Daniel not called with these, whose wisdom was then most celebrated? I answer: Because the Chaldeans arrogated wisdom to themselves and their own, and envied Daniel's fame, and wished to snatch from him this glory of interpreting this dream of the king. Thus Pererius and Pintus. Add that the king had already almost forgotten Daniel: for thirty-four years had already passed since Daniel's first coming to the king. Maldonatus answers otherwise, namely that the king thought Daniel to be indeed most wise in all human wisdom, but not in divination, and in the art of soothsaying, or of expounding dreams: for he knew that the Jews had been forbidden by Moses to have magicians, soothsayers and those who divine by dreams, Levit. XIX, 31, and Deuter. XVIII, 10 and 11. Note that all these things were done by the counsel of God, so that in this way the king might recognize the vanity of his own wise men and of demons, and the truth of Daniel and of God. For it is evident that he finally acknowledged this, cap. III, 96 and 100. Thus St. Augustine, tract. XI in John, St. Jerome, Rupertus and others. In Syriac, — that is, in Chaldean, which was their native language, and which was once called Syriac, to distinguish it from the Hebrew language. Yet this language was different from modern Syriac, and from that Syriac in which the New Testament is written, different, I say, not so much in words and voices, as in dialect, as Attic Greek differs from Aeolic and Doric. But why does Daniel say they spoke to him in Syriac? I answer: Lest anyone should wonder if he recited their words in Syriac, as they were spoken by them, which he does from this verse and thenceforward, until the beginning of cap. VIII; wherefore there is no Chaldean paraphrase here, as there is in other Prophets, because the text itself here is Chaldean.
2:4
4. O KING, LIVE FOREVER. — From this it appears that the Chaldeans, that is, the gentiles, had knowledge of the immortality of the soul and of eternal life. Hector Pintus here extensively reviews the testimonies of the gentiles on this matter. 5. The matter hath departed from me. — "The matter," that is, the thing which I dreamed, as if to say: I know that I have dreamed from a certain general shadow and appearance of the dream, which remained in me, and from the disturbance and confusion of imagination and mind; but in particular what I dreamed I have forgotten, and I wish it to be recalled and explained to me by you. There exists a beautiful riddle of the dream, and it is this: Coming of my own accord I display various forms, I feign various fears, with no distinction of truth. But no one sees me, unless he closes his own eyes. Unless you show me, etc., you shall perish. — In Chaldean it is הדמין תעבדון haddamin teabdun, you shall be made into pieces, you shall be cut into pieces. He threatens them with death unless they truly show the matter, as to deceivers: for thus Moses, Constantine, Theodosius and other emperors punished magicians and diviners, as a false and pernicious race of men, with death. Note: This demand and decree of the king was unjust in the matter itself: for no man, however clever and wise, can reveal secret dreams, especially those already past, much less their signification. Yet these things can be known to angels: for they see our phantasms, as being corporeal. On the part of the magicians and Chaldeans, however, it was not unjust: because they themselves, as judicial astrologers and genethliacists, professed that they knew hidden things from the inspection of the stars and from magic, and the future events of things, even those that are free. For it is not unjust for one to demand from a professor that which he professes. Thus Antonius Fernandius, vision XXI, cap. II. 8. You are buying time, — that is, as the Scholiast says, you are seeking a postponement.
2:9
9. THAT YOU HAVE ALSO COMPOSED A DECEPTIVE INTERPRETATION, etc., — that is to say, Unless you yourselves recount this very dream of mine, I will say that you also have fabricated and invented an interpretation of the dream (which I know you will give in the usual manner, so that you may defend the reputation of your wisdom), and thus deceive me with your fictions, until the time either predetermined in the dream, or interpreted by you (or rather to be interpreted: for they had not yet interpreted the dream, since it was unknown; but they inquire of the king concerning it, so that, when they have heard it, they may interpret it) passes by, and this for the purpose that, if you see your inventions, which you now fabricate in your mind, refuted by the event, you may defend them with a new invention and deceptive interpretation. Thus St. Jerome.
2:13
13. THE WISE MEN WERE BEING SLAIN. — From this it is gathered that some were slain. The prefects extended this sentence of the king, as being general, even to Daniel and his companions, as learned and wise men, and sought them for death, although perhaps the king did not think of them.
2:18
18. THAT THEY SHOULD SEEK MERCY FROM THE FACE OF THE GOD OF HEAVEN CONCERNING THIS MYSTERY. — He calls the mystery the secret of the king's dream: the same in the following verse he calls a mystery: he calls mercy the revelation of the dream, both because they were asking that it be given to them not from their merits, but from the grace of God; and because their life depended on this grace and mercy of God, that is to say, They prayed to God that he would reveal to them the mystery of the dream, and thus have mercy on their life, and free it from a certain peril of death, indeed from the decree itself.
2:19
19. THEN THE MYSTERY WAS REVEALED TO DANIEL IN A VISION BY NIGHT. — Whether this vision was presented to Daniel waking or sleeping by God is uncertain. Maldonatus thinks that Daniel dreamed that the king had seen such a statue as he afterwards says he saw it, and at the same time what each part of his dream signified, which also happens to us sometimes when dreaming. Others say that he dreamed the same thing, but afterwards in waking it was revealed to him that all these things are true and certain, not dreams. But it is not necessary to say that another vision, or a confirmation, was presented to Daniel waking, by which he might be more certain that this dream was sent to him by God, and that it was the same as the king's dream. For the prophets, whether they received oracles from God in sleep or in waking, were made certain by this very fact that these were oracles of God, not phantastic visions, nor dreams. But they received the signification of these visions, or symbols, sometimes at the same time, sometimes afterwards, especially in waking. Thus it happened to Daniel, cap. VII, 16, and cap. VIII, 15, and cap. X, 11, and to Zechariah, cap. IV, 5, and cap. VI, 5. You will ask: Which was the prophet here, whether the king seeing a dream presaging future things, or Daniel reviewing and explaining it from the spirit of God? I answer, that Daniel was properly called a prophet, and a perfect one, not the king, unless in an inchoate and material way. Hear St. Augustine, lib. XII On Genesis According to the Letter, cap. IX: "To whom," he says, "signs were demonstrated through certain likenesses of corporeal things in the spirit, unless the office of the mind had come to it, so that they might also be understood, they were not yet prophets; and he was more a prophet who interpreted what another had seen, than he himself who had seen: and thus Joseph was more a prophet, who understood what the seven ears and seven cattle signified, Genesis XXXI, than Pharaoh who saw them in dreams. For his spirit was informed so as to see, his mind was illuminated so as to understand. And through this in him was the tongue, in the other prophecy: because in him was the imagination of things, in the other the interpretation of imaginations. Therefore less a prophet, who of things which are signified sees only the signs themselves in the spirit, through the images of corporeal things; and more a prophet, who is endowed with the sole understanding of them: but and most a prophet, who excels in both, so that he both sees in the spirit the significant likenesses of corporeal things, and understands them with the vivacity of mind, as the excellence of Daniel tested and proved, who told the king both the dream which he had seen, and opened what it signified: for indeed the corporeal images themselves were expressed in his spirit, and their understanding was revealed in his mind." So also St. Gregory lib. XI Moral. XII, who nevertheless seems to differ from St. Augustine in this, that in the mere vision of images in the mind, he denies there to be perfect prophecy; understand it thus; whereas St. Augustine calls the same prophecy, namely inchoate, material and unformed, which St. Gregory does not deny: in the matter therefore he agrees with St. Augustine, although he differs in phrase and manner of speaking. The symbols therefore seen are as it were the matter of prophecy; the form is their interpretation, and through them the foreknowledge and prediction of future things: for in this the reason and nature of prophecy consists. 20. Because the wisdom (by which he foresees future things) and POWER (by which he so gently and so strongly disposes, rules and changes the same at will) OF HIM (God) ARE. — Whence explaining, he adds:
2:21
21. AND HE HIMSELF CHANGES TIMES AND AGES: HE TRANSFERS KINGDOMS AND ESTABLISHES THEM, — that is to say, God establishes for each monarchy, kingdom and king its own time, vicissitude, term and transfer, so that for example the monarchy of the Assyrians should stand for so many years, and then be transferred to the Babylonians: this should stand in Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar; from there it should be transferred to the Medes and Persians: this to the Greeks: this to the Romans: this to Christ.
2:22
22. HE HIMSELF REVEALS DEEP THINGS AND HIDDEN THINGS, AND KNOWS THOSE ESTABLISHED IN DARKNESS. — Three kinds of things, says Pererius, are knowable to God alone through himself: first, "deep things," that is supernatural things, such as the mysteries of the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Eucharist. Second, "hidden things," that is the secret thoughts and intentions of hearts. Third, "those established in darkness," that is future contingencies: for these still flee from presence and light. AND LIGHT IS WITH HIM, — that is to say, God is himself uncreated and immense light and wisdom, knowing and illuminating all things, and is the source of all light and angelic and human knowledge. See St. Dionysius, On the Divine Names, cap. IV and VII.
2:23
23. YOU HAVE GIVEN ME WISDOM AND STRENGTH — "You have given," not really, but mentally, that is, you have given that I might know, or you have declared. For to give here signifies a mental act, according to Can. XXIX, that is to say, You have revealed to me your wisdom and strength, which you show in the disposition and change of kingdoms and empires, as was said in verse 20. Whence explaining this he adds: "And now you have shown me what we asked of you, because you have opened to us the word of the king."
