History & Biography
Storia, Storici E Biografie Varie · 3,275 articles · Principal contributors · All subjects-
Caleppi, Lorenzo
CALEPPI, LORENZO. - Cardinal, b. at Cervia on 29 April 1741, d. at Rio de Janeiro on 10 Jan. 1817. After attending the college of nobles in… -
Caligari, Giovanni Andrea
CALIGARI, GIOVANNI ANDREA. - Nuncio, b. at Brisighella on 14 Oct. 1527, d. at Bertinoro on 19 Jan. 1613. He was auditor of Cardinal… -
Callegari, Giuseppe
CALLEGARI, GIUSEPPE. - Cardinal, b. 4 Nov. 1841 in Venice, d. 14 Apr. 1906 in Padua. Ordained a priest in 1864, he was a teacher of grammar… -
Calles, Sigismund
CALLES, SIGISMUND. - Jesuit, Austrian historian, b. at Aspach on 12 March 1695, d. at Vienna on 3 Jan. 1761. He entered the habit of the… -
Callinicus (CALLINICO)
CALLINICUS. - Meletian bishop of Pelusium in Egypt (4th century), an opponent of St. Athanasius, and a suffragan of John Arkaph; he was one… -
Callistus I, Patriarch of Constantinople (CALLISTO I, PATRIARCA DI COSTANTINOPOLI)
CALLISTUS I, Patriarch of Constantinople. - At first a monk on Mount Athos, a convinced follower of the doctrine of Gregory Palamas, he… -
Cambiagio, Benedetta
CAMBIAGIO, BENEDETTA. - Religious, foundress of the Benedictines of Our Lady of Providence (v.), b. at Langasco on 2 Oct. 1791, d. at Ronco… -
Cambyses (Kambūgija of Cuneiform Documents) (CAMBISE (KAMBUGIJA DEI DOCUMENTI CUNEIFORMI))
CAMBYSES (Kambūgija of Cuneiform Documents). - Name of two Achaemenid kings (v.). Of the first we know nothing else except that he was the… -
Campaggi, Family (CAMPEGGI, FAMIGLIA)
CAMPAGGI, FAMILY. - LORENZO, cardinal, b. in Bologna in 1474, d. in Rome on 19 July 1539. He was a teacher of law in Bologna, where he… -
Campanella, Antonio Maria
CAMPANELLA, ANTONIO MARIA. - Born in Genoa on 2 March 1811, died there on 23 March 1910. After being ordained a priest, he taught sacred… -
Campano, Giovanni Antonio
CAMPANO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO. - Bishop and man of letters, b. of a humble family at Cavelli (Capua) in 1429, d. at Siena on 15 July 1477. Out… -
Campello, Pompeo
CAMPELLO, POMPEO. - Minister of State, b. at Spoleto on 5 Feb. 1803, d. there on 22 June 1884. In 1831 he held the command of the civic… -
Campenses
CAMPENSES. - Nickname given by St. Jerome (Ep., XV) to the Catholics of Antioch who were partisans of Bishop Meletius, persecuted by Valens… -
Canali, Luigi da Parma
CANALI, LUIGI da PARMA. - Minister General of the Friars Minor and titular archbishop of Ptolemais, b. at Parma on 9 Feb. 1836, d. there on… -
Candia (Crete) (CANDIA (CRETA))
CANDIA (CRETE). - A Greek island which, even among its many ancient Hellenic memories, also preserves many Christian historical records… -
Cannizzaro, Stanislao
CANNIZZARO, STANISLAO. - Great Italian chemist, b. July 19, 1826 in Palermo and d. May 10, 1910 in Rome, among the most conspicuous figures… -
Cano, Melchor
CANO, MELCHOR. - Spanish Dominican and distinguished sixteenth-century theologian, b. at Tarancón (Cuenca), probably on 6 January 1509, and… -
Canossa, Ludovico di
CANOSSA, LUDOVICO di. - Of the Veronese branch of the counts of C. (who do not descend from the family of Countess Matilda), b. at Verona… -
Cantacuzino, Şerban
CANTACUZINO, ŞERBAN. - B. ca. 1640, d. 1688; prince or "domn" of Wallachia from 1678 to 1688. His long "domnia" was important from the… -
Cantù, Cesare
CANTÙ, CESARE. - Historian, man of letters, patriot and politician, b. at Brivio (Como) on 5 Dec. 1804, d. at Milan on 11 March 1805 [sic].… -
Canute (Knud) the Great, King of Denmark, England, and Norway (CANUTO (KNUD), IL GRANDE, RE DI DANIMARCA, D'INGHILTERRA E DI NORVEGIA)
CANUTE (Knud) the Great, King of Denmark, England, and Norway. - Son of Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and England, and of Gunhild,… -
Capaccini, Francesco
CAPACCINI, FRANCESCO. - Cardinal, b. in Rome on 14 Aug. 1784, d. there on 15 June 1845. Ordained a priest on 19 Sept. 1807, he devoted… -
Capece Zurlo, Giuseppe
CAPECE ZURLO, GIUSEPPE. - Cardinal, born in Naples on Jan. 3, 1711, died there on Dec. 31, 1801. Of a noble family, he entered the… -
Capelletti, Benedetto
CAPELLETTI, BENEDETTO. - Cardinal, b. at Rieti on 2 Nov. 1764, d. there on 15 May 1834. Of a noble family, he was educated at Montecassino.… -
Capilupi, Ippolito
CAPILUPI, IPPOLITO. - Born in Mantua in 1511 to Benedetto, whom Ariosto praises in the Furioso and whom Bandello honored with the… -
Capitolino, Giulio
CAPITOLINO, GIULIO. - According to the historiographical tradition he is one of the six authors of the Historia Augusta, a collection of… -
