Admonition against sundry vices.
An admonition against drunkennes, luxurie, 4. light suspition, 7. and detraction. 13. Freindlie correption is necessarie, 23. and sincere humilitie. 27. Exterior carege is a signe of internal disposition.
1A workman that is a drunkard shall not be rich: and he that contemneth small things, shall fall by little and little.L'operaio beone non arricchirà, e chi le piccole cose di sprezza, a poco a poco anderà in rovina.A workman that is a drunkard shal not be rich: and he that contemneth smal thinges, shal fal by litle and litle.Operarius ebriosus non locupletabitur: / et qui spernit modica paulatim decidet. 2Wine and women make wise men fall off, and shall rebuke the prudent:Il vino, e le donne fanno apostatare i saggi, e screditano i sensati.Wine and wemen make wisemen to apostatate, and shal reproue the prudent:Vinum et mulieres apostatare faciunt sapientes, / et arguent sensatos. 3And he that joineth himself to harlots, will be wicked. Rottenness and worms shall inherit him, and he shall be lifted up for a greater example, and his soul shall be taken away out of the number.E chi fa lega con donna di mala vita, diverrà sfacciato: sarà retaggio della putredine, e de' vermini; egli sarà portato per grande esempio, e sarà levato dal numero dei viventi.and he that ioyneth himself to harlotes, shal be naught. Rottennes and wormes shal inherite him, and he shal be lifted vp for a greater example, and his life shal be taken out of the number.Et qui se jungit fornicariis erit nequam: / putredo et vermes hæreditabunt illum: / et extolletur in exemplum majus, / et tolletur de numero anima ejus. 4He that is hasty to give credit, is light of heart, and shall be lessened: and he that sinneth against his own soul, shall be despised.Chi è corrivo a credere, è leggero di cuore, e avranne il danno. Chi poi pecca contro l'anima propria, sarà stimato come uom da nulla.He that geueth credite quickly, is light of hart, and shal be lessened: and he shal more ouer be counted one that sinneth against his owne soule.Qui credit cito levis corde est, et minorabitur: / et qui delinquit in animam suam, insuper habebitur. 5He that rejoiceth in iniquity, shall be censured, and he that hateth chastisement, shall have less life: and he that hateth babbling, extinguisheth evil.Chi si gode dell'iniquità, sarà vituperato, e a chi odia la correzione, sarà abbreviata la vita: ma chi odia la loquacità, spegne la malizia:He thar reioyceth in iniquitie, shal be reprehended, and he that hateth chastisement, shal be diminished of life: and he that hateth babbling, extinquisheth malice.Qui gaudet iniquitate, denotabitur: / et qui odit correptionem, minuetur vita: / et qui odit loquacitatem, extinguit malitiam.
6He that sinneth against his own soul, shall repent: and he that is delighted with wickedness, shall be condemned.Chi pecca contro l'anima propria, se ne pentirà; e colui, che si gode della malizia, n'avrà infamia.He that sinneth against his owne soule, shal repent: and he that is delighted in naughtinesse, shal be reprehended.Qui peccat in animam suam, pœnitebit: / et qui jucundatur in malitia, denotabitur. 7Rehearse not again a wicked and harsh word, and thou shalt not fare the worse.Non riportare una parola cattivo, e offensiva, e non iscapiterai niente.Iterate not a wicked and hard word, and thou shalt not be lessened.Ne iteres verbum nequam et durum, / et non minoraberis. 8Tell not thy mind to friend or foe: and if there be a sin with thee, disclose it not.Non manifestare i tuoi sentimenti all'amico, e al nimico, e se hai peccato, non lo svelare.To freind and foe tel not thy minde: and if thou haue sinne, disclose it not.Amico et inimico noli narrare sensum tuum: / et si est tibi delictum, noli denudare: 9For he will hearken to thee, and will watch thee, and as it were defending thy sin he will hate thee, and so will he be with thee always.Perocché quegli ascolterà, e starà: attento a te, e facendo le viste di scusare il tuo fallo, ti odierà, e così starà sempre intorno a te.For he wil heare thee, and wil watch thee, and as it were defending the sinne he wil hate thee, and so wil he be present with thee alwaies.audiet enim te, et custodiet te, / et quasi defendens peccatum, odiet te, / et sic aderit tibi semper. 10Hast thou heard a word against thy neighbour? let it die within thee, trusting that it will not burst thee.Hai tu udita una parola contro il tuo prossimo? fa, ch'ella muoia dentro di te, e abbi fidanza, che non ti farà crepare.Hast thou heard a word against thy neighbour? let it die together in thee, trusting that it wil not burst thee.Audisti verbum adversus proximum tuum ? / commoriatur in te, fidens quoniam non te dirumpet. 11At the hearing of a word the fool is in travail, as a woman groaning in the bringing forth a child.Lo stolto per una parola sta ne' dolori del parto, come donna, che geme per mettere alla luce un bambino.At the presence of a word the foole traueleth, as the groning of the childbirth of an infant.A facie verbi parturit fatuus, / tamquam gemitus partus infantis. 12As an arrow that sticketh in a man’s thigh: so is a word in the heart of a fool.Freccia fitta nella carnosa coscia ell'è la parola nel cuor dello stolto.An arrow stickt in the thigh of flesh: so is a word in the hart of a foole.Sagitta infixa femori carnis, / sic verbum in corde stulti.
13Reprove a friend, lest he may not have understood, and say: I did it not: or if he did it, that he may do it no more.Correggi l'amico, il quale forse non ebbe (cattiva) intenzione, e dirà: ciò non feci io: che se lo avesse fatto, affinchè più nol faccia.Rebuke a freind, lest perhapes he hath not vnderstood, and say: I did it not: or if he did it, that he doe it not againe.Corripe amicum, / ne forte non intellexerit, et dicat: Non feci: / aut, si fecerit, ne iterum addat facere. 14Reprove thy neighbour, for it may be he hath not said it: and if he hath said it, that he may not say it again.Correggi l'amico, il qual forse non avrà detta quella tal cosa, e se la ha detta, affinchè più non la dica.Rebuke thy neighbour, lest perhaps he said it not: and if he said it, lest perhaps he iterate it.Corripe proximum, ne forte non dixerit: / et si dixerit, ne forte iteret. 15Admonish thy friend: for there is often a fault committed.Correggi l'amico; perché spesso si fanno delle calunnie.Rebuke thy freind: for there is often a fault committed.Corripe amicum, sæpe enim fit commissio: 16And believe not every word. There is one, that slippeth with the tongue, but not from his heart.E non credere a tutto quel, che si dice. V'ha chi sdrucciola colla lingua; ma non per mala intenzione;And beleue not euerie word. There is that offendeth with the tongue, but not from his hart.et non omni verbo credas. / Est qui labitur lingua, sed non ex animo: 17For who is there that hath not offended with his tongue? Admonish thy neighbour before thou threaten him.Perocché chi è colui, che non pecchi colla sua lingua? Correggi il prossimo prima di usar minacce,For who is there that hath not offended in his tongue? Rebuke thy neighbour before thou threaten.quis est enim qui non deliquerit in lingua sua ? Corripe proximum antequam commineris, 18And give place to the fear of the most High: for the fear of God is all wisdom, and therein is to fear God, and the disposition of the law is in all wisdom.E da luogo al timor dell'Altissimo: perché perfetta sapienza è il timor del Signore, ed in essa si ha il timore di Dio, e tutta la sapienza dispone ad adempiere la legge:And: geue place to the feare of the Highest: because the feare of God is al wisedom, and to feare God is in it, & the disposition of the law is in al wisdom.et da locum timori Altissimi: / quia omnis sapientia timor Dei, et in illa timere Deum, / et in omni sapientia dispositio legis. 19But the learning of wickedness is not wisdom: and the device of sinners is not prudence.Perocché la sapienza non è l'arte di mal fare, e i consiglj de' peccatori non son prudenza.And the discipline of wickednes is not wisedom: and the cogitation of sinners is not prudence.Et non est sapientia nequitiæ disciplina, / et non est cogitatus peccatorum prudentia.
20There is a subtle wickedness, and the same is detestable: and there is a man that is foolish, wanting in wisdom.Ella è malvagità, con cui va unita la esecrazione: e vi è uno stolto, che manca di giudicio.There is wickednes, and in it execration: and there is a foole that hath lesse wisedom.Est nequitia, et in ipsa execratio, / et est insipiens qui minuitur sapientia. 21Better is a man that hath less wisdom, and wanteth understanding, with the fear of God, than he that aboundeth in understanding, and transgresseth the law of the most High.E da preferirsi l'uomo, che manca di sagacità, ed è privo di scienza, tua è timorato, a quello, che abbonda di avvedutezza, e trasgredisce la legge dell'Altissimo.Better is a man that hath lesse wisdom, and lacketh vnderstanding, in feare, then he that abundeth in vnderstanding, and transgresseth the law of the Highest.Melior est homo qui minuitur sapientia, / et deficiens sensu, in timore, / quam qui abundat sensu, / et transgreditur legem Altissimi. 22There is an exquisite subtilty, and the same is unjust.V'ha una destrezza, che da nel segno, ma ella è iniqua.There is an assured subtilitie, & the same wicked.Est solertia certa, et ipsa iniqua: 23And there is one that uttereth an exact word telling the truth. There is one that humbleth himself wickedly, and his interior is full of deceit:Ed havvi chi con frutto discorre esponendo la verità. V'ha chi maliziosamente si umilia; ma il cuore di lui è pieno di frode:And there is that vttereth an exact word telling the truth. There is that wickedly humbleth himselfe, and his inner partes be ful of deceite:et est qui emittit verbum certum enarrans veritatem. / Est qui nequiter humiliat se, / et interiora ejus plena sunt dolo: 24And there is one that submitteth himself exceedingly with a great lowliness: and there is one that casteth down his countenance, and maketh as if he did not see that which is unknown:E v'ha chi si abbassa eccessivamente con grandi sommissioni, e china la faccia, e finge di non vedere quello, che è segreto:and there is a iust man that submitteth himselfe ouermuch of great humilitie: and there is a iust one that boweth his face, and feyneth himself not to see that which is vnknowen:et est qui se nimium submittit a multa humilitate: / et est qui inclinat faciem suam, / et fingit se non videre quod ignoratum est:
25And if he be hindered from sinning for want of power, if he shall find opportunity to do evil, he will do it.Ma se per mancanza di forze gli è vietato di peccare, trovata ch'egli abbia l'opportunità di far del male, il farà.and if he be forbidden to sinne for imbecillitie of power, if he shal finde a time to do euil, he wil do euil.et si ab imbecillitate virium vetetur peccare, / si invenerit tempus malefaciendi, malefaciet. 26A man is known by his look, and a wise man, when thou meetest him, is known by his countenance.L'uomo si riconosce all'aspetto, e da quel, che apparisce sul volto, si conosce l'uomo assennato.A man is knowen by the sight, and a wiseman is knowen by the shew of his face.Ex visu cognoscitur vir, / et ab occursu faciei cognoscitur sensatus. 27The attire of the body, and the laughter of the teeth, and the gait of the man, shew what he is.La maniera di vestire, di ridere, e di camminare annunziano l'esser dell'uomo.The clothing of the bodie, and the laughing of the teeth, and the going of the man tel of him.Amictus corporis, et risus dentium, / et ingressus hominis, enuntiant de illo. 28There is a lying rebuke in the anger of an injurious man: and there is a judgment that is not allowed to be good: and there is one that holdeth his peace, he is wise.Havvi una correzione falsa, quand'uno per ira vomita ingiurie, e si fa giudizio, che si trova non esser retto; ed havvi che si tace, e questi è prudente.There is a lying chastisement in the anger of a contumelious person: and there is a iudgement, that is not allowed to be good: and there is that holdeth his peace, and he is wise.Est correptio mendax in ira contumeliosi, / et est judicium quod non probatur esse bonum: / et est tacens, et ipse est prudens.
19:1
Calmet
Little. Small expenses, often repeated, will ruin an estate, (Haydock) and the neglect of venial sins is of the most dangerous consequence. (Calmet)
Worthington
The best way to avoid great faults, is to guard against small ones. (Worthington)
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19:3
Haydock
Number. Of the living. (Haydock)
The venereal disease seems to be described.
19:4
Calmet
Credit. To harlots, 1 Corinthians 6:18. (Calmet)
19:5
Haydock
Hateth. Greek, "resisteth pleasure, shall crown his life. He who guardeth his tongue, shall live without contention: and he," etc. (Haydock)
19:6
He. Greek omits this explication of the preceding verse.
19:8
Not. Only to God and his minister. Friends do not require to be informed of such things. Greek, "disclose not the conduct of others."
Haydock
Be. Greek, "be not." Do not boast of sins which thou hast not committed, (Calmet) as St. Augustine did before his conversion. (Haydock)
Calmet
But the Vulgate seems preferable. (Calmet)
Worthington
In ordinary conversation to reveal our faults would be dangerous, but not in confession, or in religious orders, for advancement in virtue. (Worthington)
19:9
Hate thee. Whether thou hast spoken of thy own or of others' faults, he will distrust thee.
19:10
Haydock
Burst thee. Like poison, or as new wine (Calmet) does a leathern bottle. (Haydock)
Calmet
This expression well implies the eagerness which some manifest to divulge a secret injurious to their neighbour. (Calmet)
19:13
Haydock
Understood. Greek, "done it." (Haydock)
For want of coming to a timely explanation, many friendships are broken, owing to groundless surmises.
19:15
Calmet
Committed. Or "a false report," commissio. (Calmet)
Haydock
Greek, "a foolish calumny." (Haydock)
Cicero
Monere et moneri proprium est verae amicitiae. (Cicero)
19:17
19:18
Calmet
Place. Love true piety. (Calmet)
Haydock
Disposition. Greek, "complying with." (Haydock)
Calmet
The Complutensian has several additions which are not in the Roman edition. (Calmet)
Haydock
Grabe inserts them. But it is not necessary to mark here every such variation. (Haydock)
19:22
Calmet
Unjust. St. James 3:15. describes true and false wisdom, Romans 16:19. (Calmet)
19:23
Grotius
Wickedly. Greek, "in black," (Haydock) wearing the robes of mourning. (Grotius)
19:24
Haydock
And. Greek, "there," etc. (Haydock)
Calmet
The hypocrite abstains from exterior crimes, only through fear. (Calmet)
19:26
Calmet
Countenance. Yet this is not always the case, ver. 28. We may sometimes condemn a person unjustly, on such outward appearances. (Calmet)
19:28
Haydock
Lying. Greek, "a reproof which is not seemly; and there is one," etc. (Haydock)
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The best remedie against great sinnes is to auoide smal ones, and not to contemne the least, but diligently to amend al.
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Concordance 3. Reg. 11.
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Concordance Ios. 22.
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That this document perteyneth to common conuersation with worldie men, appeareth by the next verse. But to reuele secrete sinnes to a spiritual father, in sacramental confession, is necessarie vvholesome and secure. It is also very commendable and most lawful in holie religious Societies, vvhere they willingly for their owne spiritual good submitte themselues to such a godlie rule.
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Concordance Leuit. 1•.
Concordance Mat. 15.
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Concordance Iac. 3.
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False pretence of pietie is hypocrisie.
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And in a Superior, to oppen his ovvne secrete fault to his subiects is pusillanimitie.
Discretion auoideth both: by concealing and reueling faultes as reason directeth and iustice requireth.
19:1
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Confessions 9.8
… For this she did not from any craving for drink, but out of the overflowing buoyancy of her time of life, which bubbles up with sportiveness, and is, in youthful spirits, wont to be repressed by the gravity of elders. And so unto that little, adding daily littles (for “he that contemneth small things shall fall by little and little”),
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Holy Trinity 12.10
… by selfish greediness it is made fruitful in errors, and by selfish prodigality it is emptied of strength. Yet it would not leap on at once from the commencement to such shameless and miserable fornication, but, as it is written, “He that contemneth small things, shall fall by little and little.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Against Lying 37
… Wherefore, most providently is it written, “He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On the Morals of the Catholic Church 24
… come upon you." And then it is said, "Know ye not that a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump?" And no passage can be quoted from the Old Testament more expressly condemning this mental somnolence, which makes us insensible to destruction advancing on us step by step, than those words of the prophet, "He who despiseth small things shall fall by degrees."
Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.33
… and the sores that break out on the members in scab are minute; but, when a multitude of them gets possession in countless numbers, it destroys the life of the body as much as one grievous wound inflicted on the breast. Hence for certain it is written, He that contemneth small things falleth by little and little (
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St Methodius † AD 311 The Banquet of the Ten Virgins; or Concerning Chastity 1.3
… And thus, from the time of Abraham, the custom of marrying with sisters has ceased; and from the times of the prophets the contracting of marriage with several wives has been done away with; for we read, “Go not after thy lusts, but refrain thyself from thine appetites;” for “wine and women will make men of understanding to fall away;”
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 Selections from the Letters of St. Ambrose 63.24
32. But not only is that temperance worthy of praise which moderates food, but also that which moderates lust. Since it is written: “Go not after thy lusts, and deny thy appetite. If thou givest her desires to thy soul, thou wilt be a joy to thine enemies;” and farther on; “Wine and women make even wise men to fall away.”