2:29
29. THOU DIDST BEGIN TO THINK, etc., WHAT WOULD BE THE OUTCOME AFTER THIS, — what end thy kingdom, namely the kingdom of the Chaldeans, would have, or when, and into whose hands it would be transferred. Note: Daniel here reveals to the king the secret thoughts of his heart, and also his past dreams, which he himself had forgotten. For the acts of prophecy, broadly understood, are various, namely, first, to reveal what is absent and what happens in remote places; second, to disclose the secrets of the heart that are present; third, to recount secret things of the past, whether of thoughts or of dreams; fourth, to explain these same things, if they are divine and symbolic; fifth, to predict future things; sixth, to lay bare the counsels, decrees, threats and promises of God; seventh, to explain the thoughts, words and deeds of Angels. Daniel accomplishes all these things in this book. 30. To me also not in wisdom, — not through wisdom, that is to say, This dream of thine, O king, cannot be known and understood through any habit or act of natural knowledge or wisdom, but only through the revelation of God alone, and through that alone do I know it. Daniel says this both in order to refer the gift of prophecy received to God, and in order to draw the king to the knowledge, faith and worship of the one true God who reveals these things. IN THE WISDOM THAT IS IN ME MORE THAN IN ALL THAT LIVE — in this age and time. For Daniel was not wiser than Adam in paradise, or Solomon: much less than Christ, the Blessed Virgin, the Apostles, etc. Moreover, Daniel said this of himself, not from a spirit of vanity, nor from himself, but moved and compelled by the Holy Spirit, of whom he was as it were the mouth, equally as a pen. Morally, learn here that it is not contrary to or against humility to recognize in oneself and confess the gifts of God, but rather it is an act of humility and gratitude. For humility is truth: therefore it truly recognizes the gifts which it has, but in such a way that it likewise recognizes that it does not have them from itself, but from God, from whom is every good gift, and all wisdom: for this descends from the Father of lights. Wherefore the Saint, recognizing these gifts in himself, does not become proud from them, but rather becomes more humble, and gives thanks more to God, and more firmly establishes himself in the fear of God. For, as St. Gregory says in homily 9 on the Gospel: "When gifts are increased, the reasons for the gifts also grow. Therefore, each one ought to be so much more humble, and more ready to serve God from the gift, as he sees himself more obligated in rendering an account." Thus Paul says of himself in I Corinthians XV, 10: "By the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace in me hath not been void, but I have laboured more abundantly than all they: yet not I, but the grace of God with me." And St. John gives himself this title: "That disciple whom Jesus loved." And: "This is that disciple who giveth testimony of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true," John, last chapter, 24. For the Church approved this testimony of his and his Gospel. Thus Moses says of himself: "For Moses was a man exceeding meek above all men that dwelt upon the earth," Numbers XII, 3. Thus St. Francis recognized in himself the wonderful grace and sanctity of God; but at the same time he recognized himself to be from himself the greatest sinner of the world. Wherefore this was his frequent prayer: "Lord, who art thou? who am I? Thou art the abyss of essence, wisdom, sanctity and all goods; I am the abyss of nothingness, ignorance, concupiscence, sins, and all evils." Whence when he had received from the crucified Christ the sacred stigmata, and wished to hide them, he was commanded to reveal them. For as the Angel says to Tobias, chapter XII, 7: "It is good to hide the secret of a king: but honourable to reveal and confess the works of God." 31. Stature sublime — Chaldean: its splendor excellent; or, as Pagninus translates it, its glory sublime; Leo the Hebrew, its form remarkable, namely on account of the shining gold, silver, bronze and iron, from which the statue was made. For it had a head of gold, breast of silver, belly and thighs of bronze, feet of iron and clay. Whence the Arabic version translates: Its head gold; its breast and arms silver; its belly, thighs and legs iron; and some part of the feet iron, and some part clay of the potter: and the Syriac: Its head of good gold: its breast and arms of silver: its belly and thighs of bronze: its legs of iron. "Of gold," that is, made of gold, silver, etc. This statue signified the succession of four most flourishing empires (which are commonly called monarchies, just as we call the king of Spain and the emperor of the Turks monarchs on account of the extent of their kingdoms: even if they do not rule the whole world), of which one immediately succeeded the other, the former being overthrown, namely those of the Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks and Romans. He therefore passes over here other kingdoms that were humble, narrow and obscure, such as the kingdom of the Sicyonians, Athenians, Lydians, etc. Note: These four kingdoms are compared to one statue, not four: because one succeeded the other, and was born from it, as it were, just as in one statue one part succeeds another and is joined to it. Again, because with respect to the orb of the earth, and with respect to the time in which they existed, they were one thing: because there is one orb, and one continuous time, but especially with respect to the supreme monarch, namely God, who rules the orb; and Christ, into whom they ended, they were one kingdom, as it were: one, I say, first, in continuous succession; second, in place; third, in end and termination, as I have already explained. You will ask: Why does Daniel here make no mention of other kingdoms equally powerful, indeed more powerful, such as those of the Assyrians, Medes, Parthians, Scythians, Tartars, Chinese, Turks? I answer: The first and principal cause is that Nabuchodonosor was thinking only of his own kingdom, and what would come after it, and whether, just as he himself had succeeded the Assyrians, so the Medes, Persians, Egyptians, or some others would succeed him, and transfer the empire to another nation. That he thought this is evident from verse 29. To this thought of his, however, God responded through this dream and through this statue, namely that the Persians would succeed him and the Babylonians, the Macedonians would succeed the Persians, the Romans would succeed these, and these would end in Christ, who is King of kings. Therefore he deals with these alone, and passes over and omits the other kingdoms as impertinent to the thought of Nabuchodonosor and to the matter proposed. Moreover, the Medes are here understood under the Persians: for both overthrew the empire of the Babylonians. Again, the Assyrians can be understood under the Babylonians: for the monarchy of the Babylonians was a part and, as it were, an offshoot of the monarchy of the Assyrians. The second cause is that God wished to draw the king's mind away from all desire for earthly kingdoms, and to raise it up to the kingdom of Christ: that all those are perishable and mortal; this is eternal, as verse 44 teaches. The third reason is that Daniel and the Jews knew almost only these four empires, and experienced their power and tyranny, when first afflicted by the Babylonians, then by the Persians, afterwards by the Greeks, namely by the Antiochuses, finally by the Romans, they were subdued and led into captivity. Therefore Daniel here sets forth the series of these alone, as being those which alone pertained to himself and to the history of his people, namely the Synagogue of God.
2:33
33. AND PART OF THE FEET WAS OF IRON, AND PART OF CLAY. — The legs of this statue were entirely of iron, but the feet were partly of iron, partly of clay. Not as if one foot of the statue were iron, the other clay: or one part of the foot were purely iron, another purely clay, but because the feet were cast from iron not pure, but mixed with earth, as is explained in verse 43; such as is ochre, from which iron is smelted. And this is proved first, because Daniel here expressly says that iron mixed with clay was in the feet. Second, because in verse 43 this mixture of iron with clay is explained by the mixture of the seed of various Romans. Third, because if one part of the feet had been entirely iron, another entirely clay, it would signify not different states of empire, but rather different empires: for clay differs from iron as much as iron differs from bronze, gold and silver. Thus Anthony Fernandius in vision XXI, section VI, Maldonatus and others. The Syriac also favours this when it translates, his feet, of them iron, and of them clay, that is partly iron, partly clay. 35. REDUCED AS IT WERE TO THE DUST OF THE SUMMER THRESHING FLOOR. — The Chaldean: They were as the chaff of the summer threshing floors which the wind carries away, when namely the grain threshed in the floors is tossed about and winnowed, that is to say, All these things which appeared so splendid and solid flew away into the air like chaff and vanished. Such are the kingdoms of the earth: thus passes the glory of the world. 38. THOU ART THE HEAD OF GOLD. — Note here, first, the metonymy by which the king is put for the kingdom: "thou," that is thy kingdom, is the head of gold. Whence it follows: "And another kingdom shall rise up." Thus Theodoret. Second, the kingdom of the Chaldeans is metaphorically called the head, both because it was first and most ancient, as appears from Genesis X, 11; and because wisdom flourished in it, as appears from Isaiah XLVII, 13. You will ask: Why is the empire of the Babylonians called golden? for the empire of the Persians afterwards appears to have been equally wealthy, or wealthier. Maldonatus answers that by gold, silver, bronze and iron are signified in these four kingdoms not their riches, power or other qualities, but only the series and order of time, that is to say, Just as among metals, so gold is first in dignity, silver second, bronze third, iron fourth: thus among these kingdoms the Babylonians will be first in time, the Persians second, the Greeks third, the Romans fourth. The kingdom of the Persians therefore was less than the Chaldean, not in magnitude, not in power, not in riches, but in duration and antiquity. For it was first, and from its beginning under the first king Ninus, until its destruction under Belshazzar, it stood for 1500 years, whereas the Persian empire stood for only 230 years. Thus also Anthony Fernandius in vision XI, section IV; where for what Our author translates: "And another kingdom shall rise up less than thee," he says it can be translated: "And another kingdom shall rise up after thee," or posterior: yet it is said less by allusion to silver, which is of less value than gold. Less therefore, that is less ancient, and less enduring, for gold is more durable than silver, and by the very length of time it becomes more precious, as Pliny says, book XXXIII, chapter III. But the Chaldean ארע ara does not signify posterior, but less, lower, inferior, as the Septuagint, Our author, Vatablus and others translate everywhere. Whence from ara the Chaldean word for pavement is called ארעית arit, because in a house it is the lowest and bottom: and earth is called ארעא ara, because in the world it is the lowest and its centre. Wherefore this sense, if it be the only one, is in the first place cold and barren. Secondly, in it the similitude is not sufficiently apt, for gold and silver are prior to bronze and iron not in time, but in price and dignity; but the empires of the Chaldeans and Persians, signified by gold and silver, are said to be prior to the empire of the Greeks and Romans not in dignity, but in time only in this sense. Thirdly, it is evident that not merely the order of time, but also of quality and excellence is here regarded, from the fact that concerning the fourth iron Roman empire Daniel says at verse 40: "As iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things, so shall it break in pieces and bruise all these." Secondly, Alcazar in the Apocalypse, cap. IX, vers. 5, note 3, page 529, teaches that the age of the Chaldean monarchy was golden, if compared with the following ones; that of the Persians was silver; that of the Greeks was bronze; that of the Romans was iron; because these empires gradually declined and went into decline. For in the first Chaldean monarchy, the esteem and value of wisdom flourished, as is evident both from the very great honor and the prefecture of the empire conferred upon Daniel; and from the frequency of the wise Magi; and from the knowledge of the stars and judicial astrology, which flowed from it to other nations: whence also astrologers were called Chaldeans. In the second, that of the Persians, pleasures and bodily delights prevailed. In the third, that of the Greeks, riches and wealth excelled. In the fourth, that of the Romans, ambition, or the desire for honor, name and glory, held sway. But truly the study of wisdom flourished equally, nay even more among the Greeks and