Capodiferro, Girolamo (CAPODIFERRO, GEROLAMO)
CAPODIFERRO, GIROLAMO. - Cardinal b. in 1502 into the Recanati family, Neapolitan nobles, he took the maternal surname of C. Having entered… -
Cappadocia
CAPPADOCIA. - A Roman province situated on the plateau of Anatolia, with the free city of Caesarea (today Kayseri) as its capital. Its… -
Cappelletti, Giuseppe
CAPPELLETTI, GIUSEPPE. - Priest and historian, b. in 1803 in Venice, d. there on 2 February 1876. He first devoted himself to the history… -
Caprara, Giovanni Battista
CAPRARA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. - Cardinal, b. in Bologna of a noble family on 29 May 1733; d. in Paris on 21 June 1810. He completed his… -
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius), Roman Emperor (CARACALLA (MARCUS AURELIUS SEVERUS ANTONINUS PIUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)
CARACALLA (Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius), Roman Emperor. - Son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, born at Lyon in 188;… -
Caracciolo, Antonio
CARACCIOLO, ANTONIO. - Theatine historian, brother of St. Francis Caracciolo, of the princes of the Villa (of St. Mary) in the Abruzzo,… -
Caracciolo, Giambattista
CARACCIOLO, GIAMBATTISTA. - Scholar, mathematician and historian, a Theatine, of the dukes of S. Vito, b. in Naples on 29 Dec. 1695, d. at… -
Carafa, Family (CARAFA, FAMIGLIA)
CARAFA, FAMILY. - The Carafa family of Naples is a branch of the Caracciolo, and its progenitor was GREGORIO Caracciolo, who lived in the… -
Carayon, Auguste
CARAYON, AUGUSTE. - French Jesuit and historian, b. at Saumur on 31 March 1813, d. at Poitiers on 15 May 1874. Having entered the Society… -
Carboneria
CARBONERIA.- A secret political and pseudo-religious society which, having appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, had a vast… -
Carcano, Michele
CARCANO, MICHELE. - Born in Milan in 1427, died in Lodi on 20 March 1484. While still a boy, he was an assiduous listener together with his… -
Carini, Isidoro
CARINI, ISIDORO. - Priest, paleographer and historian, b. in Palermo on 7 Jan. 1845, d. in Rome on 25 May 1895. Ordained in 1868, he set… -
Cariofille, Giovanni Matteo
CARIOFILLE, GIOVANNI MATTEO. - Greek-Catholic theologian b. at Chania (Crete) around 1565-1566 and d. at Rome in 1635. He rests in the… -
Carletti, Terenzio
CARLETTI, TERENZIO. - Prelate and magistrate, b. at Pesaro on 24 Sept. 1807, d. at Rome on 19 Dec. 1896. He held the offices of ponente of… -
Carloman (CARLOMANNO)
CARLOMAN. - Mayor of the palace of Austrasia, son of Charles Martel, b. ca. 715. On the death of his father, who had been mayor of the… -
Carranza, Bartolomeo
CARRANZA, BARTOLOMEO. - Learned theologian, b. at Miranda (Navarre) in 1503, d. at Rome on 2 May 1576. A Dominican from 1520, he taught in… -
Carrel, Alexis
CARREL, ALEXIS. - Surgeon and biologist, b. at Ste-Foy-les-Lyon (France) on 28 June 1873, d. at Paris on 5 Nov. 1944. He earned his degrees… -
Carrera, Rafael
CARRERA, RAFAEL. - President of the Republic of Guatemala, b. in Guatemala on 24 Oct. 1814, d. there on 14 Apr. 1865. The son of an Indian… -
Carroccio
CARROCCIO. - A special war chariot, used in the Middle Ages, whose primary purpose was to carry the banner of the city. Some cities gave it… -
Carroll
CARROLL. — Under this surname two Catholic and patriotic families of Maryland of the 18th and 19th centuries should be remembered, united… -
Carvajal, Bernardino López De
CARVAJAL, BERNARDINO LÓPEZ de. - Cardinal, b. at Plasencia in Extremadura in 1456, d. at Rome on 16 Dec. 1523. A master in theology and… -
Carvajal, Juan De
CARVAJAL, JUAN de. - Cardinal, b. at Trujillo in Extremadura around 1400, d. at Rome on 6 Dec. 1469. As auditor of the Apostolic Chamber he… -
Carve, Thomas
CARVE, THOMAS. - Irish prelate and historian, b. at Mobeman in County Tipperary in 1590, d. around 1672. Initially chaplain of an Irish… -
Casanate, Girolamo
CASANATE, GIROLAMO. - Dominican cardinal, b. in Naples on 13 Feb. 1620 to an ancient and noble Spanish family, d. in Rome on 3 March 1700.… -
Casanova, Giacomo
CASANOVA, GIACOMO. - Adventurer, b. in Venice on 2 April 1725, d. on 4 June 1798 at Dux (Bohemia), where he had retired to the castle of… -
Casartelli, Lodovico Carlo
CASARTELLI, LODOVICO CARLO. - Bishop and Orientalist, b. in London on 14 Nov. 1852, d. in Manchester on 18 Jan. 1925. He studied at the… -
Casati, Felice
CASATI, FELICE. - Capuchin, he is Father Felice of the plague of Milan, made famous by Manzoni. Born in 1583 to Count Alfonso, he took the… -
Caselli, Carlo Francesco