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St Ignatius of Antioch † AD 108 Epistle to Hero, a Deacon of Antioch 6
… Do not believe all persons, do not place confidence in all; nor let any man get the better of thee by flattery. For many are the ministers of Satan; and “he that is hasty to believe is light of heart.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 The Harmony of the Gospels 2.73
… but we may rather suppose it to have been the result of caution, as if it were the act of one who wished to have further trial of a person who was unknown to him. For it is not without a good purpose that this sentence has been written, “He that is hasty to give credit is light-minded, and shall be impaired.”
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies on the Statues to the People of Antioch 3.15
… Being timorous and trembling, lest at any time, what he said should be carried to others, and bring great peril, and useless and needless enmity, on the sayer. But he who keeps the matter to himself, will spend his days in safety, with much pleasantness. “Thou hast heard a word,” we read, “let it die with thee; and be bold; it will not burst thee.”
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 21
But I know not from whence this disease has fallen upon men. We have become tattlers, nothing remains in our mind. Hear the exhortation of a wise man who says, “Hast thou heard a word? Let it die in thee, be bold; it will not burst thee.” (
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle to the Hebrews 21
But I know not from whence this disease has fallen upon men. We have become tattlers, nothing remains in our mind. Hear the exhortation of a wise man who says, “Hast thou heard a word? Let it die in thee, be bold; it will not burst thee.” ( Ecclus. xix. 10 .) And again, “A fool heareth a word, and travaileth, as a women in labor of a child.” (
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on 2 Thessalonians 4
… If any one accuses, or is offended, let him not retain it in his mind, whether against his neighbor, or against us. This favor I ask of you, to come to us, and bring the accusation, and receive our defense. “Reprove him,” it says, “lest haply he hath not said it. Reprove him, lest haply he hath not done it” (
19:16
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Work on the Proceedings of Pelagius 4
… For, as the Scripture says: “There is that slippeth in his speech, but not in his heart.”
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Work on the Proceedings of Pelagius 18
… they scarcely recollected what they had never uttered with a fixed purpose, but had poured forth in a sheer volley of casual and unconsidered words. It is, unhappily, almost impossible to be quite clear of such faults. Who is he “that slippeth not in his tongue,”
19:1
1. THE DRUNKEN WORKMAN SHALL NOT BECOME RICH (but shall be impoverished; it is a meiosis: for less is said, and more is signified); AND HE THAT DESPISETH SMALL THINGS SHALL GRADUALLY FALL. — For small things St. Augustine and others read the smallest things, because the smallest things are small in the highest degree; and the exchange of degrees of comparison is frequent in Scripture, so that the positive or comparative is put for the superlative, because the Hebrews lack it, as: "Greater than these is charity;" greater, that is, greatest, I Corinthians XIII, 13. "But he that is the least (that is, the smallest) in the kingdom of heaven, is greater than he," Matthew XI, 11. Hence τὸ ὀλίγον, that is, small, little, Our [translator] sometimes renders "the least," as in Acts XV, 2; Acts XIX, verses 23 and 24. The conjunction is partly comparative, partly causal: comparative, as if to say, Just as the drunken workman shall not become rich, and, that is, so likewise, anyone else despising small things shall not become rich, but shall gradually fall from his state, wealth and substance. Causal, as if to say, The drunken workman shall not become rich: "and," that is, because, "he that despiseth small things shall gradually fall." For because the drunken man neglects the small works and gains of individual days, so that he may be free for drinking, by repeating this neglect of gain each day, and consuming his own in drinking parties, he gradually falls and becomes impoverished: for the few things he has are quickly consumed by drinking, while by idling he adds nothing to them; whereas he, on the contrary, if he lived soberly and labored strenuously, adding small gains to his small things daily, would eventually accumulate much and become rich. Whence the Zurich [version] translates, the drunken workman shall not become rich, and he shall gradually slip away who despises small things; the Syriac, the drunken workman shall not become rich; and he who loves the flesh (the gluttony and excess of the flesh), shall inherit poverty. For, as St. Basil says in his Letter to his son on the spiritual life: "The drunkard, while he thinks he is drinking, is being drunk; just as the fish, when it swallows food, is swallowed by the hook." This verse rightly coheres with the Greek reading of the last and penultimate verses of the preceding chapter: "Be not delighted in much feasting, lest thou become needy from the collection." It coheres rightly also with the Latin reading (although these verses are often not connected with each other, as I said in the preface); for here it continues the discussion of feasting and drinking parties, which among the crowds of common people (of whom the preceding chapter, verse 32, speaks) is accustomed to be frequent, as Rabanus says, assigning the harms of these, and enumerates three of them, namely poverty, lust, apostasy. It alludes to Proverbs XXIII, 21: "They that are given to drinking and that spend their substance in feasts shall be impoverished, and sleep shall be clothed with rags," that is, those who frequent drinking parties and communal dinners squander their substance; and because from this follows sleep directed toward wine and excess, and idleness from sleep, hence they are reduced to such want that they are forced to clothe themselves in vile and tattered rags like ragged beggars. Whence the Hebrew [texts] have, the drunkard and glutton shall become poor, and sleep shall cause him to wear rags; the Chaldean, and he shall be clothed in torn rags; the Septuagint, every drunkard and fornicator shall beg, and every sluggard shall be clothed in torn and tattered rags; St. Ambrose, book On Elijah and Fasting, chapter IX: "He shall clothe himself in torn garments;" Clement of Alexandria, book II of the Paedagogus, chapter II: "Every sluggard shall be clothed in tattered and ragged garments. For he is sluggish, he says, who does not watch for wisdom, but is plunged from drunkenness into sleep. And the debaucher shall be clothed in rags, and through drunkenness shall be covered with shame on account of those who look upon him. For the holes of the sinner are those things which are torn and perforated in the carnal garment through lusts, through which shame is seen within the soul, namely sin." Symbolically: "The drunken workman is" he who dissipates through drunkenness of vain glory or some other evil intention the very things which he gathers through good work: with the result that through these he acquires no spiritual riches, but is gradually deprived of all and impoverished. Note: This sentence: "He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little," is here applied to a drunken workman; but in itself it is general, and therefore can be adapted to any matter: as to a student, who neglects small things in schools and studies, shall fall by little and little, and shall neither acquire knowledge, but lose it; to a sick man, who neglects small sicknesses, shall fall into greater ones; to a soldier and captain, who neglects small things in war, shall fall by little and little, and shall lose himself and his army; to a father of a family, who neglects small losses of his household, shall fall into great ones; to a merchant, who despises small gains, shall lose greater ones. Whence this is an axiom of merchants striving to become rich: "Neglect no gain, however small." Let the merchant likewise set before himself the same principle regarding spiritual merchandise, namely virtues, merits and heavenly crowns, so that he may not lose even the smallest opportunity of increasing virtue, merit and crown. Wherefore the Fathers everywhere adapt this sentence to light sins, as if to say: He that despiseth light and venial sins shall gradually fall away, and at length shall fall into grave and mortal sins; whence they seriously admonish that all the faithful should carefully avoid even the smallest venial defects: for this is the foundation of security of conscience and progress in virtue. Hear St. Gregory in the Third Pastoral, Admonition 34: "Those are to be admonished," he says, "who, although they exceed in the smallest things, yet frequently do so, so that they may by no means consider what sort of things, but how many they commit. For if they despise their deeds, they ought to fear when they weigh them, they ought to be afraid when they count them. For deep gulfs of rivers are filled by small, but innumerable drops of rain. And that which a bilge growing secretly does, a storm raging openly does. And small are the wounds that break out on the members through scabies, but when their multitude occupies them innumerably, thus it destroys the life of the body, just as one grave wound inflicted on the breast kills. Hence indeed it is written: He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little. For he who neglects to weep for and avoid small sins, falls from the state of justice not indeed suddenly, but by degrees entirely." St. Basil in the Ascetics, in the Rule translated by Rufinus, chapter XVIII, teaches that a Superior ought to correct even small faults of subjects, since the Lord affirmed that "one jot, or one tittle shall not pass from the law, till all be fulfilled;" and again defined that "of every idle word that men shall speak, they shall render an account thereof in the day of judgment;" wherefore nothing ought to be despised as small. "For he that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little." The author of the book On Saving Teachings, in St. Augustine, vol. IV, chapter XXXIV, admonishes that evil thoughts should be eliminated while they are small and beginning, lest they grow and increase. "Let us not, I beseech you," he says, "permit evil thoughts in ourselves, nor neglect them as if they were small; because he that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little." St. John Chrysostom, in a sermon On the Danger of Light Sins, recounting the history of Lot's wife, who, because she looked back toward Sodom burning, was turned into a pillar of salt: "Nor," he says, "should that be called light which kills a man by despising it, or deceives a despiser by transgressing it, since it is written: He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little." St. Cyprian (or, as others prefer, Origen), in a tract On the Singularity of Clerics, teaches that Clerics must avoid all cohabitation with women. "All cracks, I will not say gates, must therefore be closed, lest through one opening all the camp be penetrated; and all fortifications must be strengthened, lest through a small unfortified place the whole city collapse, as Solomon repeats, saying: He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little." St. Jerome or Paulinus, instructing Celanzia a matron, says: "Nor indeed should their error seduce you, who choose according to their own judgment which are chiefly the commandments of God, and which as it were vile and small they despise; nor do they fear, lest according to the divine sentence, despising the least things, they gradually fall away." St. Augustine, book I On the Morals of the Church, chapter XXIV, after saying: "A little leaven corrupteth the whole mass," adds: "But what can be brought forth more manifestly from the Old Testament against this slumber of mind, by which it comes to pass that we do not perceive as it were creeping gradually the destruction, than that which was said by the Prophet: He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little? Concerning which sentence, if it were opportune for those hastening, I would dispute most copiously; and that, if the duty now undertaken by us demanded it, we should perhaps demonstrate how high are the mysteries, which most ignorant and sacrilegious men deriding, they themselves indeed do not gradually fall now, but with a great fall are precipitated headlong." St. Isidore, On the Norm of Living Well: "He who," says he, "does not restrain evil words, quickly passes to harmful things; and he who does not reject the least things, rushes forth greatly into the greatest: for the fault of lesser things begets the greater. Vices grow gradually, and while we do not beware of small things, we fall into great ones: therefore avoid the lesser, and you will not come to the greater." Blessed Peter Damian, Apology, chapter VII, censuring Religious who retain something of money with themselves, saying it is a small matter: "If," says he, "the thinnest drop of poison is spread in a broad pot of oil, is not the whole, however more palatable, food judged utterly abominable? If therefore very small evils often corrupt the largest goods; how do you boast of a conscience acting as a procurer, because it is minimal, what you possess in private property against the purpose of your profession? For according to the Apostle: A little leaven corrupteth the whole mass. And elsewhere: He that despiseth small things shall fall by little and little." The a priori reason is, first, because many small things repeated make something great: thus many units repeated make a thousand; many drops flow together into a river and sea; many grains make up a heap. Thus many acts of small humility, beyond merit, produce a strong habit of humility; many acts of vain glory produce a robust habit of vanity. Wherefore St. Basil in the Ascetical Writings: "Let no error be," says he, "which you esteem small, however that be smaller than the tiniest creature." St. Jerome to Heliodorus: "The mind," says he, "dedicated to Christ is attentive both in greater and in smaller things, knowing that even for an idle word an account must be rendered." St. Augustine, sermon 44 On the Seasons: "Do not," says he, "despise your sins, because they are small; for even drops of rain fill rivers, and drag masses, and lift up trees with their roots." And on that Psalm LXVI: "He directeth the nations in the earth," he teaches that daily by prayers and fastings the water must be exhausted, which enters through cracks into the bilge of the soul, lest it sink the ship. And on Psalm XXXIX: "Iniquities have prevented me, etc., and are multiplied above the hairs of my head. If you have avoided," says he, "great things, beware lest you be overwhelmed by sand." The same, tract On the Ten Strings, chapter XI: "Do not," says he, "despise these things, because they are smaller; but fear, because they are more numerous. Attend, my brethren, they are minute, they are not great. There is not a beast like a lion, that with one bite breaks the throat, but beasts for the most part minute and many kill. If anyone is cast into a place full of fleas, does he not die there? They are not indeed greater, but human nature is weak, which can even be destroyed by the tiniest creatures. So also attend to small sins, because they are small; and beware, because they are numerous. How very minute are grains of sand! if more sand is put in a ship, it sinks it so that it perishes. How tiny are drops of rain! do they not fill rivers and overthrow houses? Therefore do not despise these things." Nazianzenus in Tetrastichs: A small spark excites great flames, and a viper's seed rarely fails to kill. For this reason, flee from harm, however small: for though it be small at first, it grows nonetheless. St. Gregory, X Moral. cap. IX: "If," he says, "we neglect to care for small things, being seduced imperceptibly, we boldly perpetrate even greater things," according to that passage in Ecclesiastes XI, 34: "From one spark a great fire is kindled, and from one deceitful man blood is increased." Finally, venial sin repeated can become mortal, as is evident in one who by small thefts accumulates a notable sum. Gabriel Vasquez recounts more cases in I II, disp. 246, num. 3 et seq. Secondly, because small things dispose us to great ones: he who stole an as today will steal two tomorrow, three the day after, and finally a gold coin, indeed many gold coins; thus from talkativeness there is an easy lapse into detraction, from excessive familiarity into lust, from petty ambition into pride. For great and open sins are in this respect less dangerous to the just, because they shrink from their sufficiently enormous and foul appearance; but the smallest things are on that very account more dangerous, because they enter in disguise, secretly possess the heart, and dispose it in secret to miserable ruin. Whence Rabbi Ben Azai in Pirke Avoth, or in the Sayings of the Fathers, cap. IV: "Hasten," he says, "to fulfill the commandment, however light; with all care flee from sin. For just as one commandment is the consequence of another commandment, so also one sin immediately draws another after it, in that the reward of one precept is another precept, just as the permission of one sin is wont to be made by God as the punishment of another." And St. Bernard, as one experienced in the cases of others, well says: "A mind dedicated to God should beware of lesser vices as much as of greater ones; because those who fall into the greatest begin with the smallest." Thus he himself in De Ordin. vitae, near the end. This is what Ecclesiastes cap. X says: "By slothfulness the roof shall be brought low, and by the weakness of hands the house shall leak." On which words Cassian, Collat. VI, cap. XVII: "Elegantly," he says, "he compared the negligence of the mind to a house, and with the roof neglected, through which first indeed, as it were, the tiniest drops of passions penetrate into the soul; which if, as small and light things, they are neglected, they corrupt the beams of virtues, and after this the heaviest rains of vices flow in, through which in the day of winter, that is, in the time of temptation, with the assault of the devil pressing in, the mind will be driven from the dwelling of virtues, in which, namely, at some time retaining careful diligence, as in the possession of its own house, it had rested." St. Augustine, epist. 108 to Seleucian, treating of venial sins: "Which," he says, "if they be gathered against us, will so burden and oppress us, as some one great sin. For what difference is there to shipwreck, whether a ship be covered and overwhelmed by one great wave, or whether water creeping in little by little into the bilge, and left through negligence and despised, fills the ship and submerges it?" For the most holy and wisest Father did not say this because he thought many light sins equal one grave sin; but because these, if they do not cover our ship of the heart, yet open it, so that it may receive the great wave of grave sin. For light sins weaken the powers of the mind and spirit, and increase and strengthen the passions; whereby it comes to pass that when grave temptation rushes in, the weakened man succumbs and consents, according to that passage in the Canticle II: "Catch us the little foxes that destroy the vineyards." And Psalm CXXXVI, 9: "Blessed shall he be who shall take and dash thy little ones against the rock." Thirdly, because small things sometimes give great scandal to many, and cause many to imitate the example of one, namely a man of probity and wisdom, and thus the discipline of the Church or of religion is weakened. "For it itself," as St. Anselm says in De Similit. cap. CXXII, "is as it were a certain enclosure, or the pond of a fish-pond. Since indeed just as fish die when the water of the fish-pond flows away, if its enclosure cracks little by little and often, and is not repaired: so also all religion of a monastic Order perishes utterly, if its custody, through contempt of small faults, gradually grows lukewarm from its fervor." Fourth, because small sins diminish and turn away the grace of God. For God, offended by venial sins, does not so often, nor does He send such great illuminations to the mind, nor such great pious affections to the will, as He was accustomed to do before; whereby it comes to pass that man, abandoned by grace, is prone to follow his passions and concupiscences, and finally falls into grave sins. Let that saying of Christ stir us, Matthew XXV, 21: "Well done, good and faithful servant, because thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will place thee over many things; enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." Excellently does Salvianus say, book VI: "Let nothing, he says, be esteemed light by which God is injured; all sins offend and injure God; therefore all, even the smallest, does he flee who loves God, nor can he bear to offend and injure Him even in the least." Fifth, because the demon through neglect of smaller things becomes bolder and stronger, so as to tempt men to commit greater ones. Whoever therefore is wise restrains the demon in smaller matters, and does not allow him to proceed to greater ones. Eusebius the Anchorite knew this, who, as Theodoret writes in the History of the Fathers, chapter IV, having placed an iron belt around his neck, walked bent over. When asked the reason, he gave this answer: "Lest the malign demon wage war concerning great things, striving to take away temperance and justice, and arming anger, and kindling cupidity, and making me to be lifted up in pride and to swell with arrogance, and whatever else he might devise against my soul; I strive to draw the enemy to these small things: in which, even if he should prevail, he brings no great harm; and if he should be defeated, he becomes more ridiculous, as one who cannot even in small things prove superior. Since therefore I know this war to be less dangerous: for he is not greatly wounded who suffers some loss in these matters (for what harm is it either to see a field, or to lift one's eyes to heaven?); to this kind of struggle I have transferred myself: in this indeed he can neither wound me nor kill me. For these are not deadly darts, such as those which lack iron points." Moreover, it seems paradoxical what St. Chrysostom says, homily 88 on Matthew: "I dare to say something wonderful and unheard of. It often seems to me that great sins are not to be avoided with so much zeal as small and vile ones; for those, in order that we may turn from them, the very nature of sin itself effects; but these, by this very fact that they are small, make us sluggish; and while they are despised, the mind cannot generously rise up to their expulsion. Whence quickly from small things great ones arise through our negligence. You will see this same thing happen also in bodies. Thus in Judas the greatest evil of betrayal arose; for unless he had thought it a small thing to steal money from the poor, he would not have come to such shamelessness. The Jews also, unless they had thought the sin of vain glory to be the least, would not have fallen even to the slaughter of Christ. By this way you will see all crimes come to be; for no one suddenly leaps to extreme wickedness. For the soul has a certain innate shame and natural modesty, which it cannot suddenly trample upon and cast away, but it perishes gradually and little by little through negligence." To this pertains the wonderful example of snow, which Olaus Magnus relates, book II, chapter XIII. "A small amount of snow, he says, was set in motion by a little bird on the very summit of the peak of the Defrin mountains; which descending gradually downward, and rolling itself into the form of a ball and gathering together, always increased and grew into such great size, that when rolled to the foot of the mountain, by its vast bulk it destroyed cities: thus small defects, if neglected, grow into immensity, and often destroy the soul not of one, but of many thousands." Wherefore the golden saying of St. Anselm, epistle 6 to the Cistercian Monks, is to be noted: "It is most certain, he says, a sign which we have learned by experience in many Churches, that in a monastery where the smallest things are strictly guarded, there the rigor of the monks remains inviolable; there is peace among the brethren, and in Chapter the complaints cease. But where the smallest excesses are neglected, there the whole Order is gradually dissipated and destroyed." The same thing the Philosophers saw and taught through a shadow. Plutarch, On the Progress of Virtue: "It is no small argument, he says, that we are making progress in virtue, if we now consider no sin light and small, but studiously avoid and observe all things, etc. For such a one shows that he has already procured something pure for himself, which he wishes to be soiled in no way." Pliny, book XI, chapter II: "Nature, he says, is nowhere more wholly present than in the smallest things." Wherefore Tertullian, book I Against Marcion, chapter XIV, forbids that the Creator be despised in small matters, He who is the greatest artificer and "has purposefully enlarged the smallest animals in ingenuity and strength." See more on this subject in our Julius Nigron's Ascetical Work On the Care of Small Things.