Romans than among the Chaldeans: conversely, in riches the Romans and Persians excelled equally with the Greeks: nor was ambition less among the Greek Seleucids, the successors of Alexander, than among the Romans. Thirdly, the same Alcazar, in the tract On Weights and Measures, page 63, holds that by this distinction of metals the Holy Spirit signifies not a difference in riches (for this is of less moment in this vision), but in force and strength; namely, that the violence of each subsequent monarchy is always signified to be greater: and because human affairs for the most part turn to the worse, the first monarchy, if compared with the second, can be called golden, and will appear milder and more pleasant; but the second with respect to the third is silver; the third is bronze and more adverse to mankind; the fourth moreover is less cohesive in itself (as iron and clay are scarcely mixed), but stronger than all the others, and will very violently crush all kingdoms. This opinion seems apt, expedient and clear; yet certain things are to be added to it. I say therefore that the empire of the Babylonians is called golden, or, as Jeremiah says at cap. LI, 7: "A golden cup," because it was not only opulent and splendid, but also most happy, most glorious, most famous and most extensive. For thus Daniel explains it here, saying: "Thou art a king of kings: and the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, and strength, and power, and glory, etc. Thou therefore art the head of gold." For in a very short time, having subdued the Syrians, the Jews, the Ammonites, the Moabites and the Egyptians, who were then most powerful, and who from the time of Josiah had contended with the Assyrians and Babylonians for empire and the supreme control of affairs, it became most extensive. Whence Jeremiah predicts that all nations, namely those then known and celebrated, shall be subject and enslaved to Nabuchodonosor, cap. XXVII, 7, and Habacuc cap. I, 10: "He, it is said, shall triumph over kings, and tyrants shall be a mockery to him," that is to say, shall be to him a laughing-stock and contempt. And Daniel cap. IV, 19: "Thou king, he says, art magnified, and thy greatness hath grown up even to heaven, and thy power unto the ends of all the earth." Wherefore Isaias cap. XLVII, 7, calls Babylon the mistress of kingdoms, and cap. XIV, 19, glorious in kingdoms and renowned, and by Jeremiah cap. L, 21, the same is called the land of rulers, and vers. 23, the hammer of the whole earth, concerning which more at cap. IV, 26. Nay, almost the whole prophecy of Jeremiah and Ezechiel is concerning Nabuchodonosor, and his dominion over the Jews and all nations, and that by the will of God. By God therefore he himself seems to be created as it were a monarch. For a name and reputation, once they have been acquired, are retained forever, and are transmitted by them to posterity and to future ages. Thus in this age there are men excelling in mathematics, theology, philosophy, and other arts and sciences, who surpass the ancients, and yet do not obtain the name and reputation of the ancients, inasmuch as it has been prescribed by them for so long a time: for by use and abundance all things become worthless. Thus therefore Babylon, because it was first, obtained the name of a golden kingdom, and was set forth to posterity as it were an example of worldly glory: whence also Rome is called Babylon, Apoc. XVIII, 2. Secondly, it is called golden, because the Babylonians were most zealous for gold, and exported and heaped it up from the nations they had subdued, just as they had taken from Judea all the golden and silver vessels, even of the temple, and these were very many and of the greatest value. To this Daniel alludes, as a Jew, signifying that the treasures of Solomon, and the gold and riches of the Jews, were transferred to Babylon. Thirdly, because the power and glory of the Babylonians grew, not so much by arms, labors and military fortitude, as the Persians, Greeks and Romans (who fought with nations stronger and already experienced in arms), but by the inexperience and cowardice of enemies in war, as well as by riches and luxury, and was on this account illustrious, splendid and renowned to the world. Whence Jeremiah, cap. LI, 7, concerning the Babylonians says: "A golden cup is Babylon in the hand of the Lord, inebriating all the earth: the nations have drunk of her wine, and therefore they have been moved." To which St. John alludes, Apoc. XIV, 8: for a "golden cup" signifies riches and luxury, and consequently idolatry, which the Babylonians, triumphing over other nations, introduced to them. Wherefore this kingdom and age is called golden: because under it the nations lived quietly and happily in great peace with abundance of all things: for this is wont to follow peace. Whence this kingdom in cap. IV, 17, was represented to the king himself by God through "a tree high and strong, whose height reached to heaven, and the sight thereof to all the earth: and its branches were most beautiful, and its fruit abundant, and food for all in it, and the beasts of the field dwelt under it, and the birds of the air dwelt in its branches." Truly Ovid, XIV Metamorph.: There is no way barred to virtue. You will say: In the time of the Babylonians, the kingdom of the Medes was also rich and renowned under Cyaxares, whom Herodotus asserts to have ruled over the Assyrians and all Asia. Pererius answers that the kingdom of the Medes was at this time narrow and afflicted: for Cyaxares began to reign in the 14th year of Nebuchadnezzar, and reigned 40 years; already in the first 28 years of his reign, the Scythians invaded and held Asia, namely until almost the end of the life and reign of Nebuchadnezzar: for he himself reigned 44 years. Cyaxares therefore only in the last 12 years of his reign, in which he survived Nebuchadnezzar, having destroyed almost all the Scythians by cunning, began to extend and illustrate his empire, as Herodotus says. From this vision of Daniel, the gentiles received the fable of the first golden age, the second silver, the third bronze, the fourth iron, which Ovid thus graphically depicts, lib. I Metamorph.: The golden age was first sown, which, needing no avenger, of its own accord, without law, cultivated faith and what is right. There were no helmets, no swords; without the use of a soldier, the nations passed their soft, secure leisure. It was eternal spring. ... Soon also the earth, untilled, bore fruits. Rivers of milk now flowed, now rivers of nectar, and golden honey dripped from the green oak. He then proceeds from the golden to the silver: After Saturn was sent to the dark Tartarus, the world was under Jupiter, and the silver race succeeded, inferior to gold, more precious than tawny bronze; then for the first time the air was scorched by dry heats: then for the first time houses entered in, houses were caves: then for the first time the seeds of grain were buried in long furrows, and the young oxen groaned under the yoke. Soon he passes to the bronze and iron: The bronze race succeeded after that, fiercer in nature, and more prone to dreadful arms, yet not criminal; the last is of hard iron. Straightway all wickedness burst into that age of baser vein: shame, truth and faith fled. In their place came frauds and deceits, snares and violence, and the wicked love of having. Riches are dug up, the incentives of evils. And now harmful iron, and gold more harmful than iron, had come forth, war comes forth, which fights with both. Life is lived by plunder, the guest is not safe from the host. The father-in-law is not safe from the son-in-law, and the affection of brothers is rare. Astraea, last of the heavenly ones, left the earth. AND THE BIRDS OF THE AIR ALSO HE GAVE INTO THY HAND. — This is an auxesis, for it exaggerates the power of his king: for he who rules the earth, in his own way also rules over beasts and birds: because he can hunt and capture them. 39. Another kingdom inferior to thee. — In Chaldean, ארע מנך ara minnach, that is, lower and more humble than thee, which namely, while thou reignest, is already lower, but shortly after will grow in Cyrus, and will become superior, and thy empire it will overthrow in Baltassar. This is the kingdom of the Persians and Medes, which therefore, verse 32, is designated by two arms: because two kingdoms once they were, which afterwards were joined together into one, whose king was Cyrus, who born of a Median mother and a Persian father was; and, as Theodoret says, by the right arm the paternal race, by the left the maternal is signified. Again, because by arms, that is by strength and much labor, Cyrus throughout his whole life this kingdom for himself and his Persians acquired. You will ask: Why in verse 32 is this kingdom compared to silver? I answer: Because it abounded in silver, and was most opulent. Whence besides treasures obvious and open, God promises to Cyrus hidden treasures, Isaiah XLV, 3. These riches are evident. For first, Pliny, book XXXIII, chapter III, says that Cyrus from conquered Asia brought forth "five hundred thousand talents of silver," that is three hundred millions. Second, the same riches are evident from the most sumptuous banquet of Ahasuerus, husband of Esther, Esther chapter I. Third, from the innumerable army of Xerxes, by which he covered land and seas: for there were in it more than two millions of men. Fourth, because the king of the Persians in his chamber at his head always had thirty millions of gold, which was called the pillow of the king; and at his feet eighteen millions of silver: witness is Athenaeus at the beginning of book XII. Fifth, because the Persian treasury which Alexander obtained was 180 millions of talents, according to Strabo, that is one hundred and eight millions. Yet this empire of the Persians was inferior in felicity and glory to the empire of the Chaldeans, just as silver is inferior and yields to gold. This is indeed what Daniel expressly says, verse 39: "After thee shall rise another kingdom inferior to thee." Nebuchadnezzar therefore in kingdom and glory surpassed Cyrus and his successors. For to pass over other things, Cyrus its founder most miserably was slain by Tomyris queen of the Scythians. Xerxes, in Greece by few was slain and put to flight, received a shameful defeat, so that alone in a boat he had to flee. Darius Codomannus, most miserably by Alexander often routed, finally was stripped of kingdom and life. AND ANOTHER THIRD KINGDOM OF BRASS, WHICH SHALL RULE OVER ALL THE EARTH. — This is the kingdom of Alexander and the Greeks: for Alexander almost the whole earth in our part of the world ruled, so that under him itself bending was silent, as if tacitly acknowledging him as lord. I say in our part of the world: for Alexander did not go to and conquer the Chinese, Peruvians, Mexicans, etc. Thus St. Jerome and commonly others. Wrongly therefore Osorius, and from him Prosper, book On Predictions and Promises, part II, chapter XXXIII, by the belly and brazen thighs understood the Carthaginian empire. You will ask first: Why is it called brazen? St. Jerome answers, because brass is not only strong and hard but also most vocal and most sonorous. Such was the fame and glory of Alexander and the Greeks, not only on account of power and wars bravely waged, but also on account of wisdom and eloquence, which flourished among the Greeks. Brass therefore, first, signifies brazen trumpets, galleys, breastplates and arms of Alexander, namely the clanging of trumpets, and the noise and crash of brazen arms, among which he constantly was engaged, and in them as if in most sweet music delighted: for he was most warlike, breathing nothing but arms and Mars. For the ancients used brazen arms in place of iron: for the use of brass was older than that of iron. Whence Hesiod: They labored with brass, not yet knowing iron, The ages. So also Homer teaches that the weapons and arms of Achilles and the Greeks were brazen: which the maiden Combe in Euboea first invented, and from this was named Chalcis: for χαλκός in Greek signifies brass. Thus from Eustathius and others teaches Caelius Rhodiginus, book X of Antiquities, L, where he also adds that Combe was the daughter of Aesop. Hence also the archangel Gabriel, Daniel X, 6, had arms, thighs and shins like glowing brass: because by this appearance he represented the strength of the Maccabees and the splendor of arms. So also God, about to fight against the Jews in the chariot of cherubim, put on a body of electrum, that is orichalcum, which is the best and most brilliant brass, as I said Ezekiel I, 27. Second, resonant brass signifies the eloquence and fluency of the Greeks. Third, sonorous brass signifies the fame and glory of the deeds of Alexander, which suddenly resounded throughout the whole world, and so much did it strike all, that eagerly all submitted themselves to him, or made a treaty with him. He was therefore himself sounding brass, and a cymbal tinkling throughout the world; whence also Lysippus sculpted him from brass, as I shall presently say. Concerning the fame of Alexander, Curtius says: "So great, he says, was the terror of his name (Alexander's) that it invaded the whole world, so that all nations