CASELLI, CARLO FRANCESCO. - Cardinal, b. at Alessandria on 20 Oct. 1740, d. at Parma on 19 Apr. 1828. Having entered the Servites, he first… -
Casimir of Rome, Saint (CASIMIRO DA ROMA)
CASIMIR OF ROME, Saint. - Franciscan historian of the 18th century, d. in Rome on 17 April 1749. Neither the date of his birth nor the… -
Casoni, Filippo
CASONI, FILIPPO. - Cardinal, b. March 6, 1733 at Sarzana, d. Oct. 9, 1811 at Rome. After completing his studies in Rome, at the Collegio… -
Cassetta, Francesco Di Paola
CASSETTA, FRANCESCO di PAOLA. - Cardinal, b. in Rome on 12 Aug. 1841, d. there on 23 March 1919. After completing his studies in the… -
Cassiodorus (Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator) (CASSIODORO (FLAVIUS MAGNUS AURELIUS CASSIODORUS SENATOR))
CASSIODORUS (Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator). - Born around 485 at Scyllacium, in Bruttium, present-day Squillace, into a… -
Castagnetto, Cesare Trabucco Di
CASTAGNETTO, CESARE TRABUCCO DI. - Born on June 1, 1802 in Turin, died on Oct. 25, 1888 in Moncalieri; he first embraced the career of the… -
Castaldo-Pescara, Giambattista
CASTALDO-PESCARA, GIAMBATTISTA. - Theatine historian. He professed at S. Paolo Maggiore in Naples, his native city, on 29 May 1586, and… -
Castañiza, Juan
CASTAÑIZA, JUAN. - Spanish theologian and preacher, Benedictine, b. at Villadiego (diocese of Burgos) ca. 1545, d. at Salamanca in 1599. In… -
Castel Gandolfo (CASTELGANDOLFO)
CASTEL GANDOLFO. - The small town that dominates Lake Albano from the top of the volcanic crater in which the lake is gathered now has… -
Castellano (De Castello), Alberto
CASTELLANO (DE CASTELLO), ALBERTO. - Dominican erudite historian and ascetic writer, a native of Venice, probably belonging to the Venetian… -
Castellesi, Adriano
CASTELLESI, ADRIANO. - Cardinal, also called A. da Corneto after the town where he was born around 1458-59. He died in December 1521. He… -
Castelli, Benedetto
CASTELLI, BENEDETTO. - Benedictine mathematician and philosopher, b. in Brescia in 1577, d. in Rome in 1644. He was one of Galileo's best… -
Castelli, Giulio
CASTELLI, GIULIO. - Oratorian, b. in Turin in 1846, d. in the odour of sanctity at Cava dei Tirreni in 1926. Devoted to the devout life… -
Castelnau-de-Curières, Noël (CASTELNAU DE CURIÈRES, NOËL)
CASTELNAU-DE-CURIÈRES, NOËL. - French general and Catholic organizer, b. 24 Dec. 1851 at St-Affrique (Aveyron), d. 19 March 1944 at… -
Castel Sant'Angelo
CASTEL SANT'ANGELO. - In Rome, on the right bank of the Tiber, facing the Campus Martius, Hadrian had the new mausoleum built for the… -
Castro, Rodrigo De
CASTRO, RODRIGO de. - Cardinal, b. at Valladolid in 1523 from the noble C. family of the branch of the counts of Lemos (or Lemus), d. at… -
Castro, War of (CASTRO, GUERRA DI)
CASTRO, War of. - Pope Paul III had granted to his relatives, the Farnese, in addition to the possession of Parma, also that of a small… -
Catalani, Michele
CATALANI, MICHELE. - Patrician of Fermo, where he was born on 27 Sept. 1750; he died at Bologna on 10 May 1805. He was a pupil, in the… -
Catalogues of Popes and Bishops (CATALOGHI DI PAPI E DI VESCOVI)
CATALOGUES OF POPES AND BISHOPS. - Early on, the custom arose in individual churches of keeping an official list of the series of bishops.… -
Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France (CATERINA DE' MEDICI, REGINA DI FRANCIA)
CATHERINE DE' MEDICI, Queen of France. - Daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, duke of Urbino, and of Maddalena de la Tour d'Auvergne, countess… -
Catherine II von Anhalt-Zerbst, Empress of Russia (CATERINA II VON ANHALT-ZERBST, IMPERATRICE DI RUSSIA)
CATHERINE II VON ANHALT-ZERBST, Empress of Russia. - B. at Stettin on 2 May 1729, d. at Petersburg on 6 Nov. 1796; she reigned from 1762 to… -
Catherine of Aragon (CATERINA D'ARAGONA)
CATHERINE OF ARAGON. - Queen of England, daughter of Ferdinand V and of Isabella the Catholic, b. at Alcalá de Henares on 15 Dec. 1485, d.… -
Catholic League (LEGA CATTOLICA)
CATHOLIC LEAGUE. - An association of Catholics, established in France in 1576 to resist Protestantism and to give the policy of the State a… -
Catholic Reformation (RIFORMA CATTOLICA)
CATHOLIC REFORM. - The Catholic Reform of the 16th century is the Church's return to an ideal of Christian life through intimate renewal.… -
Cattani, Gaetano Maria
CATTANI, GAETANO MARIA. - Bishop, b. in Modena on 12 Sept. 1793, d. there on 28 Jan. 1863. Of austere and firm character, cultured, pious… -
Cattellani, Vincenzo
CATTELLANI, VINCENZO. - Oratorian, b. 13 Oct. 1742 in Reggio Emilia, where he always lived and died in Sept. 1804. An exemplary priest, he… -