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2. WINE AND WOMEN CAUSE THE WISE TO APOSTATIZE (from wisdom, namely from their own prudence, dignity, office, virtue, and finally from faith, religion and God), AND WILL REPROVE THE SENSIBLE, — that is to say, Therefore wine and women make prudent and sensible men worthy of reproof and rebuke, and thus make them imprudent and senseless. So Rabanus. He joins wine with women, because, says St. Jerome Against Jovinianus, the genitals are near to the belly, and the belly seething with wine foams forth into lusts. Behold here a gradation of vices, which shows how gradually he falls into the abyss who despises small things. For from wine one goes to gluttony, from gluttony to fornication, from fornication to apostasy. So Rabanus. Thus wines and women brought infamy upon Solomon the most wise king, so that he apostatized and became an idolater. The same infatuated Calvin, Luther, Bucer and the other Innovators of our age, and made them apostates, indeed heretics and heresiarchs, as they still make many. The Syriac version translates, wine and women make the heart wanton; the Zurich version, wine and women even carry away the prudent, and disgrace the wise. He alludes to Hosea chapter IV, 11: "Fornication and wine and drunkenness take away the heart," where I have said much on this matter. Furthermore Palacius explains τὸ arguent sensatos otherwise, that is to say, Women reprove and rebuke the sensible, because when they are corrected by them, which is no small punishment and folly on their part. Moreover St. Ambrose, On Elias and Fasting, chapter XVIII: "If wine," he says, "and women cause departure from God, in that either drunkenness or lust are the enticements of transgression; if each and separately these do so, what will they do when united?" Whence not without reason does the Wise Man say (Ecclesiasticus chapter XXVI): "A drunken woman, great wrath, and she will not hide her shame."
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3. AND HE WHO JOINS HIMSELF TO FORNICATORS SHALL BE WICKED. — Fornicators, that is, harlots: for thus the Greek clearly has it, ὁ κολλώμενος πόρναις, that is, he who is glued to harlots, τολμηρός, that is, bold. Thus the Complutensian editors. But Clement of Alexandria, book II of the Paedagogus, chapter X, and others read, τολμηρότερος ἔσται, that is, he shall be bolder, for committing other grave crimes and wickedness, which Our Lord expresses in other words, "shall be wicked." For fornication takes away from man his boldness of face and shame, which is wont to turn men away from crimes; and it makes him shameless and brazen, so that he dares to undertake and attempt anything boldly: such indeed is the wicked man, that is, malicious and perverse, who thinks and dreams of nothing but wickedness. Whence the Zurich version, "and he who grows accustomed to harlots shall become more confident"; the Syriac, "he who cleaves to a harlot shall perish." For what can that harlot whom you love to distraction not command you? what can you refuse to her whom you love so madly and who commands you so? plainly you shall be a reveler, a drunkard, and, if you lack money, a thief, so as to satisfy lust; quarrelsome, and at times a murderer, a magician, a poisoner, says Palacius, and finally a heretic and an atheist. Some dispute, and among them John Mariana in his book On Spectacles, chapter XVI, whether it is expedient in a Christian city to permit harlots and brothels. On the affirmative side it makes for the argument that lesser evils should be permitted so that greater ones may be avoided. Through brothels, however, adulteries, incests, sacrileges, sins against nature, etc., are avoided. St. Augustine favors this, in his book On Order, chapter IV: "What, he says, can be called more sordid, more full of shame and turpitude than harlots, pimps, and other such plagues of this kind? Take away harlots from human affairs, you will have thrown everything into disorder through lust." Following Augustine, St. Thomas, in book IV of his Treatise on the Governance of Princes, chapter XIV, says that harlots are to be tolerated so that, like a sewer, all filth may flow into them. Thus also Lyra, in chapter XIX of Genesis and in chapter XXIV of Deuteronomy. On the negative side, first, it makes for the argument that God once forbade harlots to the Jews, Deuteronomy XXIII, 17: "There shall not be, he says, a harlot among the daughters of Israel, nor a whoremonger among the sons of Israel." Whence Origen, in book IV Against Celsus: "There were, he says, no harlots, the plague of youth, in their commonwealth." The same is taught by Clement, book III of the Stromata. And Philo, in his book On the Special Laws, says that among the Jews it was a capital offense to make gain by the body. If the holiness of Judaism did not tolerate harlots, much less will the holiness of Christianity tolerate them, especially since in it there are greater aids of grace, Sacraments, sermons, and examples for living chastely than in Judaism. Second, because through brothels lust is not prevented but increased in every way, even against nature, as is evident in cities where they are permitted. For one lust inflames another; for wandering lust creeps like a cancer, and because it is insatiable, it seeks and devises other and other modes and kinds of pleasure, and does not contain itself within any bounds; but it is restrained chiefly by fear of punishments and the diligence of rulers. Third, because St. Jerome, in his letter To Oceanus, says, "It is for Caesar, not for Christ, for Papinian, not for Paul, to loosen the reins of unchastity for men and to permit brothels." Lactantius, book VI, chapter XXIII, teaches that brothels were brought in by the demon: "And lest there be anyone, he says, who would abstain from evil through fear of punishment, he also established brothels and made public the shame of wretched women, so that he might make a mockery both of those who do it and of those who must suffer it." Indeed, St. Augustine, wiser through age and experience, seems to have retracted his opinion. For in book II of The City of God, chapter XX, he numbers brothels among illicit and destructive things. And in book XIV, chapter XVIII: "The earthly city, he says, makes the use of harlots a lawful turpitude," that is to say, the laws of the Gentiles and of Rome permit harlots, not the laws of the Church. Fourth, St. Louis throughout Gaul prohibited public harlots and brothels, as the Annals of Gaul, Gaguin, and Aemilius in book VII relate. Thus recently Philip IV, king of Spain, by law expelled harlots and public brothels from all Spain. Why then should not other provinces do the same for their own honor and the public good of modesty? Fifth, brothels, equally with Bacchanalia, are remnants of paganism and a disgrace to Christianity. Indeed, the Hussites sharply accuse Catholics of tolerating brothels, as Aeneas Sylvius testifies, book II of his History of Bohemia, chapter L. Now in many places religious men have turned Bacchanalia into Christian celebrations and days of piety; would that they would do the same with brothels. Indeed, the brothel into which St. Agnes was led, but protected by an Angel, we see converted in Rome into a church named after St. Agnes. These are nearly the points of Mariana in the place cited. Sixth, Navarrus in his Manual, chapter XVII, num. 195, proves by nine reasons that brothels ought not to be permitted, among which the sixth is that we see boys, either of their own accord or at the invitation of others, run to them on account of brothels, and enervate their strength with harmful lust, and once desire is inflamed, rush into every shame. Altogether where brothels do not exist, young men are much more continent, fewer adulteries exist, the city is more chaste; because just as no vice is so kindled by occasion given, and lust, so likewise no vice is so restrained by the avoidance of occasions, and lust. Flee fornication, says St. Paul. The reason is clear, because just as flame is not extinguished, but flame is kindled by flame: so lust is kindled by lust, just as quarrel is kindled by quarrel. Seventh, brothels serve the common people only; for the more respectable seek respectability, and lie in wait for them. It is added that from harlots, after the flower of age has passed, become procuresses, who know a thousand arts of harm. Hear Navarrus in the place cited: "The end pretended through brothels, namely that respectable women not be solicited, is not attained; for prudent men say that those who are apt to solicit them do not go to harlots, but rather after they have become accustomed to them badly, they solicit respectable women all the more, with the greater impetus of nature and vice they are borne. Eighth, that males have greater vigor to resist lust than females: cap. indignantur, XXXII, Quaest. VI; but nowhere is this permission granted to females. Ninth, that the true remedy against lust is burning love of chastity, avoidance of the occasion of losing it, vigilance to resist, abstinence, constant labor, and above all the grace of God; all the contraries of which brothels require. Thus far Navarrus. Finally, this seems to be signified here by the Wise Man: "He that joineth himself to harlots, shall be wicked," in Greek bold for every crime, so as to make many others accomplices of his wickedness. For just as he who touches pitch is defiled by it, so it is necessary that where harlots and fornicators abound, virgins, youths, nobles, commoners, and every age and sex be defiled by them and their machinations. Wherefore if anywhere on account of inveterate custom brothels cannot at once be entirely abolished, certainly they ought to be restricted, so that there be few, and they contain few, and be separated from the homes of citizens. Therefore harlots are not to be permitted in inns, and those who at night during the hours of sleep run through the streets with their bodies for sale, and those who dwell in private houses, ought to be restrained by punishment. Much less is concubinage to be permitted to those who are not married. I hear that in Spain not even magnates are spared, but they are sent to some castle, and their concubines are thrust into what the Spanish call the triremes of harlots, a mill. Thus lust is checked; because it exhausts blood, spirits and juice, and dries up the body, enervates it, weakens it, hence shortens the life of man, and hastens death. Thus Rabanus, Lyra, Jansenius, Palacius and others. Whence for ἐξαρθήσεται, that is, shall be lifted up, the Complutensians read ξηρανθήσεται, that is, shall be dried up, shall wither. For putredo Our author reads σῆψις, and thus the ancient codex has it. Now they read σῆπες, that is, worms. Whence the Zurich version translates, decay and worms shall seize him, and the soul presumptuous (bold) shall be taken away, and shall waste away with grievous punishment; the Syriac for all these has only this, the shameless soul shall lose its Lord. Moreover, putrefaction, worm and decay are symbols and a periphrasis of death, as is evident from Job cap. XIII, 28, and cap. XVII, 14, Isaiah XIV, 11. For what putrefies dies away; fornicators therefore corrupting the body putrefy gradually, to be then gnawed by worms, which are created from their putrid corpses. This punishment of fornicators is fitting and just, that in that in which they have sinned, in that they be punished, so that to the delights of the flesh may succeed putrefaction, to pleasure pain, to lasciviousness death, and after death putrefaction and worms, which gnaw them. For the more delicately the flesh is nourished, the more when dead it putrefies and stinks, and the more eagerly toads and serpents feed upon it. This in this age more than in former times is clear from experience, in which God to punish fornication has sent a new kind of disease upon fornicators, namely the French disease, or, as others call it, the Neapolitan, which so defiles and torments them that they can scarcely bear and endure themselves. Much more does their soul stink, and is tormented by the worm of conscience, and shall go into the torments of hell. Wherefore St. Hilarion, St. Catherine of Siena and other Saints, when they spoke in secret with any fornicator, perceived such a stench emanating from him that they were forced to compress their nostrils and turn away their face. Moreover, how many and how great diseases flow forth from lust, as it were the wages of the basest pleasure, Aetius recounts, book III On Black Bile, namely: "Dissolution of strength, indigestion, dullness of the senses, forgetfulness, trembling, pain of the joints, diseases of the kidneys and bladder, foul odor of the mouth, pain of the teeth, inflammation of the throat, ulcers in the limbs, consumption." Finally all evils. Which St. Chrysostom elegantly signified in the homily That no one is harmed except by himself: "Those (he says) who spend their life in delights and luxury carry about bodies dissolved and softer than any wax, and filled with a certain host of infirmities; to whom, as a crowning of evils, gout, trembling, and premature old age succeed, yet their life is always with physicians and medicines, and their senses themselves are slow, heavy, dull, in a manner already buried." The same, homily 56 to the People of Antioch, in these very words: "The course of rain waters does not usually corrode the banks themselves so vehemently as delights and luxury easily undermine all the foundations of our health." Memory is preserved of an example of Pius V, who ordered harlots to depart from Rome and the entire Ecclesiastical State within fifteen days; he permitted only a few, and these he confined in a separate place near a mausoleum, and decreed that they should not go forth from there, nor wander through the city by night or day; he assigned them a chapel, in which they might hear a sermon; whatever they did contrary to this, they were beaten severely. The Conservator of the Roman people at first opposed the Pontiff, saying that this would result in damage to Rome, which, since it is a free city, has always permitted harlots, and therefore has increased in number and population. Pius replied that he knew how great an allurement this sin is, both to the people and to the Clergy, and how great a reproach it creates for Rome and the Apostolic See among foreigners, namely for the Pontiff, who is its prince both secular and ecclesiastical. For heretics perpetually cast this up to the Romans; and therefore he was bound in conscience to remove this scandal and reproach. When the Conservator urged that this would be the ruin of Rome, he replied: "If through this I am to be the ruin of Rome, I shall depart from it, and transfer the Apostolic See with me to another city, and leave the Romans their she-wolves." The Conservator yielded; and the Pontiff, strictly executing his decree, freed Rome from this scandal and reproach. Thus his Life records it. Pius V was imitated equally as St. Louis was recently this year 1624, by the Duke of Lorraine, who inaugurated his rule, having begun the first principles of his Duchy from God and the worship of God, enacted a law and strictly decreed that blasphemers should have their tongue pierced, pimps should be hanged, harlots should be scourged and driven into exile. Offering this pious and holy auspice of his rule, he gave a brilliant specimen and omen of the future. Happy Lorraine with such a Duke. Happy such a Duke in religion and chastity. PUTREFACTION AND WORMS SHALL INHERIT HIM, AND HE SHALL BE EXALTED INTO A GREATER EXAMPLE, AND HIS SOUL SHALL BE TAKEN FROM THE NUMBER. — For lust corrupts the humors, spirits, blood, and the whole complexion of man, and therefore causes the flesh to putrefy, so that worms boil forth from it, and the fornicator rightly says: "I have said to putrefaction, Thou art my father; to worms, my mother and my sister." Job, chapter XVII, 14. Where now is the belly gorged with pheasants and fragrant Falernian wines? Where is the majesty of the brow and the lamps of the eyes? Where is the sweet plectrum of the voice and the sonorous drums of the ears? All have become a lurid heap of filth, a toad's cavern, and a sewer of worms and serpents. Wherefore the fornicator shall be exalted, that is, shall be quickly taken from this life, so that he may be set up in παράδειγμα, that is in a signal and greater example to others, as Solomon was set up, whom Sirach seems to note here; and this so that each one, struck by such an example of vengeance, may guard himself from fornication. "And his soul shall be taken from the number of the living," both here and in heaven. For fornication, because it is san-