flattered him as if to a king already destined for them." Hence also in 1 Maccabees 1:3, it is said that the whole land was silent in his sight, as if it had heard the crash of a falling world. Wherefore Tertullian truly said of him in his book On the Pallium: "He alone was made smaller by his own fame." Concerning wisdom and eloquence, Athens alone, which has obtained from all the epithet of learned, is a rich witness. Cicero, in his Oration for Flaccus: "The Athenians are present, he says, from whom humanity, learning, religion, crops, rights, and laws are thought to have arisen and been distributed to all lands." Plato in the Protagoras calls Athens "the prytaneum of wisdom." It is indeed remarkable what Tertullian writes in his book On the Soul, chapter XX: "It is reported, he says, that dull and brutish men are born in Thebes; in Athens the most acute in wisdom and eloquence, where near Colytus children speak more quickly in a month with precocious tongue. Indeed, Plato in the Timaeus affirms that Minerva, when she was fashioning that city, looked to nothing else but the nature of the region, promising such talents." A modern interpreter of Plato thus translates it: "The goddess designated for you a dwelling in a chosen place in which you were born, observing the temperament of the seasons in it, because it would produce the wisest men." Now hear the ringing of this age, that is, Alexander's fame and glory, one by one. Nearly twelve remarkable gifts and rare praises shone forth in Alexander, which celebrated his name among all nations. I have collected them from Plutarch in his Life of Alexander, from Quintus Curtius, book X, and from Justin. First, there were omens and portents of his greatness: for first, to his mother Olympias, on the night before she conceived him, it seemed that her womb was touched from heaven by Jupiter thundering, and from the blow a great fire was kindled, which soon bursting forth into flames was scattered far and wide. Second, his father Philip saw in a dream his wife sealed with a seal having the image of a lion, by which Aristander said it was portended that she had conceived a spirited and lion-like child. Third, a dragon was seen stretched out beside the body of sleeping Olympias. Fourth, Alexander was born on the day when the temple of Diana of Ephesus was consumed by fire: whence the magi exclaimed that a great plague and destruction was brought forth on that day for the burning of Asia. But Hegesias of Magnesia declared: "The temple of Diana rightly burned, while she herself was occupied in assisting at Alexander's birth." Fifth, his father Philip on the same day received three most fortunate messages, first that the Illyrians were routed by Parmenion; second, that he had conquered at the Olympic games by the speed of his horse; third, that Alexander was born. Whence the seers affirmed that the infant, in whose nativity a threefold victory had concurred, would be invincible. All these things Plutarch relates. Sixth, Justin adds in book XII: "On that day, he says, on which he was born, two eagles sat flying all day above the roof of his father's house, an omen of a twofold empire: of Europe and Asia." Seventh, when he proceeded against Darius, an eagle was seen flying above his head and directing his course against the enemies, as Plutarch and Curtius say. Eighth, while he was besieging Tyre, Apollo seemed to the Tyrians in a dream to say that he was going over to Alexander: for he did not approve of what was being done in the city. Ninth, there a Satyr seemed to Alexander, playing about, whom when he wished to seize, the Satyr withdrew, but finally after long running came into his hands. Whence the seers, dividing the name Satyr, answered: Tyre shall be yours, for σα in Greek means yours. Second, his complexion was fiery and his nature igneous. From this fiery temperament of his body not only was his spirit similar, but also a fragrance of odor, which he breathed forth from his mouth, skin, and whole body. For this reason in hot places incense, odors and aromatics are generated, because the heat of the sun there cooks them, so that they become igneous and breathe forth fiery exhalations. Hence also his body on the seventh day after death, corrupted by no decay, no discoloration, but whole and with a lively countenance was found, as Curtius testifies. Third, there was in Alexander a marvelous swiftness: for he himself began in the twentieth year of his age, and subdued all things in the thirty-third year of his age, in which he died. Hence Apelles painted Alexander as if he were lightning, swiftly pervading and affecting all things. FOURTH, there was in him constant good fortune. For he scarcely had forty thousand soldiers, nor more than seventy talents for their pay and provisions for thirty days; and yet there was no nation, enemy, or city which he approached that he did not conquer, and he finally prostrated Darius himself, who had a million soldiers. Whence he inspired such confidence in his soldiers that, in his presence, they feared neither the arms of any enemy nor were unarmed, as Justin says. But Curtius, in book X, writes thus of him: "It must be admitted, however, that although he owed much to virtue, he owed more to fortune, which alone of all mortals he held in his power. How often did she recall him from death? How often did she protect him, recklessly thrown into dangers, with perpetual good fortune? She also appointed for his life the same end as for his glory. The fates awaited him, until, having subdued the East and reached the Ocean, he should fill whatever mortality could grasp." Alexander himself, seeking an oracle from the prophet of Apollo at Delphi, heard from him: "You are invincible, my son." FIFTH, there was in him the vastness of empire. For he subdued all of Asia, Egypt, Syria, India, and a good part of Europe. Hence Lysippus the sculptor, to signify the vastness of Alexander's empire, fashioned from bronze Alexander with face upturned gazing at heaven, with these verses inscribed beneath: Bronze gazing heavenward, speak what you say: Jupiter, I have claimed the earth for myself, do you claim the heaven. Wherefore Alexander, having received the empire, ordered himself to be called king of the earth and of the world, as Justin says in book XII. Although truly he did not approach or subdue many nations; indeed, hearing Democritus discoursing on the infinity of worlds, he groaned that he had not even subdued one whole world for himself. SIXTH, there was in him incredible vigor of mind, ingenuity of talent, fortitude of spirit for any arduous deeds, and contempt of dangers and death. "Boldness surpassed fortune, and strength surpassed virtue, and he deemed nothing impregnable or fortified to the daring and courageous," says Plutarch. "He undertook the most dangerous things, and whenever he saw the densest enemies fighting most fiercely, he always threw himself there, wishing the dangers to be his own, not his soldiers'," says Justin. Among the Mallis, the most warlike of the Indians, he was the first to scale the wall with ladders, where, balancing his body, he threw himself by a leap into the midst of the enemies. The barbarians, thinking they saw some gleam or phantom from his vibrating arms, fled. But when they saw him alone with two armor-bearers, they rushed upon him and wounded him: he himself, leaning against the wall and fighting in a circle, sustained the assault of all, and pierced through the barbarian who was aiming his sword at him, until the Macedonians came to his aid. Seventh, there was his temperance. When the finest dishes and cooks were sent to him, he replied: "He had no need of these, better cooks had been given to him by his tutor Leonidas, namely for breakfast an early morning march, for dinner a meager breakfast. That same man, he said, was accustomed to visit the storehouse of my bedding, and inspecting the wardrobe, if my mother had added anything to me for softness or luxury, he would remove it." Let the tutors of princes note this. Wherefore, an enemy of idleness, if he was not waging war, he was hunting: in which he killed a great lion; seeing which, someone exclaimed: "Well done, Alexander, this struggle with the lion is for the kingdom." Seeing the ampullae, alabaster vessels, beds, tables, and houses of perfumes and ointments of the already conquered Darius, turning his eyes to his own: "This surely, he said, was what it meant to reign?" EIGHTH, there was his continence. "To restrain himself, says Plutarch, he deemed more kingly than to conquer enemies: the most beautiful daughters of Darius and his wife he neither touched, nor knew a woman before marriage, except Barsine." Concerning other beautiful women he joked: "What great pain to the eyes are Persian women!" But in emulation of their beauty, showing himself victor over desire, as if they were inanimate images of statues, he sent them on. Hearing that some had been violated by his men, he wrote to Parmenion that he should punish and kill them as beasts born for the corruption of men: "For I, he said, not only did not see the wife of Darius, or think to see her; but I could not even bear to hear words spoken of her beauty." He said: "I know myself to be mortal from sleep and intercourse; which from the same weakness of nature brings upon me weariness and pleasure;" and that intercourse seemed to be a small epilepsy, as Democritus said. Indeed this in Alexander was admirable beyond others. Ninth, there was magnanimity: for he himself was "endowed with greatness of soul beyond human power," as Justin says. As a boy, when tested by attendants, because he was swift of foot, whether he wished to compete at the Olympics in racing, he said: "Indeed, if I shall have kings as my adversaries." He grieved over his father Philip's victories, as if they were robbing him of that glory. The horse Bucephalus, wild and untamed, which would not admit a rider, he mounted and completely subdued; then his father said to him: "Seek, my son, a kingdom equal to yourself: for Macedonia does not contain you." He preferred glory to kingdom and life. In short, when water was offered to him in a helmet during thirst, he refused it: "For I," he said, "if I alone drink, these" (pointing to the soldiers) "will grow weak." To Darius seeking peace he replied: "I grant it on this condition, if you wish to be held second to me, not equal. Therefore either surrender this day, or prepare battle for tomorrow:" He rejoiced to engage with all of Darius's forces, fearing a long delay of war, if he should divide his army. Tenth, there was justice, equity and liberality toward his own. While he was pronouncing judgments, the accuser would place his hand on the other's ear, saying, "that one is kept intact for the defendant." When dying, asked whom he would make heir of the kingdom, he answered: "The most worthy." So great was the equity of that great soul, that, although he left Heracles his son, Arrhidaeus his brother, and Roxana his wife pregnant, forgetting family ties, he named the most worthy as heir: truly as if it were impious for a strong man to be succeeded by any but a strong man, or for the riches of so great a kingdom to be left to any but the proven," says Justin. About to go to war, he distributed his estates to his own. To which Perdiccas said: "To you, king, what have you left for yourself?" He answered: "My hopes." Then Perdiccas: "We also who follow your auspices will be sharers in these." The wife of Darius, captured, thinking Hephaestion was Alexander, as if she had greeted the king, and, recognizing her error, blushed, Alexander encouraging her: "You did not err," he said, "for this one is also Alexander." He paid the debts of soldiers to their creditors from his own resources; this was ten thousand talents minus 103. He assigned the stipends of deceased parents to their sons. Eleventh, there was in him remarkable clemency toward the conquered, and faith toward all, even enemies. Mazaeus, prefect of Darius, once fighting for him against Alexander, after Darius was defeated, was increased by him in a greater prefecture: "King," he said, "there was once one, Darius, now you have made many Alexanders." He asked Porus, king of India, defeated and captured, "in what manner he wished to be treated? Royally," said Porus. When Alexander added, whether he wished anything else: "Everything," he said, "the word royally comprehends." Therefore he restored the kingdom to him under the name of satrapy, and moreover added a new region to him. Taxiles likewise, a king in India, fearing war from Alexander, when Alexander said these things to him: "What need is there of wars between us? If I abound more in riches, I will gladly share with you: but if I am inferior, I do not refuse to receive a benefit from you with a grateful spirit." Delighted with this speech, and embracing him, Alexander said: "Will you escape battle with this courtesy? Not at all; for I will contend with you, and will fight with benefits, lest you surpass me in beneficence." Wherefore, receiving gifts and giving many more, finally he bestowed a thousand talents of silver upon him. Moreover, the mother, wife and daughters of Darius he treated so kindly and magnificently, that Darius dying