Cauchon (Calcaneus), Pierre (CAUCHON (CALCONEUS), PIERRE)
CAUCHON (Calcaneus), Pierre. - Bishop of Beauvais, b. near Reims ca. 1371, d. at Lisieux in 1442. He studied in Paris and served in the… -
Caulet, François
CAULET, FRANÇOIS. - Born at Toulouse on 19 May 1610, died at Pamiers on 7 Aug. 1680. After completing his studies at the college of La… -
Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène
CAVAIGNAC, LOUIS-EUGÈNE. - French general, b. 15 Oct. 1802 in Paris, d. 28 Oct. 1857 on the Ourne estate, near the castle of Loir, in the… -
Cavalchini (Guidoboni), Carlo Alberto
CAVALCHINI (Guidoboni), Carlo Alberto. - Cardinal, b. at Tortona on 26 July 1683, d. at Rome on 7 March 1774. Having earned a degree in… -
Cavanis, Anton'Angelo and Marcantonio (CAVANIS, ANTON'ANGELO E MARCANTONIO)
CAVANIS, ANTON'ANGELO AND MARCANTONIO. - Priests, the first born in Venice on 16 Jan. 1772, the second on 19 May 1774 to Count Giovanni and… -
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of (CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, CONTE DI)
CAVOUR, Camillo Benso, Count of. - Statesman, b. in Turin on 10 Aug. 1810, d. there on 6 June 1861. His parents were Marquis Michele,… -
Cavour, Camillo Benso di
CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO di - Autograph letter from C. C. to Massimo d'Azeglio (Feb. 1856) - Rome, archive of the Istituto per la storia del… -
Cavour, Gustavo Benso, Marquis of (CAVOUR, GUSTAVO BENSO, MARCHESE DI)
CAVOUR, Gustavo Benso, Marquis of. - Born January 27, 1806 in Turin, died there February 26, 1864. Elder brother of Camillo Cavour, he… -
Cayron, Pierre-Jean
CAYRON, PIERRE-JEAN. - French Jesuit, b. at Rodez on 17 Jan. 1672, entered the novitiate of Toulouse in 1687, d. in great fame of sanctity… -
Ceadwalla (Caedwalla), King of Wessex (CEADWALLA (CAEDWALLA), RE DEL WESSEX)
CEADWALLA (Caedwalla), King of Wessex. - A warrior of British race, chief of the Britons of Wales, whose life represents one of the moments… -
Ceccarelli, Alessandro
CECCARELLI, ALESSANDRO. - Pontifical archiater and chief surgeon of the papal army, b. at Castiglione in Teverina, near Orvieto, on 11… -
Cecilian (CECILIANO)
CECILIAN. - First archdeacon and then bishop of Carthage (311); his name is connected with the Donatist controversy, provoked by his… -
Cecropius (CECROPIO)
CECROPIUS. - Semi-Arian, bishop first of Laodicea, then transferred to Nicomedia by the emperor Constantius in 351. Judged severely by St.… -
Celesia, Michelangelo
CELESIA, MICHELANGELO. - Benedictine, cardinal, b. in Palermo on 13 Jan. 1814, d. there on 15 Apr. 1904. Prior of the monastery of the… -
Celestius (CELESTIO)
CELESTIUS. - Coryphaeus of Pelagianism, he was probably a native of Italy. He was practicing law in Rome when, around 405, he met Pelagius… -
Celtes (Celtis), Conrad
CELTES (CELTIS), CONRAD. - Humanist (his real surname was Pickel), b. at Wipfeld, near Würzburg, on 1 February 1459, d. at Vienna on 3… -
Cenci, Beatrice
CENCI, BEATRICE. - Born in Rome on 6 February 1577 to Francesco, a violent and avaricious man who, seeing his vast patrimony dwindle… -
Censius (Cenci), Ludovico
CENSIUS (CENCI), LUDOVICO. - Jurist of the noble Cenci Goga family, b. in Perugia ca. 1557, d. there in 1637. His fame remains linked to a… -
Cerretti, Bonaventura
CERRETTI, BONAVENTURA. - Cardinal, b. at Bardano di Orvieto on 17 June 1872, d. in Rome on 8 May 1933. Ordained a priest in 1895, he… -
Cerri, Urbano
CERRI, URBANO. - A Roman, appointed secretary of the Congregation de Propaganda Fide by Clement X in 1675, d. in 1679, leaving an… -
Cesarini, Alessandro
CESARINI, ALESSANDRO. - Cardinal, b. in Rome in an uncertain year, d. there on 13 Feb. 1542. Leo X, whose esteem and friendship he enjoyed,… -
Cesarini, Giuliano
CESARINI, GIULIANO. - Cardinal, b. in 1398, he did his studies in Perugia, taught canon law in Padua (where he had as pupils Nicholas of… -
Cesi
CESI. - An Umbrian-Sabine family originating from the place of the same name, which began to rise in the 15th century and during the 16th… -
Cestari, Giuseppe
CESTARI, GIUSEPPE. - Priest, b. in 1751 in Naples, where he lived with a reputation as a Jansenist, together with > (phot. Anderson) >… -
Ceva, Tommaso
CEVA, TOMMASO. - Born in Milan on 26 Dec. 1648, entered the Society of Jesus on 20 Dec. 1663, died in Milan on 3 Feb. 1737. The younger… -
Chacón (Ciacconius), Alonso
CHACÓN (Ciacconius), ALONSO. - Born at Baeza (Granada) in 1540, died at Rome on 15 February 1599. He entered the Order of Friars Preachers… -
Chaldeans (CALDEI)