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4. HE THAT BELIEVETH QUICKLY, IS LIGHT OF HEART,—namely, he who believes anyone anything without just reason or authority asserting it. Whence the Arabian, who is led quickly to the acceptance of words, is small of mind, that is, of little judgment. Sirach speaks of believing both by divine faith (for no one can believe anything by divine faith unless he has evident signs of credibility), and rather by human faith, by which we believe another narrating his own account, and especially our neighbor detracting; for to believe such quickly is of a light spirit, not settled, mature and prudent. For he knows that men are often deceived and deceive, that detractors are moved by envy and passion, and therefore exaggerate the matter, and make an elephant out of a fly, suspect many things wrongly, interpret many things badly, fabricate many things, lie about many things; and therefore faith should not easily be given to them, but at the very least judgment should be suspended, until the truth of the matter is examined and proved. Truly the Comic poet: "Scarcely today does faith gain faith without loss of faith." Wherefore "he that believeth quickly, shall be diminished," both in wisdom, and in fame and name; for he will be held to be light, imprudent, and sometimes foolish, and, as the Syrian translates it, senseless; therefore he will repent, especially when he sees himself deceived and made false. Whence Seneca in the Proverbs: "He hastens to repentance, he says, who judges quickly." This is a general maxim, which therefore has place in any hasty credulity. Whence St. Ignatius in his epistle to Heron, warns him not to believe anyone professing or feigning true faith: "For many, he says, are ministers of Satan; and he that believeth quickly, is light of heart." Moreover St. Bernard, epistle 190 to Innocent, the Pontiff, censures Peter Abelard, who wished to comprehend the mysteries of faith, such as the Holy Trinity, by mind and reason: "Finally, he says, wishing to expound that saying of the Wise Man: He that believeth quickly, is light of heart: To believe quickly is, he says, to give faith before reason, whereas Solomon (for many call this book of Sirach the book of Solomon; I have given the reasons in the preface) spoke not of faith in God, but of mutual credulity among us; for that faith which is in God, the Blessed Pope Gregory denies plainly to have merit, if human reason provides it with experience." Furthermore our Pineda in Job, cap. XXX, vers. 2, refers this maxim to those who believe in the delights and vain promises of the flesh and the world, namely of gluttony and lust; for the discourse had proceeded concerning these: "He speaks, he says, of those who easily commit their desires to visible things, and quickly and lightly believe the false promises of this world: for such an ambitious and covetous man shall always be diminished, that is, shall decrease, and shall go from bad to worse; and he both acts and sins against his own soul, that is, against the pleasantness and tranquility of his life; and moreover besides he shall be held, that is, shall be useless, and, as is commonly said, impertinent." Examples are in Joshua, cap. IX, who believing quickly the Gabaonites was deceived. In Constantine the Great, who believing quickly his wife accusing his son Crispus of soliciting him to incest, killed him although innocent. Hippolytus was killed, because the stepmother was believed, as Seneca testifies. Illustrious is what Phaedrus, freedman of Augustus Caesar, relates, in book III, fable 9: A freedman, he says, in order to lose the heir and become his heir himself, accused his master's wife of adultery before the master. The master, in order to discover the crime, pretended to go out; then at night he suddenly returned home. He went to the bedchamber in darkness, felt the bed; he found a man lying in it, whom suspecting to be an adulterer, he killed. A lamp being brought, he sees it is his son; wherefore struck with grief, as a punishment for such an error, with the same sword with which he killed his son, he pierced himself. The wife is dragged to Rome before the Centumvirs, accused of double parricide, namely that she had killed both her son and her husband. Augustus Caesar, having investigated the matter and learned the truth, pronounced this sentence: "Let the freedman pay the penalty, who was the cause of all the evil. For I consider the wife, bereft of both son and husband, worthy of pity rather than of condemnation." Whence this moral dogma is drawn: Let the ear despise nothing, yet let it not believe immediately; Since even those sin whom you least suspect, And those who do not sin are attacked by frauds. Thus through the error of too hasty credulity, St. Julian the Hospitaler, not knowing, killed his father; whence he afterwards did severe penance. The same did St. Ursus, as Ferrarius relates in the Catalogue of Saints of Italy, on the 3rd of May. AND HE THAT OFFENDETH AGAINST HIS OWN SOUL SHALL BE HELD. — First, Jansenius connects and binds these words with what preceded, as if to say: He that believeth too quickly is light of heart; and he who by this lightness of believing detractors offendeth against his own soul, this man "shall be held," that is, shall be reputed such, namely light, of little judgment and sense, who namely sinneth not only against his neighbor by thinking ill of him and lightly believing evil things heard, but also "against his own soul," which he defileth by this lightness and detraction, and which he permitteth to be lightly deceived, and exposeth to the danger of many evils; therefore he doeth injury to his own soul, and is unjust to himself. Whence the Zurich Bible, connecting all these things into one, thus translateth from the Greek: He that easily believeth is light of mind, and sinning offendeth against his own soul. So also Lyra: "Shall be held," saith he, "that is, outwardly"
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Finally, in this sense Papinianus useth the word "insuper" in leg. Sunt personæ, ff. de Relig. sumpt. fun., where when he treateth of burial in one's own land, the usufruct of which belonged to another, to be given to another, which could not be done by strict law, he saith: "On account of public utility, lest unburied bodies should lie, the strict rule is to be held insuper (that is, to be disregarded, as if to be rejected as superfluous), which is sometimes omitted in ambiguous questions concerning religious matters." Upon this witty saying Cyril wrote a fable of the fox and the raven, lib. I Apologorum moral. cap. XIII, whose title is Be swift to hear, slow to believe. "To a fox," saith he, "hidden and starving, when a friendly raven, no less compassionate to himself than to the fox, endeavored by the force of fraud to bring the hens from their secure place; he betook himself to them, and having proposed a greeting of betrayal said: I bring you most joyful news, because the fox has become a nun, and hath put off her wildness: come henceforth secure, and see that which is wonderful, because in the oratory the veiled fox singeth the evening Hour with devout praises. Straightway they, believing with lightness of heart, when they proceeded, endeavored to bring a cock with them. But he, endowed with marvelous understanding, as quickly as he perceived the deceit of the word, said to his wives: Hear me, senseless and credulous ones. Whither are ye going, except under the guide of fraud unto death? For if ye believe truth to be in the raven, and hope for goodness from the fox, do ye think light to be darkness, and virtue to be in vices. But this is impossible, because splendor shineth only from light, and a drop of virtue distilleth only from the vein of goodness. Ye have not yet heard, as I see, the sayings of the wise. For with swift ear one must hear, and with grave heart believe." Then he showeth what and from whom one ought to believe, from whom not: "Truly," saith he, "it is less prudent to believe equally both friend and enemy, when love and hatred draw the balance of the tongue by the weight of deceitful affection awry. But to none more safely than to a friend concerning evils, and to an enemy concerning goods is the ear accommodated. But of thee never believe thine enemy forever. For if he speaketh well, he is a sophist, tending from good to evil; if he curseth, he doeth what is his own."
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He then addeth, that one ought not to believe the talkative, the slanderer, the liar and the deceitful, nor the wrathful, and then he addeth: "To none less than to thyself concerning goods shouldst thou believe; for naturally we desire praise, and we commonly esteem greater things of ourselves, etc.; only so much is to be believed as can be done, and is fitting." Whence he concludeth, "that to believe the deceitful raven is foolish, and altogether madness for the fox, her wildness laid aside, to sing veiled. For this becometh not the fox's tail, and truth altogether disagreeth with her circumstances. Since therefore much caution is to be used in believing, and the truth of the matter is to be inquired with all diligence; certainly it is most foolish to believe quickly, and afterwards such a one shall be esteemed dangerous, as he is secretly within, namely that he offendeth against his own soul." But the Greek πλημμελήσει signifieth not to be reputed such, but to sin. Whence Secondly, others say, shall be held insuper, that is, shall have and be held worse day by day. Or shall be held insuper, that is, moreover shall be taken and held, as if to say: He that sinneth, sinneth not only against his own soul, but moreover by his sin shall be held, that is, shall be taken and held, and shall be bound by its chains.
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Third, Palacius: In Greek, he says, it means will inundate, that is, will be in the manner of a wave and flowing water, which namely a light breeze moves. Such is he who is moved from a good opinion of a friend by a light rumor. But the Greek πλημμελήσει does not signify will inundate. It seems that he himself, or his Greek reader, read πλημμυρήσει, that is, will inundate: for πλημμύρα is indeed inundation, the tide of the sea. Whence Virgil in book III of the Aeneid: "Plemmyrium undosum." Fourth, properly and genuinely, as if to say, He who believes quickly is light of heart; but he who sins and does wrong to his own soul, he moreover, that is, beyond the number shall be held, as one who is uselessly in the world. Thus Palacius and Pineda in Job, chapter xxx, 2, as if to say, He shall be held supernumerary, superfluous, useless, idle, inert, unprofitable, indeed noxious, and a useless burden of the earth, according to that: We are a number, and born to consume the fruits. For the sinner is useless to himself, to others and to the whole world; for he does good to no one, but creates a grave evil to all by sinning. Such especially is the light one who believes quickly, speaks, detracts, concerning whom the discourse has gone before and follows. For he is of no use, of no profit. For who would trust the light? who would use the futile? For he who is equally injurious to his own soul, that is to himself, as to his neighbor, to whom will he be good? Wherefore if you are asked concerning such a one: Who is he? you will answer: He is one beyond the number, he is an addition to the table, he is one who increases the number of the crowd, he is a cipher, he is a shadow. For as a shadow follows the body, so he follows the one speaking and detracting, he applauds him, and with him is changed into every wind. Whence the Syriac translates, he who believes quickly is senseless; he who causes his soul to sin, who will justify him? That this is so is clear from the Greek πλημμελήσει, which others translate, will err, will sin; but our translator sagaciously translated it word for word as incurious, sluggish, inert he will be and shall be held: for πλημμέλεια is said as if πλὴν μέλειαν, that is, without care, so that it is the same as ἀμέλεια; or from πάλιν μέλειν, namely that an injury by a later and better remedy, as the proverb has it, is to be repaired; just as μετάνοια from μετανοεῖν. Whence a fault committed through thoughtlessness, carelessness, and inertia, is called πλημμέλεια, as I have said in Leviticus, chapter VII, 1. Hence also in the preceding chapter, verse 27: "And in the days of faults, he says, shall attend from inertia," in Greek πλημμελείας. Perhaps also our translator for πλημμελήσει read πλείον ἔσται or ἔξεται, that is, more, further, beyond shall be or shall be held. Light credulity is moved more quickly. These things being said, the raven being dismissed, the cock followed the hens." For iniquity the Complutensian editions read κακεξία, that is, in bad habit, or bad action; whence they translate, he who rejoices in acting badly shall be condemned; but he who resists pleasures crowns his life. Thus also the Zurich edition, he who rejoices in bad habit (Vatable, who mortifies the body excessively), deserves reproof; but he who resists pleasures crowns his life. The Roman edition reads χαρᾷ, and translates, he who rejoices in heart shall be noted; and he who hates talkativeness shall be diminished in malice. Our translator and others read πονηρία, that is, iniquity, malice. You see here how the Greek texts vary, and therefore the Latin Vulgate is to be stood by, into which all manuscripts agree. The sense of it therefore is: "He who rejoices in iniquity," and especially in iniquitous speech and detraction, "shall be noted," that is, shall be blamed and condemned (for this is what the Greek καταγνωσθήσεται signifies. Whence the Syriac translates, he who rejoices in evil shall be a breaking or prey of himself); but he who hates talkativeness, and therefore hinders detraction, extinguishes malice, that is, puts to sleep many evils, namely quarrels, hatreds, brawls, murders, which arise from talkativeness, wittiness and cursing: for the tongue is the universality of iniquity, says St. James in chapter III of his epistle. But what our translator interwove in the middle: "And he who hates correction shall be diminished in life," signifies that he who so loves iniquity and talkativeness that he will not be corrected by him who detests it, shall be short-lived, because God will punish him with untimely and swift death: for this reason he hates correction, because he wishes to persevere in his crimes, and is obstinate in them. But God is accustomed to blast and strike with lightning the obstinate, as giants. He does this often, but not always; but then in the future life he will punish more severely. Add that iniquity, that is, the injury which is inflicted on a neighbor by detracting or harming, is often punished and avenged by death, either by a judge, or by the injured party, or by his relatives, who either kill the injurer, or reduce him to such straits that he wastes away in miseries from sorrow. Whence St. Athanasius, in his Apology for his flight, reads and cites: "The souls of the impious shall be taken away untimely." ...Senius for shall be diminished in life, thinks it should be read shall diminish vices, and thus expounds: "He who hates correction," that is, detraction, "he will diminish vices," which are born from detraction, so that it is the same as what follows: "And he that hateth babbling, extinguisheth malice;" as if from another version these two parts are joined together and conflated into one. But this reading is as much against the common faith of the codices as its exposition is against the common sense of men. For who would understand detraction by correction? The Complutensians and some others add, he that is continent in tongue, shall live without difficulty, in Greek ἀμόχθῳ; the Roman [version], inexpugnably; Vatable, morosely, importunately, obstinately; others read ἀμάχως, that is, without quarrel and fights, that is, peacefully with anyone. Whence the Zurich [version] translates, he that tempereth his tongue, shall even live with the difficult. This is, he shall undergo the mark of infamy and the censure of judgment, that is, he shall be condemned, as I said a little before. These therefore are three worms of sin, which are born in him as it were in a forbidden apple, namely repentance, infamy, condemnation. He says almost the same thing here as in the preceding verse: whence this verse is already lacking in the Greek and Syriac. Note τὸ rejoices and is gladdened. For the just sometimes sin from frailty, but immediately they grieve, moan, sigh; but the wicked and reprobate sin from malice, and in it like swine wallow in mud and rejoice, and therefore shall be condemned. Great therefore is the prognostication of his reprobation and future damnation, which he has, who rejoices in his crime. First, simply, as if to say: If thou hast said to thy neighbor "a wicked and harsh word," namely an angry, threatening, biting, detracting, slanderous one, do not repeat it, and thus thou shalt not be diminished, neither in honor, nor in peace, nor in friendship, nor in other goods; but rather thou shalt preserve and increase all these things, if thou shalt revoke and retract the wicked and harsh word uttered by thee, or excuse it, soften and mollify it, either by flattering words, or by silence itself. For while thou dost not repeat the harsh word, thou art seen to repent of it, and to have said it not from the heart, but from a slip of the tongue. But if thou repeatest it, thou shalt be thought to have said it from a malicious mind, and consequently thou shalt lose thy friend, and shalt be judged malicious. Secondly, and more genuinely, as if to say: If thou hast heard "a wicked and harsh word," that is, injurious to thy neighbor, do not repeat it by narrating it to others, that is, tell it again, spread it and divulge it, and thus thou shalt not be diminished, but shalt increase through the opinion of prudence, discretion and charity. This sense is required by the Greek, thou shalt never repeat the word, and there shall be nothing in diminution for thee, that is, as the Roman [version], never repeat the word, and nothing shall be diminished for thee; the Zurich [version] clearly, lest thou utter to another anything said to thee, so that thou mayest suffer no detriment; the Syriac, he who repeats the word is foolish. Never repeat the word in eternity, and no one shall reproach thee; others, never repeat the discourse, and nothing shall be inconvenient for thee.
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Note: To repeat the word in Hebrew is the same as to detract, because he who detracts the vices of another which he has heard, tells it again to others and others, spreads and divulges it; and indeed some amplifies, changes and alters it, that is, tells it otherwise than he heard it. For just as water, while it passes through the veins of copper, vitriol, iron, changes color and taste, and tastes of copper, vitriol, iron: so likewise the same word, the same story and narrative, while it passes through various hearts and mouths, changes its form and appearance, so that it appears not to be the same, but another, because each one, according to his own conception and affection, forms and changes it while he utters it: for the Hebrew שנה shanah signifies to repeat, to change, to vary, to alter. Thus in Proverbs XVII, verse 9 (to which Sirach alludes here), Solomon says: "He that hideth a transgression, seeketh friendships: he that repeateth a matter in another way (in Hebrew, repeating in word; the Chaldean, he that repeateth the word; others, he that changeth the word; Pagninus, he that reproacheth), separateth friends." And cap. XXIV, 21: "With detractors (Hebrew שונים shonim, that is, repeaters; Cajetan, with those who change) do not mix thyself." To this pertains the Arabic proverb, Centur. 2, num. 3: "He that denounceth to thee defamatory things concerning someone, he himself is the defamer," as if to say: He is a detractor, not only who of his own motion detracts from someone, but also who by the words of others denounces someone, and repeats and divulges them. Great therefore is the wisdom to not repeat what is heard, nor to narrate it to others, to hear much, to speak little, to bury in one's mind the reproaches which one has heard, lest they come forth, and stir up great stench and damages.
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Tropologically Rabanus: "To repeat a wicked word," he says, "is to commit after weeping what it is necessary to weep over again. He repeats the wicked word, and strives to defend what he has spoken badly, who what he conceived with a malicious mind, repeats with the worst deed, of which there is certain diminution, because after a depraved deed no amendment of it appears. Whence Cain, after he was angry against his brother, and thought to kill him, was corrected by the voice of the Lord: but because he was unwilling to correct himself, and fulfilled the malicious word, which he had conceived in thought, by deed, his sin, the Lord repaying, received just vengeance."
