TREVIRIS (TRIER), DIOCESE OF. – A city and diocese in western Germany. It covers an area of 12,870 sq. km with a population of 2,101,324, of whom 1,595,031 are Catholics distributed across 915 parishes, served by 1,263 diocesan priests and 454 religious; it has two seminaries, 54 male religious communities and 388 female ones (Ann. Pont. 1953, p. 430).
Situated on the Roman road between Lyon and Cologne, Augusta Trevirom became an imperial residence because of its strategic importance and proximity to the frontier.
In 285, Maximian Herculius established Trier as the seat of his capital, which expanded under Constantius Chlorus and Constantine; a gold coin of the latter depicts the Moselle, the bridge, a monumental gate surmounted by the statue of the Emperor, and in the background the enceinte of the walls. Besides Constantius Chlorus and Constantine, Trier was also the residence of Constant, Valentinian I from 364 until his death, Gratian, and Magnus.
Trier had its amphitheatre and its baths; it reached its zenith as the capital of the praetorian prefecture of the Gauls. It was the second capital of Belgica Prima and became an ecclesiastical metropolis. St. Ambrose was born there; St. Athanasius was exiled there from 335 to 337 (Apologia contra Arianos, 9, 87); it was visited by St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and St. Martin of Tours; Ausonius was tutor to Gratian there. But with the transfer of the praetorian prefecture to Arles at the beginning of the 5th century, its decline began. The Franks occupied it c. 464 and it became a county under the comes Arbogast. By the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Trier was incorporated into the kingdom of Lothar. The comital power then passed to the archbishops until in 1212 it received letters patent from Emperor Otto IV, confirmed by Conrad IV. However, in 1308 it reverted to archiepiscopal jurisdiction, with administration by scabini, which was completed by the archbishop in 1443 with the election of two burgomasters. It was occupied in 1634 by the Spaniards and in 1645 by the French. By the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 it became the capital of the department of the Sarre; the Germans recaptured it between 4–5 January 1814. By the Congress of Vienna it passed to the Kingdom of Prussia.
The archdiocese had as its suffragans the dioceses of Metz, Toul, and Verdun. With the bull *De salute animarum* of 1821, Pope Pius VII made Trier a suffragan of Cologne.
There are no ancient documents to confirm local traditions regarding martyrs of Trier. The subdeacon Ursinianus *meruit sanctorum sociari sepulchris* (CIL. XIII, 3787), but *sepulchra* may perhaps refer to the altar in which relics of martyrs from elsewhere were preserved (H. Delehaye, *Les origines du culte des martyrs*, 2nd ed., Brussels 1937, p. 359). For the early period, bishops of Trier were St. Eucharius c. 250, Valerius, Maternus, Agricius in 314; Maximinus (332–49 ca.), who received St. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, in 336–37; Bishop Paulinus (347–58) transmitted to St. Athanasius the letters of recantation of Ursacius and Valens: at the Council of Arles in 353, he was deposed and exiled to Phrygia, where he died in 358. Felix (386–400 ca.); Severus, c. 430; in 479 Iamlychus. At Chalon-sur-Saône in the church of St-Germain-du-Plain a marble slab was found which may be identified as the epitaph of *Iamlychus episcopus* deposited *in spe resurrectionis* in 479 (CIL. XIII, 2478; E. Diehl, *Inscr. christ. lat. veteres*, Berlin 1925–31, no. 1077).
The cathedral was erected c. 375; partially destroyed by the Franks in the 5th century. Fortunatus praised the work of Nicetius (525–66) for the restorations carried out in the cathedral: “Tem-
Trier, diocese of – Graffito of Marti, from the time of Gratian, found in the presbytery of the cathedral (1949) – Treviri.
ple of St. Matthias brought there in 1127. The Benedictine abbey of St. Martin ‘ad litus super Mosellam’ was founded by Bishop Magnerius c. 587; destroyed by the Normans in 882, restored in 888, and among its abbots was Regino of Prüm (899–915) (Cottinau, II, col. 3211). Excavations have brought to light sarcophagi and some gold objects (K. Böhner, *Die Anfänge der ehemaligen Abteikirche St. Martin zu Trier*, in *Trierer Zeitschrift*, 18 [1949], pp. 107–31). St. Gangolph, built in the 15th century, was rebuilt in 1732, while the high bell tower of 1498 remains. In Gothic style is the church of the Holy Trinity (1228), later called the Jesuit church; also Gothic is the church of St. Anthony (1462). In Trier the *Gesellschaft für Rheinische Geschichtskunde* began its publications in 1884; since 1898 the *Trierer Archiv*; since 1925 the *Trierer Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst*.
The ancient abbey of St. Salvator at Prüm was founded in 721 with monks from St. Pharon of Meaux by Bertrada, wife of Pippin the Short, who enriched it with privileges, followed in this by her successors; it enjoyed immunity and struck coinage. The church was completed in 779, and according to legend, consecrated by Leo III in 799; Lothar I was a monk there in 855; his tomb was identified in 1866, and Emperor William I had his remains placed in a marble sarcophagus. The Normans sacked it in 882 and 892 but it soon recovered, reaching a number of 300 monks. It gave rise to numerous daughter houses, and its scriptorium was renowned; among its works are the Lothair Evangelary now in the National Library of Berlin; the *Liber aureus* now in the Library of Trier; the *Registrum Prumiense* of 893 with glosses by Abbot Cassarius, now partly in Coblenz and partly in Trier (S. I. Beissel, *Miniaturen aus Prüm*, in *Zeitschrift für christliche Kunst*, 19 [1906], pp. 11–22; 43–54). Among those who distinguished the abbey were Ado of Vienne, Wandelbert of Prüm, Bern of Reichenau, etc. It began to decline in the 13th century; over time the bishops of Trier became administrators of the abbey, but there were frequent disputes; between 1721–29 the church was transformed in Baroque style; by the Peace of Lunéville it passed to France, which secularised the abbey; the church is now a parish.