CHALDEANS. - This is the name given, from the region of ancient Chaldea where they dwell, to the Syrian Catholics converted from… -
Challant
CHALLANT. - A powerful and illustrious feudal family of the Aosta Valley, which probably traces its origin to the marquises of Montferrat… -
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART. - Philosopher and musicologist, b. at Portsmouth on Sept. 2, 1855, d. at Bayreuth on Jan. 9, 1927. He studied… -
Chambord, Henri-Charles-Ferdinand-Marie-Dieudonné d'Artois, Duke of Bordeaux, Count of (CHAMBORD, HENRI-CHARLES-FERDINAND-MARIE-DIEUDONNÉ D'ARTOIS, DUCA DI BORDEAUX, CONTE DI)
CHAMBORD, Henri-Charles-Ferdinand-Marie-Dieudonné d'Artois, Duke of Bordeaux, Count of. - Head of the senior branch of the House of Bourbon… -
Chaminade, Guillaume-Joseph
CHAMINADE, GUILLAUME-JOSEPH. - Founder of the Society of Mary (Marianists) and of the institute of the Daughters of Mary, b. at Périgueux… -
Chantepie de la Saussaye, Pierre-Daniel
CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE, PIERRE-DANIEL - Historian of religions, b. at Leeuwarden (Holland) on 9 April 1848, d. at Bilthoven on 20 April… -
Chapelle, Placide-Louis
CHAPELLE, PLACIDE-LOUIS. - Archbishop of New Orleans (U.S.A.), b. at Runes (France) on 28 Aug. 1842, d. at New Orleans on 9 Aug. 1905. A… -
Charette de la Contrie, Atanase de (CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE, ATTIANASE DE)
CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE, ATANASE DE. - Pontifical and French officer, b. at Nantes on 18 May 1832, of a baronial family related to the Count… -
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia (CARLO ALBERTO, RE DI SARDEGNA)
CHARLES ALBERT, King of Sardinia. - B. Oct. 2, 1798 in Turin, d. July 28, 1849 in Oporto. Son of Charles Emmanuel, prince of Carignano, of… -
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (CARLO EMANUELE I, DUCA DI SAVOIA)
CHARLES EMMANUEL I, Duke of Savoy. - Son of Emmanuel Philibert, the restorer of the Savoyard state, and of Margaret of Valois, he was born… -
Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (CARLO EMANUELE II, DUCA DI SAVOIA)
CHARLES EMMANUEL II, Duke of Savoy. - Born on June 20, 1634 to Victor Amadeus I of Savoy and Christine of Bourbon. He was duke from Oct.… -
Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy, King of Sardinia (CARLO EMANUELE III DI SAVOIA, RE DI SARDEGNA)
CHARLES EMMANUEL III OF SAVOY, King of Sardinia. - B. 27 April 1701 in Turin, d. there 20 February 1773. Second son of Victor Amadeus II,… -
Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy, King of Sardinia (CARLO EMANUELE IV DI SAVOIA, RE DI SARDEGNA)
CHARLES EMMANUEL IV OF SAVOY, KING OF SARDINIA. - Born May 24, 1751 in Turin, died Oct. 5, 1819 in Rome. He was the son of Victor Amadeus… -
Charles Felix, King of Sardinia (CARLO FELICE, RE DI SARDEGNA)
CHARLES FELIX, King of Sardinia. - B. at Turin on 6 Apr. 1765, d. there on 27 Apr. 1831. Fourth-born son of Victor Amadeus, who was the… -
Charles II, Emperor, called The Bald (CARLO II, IMPERATORE, DETTO IL CALVO)
CHARLES II, Emperor, called The Bald. - Son of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith, born in 823 at Frankfurt on the Main. In 829, at… -
Charles III, Emperor, King of Germany, called The Fat (CARLO III, IMPERATORE, RE D'ALEMAGNA, DETTO IL GROSSO)
CHARLES III, Emperor, King of Germany, called The Fat. - Third son of Louis the German, b. in 830. As prince, he contested Lotharingia with… -
Charles III of Bourbon, King of Spain (CARLO III DI BORBONE, RE DI SPAGNA)
CHARLES III OF BOURBON, King of Spain. - Born in Madrid on 20 January 1716, died there on 14 December 1788. Third son of Philip V of Spain… -
Charles II, King of England (CARLO II, RE D'INGHILTERRA)
CHARLES II, King of England. - B. in London on 29 May 1630, d. there on 6 Feb. 1685. Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, C. succeeded his… -
Charles I, King of England and Scotland (CARLO I, RE D'INGHILTERRA E DI SCOZIA)
CHARLES I, King of England and Scotland. - B. 19 Nov. 1600 at Dunfermline, d. 30 Jan. 1649 in London, son of James I and Anne of Den- mark.… -
Charles IV, Emperor (CARLO IV, IMPERATORE)
CHARLES IV, EMPEROR. - Born in Prague on May 13, 1316 and died there on Nov. 18, 1378. Son of John, king of Bohemia, he succeeded his… -
Charles IX, King of France (CARLO IX, RE DI FRANCIA)
CHARLES IX, King of France. - Third male child of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, b. at St-Germain-en-Laye on 27 June 1550, d. at… -
Charles Martel (CARLO MARTELLO)