gave him thanks, and congratulated himself on such a successor. One of his daughters he himself took as wife, the other he gave in marriage to Hephaestion, his intimate friend. Wherefore, after Alexander's death, all mourned his death equally as a parent's, and Darius's mother herself ended her life by starvation, concerning which more in chapter VIII, 8. Twelfth, there was his learning, and love and favor toward the learned. Besides others, he had Aristotle as his teacher for five years, to whom he later wrote: "I," he said, "would prefer to excel in knowledge of the best things than in power." He honored Aristotle not otherwise than as a parent, "because by his benefit he lived, by his he lived honorably." He sent fifty talents to Xenocrates. He always kept the Iliad of Homer with a dagger placed under his pillow; and so, finding the most precious casket in the treasure of Darius, he placed it in that one. He venerated Diogenes, and said of him: "If I were not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes." Moreover, he honored Anaxarchus, Dandamis, and Calanus the philosophers. From which Calanus set this mirror of his empire before Alexander's eyes. He threw into the middle a dried and shriveled hide, whose edge he trod upon. In one place pressed down, it rose up elsewhere. The same, going around everywhere and pressing with his feet in every part, he showed would happen, until he occupied the middle with his feet: then indeed all parts became still. By that symbol he signified that the middle of the kingdom must be pressed most of all, and that Alexander ought not to wander far from it. Moreover, his discussion with ten Gymnosophists, whom he had captured as it were as enemies in war, was illustrious. He proposed to these obscure questions, threatening death to him who answered badly: he gave one, the eldest, as judge. First he asked, "Are there more living or dead? The living, he said, for indeed those who are dead no longer are;" second he asked: "Does the earth or the sea bring forth larger beasts? The earth, he said, for the sea is a part of it;" third: "What animal is most cunning? That which man has not yet known, he said;" fourth: "Why did you incite Saba to rebellion against me? That he might live honorably, he said, or die miserably;" fifth: "Do you think the day or the night came first? The day, he said, by one day." The king marveling, he added that it is necessary that tangled questions have tangled answers. Sixth: "By what means does one make himself most dear? If that most powerful one, he said, is not formidable;" seventh: "How does one become a god from being mortal? If he does, he said, what is denied to man;" eighth: "Is life or death more powerful? Life, he said, which endures so many evils;" ninth: "How long ought a man to live? As long, he said, as he judges it better to live than to die." Thus finally turning to the judge, who was the tenth, he ordered him to pronounce sentence. When he said that one had answered more sluggishly than another: Therefore you, he said, shall die first, you who judge thus. Not at all, the king, he said, unless you lie, you who first said you would kill him who answered worst. He therefore dismissed these men honored with gifts. Thus Plutarch. To these add external things, for first, there was in him a great terror of his name, and from this great reverence of all toward him, admiration and subjection, which compelled all nations, even the most remote, to send legates to him for the sake of peace. Second, he corrected the customs of barbarians and made them human and civil. Third, he founded Alexandria and other cities, up to seventy. Fourth, he formed and left behind him most excellent leaders, as it were his pupils, namely Seleucus, Antigonus, Ptolemy, Aridaeus, Cassander, etc., and he had very many most serious and eloquent writers of his deeds. Alexander was therefore as it were a miracle and portent of nature, and it seems God wished to show in him how far nature could extend itself: for nature in Alexander as it were displayed the extreme of its power. What if this nature had been decorated with equal grace and directed by it, what would it not have done? But the Lord did not choose these, but the weak things of the world, the ignoble, and those things that are not, that he might confound the strong and glorious, that all flesh might not glory in his sight. Now therefore often the virtue of divine grace is perfected in the weakness of our nature. For God has elevated us more highly through Christ, and wished us to use and rely upon the powers of grace rather than of nature, that we might follow the leading of the Spirit, not of sense, not of mind, not of natural instinct. Wherefore we see in Christianity that tender virgins and boys, through the grace of Christ, were made stronger than Alexander, and overcame not only kings and tyrants, but also racks, swords, fires, lions, and whatever in the world was either lovely in appearance or terrible in harshness. Again, God willed Alexander to be set before the faithful as a mirror and whetstone of virtue. For if Alexander accomplished such great things by the powers of nature alone, how much more ought we, instructed with the powers of grace, far surpassing nature, to accomplish? If the desire for vain and fleeting glory impelled Alexander to such heroic deeds, how much more arduous ought we to undertake and aim at, to whom the prize of the heavenly and immortal kingdom, and the eternal weight of glory, is continually set before our eyes? This was Alexander's axiom, as Curtius testifies, lib. VII and VIII: "Nothing is so high that nature has established it, which virtue cannot attain." Wherefore in the region of Sogdiana, besieging an inaccessible rock held by thirty thousand armed men, mocked by Arimaze the prefect of the rock and asked: "Can Alexander fly? I will make it so, he said, that in the next night you will believe the Macedonians can fly:" And so he stirred up three hundred most brave youths with great promises, and made them secretly climb to the summit of the rock by steep stones and pathless ways from behind; thus he occupied the rock and crucified Arimaze. What now shall the generous soldier of Christ deem arduous, difficult, or impossible, to whom this axiom is set forth by Christ: "Nothing is so high that nature has established it, which the grace of Christ cannot attain? Be confident, fear not: behold I am with you," etc.; when he beholds and hears the Christian Alexander, I mean Paul: "I can do all things in him who strengtheneth me;" and: "Who shall separate us from the charity of Christ? I am sure that neither death, nor life, nor Angels, nor principalities, nor any other creature," etc. You will ask secondly: Why is this kingdom in verse 33 compared to the belly and thighs? I answer first: Because, just as the belly is subject to the breast and arms, so the kingdom of Alexander immediately succeeded the kingdom of the Persians. Secondly, just as the belly draws all food to itself, but immediately disperses and distributes it through the members: so Alexander subdued many kingdoms, but immediately upon dying divided them among his generals. Thirdly, there is noted in the belly Alexander's remarkable intemperance and drunkenness, concerning which Curtius, lib. V, which was the cause of his death. For when Alexander, offering a huge cup to Proteas, a most bibulous Macedonian (it held two congii), had drained it, Proteas took it and in turn offered the same to Alexander, who drank it again, but could not bear it: for soon the cup falling from his hands, reclining on his couch, and seized by illness, he succumbed, lay down, and died, his own murderer. Athenaeus is witness, lib. X, XI. Fourthly, in the thighs is signified the lust not so much of Alexander as of his successors the Ptolemies in the kingdom of Egypt, who were accustomed to take their sisters as wives. For Alexander was not so lustful because he was drunken: for drunkards, just as wine puts their senses to sleep, so also puts to sleep and dulls their appetite for lust: again, wine dilutes and dissipates the seed productive of offspring.
2:40
40. AND THE FOURTH KINGDOM SHALL BE LIKE IRON. — This fourth kingdom, says St. Jerome and others throughout, is that of the Romans, renowned in arms and fortitude, which in verse 33 is compared to the legs: because it was the last and most firm, and this in two ways: because this empire was among many, namely first among two Consuls; secondly among Duumvirs; thirdly among two emperors, one in the East, the other in the West; one at Constantinople, the other at Rome, or acting in Germany. Hence its emblem is the double-headed eagle, or eagle of two heads: from this in the camps the standard-bearer was called the eagle-bearer, and commonly by contracted voice alfiero. The Poet rightly says: Thou, Roman, remember to rule the peoples with empire. These shall be thy arts, to impose the custom of peace, To spare the conquered, and to subdue the proud. Furthermore in iron is noted both the warlike force and the hardness of the Romans in continual labors, whether of fields or of arms, by which they prepared for themselves unconquerable strength of body and spirit. Hear what Virgil sings concerning the exercises of the ancient Latins, in book IX of the Aeneid: A hard race from the stock: the newborn we first carry to the rivers, and harden them with harsh frost and waves, namely with icy waters. The boys keep watch in hunting and tire the forests: To bend horses is sport, and to draw arrows from the horn. But the youth, patient of toil and accustomed to little, Either tames the earth with rakes, or shakes cities in war. Every age is worn away with iron, and we tire the turned backs of young cattle with the spear: nor does slow old age Weaken the strength of the spirit, and change its vigor: We press gray hair with a helmet, and always delight To carry fresh spoils, and to live by plunder. Scipio Africanus, as is found in the Epitome LVII: "He rejected two thousand harlots from the camp: he cut away all instruments of luxury: he kept the soldier in work every day: he forced them to carry thirty days' grain and seven palisades." Spartianus writes concerning Pescennius that he ordered that no one drink wine on the expedition, but all be content with vinegar. The same man forbade bakers to follow the camp, ordering all to live on hardtack. Each soldier therefore carried both arms and food for at least half a month. Moreover Roman soldiers were carpenters, shipwrights, etc.; and they handled axes, mattocks and sickles no less aptly than swords and spears. Witnesses to this are Caesar's soldiers, who, as Caesar himself says, cut timber, from which they built bridges, ships, and machines for besieging cities. They themselves reaped grain from the fields and carried it to the camps. Beds were made of straw, whence Varro in book IV wishes them to be called segestria. They instituted gladiatorial games so that, when in the arena they had handled and even received blows, iron and wounds, in battle fighting they would not fear enemies, nor shudder at wounds and blood, as Capitolinus says in the Life of Maximus. See more in Lipsius, On Roman Warfare, and our Valtrin On Roman Military Matters, book I, chapters III and IV. SHALL BREAK IN PIECES AND CRUSH ALL THESE, — through armies, which they maintained in each province to keep the peoples in obedience. Whence Tertullian, book I Against the Jews, chapter VII: "What shall I say of the Romans, he says, who fortify their empire by the protection of their legions?" And so they maintained continuously thirty-two legions scattered among the nations, of which eight were in Germany, others in Spain, Asia, Africa, etc., as Cardinal Baronius and others teach. For these nations among which they dwelt, and other neighboring ones, they destroyed and broke in pieces. But they maintained these legions from tributes, which they imposed on the provinces; and to collect these and keep the provinces in obedience, they sent Praetors and Proconsuls into them. Whence Cicero commends two things to his brother Quintus in the prefecture of Asia, namely the care of the publicans for exacting tributes, and the protection of soldiers for keeping the provincials in check. By these two the Romans broke in pieces all kingdoms and subjected them to themselves, as Martial magnificently but truly said: Rome, goddess of lands and peoples, To whom nothing is equal, and nothing second. And Livy, book I: "No republic, he says, was ever greater, or more holy, or richer in good examples." And Claudian: Than which nothing in the earth the ether embraces more lofty, Whose space sight cannot grasp, nor hearts its beauty, Nor any voice its praise; which with light of metal Rivals the neighboring stars: Parent of arms and laws, which pours into all An empire. Hence that common saying: "The Romans, lords of things; Rome the head of the world, the marvel of the world, the compendium of the world, the citadel of nations and kings, the light of the gentiles." Finally Propertius: Let all the marvels of the Roman earth yield, Nature has placed here whatever was anywhere. And Plutarch: "The Roman empire, he says, was like an anchor to the wavering world."