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First, that is to say, Do not tell your secret thoughts, conceptions, intentions, and purposes to just anyone indiscriminately and without discrimination; because if they are your enemies, they will abuse them in order to betray them to others, and thus destroy you or bring you into danger; if they are friends today, they can become enemies tomorrow, and even among friends true faith is rare, prudence rarer, and secrecy rarest of all. Therefore let a prudent man say with Isaiah, chapter XXIV, verse 16: "My secret to myself." For if you yourself have not been able to keep and conceal your own secret as your own and intimate possession, how can you hope that another will do this with yours, that is, with something foreign to him? Therefore, what you wish others to keep silent about, you yourself must first keep silent about; the silence which you demand from others, you must first impose upon yourself. Hence: "If there is a fault in you, do not lay it bare," that is to say, If you have secretly committed some fault, do not lay it bare even to a friend, because he will tell it to others, and thus will create danger to your reputation, or even to your life, so that you may be punished by a judge or by the injured party with death. He sets this before what he will say about avoiding detraction, because he who cannot keep silent about his own faults, how will he keep silent about those of others? So that he may keep silent about the faults of others, let him first learn to keep silent about his own. Seneca says excellently in the Proverbs: "What you wish to be kept silent, tell to no one, because you will not be able to demand silence from another if you do not provide it yourself." Second, that is to say, Do not tell your thoughts to just anyone, that is, what you feel in your mind about the morals, words, deeds, writings of others, etc.; and if there is in your knowledge some fault of another, do not lay it bare to others. This meaning is required by the Greek of the Complutensian edition, to a friend and to an enemy (that is, before a friend and before an enemy) do not tell the lives of others, and if there is no fault in you (that is, if you can keep silent without fault, if namely you are not bound by duty or charity to reveal it), do not reveal it. Hence also certain Latin codices read, if there is no fault in you, do not lay it bare, namely your thought, or what you know and feel about the sin of another; the Zurich edition clearly, neither before a friend nor before an enemy tell the lives of others, and if sin does not rebound upon you (Vatable, if you can do so without sin), do not uncover it; the Syriac, before a friend and enemy do not lie; and if you have sins, pray over them, and you will never accuse anyone. Cyril presents this maxim to the eyes with an elegant parable of the dove and the raven, in book I of the Moral Apologues, chapter XX, whose title is: "Entrust your heart to one most beloved alone, if it be necessary." "The raven," he says, "while he was pondering within himself to whom he might be able to communicate the secret of his heart, the dove, seeing him thus pondering, approached him, saying: What is it that you ponder with such meditation, my brother? To whom he replied: I am indeed pondering now (Eccl. I, 15), that the number of fools is infinite, and that of the wise very small. For the thought of his own heart is most intimate: for he who reveals what he thinks, he shows his heart. What then are you, that I should give and entrust my heart to you, my most beloved life, my most hidden marrow, my deepest root? My secret to myself, because my heart is mine. Then the dove, having heard such things, added: I know certainly that you are cunning by nature. For this reason therefore, brother, I ask you to instruct me, to whom, if it be necessary, I may safely entrust my heart. Immediately he, assenting willingly, said: To one, or to none. For chosen and rare faith is this; from this it becomes a most precious vessel for the heart, in which it is healthily preserved: because it is never dissolved by itself, nor broken by iron or any other thing, nor is its wonderful solidity pierced by the subtlest sting of heat." He then confirms the same thing by the likeness of a vein, a root, and marrow, saying: "For nature hides a golden vein in the hidden places of the earth, and sends a life-giving root into deeper ground, a solid plant, but the most beloved marrow hides in bones. Surely the bone of the wise is in their own hearts. Because this is most beloved to them, and so that it would be hidden thus, and possessed by the heart, they have hidden it in the ark of life. But the heart of fools is in their mouth, because in them the bone of the heart holds dominion, because having an open breast and despising the heart, with light care they vomit this forth more lightly: for which reason they perish most swiftly, because they pour out the vein of life for nothing. These things having been carefully noted, she thus instructed departed." The Greek more briefly, he heard you, and will observe you, and in time will hate you. According to the former exposition given to the former verse, the meaning is, that is to say, A friend or enemy, to whom you tell your thoughts and faults, will listen to you attentively as if he would faithfully consult with you, and will keep, that is, will note and observe you, and will pretend to defend and excuse your thoughts and faults; but inwardly will hate you, and thus will be present with you. Rabanus and Eusebius the Pontiff, in epistle 2, read it thus, and so it will always cling to you, that is to say: It will always cling to you as a friend, but in reality an enemy, when the opportunity arises, it will do you the gravest harm. Thus Palacius: "Daily experience," he says, "is the gloss of this text: if you have someone conscious of a crime, you always fear him, and you dread lest he expose you." To this pertains the Arabic proverb, Cent. 1, num. 60: "He possesses his own soul (or rules his own mind) who conceals his secret from his friend." And num. 59: "Enlarge your breast with your secret," that is, "do not reveal it to anyone." According to the second exposition, the sense will be similar, that is to say: If you reveal the faults of another to another, he will gladly hear you, and smiling will observe all your words, and it will seem that he defends or excuses this sin of yours of detraction and revelation of the secret, saying that you have just causes for revealing it, and that he rejoices that you tell him these things, which he himself will use for his own and others' advantage; in reality, however, he will pursue you with hatred as a detractor and revealer of secrets, and thus he will be present to you always, feigning himself a friend, but in reality an enemy, as he will declare in his own time. Wherefore it is true that: "The detractor experiences many detractors of himself, and is punished by retaliation." Whence the Syriac version renders it: you will not accuse anyone, lest he who hears you hate you, and regard you as a malefactor; and the Zurich version: for he will hear, and will turn away from you, and through an opportunity will show his hatred toward you. This second exposition is also favored by what follows: "You have heard a word," etc. The phrase defending the sin could also be understood thus, that is to say: The hearer will wish to defend the sin of his friend, which you accuse by detracting, and therefore he will hate you as his accuser, and will constantly rail against you. And this seems more fitting. There are some who, when they have heard something evil, especially something hidden, and carry it in their mind, just as if they had swallowed poison, cannot keep it to themselves, as if they would burst; whence they vomit it forth, and pouring it out in telling it to those they meet. These are like Elihu saying, Job. XXXII, 18: "For I am full of words, and the spirit of my belly straitens me. Behold, my belly is as new wine without a vent, which bursts new bottles." These Sirach rebukes, saying: "You have heard an evil thing of your neighbor, keep it, keep it and bury it in your heart. Thus you will do, so that it may die there; why is there reason for you to fear that it will burst you? For an evil word is not a poison that will cause you to burst; or if there is poison in you, by silence and forgetting it will cease to be poison. For as the force and malignity of poison is dissolved in water and dies away, so it loses its power of harming and harms no one: so in the same way the evil which you have heard, if you keep it in your mind, will die there, and therefore will bring no harm either to you or to anyone else. Whence the Syriac version: Have you heard a word? let it die in your heart, and not (be) like an arrow which will pierce you and go forth; the Zurich version: Have you heard a word against another? let it die with you, and be secure, so that it does not burst you. To this pertains the Arabic proverb, Centur. 1, num. 13: "Do not cast a stone at one sailing, that is, do not cast a word at an absent man, because his Lord hears it," that is to say: No one can harm an absent man by cursing, no more than by striking with a stone one who sails in the midst of the sea; yet God avenges the malice of the cursing tongue. Morally, learn here how evil, how to be avoided and execrated is detraction. "There shall be no tale-bearer, nor whisperer among the people," says the Lord, Levit. cap. XIX, 16. And Paul calls whisperers and detractors hateful to God, Rom. 1, vers. 29. Hear St. Jerome, epistle 2 to Nepotian: "Beware lest you have either a tongue or ears that itch, that is, lest you yourself detract from others, or hear others detracting. Refrain from the detraction of the tongue, guard your words, and know that by all things which you speak of others, your conscience is judged; and in these very things you will be caught, which you were blaming in others;" and St. Chrysostom, homil. 3 to the People: "Let us flee, beloved, let us flee from detraction, taught that this is the whole satanic abyss of his snares; for in order that we neglect our own affairs, and establish for ourselves graver guilt, the devil has led us into this habit." But with a few things interjected: "If someone," he says, "moving dung as you pass by, you revile him who does this: do the same also toward detractors; for moved dung does not so strike the cartilage with its stench, as the revealed sins of others are wont to sadden and disturb minds."
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St. Bernard elegantly indeed, in sermon 3 on the Dedication of Churches, says that detractors are similar to traitors: "Traitors (he says) are made, whoever in this fortress of the Lord strives to introduce his enemies, such certainly are detractors hateful to God who sow discord and nurture scandals among brothers: for just as the place of the Lord was made in peace, so it is manifest that in discord a place is made for the devil;" and in sermon 24 on the Canticles: "He who detracts (says David) secretly from his neighbor, I pursued him; nor is it a wonder, since this vice especially is known to attack and pursue charity, which is God, more sharply than other things. For everyone who detracts, first indeed betrays himself empty of charity. Then what else does he intend by detracting, except that he to whom he detracts may come into contempt or hatred itself among those to whom he detracts?" Moreover, how atrocious this vice is, St. Chrysostom elegantly shows above: "The detractor (he says), you have eaten the flesh of brothers, you have bitten the flesh of your neighbor. Whence also Paul terrified, saying: But if you bite and devour one another, take heed you be not consumed one of another. You have not fixed your teeth in flesh, but you have cursed the soul, you have fixed a wicked suspicion, you have wounded, you have afflicted yourself and many others with innumerable evils." And below citing Sirach: "This indeed (he says) is more ridiculous, that when they have said something secret, they ask the hearer and adjure him, lest he say it to anyone else, thereby declaring that they have committed something worthy of reproof. For if you ask him not to say it to anyone, much more ought you not to be the first to say it to him. But it is pleasant to detract: nay, it is pleasant not to detract. For the detractor is continually anxious, suspects and fears, bites his tongue, trembling lest perhaps the word uttered to others bring great danger to himself. You have heard a word (says the Wise Man) against your neighbor? let it die in you, trusting that it will not burst you. What is it, let it die in you? Extinguish it, bury it, do not permit it to go forth, consign it to oblivion. But especially strive not even to tolerate others speaking; which if you ever receive, bury it, kill the word, consign it to oblivion, so that you may be like those who have not heard it, and with much peace and security pass the present life."
19:12
In Greek, on account of the word the fool grieves, as she who bears an infant, and in bearing is tortured and groans, that is to say, the fool as soon as he has heard something new and hidden evil about his neighbor, seems to be tortured and to travail so that the secret which he heard, as a fetus which weighs down his belly, he may pour forth; nay this study of his and labor of uttering seems to be as it were the groaning of a woman in travail in the pain of childbirth, that is to say, the fool is so solicitous, so anxious, so desires and longs to pour forth the secret, as one in travail with a fetus. For just as she does not rest from pain and groaning, until she bears the infant: so neither can the fool burning with desire restrain himself, until he utters the hidden evil about his neighbor. Whence the Zurich version, on account of the word the fool shall travail, as a woman heavy with child. St. Chrysostom in Psalm CXL: "By reason of the word the fool shall travail, as by reason of the child she who is in travail;" the Syriac, by the sight of the word the fool shall travail, as she who is in travail travails by the sight of the child, that is on account of the child, so that by it he may unburden himself, and pour it forth and bring it to light. Note: For travails in Greek is ὠδίνει, that is grieves, groans; for which the Complutensian editors read ὀνειδίσει, that is shall reproach; but less aptly, and therefore less genuinely.
19:13
He compares it aptly to one speaking foolishly and revealing secrets to one in travail. First, because this secret, and any thought whatsoever, is contained in the mind as it were in a womb: whence it is called a conception or conception of the mind; but when it is brought forth by the mouth, as it were a child is born and brought into the light. Second, because the fool does violence to himself, so that this secret which he ought to have kept silent he brings into the light; but to bring it forth he is eager, burns and is inflamed by the levity of his mind. The one in travail does the same, straining to bring forth the fetus. Third, because the fool inopportunely and before the time brings forth and gives birth to these conceptions and secrets of his; whereas the wise man does so opportunely and at a fitting time. Clement of Alexandria assigns this difference in the parturition, or speech, of the fool and the wise man, in book VI of the Stromata: "Some," he says, "give birth before the time to a shapeless and dying fetus, others bring forth after the months are completed. For there is a time to keep silent and a time to speak," that is to say, fools by speaking their mental conception prematurely do not give birth but miscarry; whereas the wise bring forth at the proper time completed, an intact and living thought of the mind. Moreover, physicians teach that women less wise and foolish easily suffer miscarriage, because they are driven by their appetites, and eat indiscreetly and do those things which procure miscarriage, because they cannot restrain their appetites by reason. Similarly also the fool, because he cannot control the foolish itching to speak, hence speaks inopportunely, and brings forth his thoughts as it were imperfect and immature fetuses through miscarriage, and therefore gives birth; for to give birth is to bring forth through violence, which is greatest in miscarriage. But the wise man long retains in his mind the thought conceived, and slowly forms and matures it, so that he brings it forth into the light fully formed and mature at an opportune time. The fool therefore regards the secret as a child tearing him apart and an arrow wounding him, which unless he gives birth to it, unless he removes it from his heart, he can in no way find rest. On the contrary, the prudent mind contains what is secret, and hides it even from the dearest friends, indeed even from brothers beloved to him. Thus did St. Ambrose, who, speaking of himself and of his brother Satyro, in his oration On the Death of Satyro, says thus: "Although all things were common to us, one spirit, one affection, yet one thing alone was not common—the secrets of friends; not that we feared the danger of sharing, but that we might preserve the trust of keeping. Indeed, if the matter were to be decided by counsel, counsel was always common, but not always was the secret common." He compared the fool to one in travail; here he compares him to one wounded, that is to say, just as one wounded by an arrow in the thigh, whose flesh is tender, and therefore very sensitive, immediately pulls out the arrow, and does not rest until he has cast it out: so also the fool, the word which he has heard, just as if it were an arrow which had wounded him, immediately pulls it out from his heart, and speaks it forth by his mouth, and does not rest until he spreads it abroad and brings it into public. Thus the Syriac version: as an arrow which wounds the hip of a man, so is a word in the bowels of the fool; others: as a weapon fixed in the thigh, such is speech in the belly of the fool; the Zurich version: what a weapon does fixed in the thigh of the body, this speech does in the breast of the fool. Whence Apuleius, in the book On the Doctrine of Plato: "Those who are light," he says, "futile and importunate speakers, and who flow away with moist and slipping words, their speech is well thought to be born in the mouth, and not in the breast." This arises from weakness of brain and judgment, and from a narrow and petty mind, which does not bear, nor can contain, even the slightest defect of a neighbor. For hence it comes to pass that the fool perpetually turns over and over in his imagination the secret which he has heard, and by this turning over afflicts and torments himself; whence, so that he may free himself from this affliction, he speaks it forth and utters it: just as the melancholic, while they turn over in their sad mind something which afflicts them, so that they may free themselves from it, they utter it to friends. The same do the scrupulous, and anyone afflicted; but these, if they are wise, communicate it only to discreet and secret men, who can heal and console, such as confessors and spiritual men, who can remedy and console; but the fool utters his affairs to anyone whatsoever, and especially to those like himself, indiscreet, talkative, and full of chinks. Whence Plutarch in the Morals, concerning the revealer of secrets, says: "He is wholly transparent, wholly flows out, and without anyone compelling him, as if he were being questioned (on the rack and under torture), he reveals all secrets." He compares detraction aptly to shooting, and the matter betrayed by detraction to an arrow, because, as St. Bernard says, in the sermon On the Triple Custody, of the hand, tongue, and heart: "Is not the tongue of the detractor a viper? Truly most fierce, namely one which lethally infects three with one breath. Is not this tongue a lance? Truly and most sharp, which penetrates three with one blow. The tongue, he says, of them is a sharp sword; indeed the sword is two-edged, nay threefold is the tongue of the detractor. Havet derives the etymology from the arrow. For an arrow is said to be named from keen casting, that is swift striking; for it is borne on wings as if a bird, so that death may swiftly run to a man, says St. Isidore, book XVIII of the Origins, chapter VIII. Such is detraction and the betrayal of secrets. It is a precaution. For lest anyone from the fact that he said the sin of his neighbor which someone heard should be kept silent, infer: therefore the neighbor should be allowed to sin, and sin should be permitted to rage unpunished, he anticipates, as if to say: Thus keep the secret so that you do not divulge it to others; yet secretly correct him who sinned, both so that you may consult his salvation, and so that you may repair and prevent the offense and injury to God, and so that you may avert the scandal that would be born from your neighbor's sin if he persists in it; for the remedy of evil is not detraction, but correction. He therefore says: When you hear something evil spread about a friend, warn him about the sinister rumor which is circulated about him, lest perhaps he himself excuse himself and say that he understood nothing of this rumor, and add that he did nothing of such a kind, and therefore that he is innocent; so that he may prove this innocence of his, and thus consult his reputation, and may suppress and extinguish the false rumor spread about him and the scandal born or about to be born from it. But if the sin about which he is defamed he truly committed, being corrected in a friendly manner by you he will repent, and will correct and amend it. He names a friend, because among an enemy and an unknown person the fruit of correction is often small, and small the hope of amendment; nay, an enemy warned by an enemy is exasperated and perpetrates worse things, because he suspects the correction to proceed from hatred, as being brought forth by a foe, and therefore he receives it not as a medicine but as a vengeance, which he intends to avenge and compensate with a new crime, as if by vengeance. Second, by friend understand any neighbor whatsoever: for this in Hebrew is called ריע rea, that is friend, because he is joined and united to us by nature in one parent Adam, and is more united by grace in one Savior Christ. See what is said Leviticus XIX, verse 18. Whence whom in this verse he calls a friend, in the following verse and verse 17 he calls a neighbor. The Greek texts more concisely have it thus: correct or reprove a friend, lest perhaps he did not do it; or, if he did something, lest he add again; the Zurich Bible, reprove a friend, if perhaps he do something less; but if he did it, lest he continue to do it. Moreover Eusebius the Pontiff, epistle 2, reads: Correct a friend, lest perhaps, when he has done an injury and did not understand it, he say: I did not do it. Which I receive as a gloss on our text, says Palacius, as if to say: Correct, that is, confront your friend, seeking the reason from him why he has done injury to you or others. For he, if he did not understand that he was wounding you with injury, will answer: I did not do you injury, I did not understand that injury was being done to you; and thus he will satisfy your mind. But if he understood it, being admonished by you, he will not commit it again. To this sense the Syriac agrees: reprove your friend, lest he do what is evil; if he did it, lest he add. Moreover, a friend by the right of friendship owes correction to a friend. For, as Seneca says in the Proverbs: If you bear the vices of friends, you make them your own. St. Gregory Nazianzen gives the reason in the Tetrastichs. The eye, he says, guards other things, but does not see itself: Therefore have a monitor in all things. The hand requires a hand, the foot a foot. Wherefore St. Bernard, sermon on the Nativity of St. John: To reprove and rebuke, he says, is sometimes necessary. Let the love of justice therefore burn in us, hatred of iniquity. Let no one stroke the vices of his brother, let no one dissemble sins; let no one say: Am I my brother's keeper? For it is to consent, to be silent about a matter when you are able to reprove: and we know that a like punishment awaits both those who do and those who consent. Hence it is clear what sort of correction of a neighbor fallen into sin ought to be. For correction indeed ought to have these conditions and qualities. First, let it proceed from love, not from hatred; from compassion, not from anger and indignation. He who corrects, therefore, should not put on the role of an enemy, but should act as a physician, who fights against the disease, not against the sick person, but for the sick person, so that he might free him from the disease. St. Augustine, or whoever is the author of the book On Friendship, chapter XXVII: "Whatever is to be advised," he says, "is more easily received by a friend, and more easily retained; his authority in advising ought to be great, since neither is faith in him doubtful, nor is flattery suspected by him. Friends are not only to be reproved, but, if it be necessary, to be rebuked. A friend is to be rebuked if he spurns the truth, and is drawn into crime by complaisance and blandishments. But let admonition be free from harshness, rebuke from contumely." St. Ambrose: "If you perceive any fault in a friend," he says, "correct him in secret; if he does not listen to you, correct him openly. For there are good corrections, and often better than silent friendship; and if a friend thinks himself injured, you nevertheless correct him. For the wounds of a friend are more tolerable than the kisses of flatterers. A friend ought to sympathize with a friend and condescend to him, to regard his fault as his own, to correct him humbly, patiently. Let a sadder countenance and a more dejected speech correct him. Let tears intercept the words, so that he may not only see, but also feel that the correction proceeds from love, and not from rancor." Second, let it be gentle, and seasoned with sweetness of countenance and words, just as bitter pills are coated with sugar, according to that saying of Paul, Galatians chapter VI, 1: "Instruct such in the spirit of meekness." See the things said there. "For if," says Rabanus, "discipline is applied with modesty, it generates in those who are corrected shame and repentance for past evils, and for future evils it produces diligence and caution." Third, let it be done seasonably and opportunely, when the one to be corrected is properly disposed to receive correction in a friendly manner; wherefore it should not be done in the heat of the offense and in burning anger: for he who corrects an angry man is like a man holding a dog by the ears. For just as a dog shaking off its ears will bite the one holding it, so an angry man will attack the one correcting him with harsh words, and sometimes even with blows. This is what Solomon admonishes, Proverbs XXV, verse 11: "Golden apples in beds of silver, who speaks a word in its season. A golden ear-ring, and a shining pearl, who reproves a wise man, and an obedient ear." Moreover, correction is like a medicine, which sobers a man drunk with passion, and as it were demented, and restores him to himself and to his mind. Wherefore a wise man who is corrected, recognizing his own fault, will turn his anger upon himself, whereas a foolish man turns it upon the one correcting him; nay, a wise man corrected, even if he feels pain at first, soon recognizing the fruit of the correction, will give thanks to the one correcting him, according to that saying in Proverbs chapter XXVIII, verse 23: "He that reproves a man shall find more favor with him;" the Septuagint, shall carry away thanks. Ivo of Chartres declares this with a beautiful similitude of the lyre, sermon 26: "He who plays the lyre," he says, "certainly, in tuning each string by tightening it, is accustomed to hear an ungrateful sound from them; but afterwards, when all are tightened and modulated to harmony, they render to him the sweetest concord. So also a teacher or Prelate, when he restrains his subjects or hearers, and as it were tightens the slack strings of the lyre to the observance of virtue and honesty, is accustomed to hear absurd reproaches and insults from the same; and after all have been modulated to honesty and charity, they soothe his ears with praise and thanksgiving, which they had previously violated by reviling."