CHARLES MARTEL. - Illegitimate son of Pepin of Herstal, he succeeded in establishing himself, after a long struggle lasting from 714 to… -
Charles the Bold (CARLO IL TEMERARIO)
CHARLES THE BOLD. - Duke of Burgundy, b. at Dijon on 10 Nov. 1433, d. in combat against the Duke of Lorraine beneath the walls of Nancy on… -
Charles V, Emperor (CARLO V, IMPERATORE)
CHARLES V, EMPEROR. - Born at Ghent on 24 February 1500, died at San Jerónimo de Yuste on 21 September 1558. Son of Philip the Handsome,… -
Charles VI, Emperor (CARLO VI, IMPERATORE)
CHARLES VI, EMPEROR. - N. in Vienna on 1 Oct. 1685, d. there on 20 Oct. 1740. His name is linked to the War of the Spanish Succession, to… -
Charles VIII, King of France (CARLO VIII, RE DI FRANCIA)
CHARLES VIII, King of France. - Son of Louis XI and Charlotte of Savoy, b. at Amboise on 30 June 1470, d. there on 7 Apr. 1498. Frail and… -
Charles VII, King of France, called The Victorious (CARLO VII, RE DI FRANCIA, DETTO IL VITTORIOSO)
CHARLES VII, King of France, called The Victorious. - Son of the preceding and of Isabella of Bavaria, b. in Paris on 2 February 1403, d.… -
Charles VI, King of France, called The Mad (CARLO VI, RE DI FRANCIA, DETTO IL PAZZO)
CHARLES VI, King of France, called The Mad. - Son of the preceding and of Joan of Bourbon, b. in Paris on 3 Dec. 1368, d. on 21 Oct. 1422.… -
Charles V, King of France (CARLO V, RE DI FRANCIA)
CHARLES V, King of France. - Son of John II the Good, he was the greatest figure of the French royal house of the Valois branch in the 14th… -
Charles XII, King of Sweden (CARLO XII, RE DI SVEZIA)
CHARLES XII, King of Sweden. - Son of Charles XI and of Ulrica Eleonora of Denmark, born on 17 June 1682, killed in the siege of… -
Charles X, King of France (CARLO X, RE DI FRANCIA)
CHARLES X, King of France. - Son of Louis, Dauphin of France, and of Maria Josepha of Saxony, b. 9 Oct. 1757 at Versailles, d. 6 Nov. 1836… -
Charron, Pierre
CHARRON, PIERRE. - French moralist writer, b. in Paris in 1541 and d. there in 1603; after taking a degree in jurisprudence he became a… -
Chartier, Jean
CHARTIER, JEAN. - Monk at St-Denis and last chronicler of the monastery, d. after 1470. He wrote at the commission of Charles VII the… -
Chartophylax
CHARTOPHYLAX. - A dignitary of the Byzantine Church, called, under Andronikos the Younger, also "Magnus c.", who was originally the… -
Châtillon de Coligny, Odet de
CHÂTILLON de COLIGNY, ODET de. - Cardinal, born at Châtillon in 1523 into one of the foremost families of France, died at Canterbury in… -
Chaudon, Louis-Mayeul
CHAUDON, LOUIS-MAYEUL. - Benedictine, historian and philosopher, b. at Valensoles (Basses-Alpes) on 20 May 1737, d. at Mézin on 28 May… -
Cheffontaines (Latin: A Capite Fontium), Christophe de (CHEFFONTAINES (LAT. A CAPITE FONTIUM), CHRISTOPHE DE)
CHEFFONTAINES (Latin: A Capite Fontium), Christophe de. - Franciscan theologian, b. ca. 1532 at St-Pol-Léon (Brittany), d. at Rome in 1595.… -
Chefneux, Mathieu
CHEFNEUX, MATHIEU. - Augustinian scholar, b. in Liège in the early years of the 17th century, d. ca. 1670. He was prior in the Augustinian… -
Cheikho, Luigi
CHEIKHO, LUIGI. - Famous Arabist, Jesuit. Born in Mardin in Turkey on 4 February 1859, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1874 and died in… -
Chelini, Domenico
CHELINI, DOMENICO. - Scolopian mathematician, b. at Gragnano (Lucca) on 18 Oct. 1802, d. at Rome on 16 Nov. 1873. He taught mathematics at… -
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich (ČERNYŠEVSKIJ, NIKOLAJ GAVRILOVÍĆ)
CHERNYSHEVSKY, NIKOLAY GAVRILOVICH. - Russian revolutionary, known as a man of letters, publicist and economist, b. at Saratov in 1828, d.… -
Chérot, Henri
CHÉROT, HENRI. - Jesuit, b. at Sens on 4 February 1856, d. at Montana (Switzerland) on 25 June 1906. Having entered the Society in 1875, he… -
Cherubino of Maurienne (CHERUBINO DA MAURIENNE)
CHERUBINO OF MAURIENNE. - Born on 24 March 1566, he entered the Capuchin Friars Minor of Genoa on 7 Sept. 1583; he died in the convent of… -
Cheselden, William (CHESELDEN (CHESSELDEN), WILLIAM)
CHESELDEN, WILLIAM. - English anatomist and surgeon (1688-1752). He was the first to study from a psychophysiological point of view the… -
Chevalier, Cyr-Ulysse-Joseph (CHEVALIER, CYRE-ULYSSE-JOSEPH)
CHEVALIER, CYR-ULYSSE-JOSEPH. - French priest, historian and bibliographer, b. at Rambouillet on 24 Feb. 1841, d. at Romans (Drôme), on 27… -
Chieregato, Lionello
CHIEREGATO, LIONELLO. - Bishop and papal nuncio, b. at Vicenza to Nicola C., in the first half of the 15th century. A doctor of decrees, in… -
Chigi, Family (CHIGI, FAMIGLIA)