2:41
41. THE KINGDOM SHALL BE DIVIDED. — The Rabbis think that a fifth empire is signified here, namely that of the Turks. But they err: for Daniel assigns only four here, and of the fourth he says that iron shall be mixed with clay in it. Again, when he says of the same: "The kingdom shall be divided," he plainly signifies that the same kingdom shall be, but divided within itself. Thirdly, when he says of the same in verse 42: "And part of the kingdom shall be strong, and part thereof shall be broken," he clearly indicates that he is not signifying some other new empire, but various states of the same empire. Let the Jews therefore cease who interpret the divided Roman empire as Romans and Turks: for the Turks are not a part, but sworn enemies of the Roman empire. I say therefore that the Roman empire is predicted here to be "divided," that is, differing in strength, and also dissenting and discordant, as when the people rose up against the senate, Sulla against Marius, Caesar against Pompey, Augustus against Antony, and others thereafter against others: many also invaded the empire. Whence the fingers of the feet signify the inequality of princes, when there are more of them, while some greater, that is more powerful, oppress the lesser: these then envy the more powerful. But most of all was this kingdom divided, and therefore weakened, when various nations withdrew themselves from its obedience, and created for themselves their own kings, as the Spanish, Poles, English, French, etc. did. Moreover these kingdoms were and are unequal, some greater, some smaller, just as the fingers of the feet are unequal, some greater, some smaller. Again, from two legs arise ten fingers of the feet, and in them the whole statue ends: because the Roman empire at the end of the world shall be divided into ten kings, of whom none shall be a king of the Romans, just as no finger is a leg. For the extremity of the fingers contains the end of the empire failing and as it were expiring. Hence at the beginning this kingdom was iron and strong, then clay and "broken," that is easily broken, namely when the Romans wore themselves down in civil wars; and when the Goths, Alans, Vandals attacked it so forcefully, that the Romans were often forced to beg peace from them, indeed to seek aid against other enemies of the empire. Thus St. Jerome. See Paul Orosius, book VII of the History, chapter XXII. And at the end of the world it shall be completely overthrown by ten kings. Note: This division arose "from the planting" of iron: Vatablus translates it, from firmness, that is from the sole of the foot of the statue, which was iron. Secondly and better you translate, from the planting, that is from the root of the iron foot, thus the Greek: φύλα indeed signifies root: and in Chaldaic נצבת nitsebet signifies planting. Whence the Complutensian Bible reads here, from the planting of iron. Better the Roman, from the planting of iron: for thus plantings, as Servius testifies, are called the very plants which, born from seed, with their roots and proper soil are transferred from one place to another, as if to say: From the strength and riches, which were as it were iron, that is the vigor of the Romans, as from a root shall spring forth their ambition, and thence discord, while neither Caesar endures Pompey as superior, nor Pompey Caesar as equal, and as Alexander, when the legates of Darius offered him peace and division of the kingdom, answered: As the world does not bear two suns, so neither two monarchs; either Caesar, or nothing. Thus therefore at Rome, from aristocracy was born tyranny. This is what Petronius Arbiter sings in the Satyricon: The Roman victor now held the whole world, Wherever sea, wherever earth, wherever either star runs. Soon he teaches that discord lacerated the forces of the empire: For all the kingdom of heaven Fell divided into parts. The trumpets roared, and Discord with torn hair Lifted her Stygian head to the heavens, ordering Rome to be torn by factions. And he concludes: It was made on earth, whatever Discord commanded. Wherefore the ancients dedicated to Juno, who was held to be the patroness of kingdoms, the pomegranate, which was seen in her hand at Mycenae, when she held the scepter in the other. For just as in the pomegranate, under one exterior rind many grains are united within: so the unity of the state contains many citizens, whom the diversity of families distinguishes within. The pomegranate therefore is a symbol of union and concord, which is the basis and support of the republic, indeed the soul and life. Hence also the Mosaic pontiff wore on his lower tunic bells mixed with pomegranates, which signified the unity of the Church, as Eucherius and St. Gregory testify, in the Song IV, namely that many nations should conspire in the same sound, that is, in the same profession of faith and praise of God like bells; and in the same union of souls and charity, which the pomegranate denotes in that wonderful way, and, as St. Jerome says, in Haggai II, as if in a geometric composition of grains in diverse little dwellings comprehended under one rind. Thus Prado in Ezekiel XIX, 10.
2:43
43. THEY SHALL BE MINGLED WITH THE SEED OF MEN. — Daniel notes the democracy or aristocracy of the Romans, as if to say: The Romans, to settle discords, will join together the marriages of the powerful, and will make them relatives and kinsmen; but this union and affinity will be unstable and weak, just as is the mixture of iron with clay; for "the supreme power will be impatient of a partner." The truth of this matter was made manifest in the marriage of Pompey with Julia, the daughter of Caesar, and of Mark Antony with Octavia, the sister of Octavian Augustus, and in others. For these marriages could not unite the ambitious without breaking forth into slaughter and wars. Thus also today we see that the marriages of kings do not remove the greed for wide dominion, and the disputes and wars arising therefrom: for the force of ambition is greater and more powerful than that of kinship. Some explain it thus, as if to say: The Roman Empire will contain many nations, some stronger, some weaker (for he put seeds in place of the variety of nations and men); but they will not cohere with one another, nor will they be united, just as clay cannot be mixed with iron, and therefore the whole empire will finally be dissolved. Yet this division of provinces existed even then, when the Roman Empire flourished most greatly: nor was this the cause of the empire's fall, that in it iron, that is, the stronger nations, were united with the weaker. Therefore the former exposition is the truer one. This therefore is one statue, but fourfold, on account of four kingdoms: whence Zechariah, cap. VI, 4, compares the same with unequal chariots. See here again the vanity and inconstancy of kingdoms and kings: this statue has bases, that is, feet of clay: what is clay, what is mud more vile, softer, more fragile? The first empire of Babylon began under Nebuchadnezzar, was ended in Belshazzar, was overthrown by Cyrus; it lasted only seventy years. The second monarchy of the Persians began with Cyrus; ended in Darius, was overthrown by Alexander; it lasted two hundred years. The third of the Greeks began with Alexander, then was soon divided into the kingdoms of Egypt, Syria and Macedonia: it lasted in Egypt until Augustus Caesar, who drove Cleopatra with Antony to voluntary death, and overthrew the kingdom of Egypt; it lasted, I say, two hundred eighty-eight years. The fourth of the Romans, which began with Julius Caesar and Augustus, still endures; but how divided and weakened! Yet the empire of the Romans and the Roman senate was far more ancient, and it began to totter under Caesar and Augustus on account of discords and internal wars. Whence the discords and marriages of these are rightly compared here to the feet of the statue mixed with iron and clay. For the feet are the extremities of the statue, in which it itself ends and ceases: thus this empire began to perish and cease under Augustus, and was overthrown through Christ then being born, as Daniel adds. Morally, behold this mirror, O children of Adam! and learn that "all dominion has a brief life." Where now is that renowned Nebuchadnezzar? where is Cyrus? where is Darius? where is Pompey? where is Augustus? He lived, he said farewell, farewell and applaud. Where is Caesar? where is Antiochus? where is Alexander? One world does not suffice for the youth of Pella, A sarcophagus of six feet will content him: death alone confesses How small are the bodies of men. Yesterday the whole world could not contain Alexander, today an urn of six feet contains him: yesterday Alexander to the world, now worms rule, nay, they devour Alexander. Is it not so that "man passes away in the image (like a shadow and a shadowy image), and is troubled in vain? And now, O kings, understand: be instructed, you who judge the earth: serve the Lord in fear, and rejoice unto him with trembling." Alexander passed away, he died, and was eaten by worms; and you will pass away, will die, and will be eaten by worms. Alexander was buried in hell: beware lest you also be buried there. Where now is Babylon? where is Nineveh? where is Jerusalem? where is Rome, the mistress of the world, the citadel of all the earth, the house of strength, the majesty of empire, the terror of all, the glory of triumphs? was it not of clay, fragile, perishable? Truly our Lipsius, lib. III On the Greatness of Rome, cap. II: "O hopes and affairs of men! what are you? where are you going? turn hither. Behold that mighty and proud Rome, which was called the eternal city, which was to live with the ages, which was the work and care of the gods, has wholly perished, lies buried in its own ruins, and we labor to unearth and establish faith in its greatness." Truly vanity of vanities, and all is vanity. What is our life? what is a kingdom? what is glory? it is vapor, it is a dream, it is a leaf. Homer, lib. VI of the Iliad, compares men with the leaves of trees, which now grow green, now wither; now they are adorned with beauty, now they are snatched away by the wind. Euripides asserted that the happiness of this age lasts only one day; but Demetrius of Phaleron said only one moment of time. What then is a king? what is a monarch? he is a man. What is man? he is the dream of a shadow, says Pindar. What is man? "is an animal than which none is weaker and more inconstant," says Menander: for there is no animal that more frequently and swiftly now rises, now falls, than man. What is man? "He is the sport of fortune, the image of inconstancy, the spoil of time, the example of corruption." What is man? "He is all vanity," says the Psalmist, Psalm XXXVIII, 6; "Fear God therefore, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man." Think of heaven, think of eternal things.
2:44
44. AND IN THE DAYS OF THOSE KINGDOMS, — namely, when the four kingdoms already mentioned shall have had their time, their periods of reigning, and these shall have been completed unto the last, that is, when the Romans are already reigning. GOD OF HEAVEN SHALL RAISE UP A KINGDOM, WHICH SHALL NEVER BE DESTROYED. — This is the fifth kingdom, that of Christ, which overthrows all other kingdoms, not as to temporal rule, but as to idolatry and other vices, and has subjected all things to itself and to its faith and obedience. Whence this kingdom is not temporal, but spiritual and eternal, which is begun here through faith and grace, and shall be consummated in heaven through glory. For although Christ, as man, by reason of grace and the dignity of hypostatic union with the Word, would also be the temporal king of the world, indeed king of kings and monarch of the world; yet He Himself was unwilling to use this kingdom and this royal power, but only His spiritual kingdom and power. Whence Daniel and the other Prophets inculcate only this spiritual kingdom of His. Wherefore Daniel says here: "In the days of those kingdoms," that is to say, While the temporal kingdom of the Romans still stands, the spiritual kingdom of Christ shall arise. Thirdly, that the kingdom of the Messiah shall be spiritual, not earthly and corporeal, Daniel teaches expressly in chapter IX, where, defining the time of the Messiah, namely that He shall come after seventy weeks of years, that is after 490 years, he says of Him: "Seventy weeks are shortened upon thy people, and upon thy holy city (not that the kingdom of Solomon and Judah may be restored, but) that transgression may be finished, and sin may have an end, and iniquity may be blotted out, and everlasting justice may be brought, and vision and prophecy may be fulfilled, and the Saint of Saints may be anointed." Seest thou, O Jew! that the kingdom of Christ shall not be in armies, pomp and triumphs, but in the abolition of transgression and sin, so that in its place holiness and justice may be brought in, and these may reign in Christians throughout the whole world. Moreover, Daniel and the Prophets say that the kingdom of Christ shall be eternal: therefore they understand it to be heavenly; for no kingdom on earth can be eternal. This is what Christ answered to Pilate, who asked if He were a king: "My kingdom is not of this world." Although therefore the pontiffs now have temporal dominion, yet they do not have it as vicars of Christ, but as it were an accessory from the donation of Constantine, Charlemagne, Matilda and other pious princes. Fourthly, because Daniel and the prophets teach that the Messiah in this life shall be so far from being powerful and splendid, that they plainly signify that He shall be poor, abject, suffering, dying and to be crucified, so that by His cross and death He may satisfy God for our sins, and may pay and expiate them in His body. Hear Daniel, chapter IX, 26: "And after sixty-two weeks Christ shall be put to death; and the people that shall deny him shall not be his," as the Jews denied Him before Pilate, saying: "We have no king but Caesar." Hear Isaiah, chapter LIII, 2: "And he shall grow up as a tender plant before him, and as a root out of a dry ground; there