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He admonished that a friend who sinned in deed should be corrected; in like manner he now admonishes that he who has offended in word and speech should be corrected, whether against God or against his neighbor. "Lest perhaps," that is, lest at any time, says Isidore of Pelusium, book II, epistle 270, where he gives similar examples of this phrase. The philosophers decreed the same thing. Cicero, in the book On Friendship: "Friends," he says, "must often be admonished and rebuked." And a little later: "To admonish and to be admonished is proper to true friendship." Wherefore Clement of Alexandria in the Pedagogue, book I, chapter VIII: "To reprove," he says, "is a sign of benevolence, not of hatred." St. Ambrose, book III On Duties, chapter XVI: "A friend," he says, "if he perceives any vice in his friend, ought to correct him in secret: if he will not listen, correct him openly." And St. Chrysostom, homily On Bearing Reproofs, volume III: "I am grateful to those who reprove me, for they are friends: whether they reprove justly or unjustly, they do not wish to reproach, but to amend." Thus he speaks. Solomon gives the reason in Proverbs XV, 4, saying: "A peaceable tongue is a tree of life;" because, just as the fruit of the tree of life would have kept man incorrupt and immortal: so also gentle and friendly correction brings incorruption and immortal life. that is, the perpetration of sin, both by a friend, which ought to be corrected by another friend; and by a detractor, who detracts from a friend and attaches false things, often becomes the perpetration of calumny, as the Greek has it, as if to say: Admonish your friend that he may purge himself of infamy, because calumny is often committed, by which someone is falsely defamed. Whence it follows: "And believe not every word;" the Greek of the Complutensian edition, reprove your friend; for calumny often happens to be vain, and let not your heart believe every word; the Zurich edition, reprove, I say, your friend; for indeed calumny often arises; wherefore you should not give credence to every word; the Syriac, reprove your friend, because sometimes there is a vain accuser; and let not your heart believe every word.
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Perhaps our author read συμβολή, that is, commission, that is, contribution, for διαβολή, that is, calumny. For thus in chapter XVIII, verse 32, he translated συμβολή as commission. The sense therefore will be: Reprove your friend, that he may amend the fault of which he is defamed, if he has committed it; let him purge himself, if he has not committed it: for commission is frequent, that is, the symbol and contribution both of feasting and of detraction. For in symposia and other gatherings of men, the reputation of the absent is frequently detracted from, and then each one, as it were in a symbol, contributes his judgment and witticism; in which variety many calumnies are committed by many. For some invent crimes for the sake of jest, others by slip of the tongue and loquacity, or from a desire to please, and fear of displeasing their companions who are detracting, applaud them, and add fuel to the growing falsehood; others amplify from malevolence; others add circumstances which make the matter probable; others, interpreting similar words or deeds perversely, twist them to the same matter. Hence he adds: "And believe not every word." Thus St. Gregory, book IV of the Morals, chapter XXV, explaining mystically that passage of Proverbs XXIII, verse 21: "Because those who are devoted to drinking and who contribute to the symbol will be consumed: They are devoted to drinking," he says, "who become intoxicated with the reproach of another's life. But to contribute a symbol is, just as each one is accustomed to bring food for eating according to his art, so in the conversation of detraction to contribute words." And a little before: "To bring flesh for eating is in the discourse of derogation to speak in turn of the vices of neighbors." Behold, this is to use the symbol both of feasting and of detraction; this is the commission of detraction, that is, the contribution and as it were the carousal. Whence it is clear that this συμβολή is in reality διαβολή, namely that this commission and contribution is in reality calumny. Most excellently St. Gregory of Nazianzus, writing of his silence during his forty-day fast: "The tongue," he says, "can be restrained by no man, not by snow, not by a torrent, not by a rock, nor indeed by anything whatsoever: there is nothing that is safe and immune from the arrow of the tongue; whoever has tamed it, he surely holds the citadel and dominion of wisdom." See St. Augustine, book X of the Confessions, chapter XXXVII, and sermon 3 on Matthew: "Man tames a wild beast, he does not tame the tongue; he tames a lion, and does not restrain speech; he tames it, and does not tame himself; he tames what he feared, and in order to tame himself he does not fear what he ought to fear."
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He says this partly to show how easily one sins by slip of the tongue, both by a friend, for which reason he should be corrected gently; and by detractors, especially among companions in symposia, to whom therefore credence should not easily be given, as he has already said. For τὸ not from his heart is the same as not from study, not from purpose, not from mind and intention of detracting, calumniating, or harming in any way. The Syriac reads the latter part without interrogation, and therefore gives the opposite sense: For there is, it says, one who sins, and not from his heart; and there is one who offends, and not with his tongue. But the Latin and Greek reading, as it is more common, so it is more apt and more true, to which St. James alluded, chapter III, 2: "If anyone offends not in word, this man is perfect," etc. See the remarks there.
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There are some who, when accused of a fault, especially if it is said to have been committed against themselves, immediately become enraged, rage, threaten, and in their hasty anger burst forth into harsh words, indeed even into blows, and thus they overturn the order of prudence and charity. Sirach admonishes these, that they first correct their neighbor gently (for thus he himself will probably either clear himself or amend), and thus let them give "place to the fear" of God, who commands this gentleness in correcting one's neighbor. By His fear, therefore, love and reverence, let us correct gently, both that we may exclude from ourselves the spirit of wrath, impatience and vengeance; and that we may amend our neighbor by this gentleness; and that we may deserve God's gentleness and benevolence, lest He Himself, offended by our harshness and severity, permit us to fall into similar, indeed graver faults, according to that passage in Galatians VI, 1: "Such a one instruct in the spirit of meekness, considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted;" that by your own fall you may learn to sympathize with those tempted. Whence the Zurich version translates, reprove your friend (or neighbor) before you threaten, and laying aside anger give place to the law of the Most High; the Syriac goes quite another way, saying, reprove evil, because it has defrauded many, and do not believe him in every word. The Greek codices of Complutum and others add much here, namely, the fear of the Lord is the beginning of assumption; but wisdom bestows (or acquires) love from Him; knowledge of the commandments of the Lord is the discipline of life; and those who do what is pleasing to Him pluck (or enjoy) the tree of immortality: which the Zurich version translates thus clearly, religion of the Lord is the first step by which you are received by Him; but wisdom merits love. Knowledge of the precepts of the Lord is the instruction of life: and those who obey, they themselves will gather the fruit of immortality; others, the fear of the Lord is the beginning of doctrine, etc., and more correctly, so that it is the same as that frequently used in Scripture by Sirach, Solomon and David: "The beginning, the beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord." For in Hebrew massa, in Greek λῆμμα, or πρόληψις, in Latin assumptio, is called doctrine and prophecy, because the disciple or Prophet assumes and receives this from the master, or from God, as was said to Isaiah in chapter XIII, 1. But the edition corrected and amended by Caraffa and the Romans passes over and omits all these things. BECAUSE ALL WISDOM IS THE FEAR OF GOD, AND IN IT TO FEAR GOD, AND IN ALL WISDOM THE OBSERVANCE OF THE LAW. — He gives the reason why a place should be given to fear and to the law of the Most High, commanding that one's neighbor be corrected gently, not threateningly, namely because the fear of God is all, that is, the whole, full and perfect wisdom, practical wisdom namely; and in that wisdom in turn all that is taught is to fear God, because all wisdom is the observance of the law, that is, it disposes the wise man to observe the law, and to do those things which the law of love commands and ordains. Whence in Greek it is, in all wisdom ποίησις, that is, the doing, or the performance of the law, as if to say: All wisdom consists in practice, that is, in the performance of the law, namely in the execution of those things which the law commands and sanctions. From which he concludes that one's neighbor should be corrected gently in the fear of God, because without it nothing is done wisely and rightly, and whatever is done wisely must be done in the fear of God, because wisdom and the fear of God are so connected that where wisdom is, there also is the fear of God, and vice versa; whence he who lacks one lacks the other as well, as its inseparable companion. Therefore some interpret it less genuinely thus: "In all wisdom the observance of the law," as if to say: The law of God is disposed in all wisdom, that is, most wisely. The Complutensian Greeks and others again add certain things: for thus they have it, all wisdom is the fear of the Lord, and in all wisdom the doing or execution of the law, and knowledge of his omnipotence. The Syriac briefly and clearly translates: the words of prophecy and all wisdom are the fear of the Lord, and the fear of God itself is wisdom; the Zurich version: the religion of the Lord is supreme wisdom, in all wisdom the observance of the law, and knowledge of his supreme power. Moreover the Complutensian Greeks, the Zurich version and others after this verse add this one: if a servant say to his master: What pleaseth thee (or liketh thee) I will not do; if he do the same thing afterwards, he offendeth his master, or him that nourisheth him. But the corrected codices at Rome rightly delete it, as does the Syriac: for they seem impertinent in this place, and therefore inserted by some ignorant person. Sirach in his customary manner, given the occasion, willingly, indeed studiously, digresses to a eulogy of the fear of God: for he teaches that true and perfect wisdom is situated in it. Excellently St. Gregory of Nazianzus in a Distich: "You will take care," he says, "that you acquire for yourself alone the riches of divinity, and always consider the whole world similar to spiders' webs. All other things which men possess are foreign to this life. For if we must speak truly, virtue alone should be called life. Come therefore (the word cries out to all) to the knowledge of the Trinity, hasten." AND THE THOUGHT OF SINNERS IS NOT PRUDENCE. — The particle and is causal, signifying because, in the Hebrew manner. For he proves that all wisdom is the fear of God, and the observance or execution of the law, from the contrary, namely because "the discipline of wickedness," that is, the knowledge and art of exercising wickedness astutely and malignly, which politicians and worldly men know and practice, "is not" true "prudence." Whence he left it to be concluded that wisdom belongs only to the just, who fear God and execute his law. That this is the meaning is clear from the Greek: wisdom is not the knowledge of wickedness: and there is not, where the counsel of sinners is, prudence; the Syriac: he is not wise who is evil, and the counsel of sinners is not what is prudent. Therefore Lyra and Dionysius read less correctly: "And the good thought of sinners is not prudence;" yet this has a true and fitting sense, as if to say: The prudence of sinners thinks nothing good, and therefore is not prudence, but imprudence; nor goodness, but malice.
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19. AND THERE IS NOT WISDOM, NOR DISCIPLINE OF WICKEDNESS: 20. THERE IS WICKEDNESS, AND IN ITSELF THERE IS A CURSE: AND HE IS FOOLISH WHO IS DIMINISHED IN WISDOM. — Thus it should be read with the Romans. He proves, or rather explains, that the discipline of wickedness, or knowledge, is not true wisdom, as if to say: There is, I say, wickedness, or cunning malice; but in itself there is a curse, because wickedness is full of things to be cursed, and therefore all upright men curse it on account of the craftiness joined with malice; but truly they do not curse foolishness in the same way, that is, ignorance and the defect of wisdom. For he is foolish who is diminished in wisdom, to whom prudence is lacking: this man does not err from wickedness and malice, but from foolishness and ignorance, and therefore is deemed worthy rather of compassion and instruction than of cursing. The Greek texts have, there is πανουργία (one codex has πανουργία, that is, astuteness, cunning), that is, wickedness, and itself abomination: and he is foolish who is diminished in wisdom. The Syriac: there is astuteness which creates sins, and he is foolish who does not have sins: he is senseless who escapes sins, and he is more prudent who sins. Moreover, this verse and the preceding one are connected, and clearly translated by the Zurich Bible in this way: knowledge of malice is not knowledge, nor is the counsel of the wicked joined with prudence; but it is malice, and the curse itself is present, and foolishness empty of wisdom. To this sentiment of Sirach accords that passage of Ben-Sira in the alphabetic acrostic 2, the letter Zain. "Do not be among those who have a sparse or thick beard," as if to say: Do not be among the number of those who are either perversely cunning or openly foolish; for a sparse beard, he is cunning: a thick beard, he is foolish, says R. Aquila in the Gemara. Sirach explains this sentiment when he adds:
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21. BETTER IS A MAN WHO IS DIMINISHED IN WISDOM, AND FAILING IN SENSE IN THE FEAR (Greek ἔμφοβος, that is, fearful), THAN HE WHO ABOUNDS IN SENSE, AND TRANSGRESSES THE LAW OF THE MOST HIGH. — As if to say: Better is the foolish man, not practically, that is, not wicked; but speculatively, that is, simple, rude, unlearned, to whom wisdom and sense are scanty, that is, prudence, but yet he is endowed with the fear of God, than he who abounds in sense, that is, wisdom and prudence, but violates the law of God, as if to say: Better is the unlearned but upright man than the learned but wicked man. Therefore he calls prudent one who is skilled and knowing, as to the intellect, not as to the affection, who namely understands clearly what is good, what is evil, but does not love that same thing, nor carries it out in deed. For this man will be punished all the more gravely, the more learned he has been, because he has not used his learning, but abused it, according to that: "To him who knows to do good, and does not do it, it is a sin to him," James cap. IV, 17. Wherefore better and happier, and therefore practically wiser, is the unlearned rustic keeping God's law than Aristotle, Plato, even a Doctor of Theology, but violating God's law: for to the former heavenly glory is prepared, to the latter hell and gehenna. This sense is clearly indicated by the Greek texts: better is he who is stupid in intellect with fear than he who abounds in prudence and transgresses the law. For the Complutensian editors read πτωχόφρων, that is, stupid; others read ἐλαττώμενος, that is, he who is diminished. Whence the Zurich Bible translates: more worthy is the religious man to whom wisdom is lacking than he who abounds in prudence, a violator of the law of the Most High.