CHIGI, FAMILY. - It appears in the Sienese history of the 13th century, and from the very beginning its members were bankers, and some were… -
Childeric, King of the Franks (CHILDERICO, RE DEI FRANCHI)
CHILDERIC, King of the Franks. - Son of Merovech, d. around 481 at Tournai. Still very young, he set out to subdue the other barbarian… -
Chinea, Question of the (CHINEA, QUESTIONE DELLA)
CHINEA, Question of the. - The chinea was the name used to designate the horse specially trained to the ambling gait. Charles of Anjou… -
Chivalry (CAVALLERIA)
CHIVALRY. - I. HISTORY. - The origin of this characteristic institution, which permeated so much of medieval life, is not clear. It is… -
Chocarne, Bernard
CHOCARNE, BERNARD. - Dominican, b. in 1826, d. in 1895. He was among the most deserving figures in the restoration of the Dominican order… -
Choiseul-Stainville, Étienne-François, de (CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, ETIENNE-FRANÇOIS, DE)
CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, ÉTIENNE-FRANÇOIS, DE. - French ambassador and statesman, b. June 28, 1719, d. in Paris on May 8, 1785. Having first… -
Chomjakov, Alexiei Stepanovič (CHOMJAKOV, ALEXIEI STEPANOVIĆ)
CHOMJAKOV, ALEXIEI STEPANOVIČ. - B. in 1804, d. in 1860, one of the most conspicuous representatives of Slavophilism, a Russian national… -
Christ, Bernard of Andermatt (CHRISTEN, BERNARD DA ANDERMATT)
CHRIST, BERNARD OF ANDERMATT. - Minister General of the Capuchin Friars Minor, titular archbishop of Stauropolis, b. at Andermatt (canton… -
Christian, Archbishop of Mainz (CRISTIANO, ARCIVESCOVO DI MAGONZA)
CHRISTIAN, Archbishop of Mainz. - Born around 1130 into a comital family of Thuringia. Having early distinguished himself by military… -
Christian III, King of Denmark (CRISTIANO III, RE DI DANIMARCA)
CHRISTIAN III, King of Denmark. - B. 12 Aug. 1503 at Gottorp, d. 1 Jan. 1559 at Kolding. Because of disagreements that arose in the… -
Christian II, King of Denmark (CRISTIANO II, RE DI DANIMARCA)
CHRISTIAN II, King of Denmark. - Born July 1, 1481, died Jan. 25, 1559. Son of Hans, king of Denmark, and of Christina of Saxony, he was… -
Christian I, King of Denmark (CRISTIANO I, RE DI DANIMARCA)
CHRISTIAN I, KING OF DENMARK. - B. May 21, 1426 in Copenhagen, d. there, May 21, 1481. He succeeded Christopher of Bavaria on the throne… -
Christian IV, King of Denmark (CRISTIANO IV, RE DI DANIMARCA)
CHRISTIAN IV, King of Denmark. - Born on 12 April 1577 at Frederiksborg, died on 28 February 1648 in Copenhagen. Son of Frederick II and of… -
Christina, Queen of Sweden (CRISTINA, REGINA DI SVEZIA)
CHRISTINA, Queen of Sweden. - Daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, b. in Stockholm on 8 Dec. 1626, d. in Rome… -
Christopher, Primicerius (CRISTOFORO, PRIMICERIO)
CHRISTOPHER, PRIMICERIUS. - A very important figure in Roman history of the second half of the 8th century. Adviser to Stephen II and… -
Ciacchi, Luigi
CIACCHI, LUIGI. - Cardinal, b. at Pesaro on 16 Aug. 1788, d. at Rome on 17 Dec. 1865. Having come to Rome at a young age, he pursued the… -
Ciaccio, Giuseppe
CIACCIO, GIUSEPPE. - Italian physician and histologist (1824-1901), professor at the University of Bologna, known for his studies on the… -
Ciaconio (Chacón), Pedro
CIACONIO (CHACÓN), PEDRO. - Spanish theologian and humanist, b. in Toledo in 1527, d. in 1581 in Rome, where he resided for a long time. He… -
Cialdi, Alessandro
CIALDI, ALESSANDRO. - Navigator and devotee of hydraulic and nautical sciences, pontifical naval officer, b. at Civitavecchia on 9 April… -
Ciampi, Sebastiano
CIAMPI, SEBASTIANO. - Priest, b. at Pistoia on 31 Oct. 1769, d. at Florence on 14 Dec. 1847. Professor of ancient literatures at the… -
Ciasca, Agostino
CIASCA, AGOSTINO. - Augustinian cardinal, b. at Polignano a mare (Bari) on 7 May 1835, d. on 6 Feb. 1902. A learned orientalist, he took… -
Ciassare (In the inscription of Bisutūn, Huwahītra = «Of Good Development») (CIASSARE (NELL'ISCRIZIONE DI BISUTÚN, HUWAHÍTRA = « DI BUONO SVILUPPO »))
CIASSARE (In the inscription of Bisutūn, Huwahītra = «Of Good Development»). - King of the Medes (635?-584), son of Phraortes, who had died… -
Cibo, Family (CIBO, FAMIGLIA)
CIBO, FAMILY. - Noble Genoese family. It began to attract notice in the first half of the 15th century with ARANO C., who was in the… -
Cicogna, Emanuele Antonio
CICOGNA, EMANUELE ANTONIO. - Prince of the scholars and bibliophiles of his time, b. in Venice in 1789, he studied at the College of Nobles… -
Cidone (Cidonius, Kydones) (CIDONE (CIDONIO, KYDONES))
CIDONE (Cidonius, Kydones). - I. DEMETRIO. - He was a Greek politician, man of letters and theologian of the 14th century, b. at… -