is no beauty in him, nor comeliness, etc., we have seen him, and there was no sightliness, that we should be desirous of him, despised and the most abject of men, a man of sorrows, and acquainted with infirmity." And verse 7: "He was offered because it was his own will, and he opened not his mouth." And verse 5: "But he was wounded for our iniquities, he was bruised for our sins: the chastisement of our peace was upon him, and by his bruises we are healed." Similar things has David in Psalm XXI: "They have dug my hands and my feet, I may tell all my bones," etc. And Jeremiah chapter XI, 19: "And I was as a meek lamb, that is carried to be a victim, and I knew not that they had devised counsels against me, saying: Let us put wood on his bread, and cut him off from the land of the living." Fifth, because all the prophets teach that the kingdom of Christ will not be in the flesh, but in the spirit and in spiritual things. Isaiah, chapter XI, 2: "And the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and of understanding, the spirit of counsel and of fortitude, the spirit of knowledge and of piety, and he shall be filled with the spirit of the fear of the Lord. He shall judge the poor with justice." And chapter XLII, 1: "I have given my spirit upon him, he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. The bruised reed he shall not break, and the smoking flax he shall not quench." And verse 6: "I have given thee to be the covenant of the people, a light of the Gentiles, that thou mayest open the eyes of the blind," etc. And chapter XLIX, 6: "Behold I have given thee to be the light of the Gentiles, that thou mayest be my salvation even to the farthest part of the earth." And chapter LXI, 1: "The spirit of the Lord is upon me, because the Lord hath anointed me; he hath sent me to preach to the meek, to heal the contrite of heart, etc., to preach the acceptable year of the Lord, and the day of vengeance of our God, and to comfort all that mourn, and to give them a crown for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, a garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness, and they shall be called in it the mighty ones of justice." Isaiah has such things throughout. And Jeremiah chapter XXXI, 33: "This shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel, etc. I will give my law in their bowels, and I will write it in their heart, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. And they shall teach no more every man his neighbor, saying: Know the Lord. For all shall know me, because I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more." And chapter XXXIII, 13: "In those days I will make the bud of justice to spring forth unto David (Christ), and he shall execute judgment and justice in the earth: and this is the name that they shall call him, The Lord our just one." And Zacharias chapter IX, 9: "Behold thy king will come to thee, the just and saviour; he is poor, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass," etc. Wherefore when the prophets say that Christ's kingdom will be powerful and abounding in gold, silver, wine, oil, etc., this must be understood mystically. For they call the graces and spiritual gifts of Christ metaphorically gold, silver, wine and oil; because the carnal Jews knew and loved only these material goods; nor could they grasp spiritual things except as mystically represented through corporeal things. Finally, thus teach St. Augustine, tract. CXV in John, Tertullian, Cyprian and others in the books which they wrote against the Jews, St. Bernard, sermon 3 on Missus, and others throughout, and all orthodox interpreters. Moreover, this overthrow of paganism, and this spiritual kingdom of Christ began immediately from Christ through St. Peter, Paul, and the other Apostles; whence also then the emperor Claudius abrogated many sacrifices and many festivals of the gods, on this ground, that great expense and many days were consumed in them with public loss: but it was directed by a deeper counsel of God toward abolishing idolatry gradually, and toward preparing the way for Christ and Christ's kingdom. Witness is Dio, book VI, and from him Baronius, vol. I of the Annals. Then gradually this kingdom of Christ grew, so much so that under Constantine it pervaded the whole empire, and the Roman empire itself, which had been so very pagan with its emperors, became Christian. Therefore the rabbis wrongly abuse this passage here, to prove that the Messiah has not yet come. For they object: This stone is said to have broken the gold, silver, bronze and iron of the statue, that is the empires of the Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks and Romans; but we see that the empire of the Romans has not yet been broken, but still stands; therefore this stone, that is the Messiah, who will break it, has not yet come. Theodoretus answers first here, and Tertullian in the last book Against the Jews, that Christ will not now, but at the end of the world, namely on the day of judgment, destroy all the kingdoms of the world, that is completely and perfectly. But Daniel wants something more, namely that he will do this in his first coming, immediately from his birth. I answer therefore that the Messiah has broken all these empires, not as to temporal and earthly dominion, which is of little moment; but as to mystical and spiritual dominion, by which through paganism and idolatry they ruled over both the minds and bodies of men, and enslaved them to demons, hell and eternal punishments; which tyranny was most bitter, under which all nations served hard servitude, groaning under its yoke. This tyranny Christ overthrew, and freed men from this harsh yoke of servitude, subjecting them to His faith, and asserting them in the grace of God, liberty, and eternal salvation. The kingdom of Christ therefore is not perishable and earthly, but stable and heavenly; for the kingdom of Christ is the Church. That this is so is evident, first, because this stone which Daniel saw, when it was small, could not overthrow so great a mass of the statue compacted of bronze, iron, gold and silver physically and corporeally: therefore it must be understood mystically and spiritually, and symbolically (for this entire vision is symbolic), namely that it signifies that Christ, humble and poor, by His humility and contempt of the world, would cast down in the minds of the faithful throughout the whole world all ambition, pomp and pride of human glory and concupiscence, which this huge statue represented by its ostentation, bulk and the value of its metals. Secondly, because the empire of the Romans will stand until the end of the world, namely until the Antichrist, who will destroy it, and soon he himself will be destroyed by Christ the judge, who, overthrowing all earthly kingdoms, will introduce the blessed and glorious kingdom in the heavens, as Daniel teaches, chapter VII, 13. Therefore the Jews vainly expect a Messiah who will destroy the empire of the Romans, and in its place introduce a kingdom here on earth and long-lasting like that of Solomon: for the kingdom of the Romans will stand, as Daniel says, until the end of the world. Therefore the Messiah will not have His triumphant and glorious kingdom in this world, but in heaven. For, as St. Gregory says, epistle 60: "Constantine, the most pious emperor, calling back the commonwealth from the perverse worship of idols, subjected himself to almighty Lord Jesus Christ, and with the subject peoples turned wholly to God in mind." Wherefore emperors are confirmed, consecrated and crowned by the Pontiff. And St. Jerome to Læta: "The Armenian has laid down his quiver, the Huns learn the psaltery, the cold of Scythia grows warm with the heat of faith. The ruddy and fair army of the Getae carries about the tents of the Churches," etc. Christ therefore being born was truly more Augustus than Augustus Cæsar himself: for He increased His own with august grace, salvation, and every good. Thus the Venerable Bede on that passage of Luke chapter I: "There went out a decree from Cæsar Augustus," where he teaches that Augustus, as it were needy and narrow, exacted census and tribute from men; but Christ, as it were rich and august, gave that to him, and enriched him and much more His faithful ones. Wherefore when Christ was born, Augustus was unwilling to be called any longer lord of the empire, indeed, as many relate, he adored Christ shown to him in a vision in the Capitol: hence the place seems to be called the Ara Cœli, which even now by this name is worshipped and visited by many, an illustrious temple which the Religious of St. Francis hold. Thus from Suidas, Cedrenus and Nicephorus, Baronius in the Prolegomena to the Annals.
2:45
This kingdom of Christ is compared to a hard stone, because Christ is the rock upon which His Church is founded, which is His eternal kingdom; and because Christ, like David, struck Goliath, that is the demon, with a stone, that is with humility and the hardness of His passion and cross. Note: This stone "was cut out of the mountain," that is from the demon, said Vigilantius, to whom human nature had adhered through sins and vices; but St. Jerome refutes this blasphemy of his, in epistle 75. "From the mountain," therefore, that is from the people and the Jewish Church, which stood out among the nations like a mountain, says St. Augustine, tract. IX in John. Or rather "from the mountain," that is from the Blessed Virgin, who had in herself, as it were, the sublimity of all virtues and graces. Thus the same Augustine in a homily to the catechumens, and St. Jerome, Theodoret, Lyra and others. Second note: This stone "was cut out without hands;" both because Christ, as God, was begotten by the Father without the hands of creation, says St. Ambrose, serm. 70. And more properly, because Christ, as man, was formed by the Holy Spirit in the womb of the Blessed Virgin without the work of man. Whence St. Jerome, epistle to Eustochium on the preservation of virginity, cap. XXII, notes here, as also in Cant. VI, that hands are taken for the work of marriage. Thus also Irenaeus, lib. III, cap. XXVIII, Justin, Dialogue against Trypho, Epiphanius, serm. On the Praises of the Virgin, St. Augustine, tract. IX in John, Theodoret, Rupert and many others here. Furthermore Theodoret shrewdly notes that a birth above nature is wont to be called the cutting out of a stone: for a rock cannot naturally produce or generate anything from itself. Hence Isaiah LI, 1, it is said: "Look unto the rock whence you are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence you are digged," which he explains, when he adds: "Look unto Abraham your father, and to Sara that bore you." For Isaac and the Hebrews were born from barren Sara above nature, just as if they had been cut from a rock. Thus St. Jerome there. Therefore in the conception and nativity the stone Christ of His own accord, with no intervening hands, descended into the world, in the same manner entering the womb of the Virgin and departing from it, says Proclus of Cyzicus, homil. On the Nativity of Christ. A similar example is given from Dioscorides, lib. V, cap. CXIV, and St. Epiphanius, lib. On the 12 Gems, by Nicholas Causinus, Parallel. Histor. lib. XI, cap. LIII: "As," he says, "a precious stone is born in the bowels of sapphires, and a bright and shining carbuncle more precious than that which bore it: so from the gem Mary was born that corner stone cut out of the mountain without hands, more noble than the mother, and the author to the mother of all nobility." O Virgin of renown, pious mother, noble seed, Whom God filled with the aid of the whole world! In you dwelling the light of the world in a gleaming station, God flourished inwardly through your members. Now living radiance penetrating, and to the depths of the abyss, Nourishes the world, rules the stars, fills the underworld with light. Furthermore that the Gentiles transferred these things to the superstitions of their gods, St. Justin teaches, Against Trypho: "Now," he says, "when the Mithras-worshippers say their Mithras was born from a rock, and call the cave the place where they initiate disciples, is it not permitted here to recognize that rock which Daniel says was cut out without hands? namely, these also attempting to fashion oracles." IT BROKE IN PIECES THE STONE, AND THE IRON, AND THE BRASS, AND THE SILVER, AND THE GOLD. — This stone was cast upon the statue, and broke and shattered it, just as a statue is wont to be struck down and broken by a stone. This symbolically signified that the spiritual kingdom of Christ would overturn all the kingdoms of the world, and subject all nations to Christ and the Church. Note: The kingdom of Christ surpasses all other kingdoms by certain prerogatives, namely first, by duration: because it has stood now for 1600 years, and will stand forever. Second, by extent: because it has subjected to itself, or will subject, all regions of the world, even the Indians and Chinese; hence it is said in verse 35: "The stone became a great mountain," that is a great Church; for this is the mountain of the house of God, Isaiah II, 1. Third, by force and efficacy, by which it dominates not only bodies in the resurrection, but also the souls and minds of men intimately, and from the hardened, proud, obscene, rebellious, it makes them soft, humble, chaste, obedient. Fourth, by fruit: because it frees those who subject themselves to it from the demon, sins and hell, and makes them children of God, and heirs of heaven. Fifth, by the manner in which it was brought forth and acquired: namely because Christ the monarch, and His Apostles and followers, established and propagated it not by arms, but by poverty, humility, the cross, the taming of desires, patience, martyrdoms, contempt for honors, riches and pleasures, and by love of heavenly things. Sixth, by the excellence of the most holy laws, which prescribe all chastity, innocence, holiness and perfection. Seventh, by the end: because it makes and creates its subjects as kings in heaven. Eighth, because it has as its king Christ Himself, God and Lord of all. Thus Pererius.