**TREVIRIS, DIOCESE OF – Plan of the double cathedral in the Constantinian period (present-day cathedral and Liebfrauenkirche) – Trevirini.**
**V. altrichristliche Inschriften der Rheinlande, I, Freiburg in Br. 1888, p. 44, no. 80; another also Greek from 409 was found in St. Paulinus (ibid., p. 82, no. 163).**
The Benedictine abbey of St. Mary ‘ad Martyres’ on the Moselle was founded by Archbishop Lutwinus in the 7th century in memory of the pseudo-martyrs of Thebes; it was restored in 975 by Archbishop Theodoric, suppressed in 1802 by Napoleon I (Weisenahl, *Der Grundbesitz des Klosters S. Maria ad Martyres zu Trier in Butzweiler*, in *Trierische Heimat*, 4 [1927–28], pp. 97–99; Cottinau, II, cols. 3210–11).
The church of St. Maximin, originally St. John the Evangelist, then St. Hilary, was rebuilt several times. The Benedictine abbey was enriched by the Merovingians and Carolingians; remains include the crypt and Carolingian paintings; devastated by the Normans in 882, it was rebuilt in 934; in the 9th century its scriptorium flourished (the Ada Codex of the 9th century in the municipal library); it gave rise to other abbeys in Germany (Echternach, Tegernsee, Maria Laach, and Brauweiler); it was suppressed in 1802 (Cottinau, II, cols. 3212–13). At St. Maximin a oratory was discovered adorned with frescoes depicting the Crucifixion, the Evangelists, the four major prophets, holy martyrs and confessors: from the history of the monastery they are datable to the Carolingian age (H. Eichler, *Peintures murales carolingiennes à St. Maximin de Trèves*, in *Cahiers archéologiques*, 6 [1952], pp. 83–90).
S. Paulinus is a construction from the 4th century, rebuilt in the 12th; it was destroyed by the French in 1674, transformed in rococo style in 1732–54, and contains in its crypt the sarcophagus of St Paulinus. The Jesuit church or “Dreifaltigkeitskirche” dates from the 13th century; St Gervasius was built by the French in 1765–68 and contains the tomb of Archbishop Popenoe; St Sinfarian was formerly St Udoaldus (c. 1882); St Irmina was founded c. 680; St Simeon dates from the time of Archbishop Popenoe near the Porta Nigra.
The Romanesque basilica of St Matthias is the sepulchral church of St Eucharius, situated in a Christian cemetery area; it was restored in 1921 and preserves the relics of the apostle.
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of grammar and rhetoric, with special treatment for those from Trier (Cod. Theod., XIII, 3, 11). To its flourishing schools (cf. Ausonius, Mosella, ll. 383 and 403 ff.), where Eumenius and Claudius Mamertinus also taught, students came from every quarter: St Jerome began there his theological studies and matured his resolve to embrace the ascetic life (Epist., 3, 5; St Augustine, Conf., VIII, 6). After the region passed into Frankish hands (5th century), the city’s life, which had flourished under the Carolingians, continued under the protection of the bishops and through the work of the Benedictines (abbey of St Matthias) and later of the Dominicans, Franciscans and Carmelites.
1. The University
In the Jubilee year 1450 Archbishop James of Sierck petitioned the Pope for the erection of a Studium generale. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, legate in Germany, supported the request. Pope Nicholas V granted the Studium in 1454 by two bulls: Inter ceteras felicitates (2 Feb) and Romanum decem Pontificem (12 Feb). Political and social circumstances following the fall of Constantinople (1453) delayed its opening until 1473. Its statutes were drawn up on the model of those of Cologne: the archbishop was chancellor, and the principal faculty was theology. Under the electoral regime (1561–1773) the Jesuits directed the university.After their suppression (21 July 1773), Archbishop and Prince-Elector Clement Wenceslaus founded in Krahnen, in the former Jesuit novitiate, the major seminary (16 Oct 1773), which in 1779 was transferred to its own building erected beside the university. Thus the chairs of the faculty of theology were entrusted to the seminary professors. When the territory was occupied by the French, the university, transferred to the Benedictines, was abolished in 1798.
2. The new Faculty of Theology
In 1798 the “Clementine” seminary was also closed, but in 1805 Archbishop Charles Mannay succeeded in re-establishing it, though without the faculty of theology. Repeatedly requested by Archbishop Rudolph Bornewasser (1948 and 1950) and advocated by Monsignor Ludovicus Kaas, the faculty was granted by Pope Pius XII in 1950 and canonically erected in the major seminary by decree of the Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities of Studies (5 June 1950). Governmental recognition followed on 22 Aug 1950, and on 21 May 1951 the Holy See approved its statutes.The patron, as for the old Studium, is St Jerome, whose effigy appears in the university seal. The faculty possesses a library of over 100,000 volumes and maintains scientific seminars for philosophy, theology, Sacred Scripture and ecclesiastical history. It is attended also by students from various religious orders. It publishes the Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift (succeeding Pastor Bonus, founded in 1889, since 1947) and the scholarly series Trierer Theologische Studien (since 1941).
3. Other cultural institutions
Noteworthy is the Katholische staatliche pädagogische Akademie (1946 in Bad Neuenahr; 1950 in Trier), offering a four-semester course and publishing Pädagogische Nachrichten. — See pl. L.**