Cilicia
CILICIA. - A vast region in the south-eastern corner of Asia Minor. The long Taurus chain with its high peak Bulgar Dağ (3500 m.) separates… -
Citadella Vigodarzere, Andrea (CITTADELLA VIGODÄRZERE, ANDREA)
CITADELLA VIGODARZERE, ANDREA. - Born on 15 July 1804 in Treviso, died on 19 March 1870 in Florence, he devoted himself to legal studies.… -
Claudius (Ethiopian Galāxodēnos) (CLAUDIO (ETIOPICO GALĀXODĒNOS))
CLAUDIUS (Ethiopian Galāxodēnos). - Sovereign of Ethiopia. He succeeded his father Lebna Denghel (David II) in September 1540, at the age… -
Claudius II, Emperor, Known as the Goth (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus) (CLAUDIO II, IMPERATORE, DETTO IL GOTICO (MARCUS AURELIUS CLAUDIUS AUGUSTUS))
CLAUDIUS II, Emperor, Known as the Goth (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus). - Born in Pannonia to a humble family between 214 and 220, he… -
Claudius Severus (CLAUDIO SEVERO)
CLAUDIUS SEVERUS. - Rhetorician and Peripatetic philosopher, teacher of Marcus Aurelius, who makes honorable mention of him in his… -
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), Roman Emperor (CLAUDIO (TI. CLAUDIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICUS), IMPERATORE ROMANO)
CLAUDIUS (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), Roman Emperor. - Fourth emperor (41-54 A.D.), son of Drusus and Antonia, uncle of… -
Clavijero, Francisco-Javier
CLAVIJERO, FRANCISCO-JAVIER. - Mexican Jesuit, b. at Veracruz in 1731, and having entered the novitiate in 1748, he taught rhetoric in… -
Clémencet, Charles
CLÉMENCET, CHARLES. - Maurist Benedictine, b. at Painblanc in 1703, d. 4 April 1778 in Paris. He collaborated on the Histoire littér. de la… -
Clement, Consul (CLEMENTE, CONSOLE)
CLEMENTE, CONSOLE. - Titus Flavius C., consul in the year 95, cousin of the emperor Domitian and husband of Flavia Domitilla, a man of… -
Clément De Boissy, Atranas-Alexandre (CLÉMENT DE BOISSY, ATRANASE-ALEXANDRE)
CLÉMENT DE BOISSY, ATRANASE-ALEXANDRE. - French jurist, brother of the bishop of Versailles Augustin, counselor of the Chambre des Comptes… -
Clemente di Smolensk
CLEMENTE DI SMOLENSK. - Russian monk, elected in 1149 metropolitan of Kiev during the absence of the titular, the Byzantine Michael,… -
Clerical and Clericalism (CLERICALE E CLERICALISMO)
CLERICAL AND CLERICALISM. - "Clerical" is one of those adjectives that are periodically coined to be used in a derogatory sense, as… -
Clermont-Tonnerre, Anne-Antoine-Marie-Jules, Duke of (CLERMONT-TONNERRE, ANNE-ANTOINE-MARIE-JULES, DUCA DI)
CLERMONT-TONNERRE, Anne-Antoine-Marie-Jules, Duke of. - Cardinal, b. in Paris on 1 January 1749, d. at Toulouse on 21 February 1830. Abbot… -
Clifford, William Joseph
CLIFFORD, WILLIAM JOSEPH. - English prelate, b. 24 Dec. 1823 at Irnham (diocese of Nottingham), d. 1893 at Both. Elected bishop of Clifton… -
Clinge (Kling), Konrad
CLINGE (KLING), KONRAD. - German theologian, of the Conventual Franciscans, b. at Nordhausen (Thuringia) ca. 1483-84, d. at Erfurt on 10… -
Clorivière, Pierre-Joseph Picot de
CLORIVIÈRE, PIERRE-JOSEPH PICOT de. - French Jesuit, b. at St-Malo on 29 June 1735, d. at Paris on 9 Jan. 1820. He entered the novitiate of… -
Clovis, King of the Franks (CLODOVEO, RE DEI FRANCHI)
CLOVIS, King of the Franks. - He was of royal stock and belonged to the tribe of the Salian Franks; b. in 446, at the age of 15 he was… -
Cobelluzio (Cobelluzzi), Scipione
COBELLUZIO (COBELLUZZI), SCIPIONE. - Cardinal, born at Viterbo in 1365, died at Rome on 29 June 1627. After studying at the Nardini college… -
Cocle, Celestino
COCLE, CELESTINO. - Archbishop, b. at S. Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia) on 23 Nov. 1783 and d. at Naples on 2 March 1857; he was the fifth… -
Cocleo (Dobenek), Giovanni (COCLEO (DOBENECK), GIOVANNI)
COCLEO (DOBENEK), GIOVANNI. - Eminent Catholic polemicist, b. in 1479, d. at Breslau on 11 Jan. 1552. He was called C. from the village of… -
Cocquelines, Charles
COCQUELINES, CHARLES. - Tireless editor of the Roman Bullarium, who lived in the 18th century and died in 1758. In 1739 in Rome he began… -
Codronchi, Antonio
CODRONCHI, ANTONIO. - Bishop, b. at Imola on 8 Aug. 1748, d. at Ravenna on 16 Jan. 1826. Pius VI sent him to Turin in 1777 as internuncio… -
Coindre, André
COINDRE, ANDRÉ. - Priest, b. in Lyon on 26 Feb. 1787, d. there on 30 May 1826. At the seminary of Argentières he was noted for intelligence… -
Cola di Rienzo
COLA di RIENZO. - Born in Rome in 1313, died there following a riot on 8 Oct. 1354. He was a notary and a man of no small classical…