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22 and 23. There is a cunning that is certain, and it itself is wicked. And THERE IS ONE WHO UTTERETH A CERTAIN WORD DECLARING THE TRUTH. — That is to say, there is a twofold cunning: one certain and exact, but wicked; another right and equitable, declaring certain truth, and suggesting certain counsels in good. For certain cunning in Greek is πανουργία ἀκριβής, that is, diligence and exquisite astuteness or craftiness, and therefore certain, because it is supported by certain means which it has diligently sought out; for πανοῦργος properly signifies one who is versed in all things, from πᾶν and ἔργον, as it were ὁ πᾶσιν ἔργοις ἐπιβάλλων; but because such men are wont to be cunning and crafty, hence these too are called πανοῦργοι. He therefore distinguishes here a twofold cunning, that is, astuteness and prudence: one wicked, such as is malicious deceit, fraud, hypocrisy, simulation, fiction, malice, which in verse 19 he called the discipline of wickedness. The other equitable and just, which after mature investigation of the matter declares the truth in certain speech, both of law and of fact, both of counsel and of judgment, both of one's own mind and of another's. For it truly and candidly declares what ought to be done by right, what in fact has been done or accomplished by this one or that, what ought to be done or omitted by counsel: it renders sincere judgment concerning all things and persons: it simply sets forth the sentiments of its own mind, namely what it bears in mind, what it knows and feels concerning itself and others. Whence the Greek writers more explicitly describe this twofold πανουργία, or cunning, thus: "There is exquisite craftiness, and it is unjust; and there is one who perverts grace by perverting judgment: again there is one who judges justly, the wise man," that is to say, unjust craftiness is that which perverts just judgment, unjustly adjudging the suit or case to the unjust and denying it to the just, such as is that of a perverse man, who in this way at once perverts grace both of God and of men. For all these regard him as an unjust judge or censor with aversion. Just craftiness is that by which the wise man renders just judgment concerning all things and persons. Thus the Zurich version: there is, it says, exact astuteness, and the same unjust; and there is one who perverts the grace of pronouncing judgment, and again another who judges justly, the wise man. The Syriac recounts only one part and species of astuteness, namely the wicked: There is, it says, one who is astute, who takes pleasure in lying, and turns aside from manifesting judgment. Moreover, in judgment indeed is this twofold prudence most clearly seen; but yet the same is seen also in true and feigned humility, as the following verse explains; nay, it is seen in all things. Whence St. Gregory, as it were with a golden brush depicting the reasons, modes and acts of each severally, in book X of the Morals, chapter XVI, thus distinguishes the wisdom of the Saints from worldly prudence: "This (worldly prudence) commands those who obey it to seek the heights of honors, to rejoice in the vanity of temporal glory obtained, to repay the evils inflicted by others more abundantly, when strength suffices to yield to none who resist; when the possibility of virtue is lacking, whatever they cannot accomplish through malice, this they simulate in peaceful goodness. But on the contrary the wisdom of the just is to feign nothing by ostentation, to open the sense by words, to love true things as they are, to avoid false things, to exhibit good things freely, to bear evils more willingly than to do them, to seek no vengeance for injury, to count contumely for truth as gain." St. James also thus distinguishes both wisdoms in chapter III, 15: "For this wisdom descendeth not from above; but is earthly, sensual, devilish, etc. But the wisdom that is from above, first indeed is chaste, then peaceable, modest, easy to be persuaded, consenting to the good, full of mercy and good fruits, not judging, without dissimulation." See the words there. THERE IS ONE WHO WICKEDLY HUMBLETH HIMSELF, AND HIS INWARD PARTS ARE FULL OF DECEIT. — This is one, and a frequent and common species of πανουργία, that is, of wicked craftiness and prudence, concerning which St. Bernard, in book IV of the work On Consideration addressed to Pope Eugenius, chapter IV, says: "It is the custom of crafty and deceitful men," he says, "to pretend humility when they wish to obtain something, of whom Scripture says: There is one who humbleth himself wickedly, and his inward parts are full of deceit. Take from yourselves an evident and familiar example of this sentence. How many whom you have admitted as suppliants have you afterwards endured as grave, intolerant, contumacious, rebellious?" The same writer, in the Vigil of the Nativity, sermon 6, adapts this sentence to hypocrites falsely invoking Christ: "Unhappy," he says, "is whoever, falsely prostrate, has humbled his body with a stiff heart. For there is one who humbleth himself wickedly, and his inward parts are full of deceit." For whoever considers his necessity less, feels his troubles less, fears dangers less, flees less devoutly to the sure remedies of salvation, submits himself to God less affectionately, sings less confidently: O Lord, thou hast been our refuge. His adoration is less acceptable, his prostration less true, his humiliation less genuine, his faith even less victorious, indeed less lively." This explanation is favored by the Syriac version, "there is one who appears as humble, and as contrite in spirit, and the interior of his heart is full of deceit." But from the Greek it is clear that all these things are to be joined with the preceding verse, and are to be understood of one and the same person; namely, of the hypocrite who wickedly humbles himself, that he may appear just and holy. The just man, therefore, is here called in both places he who, by humbling himself, simulates being just, who outwardly conducts himself as just, who appears just. For Scripture often speaks not from the truth of the matter, but from appearance, or from what outwardly appears: for from this men judge concerning persons and things, because Holy Scripture accommodates itself to the use and common manner of speaking of men. Hence, because men from external appearance judge and call such a one just, Scripture also, accommodating itself to men, calls him just, when in truth inwardly and in the heart he is unjust, a hypocrite and an impostor. That this is so is evident from the Greek: for in it there is not that which in the Latin versions (I except the Roman) is had twice, and it is just; nor is there "he who excessively submits himself with much humility," which appears to be added to explain "he who wickedly humbles himself." What is added: "He that inclineth his face," etc., assigns the manner in which one wickedly humbles himself, and excessively submits himself. Therefore all these things are to be understood of one and the same person. The sense, therefore, is, as Jansenius rightly teaches, as if to say: There is sometimes one who malignly demeans himself before another, while his interior is full of deceit: nor does he demean himself for any other reason than that, being less suspected, he may be able to harm more. There is, I say, one who appears just, and wishes to be held as such, who for this reason submits himself with much external debasement before some: that is, it happens that there is someone fictitiously just, who inclines his face to the ground, and walks with a sad countenance, and feigns that he does not see the vices of others, which is unknown to others; feigns that he does not observe curiously what others are ignorant of, or what men wish to be unknown, while meanwhile with an oblique eye he acutely observes all things, that he may harm. But if from weakness of strength and inability he cannot immediately harm, and cannot exercise the poison of sin which he bears in mind; soon when he finds time, that is, an opportunity for doing evil, he will seize it, will exercise his poison, will do evil and will harm, according to that saying of Aristotle, lib. II of the Rhetoric: "Wickedness needs only opportunity." And that of Publius: "He who wishes to do evil nowhere fails to find a cause." Wherefore from the Greek you should thus clearly translate these three verses, namely 23, 24, 25: There is one endowed with wickedness who walks with bowed head, clothed in black (darkened), and his interior is full of deceit. He lowers his face, and feigns himself deaf, and where he is least known, he will anticipate thee (by harming and injuring unexpectedly): but if he— Many at the beginning read "and it is just" for "and" in both places, and understand this of the truly just: for they think that here the truly just verse following is opposed to the hypocrite, who simulates being just, as if to say: The truly just man excessively, that is, greatly and deeply, humbles himself. There is another who feigns himself just; he lowers his face as if turning his eyes away from a beautiful woman, whom nevertheless he ardently desires; but this is unknown to others: if he cannot possess her, if he finds time for doing evil, he will do evil, as did the elders, who, loving Susanna, being repulsed by her, accused her as an adulteress, Daniel, cap. XIII. For this sentence, being general and proverbial, can be adapted to many things and cases: Sirach, however, adapts it to the malicious, who dolosely humble themselves, that given an opportunity they may harm more gravely, as will be evident from the following verse. Others adapt it to those who accuse themselves and their own deeds, and say they are idle, useless, sinners, that thereby they may be more praised by others. Most excellently St. Bernard, serm. 18 in Cant.: "To seek from humility praise of humility is not virtue, but subversion. What is more perverse, or what more unworthy, than that you wish to appear better from that whence you appear worse?" And St. Ambrose, lib. VII, epist. 44: "Many have the appearance of humility, but do not have the virtue: many pretend it outwardly, and inwardly oppose it." See a notable example of feigned humility in Cassian, Collat. XVIII, cap. XI. Hence St. Bernard infers: "Glorious is humility, by which even pride itself seeks to cloak itself, lest it become vile." Moreover, St. gives the sign of true humility: Jerome, epistle 27: "Many, he says, follow the shadow of humility, few the truth. Let all fabrications of words be removed, let simulated gestures cease; true humility is shown by patience." For, as St. Augustine says, book III Against the epistle of Petilian: "Neither does the praise of one who commends heal a bad conscience, nor does the reproach of one who reviles wound a good one." The same, in the book Against Secundinus the Manichee: "Think of Augustine whatever you wish; only let my conscience not accuse me before the eyes of God." 24 and 25. And there is one who submits himself too much from much humility: and there is one who inclines his face, and feigns that he does not see what was unknown: and if he is prevented from sinning by weakness of strength, if he shall find time to do evil, he will do evil. — Many at the beginning read for "and there is" in both places "and there is just," and they understand this of the truly just: for they think that here the truly just is opposed in the following verse to the hypocrite, who simulates himself to be just, as if to say, the truly just excessively, that is, very much and prone, then will do evil; the Zurich edition, there is one who contrives perverse things cast down by malice (for in Hebrew kadar signifies both to be black or dark, and to be sad or sorrowful: for he walks about clothed in black, as is evident in a funeral), whose interior burns wholly with deceit: contracting his face and feigning himself deaf, where you would not suspect it, he will seize the opportunity to harm you. But if he is prevented from sinning by lack of strength, he will give you evil when he has found the occasion; the Syriac, there is one who appears as if humble, and as if contrite in spirit and the interior of his heart is full of deceit: there is one who has his face inclined, and thinks evil; and in a place where they do not know him, they call him just: there is one who, because he cannot, is prevented from sinning; and if he can do evil, he will do evil. From all which it is clear that these three verses speak of one and the same person, namely of a hypocrite, for example an enemy, or another who has offended or harmed, who falsely humbles himself and simulates sorrow, so that he may recover your favor; but where he is able to bring forth the fiction and the hatred, which he fosters and broods over in his mind, he will afflict and harm you either in body, or in reputation, or in goods. Many such are in the courts of princes, where ambition, envy and hypocrisy reign. Whence Palacius thinks that Sirach wrote these things in the court of Ptolemy king of Egypt, or of another prince. For in it, he says, hypocrites are wont to be, displaying humility outwardly, while inwardly they are most sorrowful and most proud. Morally, note here how holy, pleasing and lovable humility is, inasmuch as its adversaries, and those held to be saints, strive with such zeal to put on and simulate it; and which shines so brightly that even feigned humility is held in esteem, and captivates the eyes of those who see it in admiration of it. Moreover, he sets forth the signs by which you may detect this hypocrisy and recognize the hypocrite, saying: 26. By his look a man shall be known, and by the meeting of his face (that is, by the face that meets, namely from the countenance that strikes the eyes) a sensible man shall be known. — Thus concerning the internal senses and affections of the soul, physiognomists, physicians, and jurists judge not unreasonably from the delineation and temperament of the body, which they call physiognomy. Delrius wrote in IV Disquisitions on Magic, chapter III, Questions III and V, after Michael Medina II Christian Exhortations, chapter 11, Conrad Wimpina On Signs, chapter VIII, 6, 10, 11, 12, Francis Valesius On Sacred Philosophy, chapter XXXII, and others; as also Pineda in chapter XXXIV of Job, verse 7 concerning this conjectural art. The first foundations of the art are usually from a certain comparison with other animals, or from the customs of other nations, or from the comparison of sex with sex, or from the motion of members and affections of the body, or from the composition of sign with sign, as of passion with passion. A monkey having small eyes is envious: therefore, say these conjecturers, a man also who has small eyes is envious. The Ethiopian is stubborn and stupid: such therefore is whoever is too dark; a woman usually has soft and fair skin, and is fearful and fickle: therefore a man also who is fair and soft is of such a kind; an angry man gazes with fixed and unmoved eyes, therefore non-blinking eyes are, as Hippocrates said, of the angry. The envious man therefore is angry and sad. Aristotle recounts many such things in the Physiognomics. 27. The raiment of the body, and the laughter of the teeth, and the gait of a man declare concerning him. — Others translate, indicate his character; the Zurich edition translates, as each is known by his appearance, so the wise man is understood from the abjectness of his countenance: the habit of each, and the laughter drawing down the grin (Vatable, the baring of teeth through laughter), and the gait of a man, how he is animated, argue. The Syriac somewhat differently, there is one whom a man discerns from the appearance of his face, and on the other hand a wise man knows him. The appearance of a man showeth forth his works, and the going of a man testifieth of him. The sense therefore is: Just as from sight and appearance anyone is recognized and known, so likewise from the countenance you may know the secrets of the soul. For even if a hypocrite should feign and compose his countenance for some time, so as to dissemble his hypocrisy and simulate humility, equity and justice, nevertheless a prudent and wise man, if he should inspect him more carefully and for a longer time, will detect the hypocrisy. For the countenance is the image of the heart, the eyes are the mirror of the mind, and the mind cannot long conceal its affections, especially those that are tumultuous and troubled, but rather, unknowingly and forgetful of itself, as it were suddenly betrays them through the countenance and eyes. For just as the countenance and eyes indicate the joy or sadness of the mind, love or hatred, so also do they indicate sincerity or fiction and hypocrisy. Sirach therefore gives here four signs, through which, as it were through windows, you may look into the mind of anyone, and detect the hidden virtue or vice, simplicity or hypocrisy. The first and most clear is the face and countenance, especially the eyes: for nature brings forth and reveals itself through the eyes. For since the eye is the lamp of the body, what wonder if the lamp should declare what sort the body is? Thus a fierce man appears at first sight, and with fierce eyes seems to strike terror: but a pious man by his appearance gladdens. For just as wisdom and holiness shine forth in the countenance of the wise and holy man, Eccles. cap. VIII, vers. 1, so likewise foolishness and wickedness grow dark in the countenance of the foolish and wicked man. Most excellently St. Ambrose, lib. De Elia, cap. X: "The countenance," he says, "is a certain judge of thought, and a silent interpreter of the heart: the face is often an index of conscience, and a silent speech of the mind." St. Augustine in Regul. ad servos Dei, which is found at the end of the first volume: "Nor should you say," he says, "that you have chaste minds, if you have unchaste eyes, because an unchaste eye is the messenger of an unchaste heart." Thus physically Aristotle in Physiognom. cap. VI and X, teaches that temperament, nature, passions and affections of the mind are seen especially in the countenance, nose, eyes and forehead: "Those," he says, "who have a thick nose at the tip are insensible; they are referred to swine. Those who have a sharp nose at the tip are often irascible; they are referred to dogs. But those who have a round and blunt nose are magnanimous; they are referred to lions. Those who have a thin nose at the tip are bird-like. Those to whom a curved line is drawn down from the forehead are shameless; they are referred to ravens. But those who have an aquiline nose, articulated from the forehead, are magnanimous; they are referred to the eagle. Those who have a concave nose, and what is round before the forehead, but the upper circumference erect, are luxurious; they are referred to deer. Those whose nostrils are open are irascible; they are referred to the passion which is in anger." After the nose he adds the physiognomy of the face, and says: "Those who have a fleshy face are sluggish; they are referred to oxen. Those who have a lean face are careful. Those who have a fleshy face are timid; they are referred to asses and deer. Those who have a very small face are pusillanimous; they are referred to the cat and to the ape. Those whose face is large are slow; they are referred to asses and oxen. Since however it should be neither small nor large, a middle condition will certainly be fitting for these. Those whose face appears somewhat unbecoming are illiberal; they are referred to apparent propriety." And a little further down: "Those who have a small forehead are undisciplinable; they are referred to swine. But those who have a very large one are slow; they are referred to oxen. Those who have a round one are senseless; they are referred to asses. Those who have a less flat one are sagacious; they are referred to dogs. Those who have a square one proportioned to the forehead are magnanimous; they are referred to lions. Those who have a contracted one are flatterers: and one will see this in dogs, for when dogs fawn, they have a contracted forehead. Those who have a clouded one are bold; they are referred to the bull and lion: since however a clouded condition signifies boldness, but a tranquil one flattery, a middle condition will certainly be fitting for these. Those who have a sad forehead are sorrowful; for sorrowful people have a sad face. Those who have a downcast one are mournful, because those who mourn have a downcast forehead. Those who have a large head are sensible; they are referred to dogs. Those who have a small one are senseless; they are referred to those having curved claws." These signs are conjectures, and therefore not entirely certain, nor always true. Whence they say that Socrates appeared from his countenance to be most unchaste and ill-behaved; but he overcame nature by art and virtue.