2:46
For he recognized from the dream that Daniel was not fabricating, but truly and aptly interpreting it. For when Daniel recounted to him the dream which he himself had forgotten, immediately he himself remembered it, and said to himself: Truly I dreamed this, truly this was my dream. Whence he prudently gathered from this: If Daniel touches upon the dream itself, he will also touch upon its meaning; for neither can be known naturally, but only by the revelation of God alone. God therefore who revealed my dream to Daniel, will also reveal to him the interpretation of the dream. For he revealed the dream itself to him for this reason, namely that through this I might know the future things which it signifies: otherwise indeed he would have revealed the dream itself in vain. He adored Daniel — with adoration, that is with veneration which is shown to great and holy men, by which Abraham adored the sons of Heth, Genesis XXIII, 7. Thus Vasquez and others. Secondly and more truly, he adored properly: for this is what the Chaldean סגד segid signifies; whence בית סגדתא bet sigdeta is called a house of prayer, that is a temple in which God is adored. This will presently be made clearer. AND COMMANDED THAT SACRIFICES AND INCENSE SHOULD BE OFFERED TO HIM. — Note: It is not lawful to offer sacrifice to the Saints, indeed to the humanity of Christ, but to God alone: for sacrifice is a protestation of the divinity and godhead to whom it is offered. Thus St. Augustine, book X Against Faustus, chapter XXI. You will ask, how therefore did Nebuchadnezzar command that sacrifice be offered to Daniel? St. Jerome responds first that the king by this sacrifice wished to venerate and worship not so much Daniel as God in Daniel; whence he says: "Truly your God is the God of gods." Thus Alexander adored Jaddua the high priest, that is God whose high priest Jaddua was. Secondly, the same Jerome responds that the king, disturbed and astonished by the magnitude of this prophecy, inconsiderately commanded this from his stupor. Thirdly, Gabriel Vasquez, book I On Adoration, disputation 6, chapter III, to whom Cardinal Bellarmine is favorable, responds that for sacrifices the Hebrew is מנחה mincha, that is oblations (as the Syriac and Arabic translate) and gifts, namely of perfumes and incense. For these indeed can also be offered to the Saints, indeed to images, as the Seventh Synod defines, act. VII. Whence also the Septuagint for mincha translates θυσίαν, that is gifts, as the Greek Scholiast translates, namely frankincense, as Theodoret explains, καὶ εὐωδίας, that is, and sweet odors. Not therefore flesh victims, but frankincense and incense did the king command to be burned to Daniel, just as the same are burned to the Saints, indeed to kings. But these things never appear to have been used by princes, except when raging they affected divine honors against the divinity, as our Pineda rightly observed, book On the Affairs of Solomon, chapter XIII, § 9. Fourthly, it seems more true that the king properly adored Daniel, and commanded true victims to be sacrificed to him, as to a divine Prophet, having in himself the divinity and spirit of God. For thus the Gentiles adored their kings and men excelling in wisdom or virtue, as sons of gods, and honored them with sacrifices. Hear the Lycaonians, Acts XIV, 10, speaking of Paul and Barnabas: "The gods, made like unto men, have come down to us, etc., and the priest of Jupiter also, bringing oxen and garlands, with the multitudes would have sacrificed." Indeed Plato besides one supreme God posited other lesser gods equally to be adored: and thus Nebuchadnezzar himself wished to be adored in the statue which he erected, chapter III, 5. Thus therefore the king properly adored Daniel, as a man, indeed as some god fallen from heaven: especially because his own wise men had said to him, verse 11, that there was no man who could declare this dream to the king, "except the gods whose conversation is not with men." But Daniel declared it to the king; therefore according to their judgment, he ought to be held and worshipped as one of the gods. This sense seems to be required first by the word victim, which properly signifies victims; secondly by the word sacrificed, and the Chaldean לנסכה lenassecha, that is poured out; thirdly by the word adored, for in Chaldean it is segid, as I said; fourthly by the Chaldean word ניחוחין nichochin, which does not signify any odors and incense whatever, but sacred and religious ones, namely incense and thymiama. For to the letter, nichochin signifies propitiations, namely sacrifices and thurification by which God is appeased: for the Hebrew and Chaldean root נוח noach, in Qal signifies to rest, and in Hiphil, to calm, to appease, to propitiate. Finally, although in Hebrew mincha sometimes signifies any gift or offering, nevertheless when it is joined with incense and sacrifice, as it is here, it signifies nothing other than a victim. Nor did the Septuagint intend anything else; for they retained the Hebrew word mincha, but softening it, they put manna in place of mincha. For thus they are accustomed to soften the guttural chet, and to convert it into e, or into a, as they translate pesach as phase, Corach as Core, Tharach as Thare, etc.; manna therefore is the same as mincha, namely a sacrifice and victim. That this is so is evident from Baruch I, 10, where it is said: "Send forth holocausts, and frankincense, and make manna, and bring an offering for sin to the altar of the Lord our God." Where it is certain that manna is the same as mincha, and signifies a sacrifice properly so called, namely a sacrifice. You will say: Therefore this king admitted idolatry, and Daniel consented to it: for he was silent, and permitted it to be offered to him. Porphyry once objected this to Daniel, to whom St. Jerome here responds. Porphyry is followed by Calvin, when he says that Daniel was corrupted by courtly customs. So too that Aristarchus, the lover of the people. But away with you, blasphemer, who make of the most holy and wisest Prophet a Lucifer, a rival of God, and one desirous of divine honor. I say therefore that Daniel in no way consented, but in every way insisted and prevented the execution of the royal command, as Paul and Barnabas resisted in Acts XIV. Although Scripture, as it does with many other things, is silent about this here: nevertheless it sufficiently insinuates it by the very fact that it does not record that this command was carried out, and that the Chaldeans actually sacrificed to Daniel; especially since immediately after it adds that Daniel was honored by the king with another honor, namely that he was placed over all of Babylon. So Lyra, Dionysius the Carthusian, Maldonatus and others. 49. Over the works — over the affairs, that is to say, He placed them over the administration and government of Babylon. DANIEL WAS IN THE GATES OF THE KING. — In Greek it is, Daniel was in the court of the king, that is Daniel was in the palace, a prince nearest and most intimate to the king; so that no one could enter to the king without his authority. So St. Jerome. Otherwise Vatablus: Daniel, he says, sat in the gate of the king, to render justice, that is he was a judge. For judges of old sat in the gates of cities as in a public place and obvious to all. But the former sense is truer. In Daniel therefore that saying of Aristides vol. III, oration 1 Platonica is true: "The greatest things fall to the fewest." And: "The greatest advantage of the commonwealth consists in the success of good men."
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
2:4
of an inscription have come to light from the excavations of Arslan Tash, which seem to represent the oldest document in Aramaic so far possessed and which is dated back to the 9th century B.C. - b) Some biblical texts: Gen. 31:47 (two words); Jer. 10:11; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:22-26; Dan. 2:4-7:28. - c) The papyri, inscriptions and ostraca of Egypt (5th and 4th centuries B.C.), especially from Elephantine (v.). - d) The Aramaic words of the Pahlavi script. - e) Nabataean and Palmyrene.
… The name derived from Dan. 2:4, in which the speech of the Chaldeans is given in Aramaic. …
2:7
… persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes with the profanation of the sanctuary (abominatio desolationis), for three and a half years, and ends with the death of the persecutor and the beginning of the worship restored by Judas Maccabeus (Dan. 9, 25 ff.; cf. 2, 7-12). The restoration will be complete only with the advent of the kingdom of the M., when "every sin will be blotted out and everlasting justice will reign" (ibid. 9, 24). This connection …
2:10
… The magic of the Egyptians is highlighted (Ex. 7:11 ff.; Wis. 17:7) and that of the Babylonians (Is. 47:12 f.; Dan. 1:20; 2:10-12), among whom it was of great importance. …
2:13
… This last meaning, in the profane sense of imperial decree, is found in the Septuagint (Eth. 3, 9; Dan. 2, 13; 6, 8). In the religious sense of divine ordinances contained in the Mosaic law it is found in Jewish Hellenism (III Mach. 1, 3; Josephus, Apologia, 1, 24). In the New Testament …
2:14
2. Commander (rabh) of the king's militia or bodyguard (fabbahajā = satellites) of Nebuchadnezzar, from whom he received the order to kill the diviners incapable of interpreting the king's dream, and to whom he introduced Daniel (Dan. 2:14-16, 24 f.); duties which in oriental courts we find entrusted to such officials (II Sam. 4:12; 1:15).
2:17
Misael (Heb. Miṭṭā'ēl « Who [is] that which is God? »)
Having passed the preparatory period, in which he remained faithful to the Mosaic Law, M. together with the others was found "ten times" wiser than any sage or magician of Babylon (Dan. 1:20). M. implored from God the revelation of Nebuchadnezzar's dream for Daniel (Dan. 2:17) and received as a reward a high administrative office in the province of Babylon (Dan. 2:49). Having refused to worship the statue erected by the King, M. with his companions was …
2:20
… "Sanctification" of the Name of God, whose essential passage ("May His Holy Name be blessed for all ages") draws its origins from Dan. 2:20 and Ps. 113:2. The first to mention this important eulogy was Jōsē ben Ḥalaphtā' (ca. 150 A.D.). …
2:33
… scattered on the water and gave the children of Israel to drink (ibid. 32, 20). This indicates that the qualifier "of gold" is to be understood in the sense that the expression has in other cases: of wood with metal plating (Is. 40, 19, 20; 44, 10-17; cf. Dan. 2, 33; 14, 6).
2:44
… All the messianic prophecies bear this imprint (see, for example, Gen. 12:3; 18:18; 22:18; Ps. 2:8; 21:26-29; Is. 2:2; 60:4 ff.; Jer. 3:17; Dan. 2:44; Mal. 1:15). In the New Testament the texts that affirm the universalist character of the Church, the kingdom of God on earth, are innumerable. …
In the New Testament, the synoptics especially (cf. Mt. 3, 2; 4, 23; 9, 35; 13, 1-53; 21, 43; Mk. 1, 14; Lk. 1, 32, 33; 16, 16) describe to us the kingdom founded by Christ, a kingdom foretold by the prophets (cf. Is. 9, 6, 7; Dan. 2, 44; 7, 14), to which all men must belong, where solidarity is cemented by charity, implored by Jesus in his priestly prayer (Jn. 17, 21-24), extended, in the springtime of the Church, …
2:49
Abednego (Hebrew 'Abedh-Nēghō, possibly a scribal error for 'Abedh-Nebhō 'servant of the god Nabu')
… Babylonian name given to Azariah (v.), one of the three companions of Daniel deported to Babylon in the first plundering by Nebuchadnezzar (606 B.C.) and educated at the court of this king (Dan. 1:7). A. reappears as superintendent of the province of Babylon (Dan. 2:49) and in the well-known episode of the three young men in the furnace (Dan. 3:12-97). Enrico Galbiati
Misael (Heb. Miṭṭā'ēl « Who [is] that which is God? »)
… others was found "ten times" wiser than any sage or magician of Babylon (Dan. 1:20). M. implored from God the revelation of Nebuchadnezzar's dream for Daniel (Dan. 2:17) and received as a reward a high administrative office in the province of Babylon (Dan. 2:49). Having refused to worship the statue erected by the King, M. with his companions was thrown into a burning furnace, from which an angel preserved him immune from the fire. …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.