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The second is clothing or dress: for proud clothing indicates and represents internal pride, false clothing falsehood, dissolute clothing dissoluteness, light clothing levity, grave clothing gravity, luxurious clothing luxury of mind. Wherefore St. Augustine in epistle 73 to Possidius: "True," he says, "adornment, especially of Christians and Christian women, is not only without false paint, but even without the pomp of gold and clothing, but good morals." Thus from the countenance, dress and dissolute bearing of Julian the Apostate, St. Gregory of Nazianzus detected his hidden impiety, as he himself relates in his second oration against Julian, in these words: "For neither did any good things seem to me to signify and threaten, a neck not firm, shoulders twitching, and now and then agitated for equilibrium, an eye insolent and wandering and gazing furiously, feet unstable and tottering, a nose breathing contempt and disdain, laughter petulant and unbridled." And after other arguments of this kind of dissolute spirit: "When I beheld these things," he says, "I immediately declared: What evil does the land of the Romans nurture!" Thus concerning Julius Caesar as a boy the followers of Sulla said: "Beware the boy badly girded." And Augustus Caesar, as Suetonius testifies: "Clothing," he says, "distinctive and soft is the standard of pride, and the nest of luxury." The third is laughter: for candid and plain laughter indicates a candid, plain and open heart; but contracted, twisted, sardonic, toothed laughter indicates a contracted, twisted, deceitful, toothed heart and one imbued with hatred. For through the gesture of the body the quality of the will is demonstrated, says Rabanus. Whence St. Augustine in book I Against the Academics, chapter V: "Let reason," he says, "precede your laughter: for there is nothing more foul than laughter worthy of mockery." The same, sermon 97 On the Seasons: "Laughter," he says, "frequent laughter corrupts morals, and also relaxes the nerves of strictness drawn tight: but a severe countenance is the guardian of discipline."
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The fourth is gait: for swift and precipitous gait indicates precipitation, slow gait slowness, light gait levity, proud gait pride, angry gait anger, false gait falsehood of mind. For, as Bede says in Proverbs: "By the gait of the body the condition of the mind is demonstrated." And St. Bernard On the Manner of Living Well, chapter IX: "Let," he says, "there be in your gait simplicity, in your bearing honesty. Let nothing of disgrace, nothing of lasciviousness, nothing of petulance, nothing of insolence, nothing of levity appear in your gait; for the mind appears in the gesture of the body, gesture is the sign of the mind." Indeed, even Aristotle in Physiognomy, chapter VI: "The signs of the modest," he says, "are: in movements slow, and speaking slowly, voice slow, and full of spirit, and mild; eye cheerful, neither very open nor entirely closed. Of the irascible: in movements precipitous, ruddy in body, sanguine color. Of the spirited: a large forehead, in movements slow and remiss, not precipitous. Of the sad: a humble figure, and in movements remiss, wrinkled face, thin eyes. Of the effeminate: a broken eye, movements of the hands supine and dissolute, walks double, one indeed bending around, another holding the loins, and circumspections of the eyes: such was Dionysius the sophist."
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Hear St. Ambrose, book I of the Duties, chapter XVIII: "There is," he says, "in movement itself, in gesture, in gait, modesty to be maintained. For the habit of the mind is discerned in the state of the body. Hence the man hidden in our heart is esteemed either lighter, or more boastful, or more turbulent, or on the contrary more grave, and more constant, and purer, and more mature. And so the voice is a certain thing of the soul, the movement of the body. You remember, my sons, a certain friend, when he seemed to commend himself with diligent offices, yet for this sole reason was not received by me into the clergy, that his gesture would greatly be unbecoming. Another also, when I found him in the clergy, I ordered that he never go before me, because as it were with a certain blow of insolent gait he would strike my eyes. And I said this when he rendered himself to the office after an offense. This alone I excepted: nor did the judgment deceive; for each departed from the Church, so that such as he was revealed in gait, such perversity of soul was demonstrated. For one abandoned the faith at the time of Arian persecution, the other, through eagerness for money, lest he undergo judgment, denied that he was our priest. There shone in their gait the image of levity, a certain appearance of buffoons running about." And below: "There is also a probable gait, in which there is the appearance of authority, and the weight of gravity, a vestige of tranquility; yet so if study and affectation be lacking, but the movement be pure and simple; for nothing painted pleases, let nature inform the movement. If indeed there is any vice in nature, let industry amend it, so that art may be lacking, correction may not be lacking." And indeed Cicero, book III of the Orator: "Every movement of the soul," he says, "has a certain countenance from nature, and a sound, and a gesture: the countenance is the image of the soul. For this one part of the body, which as many movements of the soul as there are, can effect so many significations and communications." Imperfect persons therefore are distinguished from perfect ones by continuous and constant modesty. For imperfect ones, although they compose their manners for a time, or rather feign composed ones before others, yet when they have forgotten the inept care of feigning modesty, immediately they reveal themselves by inept movements of the body and perturbation of soul, like an ape, which taught to dance leaps about; but if you throw nuts, immediately forgetting all the grace of dancing, it flies to the greedy nuts. Perfect ones, however, maintain continuous care of themselves, and through it put on the habit of modesty, as it were a most beautiful garment: wherefore this modesty, gentleness and composition of limbs is the effect and sign of internal tranquility and sanctity, and through it the internal virtue and purity of soul is seen and recognized: just as we know fire from smoke, man from speech, and the sun from splendor. Cyril illustrates this doctrine, similar to an apology, with a festive apology for the ear and eye, book I of Moral Apologies, chapter XXV, whose title is: In all things be composed. "Hearing the ear," he says, "that the eyelid guarded the eye, with the sharp sting of envy's needle, said to nature: Why have you fortified the eye with such volatile protection of eyelids, and left me thus naked on all sides? Certainly you ought not to have held me in less esteem: since if light delights, yet word delights more; and if sight instructs, hearing instructs more. To which she, the artificer of both by the art of wisdom, patiently answered: If you would see the arrangement of members, and would attend to the light of reason, you would strike me with thanksgiving rather than with the question of complaints. Am I not placed in the depths, and fortified round about with bone and cartilage? Yet outwardly the eye is the lamp of the body, and for this reason it is providently armed with a film of quickness, and for this reason it is closed with a little door, so that even when willing, nothing indecent is scattered by its ray. To these things the ear added: Why also did you not give me a door of repulsion? or perhaps did you think the corruption of the ear less harmful than that of the pupil? To which nature answered: Did you not hear that the first entrance to death, when the poisonous eloquence of the serpent was perceived, was exhibited by the unrestrained hearing of woman? For directly the word penetrates even to the heart, because an open path drips from the ear into the cracks of the breast. Then nature added: Surely just as nothing ought to be looked upon except what is lawful, so neither ought anything to be heard except what is fitting. Did I not place you in the middle of the head?" Whence he concludes, and as it were assigns a most excellent axiom: "For every act of the wise ought to be composed with fitting regularity. And just as in heavenly things wisdom governs, no movement is seen without rule: so also in the members subject to the prudence of the soul, no disordered act ought to appear. Whence the gait of the wise is grave, the look modest, the hearing honest, the posture recollected, the habit apt. Yet the decorum of prudence ought especially to shine forth in the face, since the luminous horn of wisdom (Exodus chapter XXXIV, 30) glorified the face of Moses. Therefore, because man ought to be swift to hear, I did not add a door to you; yet nevertheless, when it was necessary, the fitting closure of the art of reason does not fail. Having heard these things, immediately the ear, appeased, was quiet."
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28. THERE IS A FALSE CORRECTION IN THE ANGER OF THE CONTENTIOUS: AND THERE IS A JUDGMENT, WHICH IS NOT APPROVED TO BE GOOD: AND THERE IS ONE SILENT, AND HE HIMSELF IS PRUDENT. — He returns to the doctrine of correction handed down in verse 13 and following; for since he had said that it ought to be done wisely and sincerely, hence he made a digression to wisdom, sincerity and hypocrisy from verse 18 up to this point: now therefore he returns to the correction that was instituted. Whence the Zurich Bible connects these with what follows, and hence begins chapter XX, for chapter XX pursues the matter begun here. The Greek texts, as is their custom, are concise thus: there is a correction which is not becoming or beautiful, and there is one silent and he himself prudent; the Zurich Bible clearly, it is when reproof is by no means seemly, and it is when someone is silent wisely; others, there is a reproof which is unbecoming, and there is one who is silent, and the same one is prudent; the Syriac goes another way, it is poverty, he says, which is not fitting, and there is one who is silent, and he himself is wise. St. Chrysostom in Psalm XL reads: "There is a reproof, and it is not timely; and there is someone silent, who is found to be wise." Our author adds the manner and time by which reproof is unbecoming, namely when it proceeds from anger and a mind of reviling and reproaching; for this anger makes it so that correction is angry, contumelious and false: for it itself causes the one correcting to utter many falsehoods, and accordingly to thrust lies through contumely upon him whom he corrects in anger. For anger perverts judgment, so that from slight signs he judges rashly and sinisterly, and argues and condemns the deed of his neighbor as if it were wicked, when in reality it is not such. This is what he adds: "And there is a judgment, which is not approved to be good," because, namely, it is precipitated from anger, and therefore rash, and often false and mendacious. Wherefore in anger one must be silent, and correction must be omitted, until anger cools down, and peace and serenity of mind return, and from thence truth and true judgment concerning things. Therefore he who is silent in anger, he himself is prudent. Furthermore, correction from anger is not only unbecoming to the one hearing and receiving it; but the same is unbecoming and shameful to the one speaking and correcting: by which it shows that he is moved not by reason, but by anger, and is the slave of anger, and therefore does not amend others, but makes them more shameless and more forward. That saying of Plato to a servant who had done wrong is well-known: "I would chastise you, if I were not angry." The same man at another time entrusted the chastisement of a servant to a friend, saying: "I cannot chastise, because I am angry." Again, just as yellow bile, that is anger, so also black bile, namely melancholy, perverts judgment, and makes it so that it is not good, sincere and true; but evil, turbid and false: for through it, as through a dark cloud, a thing appears and is seen as dark, obscure, gloomy, even if in itself it be bright, clear, luminous. Hence to melancholics all things appear dark, sad, sinister, wicked, dangerous, lost: wherefore Aristotle in the Politics denies that melancholics should be employed in counsel, or chosen as counselors. Melancholics therefore, because they are too pusillanimous, sad and suspicious, are little apt for correction: let them therefore be silent, if they are wise, and wish to be held prudent. I have said more on this matter in chapter VIII, verse 13. Finally, prudent is he who is silent, namely he who is silent when he thinks that correction and speech would be useless and unfruitful. Thus that elder in John Moschus in the Spiritual Meadow, chapter CLVI, when asked by Philosophers, gave this doctrine of holy and wise life: "Let the work of your philosophy always be to meditate on death, and to accustom yourselves to silence and quiet." Another, when asked: "How long should silence be kept," answered: "As long as you are questioned. For in every place if you are silent, you will possess peace." Wisely Aeneas Sylvius (who was later created Pontiff and called Pius II), in book I of the Deeds of Alphonsus: "It is wiser," he says, "to act than to speak. For the wise man never speaks except when necessity demands, and he utters nothing vain nor anything unweighed: but for the fool there is no time closed to speech, and he easily casts about words, he who speaks without consideration." Acutely and wittily St. Gregory Nazianzen, in his first letter to Celesius, who was criticizing his silence, responded by means of an apologue of garrulous swallows accusing the swans of taciturnity. For the swans answered the swallows: "If we do not sing much, nor among many: yet certainly this is most beautiful in us, that we maintain measure in singing, nor do we mix music with tumults. But you, even when admitted into houses, men find tedious, and when singing they turn away, and rightly so, since you cannot even be silent with your tongues cut out; but rather you yourselves, mourning your lost voice and your calamity, as if endowed with high or flowing tongue, and melodious, are more talkative. Understand what I say," says Pindar; "and if you find my taciturnity superior to your facility of speaking, cease to criticize and attack our silence ineptly. Otherwise I will speak a proverb, as true as it is brief: Then will the swans sing, when the jackdaws are silent." To this pertain the couplets of Cato, whether of that ancient Censor, or rather of some more recent one, who assuming the name of Cato expressed the customs and sentiments of that ancient one in verse: for these couplets are not found among the works of the ancient one, and are written in a simpler style, nor do they equal the Latinity of that age and the elegance of the Censor. The couplets are thus: Consider in silence what each one says. The speech of men both conceals and reveals character. To this pertains that saying of Seneca in the Proverbs: "You should listen more willingly than speak. He who does not know how to be silent does not know how to speak." And that of Pindar in the Nemean Odes, ode 5: "Not every truth laid bare and revealing its face is useful; but to know how to be silent is often the wisest thing." In the preceding chapter, the last verse, he said three things: first, that correction should not be made in anger; second, that there is judgment which is not approved to be good; third, that there is one who is silent who is prudent. These three things he pursues in order here: the first, verse 1; the second, verses 2 and 3; the third, verse 5. Whence he proceeds to deal with the vices and virtues of the tongue. Wherefore, verses 9 and following, he deals with the foolish speeches of fools equally as with gifts, and opposes them to the wise sayings and deeds of the wise. Finally, verse 23, he deals with excessive and harmful shame, the disgrace of lying, wisdom which displays and exalts itself by pleasing the great, and therefore forbids gifts and presents in judgment: 1. How good it is to reprove rather than to be angry, and not to prohibit one confessing in prayer! 2. The desire of a eunuch will deflower a young girl: 3. thus he who does unjust judgment by force. 4. How good it is for one reproved to show repentance! for thus you will escape voluntary sin. 5. There is one silent who is found wise: and there is one hateful who is forward in speaking. 6. There is one silent not having sense of speech: and there is one silent knowing the apt time. 7. A wise man will be silent until a time: but the wanton and imprudent will not keep time. 8. He who uses many words will hurt his soul: and he who takes power unjustly will be hated. 9. There is a proceeding in evils for the undisciplined man, and there is a finding to his detriment. 10. There is a gift that is not useful: and there is a gift whose recompense is double. 11. There is glory through diminution: and there is one who from humility will lift up his head. 12. There is one who buys much for little price, and restores it sevenfold. 13. A wise man makes himself beloved by his words: but the graces of fools will be poured out. 14. A gift given to folly will not be useful to you: for his eyes are sevenfold; 15. he will give little, and will reproach much: and the opening of his mouth is an inflammation. 16. Today one lends, and tomorrow he demands: hateful is such a man. 17. To a fool there will be no friend, and there will be no gratitude for his goods. 18. For those who eat his bread have false tongues. How often, and how many will mock him? 19. For indeed what ought to be had, he did not distribute in a direct sense, and likewise what ought not to be had. 20. The fall of a false tongue, as one falling on pavement: thus the ruin of evils shall come hastily. 21. A man without grace is like a vain tale, it shall be continually in the mouth of the undisciplined. 22. A parable shall be rejected from the mouth of a fool: for he doth not speak it in its season. 23. There is one who is forbidden to sin through poverty, and in his rest shall be tormented. 24. There is one who shall lose his soul through shame, and shall lose it from an imprudent person: but by acceptance of persons shall he lose himself. 25. There is one who through shame promiseth to his friend, and hath gained him as an enemy for nothing. 26. A wicked reproach in a man is a lie, and it shall be continually in the mouth of the undisciplined. 27. A thief is better than the constant liar: but both shall inherit destruction. 28. The manners of liars are without honour; and their confusion is with them without ceasing. 29. A wise man shall advance himself by his words, and a prudent man shall please the great. 30. He that tilleth his land shall be filled with bread: and he that followeth idleness shall be filled with poverty: but he that followeth justice shall be exalted: and he that pleaseth the great shall escape iniquity. 31. Gifts and presents blind the eyes of judges, and like a muzzle in the mouth turneth away their reproofs. 32. Wisdom hidden and treasure unseen: what profit is there in both? 33. Better is he that hideth his folly, than the man that hideth his wisdom. 1. HOW GOOD IS IT TO REPROVE, RATHER THAN TO BE ANGRY, AND NOT TO FORBID ONE CONFESSING IN PRAYER! — He continues the matter of reproof which he began, or rather resumed what was begun in verse 13 of the preceding chapter, which he took up again there in the last verse, where he said that the angry man ought not to reprove, but to be silent. Whence he here infers that it is better to reprove prudently and gently him who offends thee or others, than to be angry with him; for thus reproved he shall acknowledge his fault and confess it, and thus shall satisfy the offended party, and shall reconcile him to himself by confession of fault and petition for pardon. He says therefore: "How good," etc., as if to say: O how much better is it to reprove the neighbour sinning either in himself or in others, than to be angry with him secretly (as the Greek of the Complutensian edition has it), and thus consequently not to forbid one confessing his sins in prayer, but rather to induce him to do so by reproof! For it is a litotes, because less is said and more is signified: namely, by not forbidding, it is signified to induce and to impel. Thus Lyra. For he who gently reproves the sinner out of charity impels him to confess his sin in prayer, that is, in confession of fault and deprecation of pardon, whether this be made to the offended man or to God. Somewhat differently Jansenius, as if to say: It is good for the one reproved, when he who is reproved confesses his sin together with prayer for pardon, not to forbid—
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.